“The world car market. regional features. Automotive industry in the world

The main branch of the world industry. The development of mechanical engineering largely determines the overall level of development of a particular country. In this industry, the gap is most noticeable between developed and developing countries.

General features of mechanical engineering:

1. Mechanical engineering ranks first among industries in terms of product value. It accounts for about 35% of the value of the world industrial products.
2. Mechanical engineering is the most labor-intensive industry among the industries. It ranks first in terms of the number of employees (80 million people). Instrument making, electrical and aerospace industries, nuclear engineering and other industries producing complex equipment are especially labor-intensive. In this regard, one of the main conditions for the placement of mechanical engineering is to provide it with a qualified workforce, the presence of a certain level of industrial culture, research and development centers.
3. Proximity to raw material base important only for some branches of heavy engineering (production of metallurgical, mining equipment, boiler construction, etc.).
4. Mechanical engineering is one of the most knowledge-intensive industries. The achievements of scientific and technological progress are being implemented primarily in the industries of this industry.
5. Mechanical engineering has the most difficult industry composition(over 300 different productions), which is constantly changing. The newest industries quickly move into new ones, and then become old.
6. There is a huge demand for mechanical engineering products in the world, which is constantly increasing.
7. Mechanical engineering has the largest, constantly expanding range of products (several million items). At the same time, the products of the industry are different in mass production (for example, aircraft - about 1 thousand per year, metal-cutting machines - 1.2 million, tractors - 1.3 million, cars - 40-50 million, electronic equipment - 150 million, hours - 1 billion pieces).
8. Different mechanical engineering industries have different requirements for raw materials. At the same time, there is a tendency towards a decrease in the share of ferrous metallurgy products and an increase in the share of non-ferrous metallurgy products, etc.
9. Mechanical engineering occupies a leading place in international economic relations (38% of the value of all goods in international trade). For example, mechanical engineering provides 2/3 of Japan's exports and? exports of countries like and.
10. Mechanical engineering to the greatest extent contributes to the deepening of specialization and cooperation in the world economy.

Sectoral composition of mechanical engineering

Mechanical engineering is subdivided into three groups:

1. General machine building, including machine tool building, heavy machine building, agricultural, nuclear machine building and other industries.

General mechanical engineering is distinguished by the following properties:

• a variety of products from piece (nuclear reactor) to mass;
• variety of links with other industries and agriculture.

2. Transport engineering is the second most important branch of engineering, the products of which often have a dual purpose (civil and military).

Characteristics of the main subsectors of transport engineering:

Automotive- leading branch of transport engineering:

• 60 million cars are produced annually, 40% of which are exported;
• the industry employs about 60 million people;
• 75% of cars are cars; 25% - trucks, of which many are small-tonnage, special vehicles and buses;
• a high degree of industry concentration (90% of cars are produced by the 10 largest companies, the largest of which are: General Motors (USA), Ford (USA), Toyota (Japan), Volkswagen (Germany), Daimer Chrysler (Germany - USA), Fiat ( ), Renault (France).

Aerospace industry- the second branch of transport engineering.

Distinctive features:

• high science intensity;
• industry products are produced only by large firms;
• complex composition of the industry: aircraft manufacturing; production of helicopters; production of aircraft engines; production of avionics (electronic and navigation equipment aircraft); rocket science; creation of spacecraft.
• the use of complex technologies that impose special requirements on the scientific and production base and the qualifications of workers.

Shipbuilding.

• high material consumption and labor intensity of ship production
• the role of shipbuilding among the engineering industries is gradually decreasing;
• in the production of ships there is a decrease in the share of passenger transport and an increase in the share of special (tankers, container ships, icebreakers, research vessels, etc.);
• shipbuilding center moved from Western Europe and the USA to Asia (Korea Japan China);

Railway equipment manufacturing- the oldest branch of transport engineering, producing locomotives, various freight cars, tanks, passenger cars, etc.

The production of railway equipment is gradually decreasing in, USA, Russia, but increasing in Asia (PRC,). Europe is increasingly switching to the manufacture of high-speed passenger trains.

3. Electrical engineering, including electronics.

• the most knowledge-intensive branch of mechanical engineering;
• the fastest growing mechanical engineering industry;
• a high degree of concentration of production (production is mainly concentrated in large firms in the USA, Japan, (the USA and Japan produce 90% of microcircuits), Southeast Asia (Korea,), Western Europe);
• the rapid growth of systemic connections both within the industry and with other industries;
• within the industry, the growth rate of consumer electronics production is declining, while computers and microcircuits are growing (the production of computers and microcircuits makes up 40–45% of the total production of electrical engineering and electronics).

Placement of engineering industries

The location of mechanical engineering enterprises is largely influenced by:

• availability of qualified work force;
• availability of research centers;
• developed infrastructure;
• consumers.

1. Until recently, 90% of mechanical engineering products were produced by developed countries, and only 10% by developing countries. But today the share of developing countries is already 25% and continues to grow.
2. In the mechanical engineering of the world, a dominant position is occupied by a small group of developed countries - the United States, which accounts for almost 30% of the cost of engineering products, Japan - 15%, Germany - about 10%, France, Great Britain, Italy,. Practically all types of modern mechanical engineering are developed in these countries, their share in the world export of machinery is high (developed countries as a whole account for over 80% of world export of machinery and equipment). With an almost complete range of production of mechanical engineering products, the key role in the development of mechanical engineering in this group of countries belongs to the aerospace industry, microelectronics, robotics, nuclear power engineering, machine tools, heavy engineering, and the automotive industry.
   The group of world leaders in mechanical engineering also includes (6% of the cost of engineering products), China (3%) and several small industrialized countries - the Netherlands, etc.
3. Mechanical engineering has greatly advanced in its development in developing countries. Unlike developed countries, the engineering of which is based on a high level of research and development (R&D), high qualifications of the workforce and is focused mainly on the production of technically complex and high-quality products, engineering in developing countries, based on the cheapness of local labor , specializes, as a rule, in the production of mass, labor-intensive, but technically simple, low-quality types of products. Among the enterprises here are many purely assembly plants, receiving disassembled sets of machines from industrialized countries. Few developing countries have modern machine-building plants, primarily new industrial ones - Hong Kong, Taiwan, India, Mexico. The main directions of development of their mechanical engineering are the production of household electrical appliances, the automotive industry, and shipbuilding.
4. The main exporters of engineering products are: Japan, Germany, USA, France, Great Britain, Italy, Canada.
5. location of some branches of engineering is presented in the table.

	Top ten countries
Car manufacturing	USA; Japan; Germany; France; R. Korea; United Kingdom; Spain; Canada; Italy; ...
Meta production for cutting machines	Japan, Germany, USA, Italy, China, Switzerland, R. Korea, Taiwan, Spain, France
Manufacturing tract hov	Russia, Japan, India, USA, Great Britain, Germany, Italy, Brazil.
TV production izors	China, R. Korea, USA, Brazil, Japan, Spain, Singapore, Turkey, Great Britain.
Shipbuilding (launching)	Korea, Japan, Germany, Brazil, Taiwan, Denmark, China, Yugoslavia,.

The largest producers and exporters of general engineering products in general are developed countries: Germany, USA, Japan, etc. Developed countries are also the main manufacturers and suppliers of machine tools to the world market (Japan, Germany, USA, Italy and Switzerland). In the structure of the general mechanical engineering of developing countries, the production of agricultural machinery and simple equipment predominates.

World leaders in the field of electrical engineering and electronics - USA, Japan, Russia, Great Britain, Germany, Switzerland, Netherlands. The production of household electrical appliances and consumer electronics products has also developed in developing countries, especially in the countries of Eastern and South-East Asia.

Among the branches of transport engineering, the automotive industry is developing the most dynamically. The area of ​​its spatial distribution is constantly growing. Back in the first half of the twentieth century, one country undividedly dominated - the United States (83%), but then the transition to a polycentric model began. In the second half of the twentieth century, three centers emerged: the USA, Western Europe, and Japan. In the 90s, the automotive industry began to spread to Asia (Korea, China, India, Turkey, Malaysia) and Latin America (Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Chile, Peru,) However, countries Overseas Europe(Germany, France, Spain, etc.), the USA and Japan remain the leaders and produce more than 70% of all cars in the world. In addition, most of the auto factories located in developing countries are owned by the leading companies in these countries.

The top ten countries for the production of cars are presented in the table. It can be added that Mexico, Russia, etc. are also among the countries with the production of cars over 1 million per year.

The largest car exporters: Japan (4.6 million per year), Germany (3.6), France.

Unlike automotive, aircraft, shipbuilding, rolling stock production railways experiencing stagnation. The main reason for this is the lack of demand for their products.

Shipbuilding has moved from developed countries to developing ones. The largest ship manufacturers are South Korea (outstripped and ranked first in the world), Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, China, Taiwan. At the same time, the United States, Western European countries (Great Britain, Germany, etc.), as a result of the reduction in ship production, ceased to play a significant role in world shipbuilding.

Thus, in territorial structure mechanical engineering, four main mechanical engineering regions can be distinguished:

• North America (USA, Canada, Mexico);
• Foreign Europe (Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy, Spain);
• East and Southeast Asia;

(USA, Canada) accounts for about 1/3 of the value of engineering products. Almost all types of engineering products of any level of complexity are produced in this region, but the international division of labor, the region acts, first of all, as largest manufacturer and an exporter of highly sophisticated machinery, heavy engineering products and knowledge-intensive industries. Thus, in the United States, which occupies a leading position in the region and the world in terms of the total cost of mechanical engineering products, a large role belongs to aerospace engineering, military-industrial electronics, computer production, nuclear power engineering, military shipbuilding, etc. The United States occupies third place in the world for the export of engineering products and the first for imports.

(Excluding the CIS) also accounts for about 1/3 of the world's mechanical engineering. The region produces mainly mass machine-building products, but retains its positions in some of the newest industries. The region is especially distinguished by general mechanical engineering (machine-tool construction, production of equipment for metallurgy, textile, paper, watch and other industries), electrical engineering and electronics, transport engineering (automotive, aircraft construction,). Leader of European mechanical engineering in Germany - largest exporter in the region and the second largest mechanical engineering product in the world.

The region, which includes the countries of East and Southeast Asia, accounts for about a quarter of the world's mechanical engineering. The main stimulating factor in the development of mechanical engineering in the countries of the region is the relative cheapness of labor. The leader of the region is Japan - the second engineering power in the world, the world's largest exporter of engineering products, especially products of the most qualified industries (microelectronics, electrical engineering, aircraft engineering, robotics, etc.). Other countries - China, the Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, and others produce labor-intensive, but less complex products (the production of household electrical appliances, cars, ships, etc.) and are also very actively involved in work on the foreign market. Thus, the region produces both mass-produced mechanical engineering products and products of high complexity.

They form a special region of the world mechanical engineering. They have a full range of engineering production. For most countries in the region, mechanical engineering is one of the main branches of international specialization. The branches of the aviation and rocket and space industries, consumer electronics, and some simple branches of general mechanical engineering (the production of agricultural machinery, metal-consuming machine tools, power equipment, etc.) were especially developed here. At the same time, in a number of industries, especially knowledge-intensive, there is a serious lag. The leader of the CIS is Russia, despite the enormous opportunities for the development of mechanical engineering (significant production, scientific and technical, intellectual and resource potential, a capacious domestic market, presenting a great demand for a variety of engineering products, etc.), in the international division of labor, it is distinguished only by the production of weapons and the latest space technology and is even forced to import many types of machines.

Outside the main machine-building regions, there are machine-building centers, which are quite large in scale and complexity of the structure of production - India, Brazil, Argentina. Their mechanical engineering is mainly working for the domestic market. These countries export cars, ships, bicycles, simple types of household appliances (refrigerators, washing machines, air conditioners, vacuum cleaners, calculators, watches, etc.).

The automotive industry, which originated in late XIX century, it is customary to refer to new industries. But among this group of industries, it continues to play a very special role. In terms of the scale of influence on the world economy throughout the XX century. the automotive industry is perhaps second only to the oil industry. That is why in relation to it, the definition of the type "backbone", "locomotive", "barometer of the economy" is often used.

The automotive industry is the main component of the transport engineering industry. Moreover, in many developed countries it provides from 5 to 10% of the total GNP production. But its significance goes far beyond the transport sub-industry. This is explained, firstly, by the fact that the automotive industry acts as the main consumer of numerous types of products from other industries (steel, aluminum, plastics, lead, rubber, electronic products, etc.). Secondly, the fact that the automobile business in the broad sense of the word is directly connected with it, which includes the sale and maintenance of cars, construction and repair of highways, etc. Thirdly, the fact that throughout most of the XX century. it was the automotive industry that was at the forefront of scientific and technological progress, as well as progress in the field of labor organization and management. So, it was she who laid the foundation for both Fordism and post-Fordism, which marked a new technical revolution in the development of production.

It is not surprising that throughout the XX century. world car production has steadily increased. Before World War II, about 4 million cars were produced in the world per year, in 1950 their production exceeded 10 million, in the early 1960s. already produced 20 million, in 1970 - 30 million, in 1980 - 40 million, in 2000 over 50 million (fig. 82), and in 2005 - 66.5 million. Of this amount, almost 4/5 falls on cars, and the rest - on trucks and buses.

Rice. 82. Dynamics of world car production, million units

However, most often statistics take into account only passenger cars, the production of which in the world was: in 1960 - 12.8 million, in 1970 - 22.7 million, in 1980 - 29.1 million, in 1990 - - 35.7 million, in 2000 - 40 million, in 2006 - 50 million.

The main trend of geographic shifts in the global automotive industry throughout the XX century. it was dispersed over an increasing number of regions and countries. Back in 1950, this industry was almost completely dominated by the United States (83% of world production), and 14% came from Western Europe, but then the transition from such a monocentric territorial model to an increasingly polycentric one began. In 1970, the share of Western Europe in the world production of passenger cars increased to 46%, and North America decreased to 32%, the formation of the third world center of the automotive industry in Japan (13%) also began. In the 1980s. the formation and strengthening of these three leading centers is basically completed: in 1990, Western Europe produced about 40% of all passenger cars, Japan - about 30 and North America - 20, while all other regions and countries (USSR, Eastern Europe, Republic Korea, Brazil, etc.) accounted for 10% of their world output.

For the 1990s. further spatial “spreading” of the automotive industry became characteristic, which primarily refers to Latin America and Asia. In the late 1990s. automobile and car assembly plants were already in nine countries Latin America: in Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Chile, Uruguay and Peru. Among Asian countries, in addition to Japan, this industry developed most rapidly in the Republic of Korea and China, but it also grew in Turkey, India, Thailand. As a result, by the beginning of the XXI century. the total share of the three main centers in the world car production decreased even more

(Western Europe - 28%, USA - 22, Japan - 20%), while the share of other regions and countries increased (Latin America - 8%).

Corresponding changes began to occur in the composition of the top ten countries for the production of cars. Back in 1970, it included the United States, Japan, Western Europe, Canada, Australia and the USSR, in 1990 the Republic of Korea took the tenth position. By the beginning of the XXI century. The Republic of Korea climbed a few more "steps", and Brazil and especially China, also entered the list of the leading manufacturing countries, in the top ten (Table 112).

Table 448

TOP TEN CAR PRODUCTION COUNTRIES IN 2005

* without light trucks

In addition, more than 1 million cars are also produced by Mexico (1.7), India (1.6), Russia (1.4), Thailand (1.1) and Italy (1.0). In other countries, they are usually produced no more than 300-500 thousand. Particularly noteworthy is the strong decline in the automotive industry in the countries of Eastern Europe(Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Serbia) and in the CIS countries (Belarus, Ukraine). According to forecasts, in 2010, the share of the eight leading Western powers in the global car production may decrease to 60%.

On the other hand, it is necessary to take into account the fact that the developed countries of the West, according to L. M. Sintserov, "are reluctant to transfer the automotive industry to the periphery of the world economy." At the same time, they widely use their enormous superiority in the level of monopolization of this industry: among the largest automobile corporations in the world are American General Motors and Ford Motor, Japanese Toyota, Nissan, Honda, German Volkswagen, German-American Daimler-Chrysler, Italian FIAT, French Renault and Peugeot-Citroen.

It is these corporations, as well as the South Korean Daewoo, which own the main capacities of the automotive industry and car assembly in Latin America and Asia. In Brazil, for example, the sales volume is controlled by automobile TNCs Volkswagen, FIAT, General Motors, Ford Motor, Daimler-Benz, Toyta, and in Argentina, Daimler-Chrysler and Renault. In the second half of the 1990s. the struggle for the redistribution of the world automobile market has become even more acute. It also touched upon the CIS countries, where Ford Motor, Renault, General Motors and other foreign automobile companies have established their numerous branches.

However, when predicting the development and location of the global automotive industry, it is necessary to take into account the fact that today it is influenced by two somewhat even opposite strategies. Fordism and post-Fordism. Fordism originated at the beginning of the 20th century. in the US automotive industry, and for the longest and most consistently it was used by Ford Motor and General Motors. Fordism focuses on the production of inexpensive cars from the most standardized assemblies and parts with minimal modification. In this case, the parent company usually includes a large number of subsidiaries and branches that can be located around the world, forming a kind of transcontinental production chains. In contrast, post-Fordism (or toyotism- named after the Japanese company Toyota) relies on the most flexible ways of organizing automotive production - in the sense of producing cars at the right time and in the right place, even if in small quantities. This strategy is based on the widespread use of computerization, the introduction of flexible production systems, a reduction in the number of components, but with an increase in the number of various kinds of modifications, an emphasis on high quality and supply of assembly plants on a "just in time" system. The existing experience indicates that with this strategy it is preferable to locate the production of cars in the Center of the World Economy, where it is easier to organize control and marketing of products, than in its Periphery.

Automobiles are one of the main commodities in the world trade. The export quota for the automotive industry is approximately 40%. And the top three auto exporting countries include Japan, Germany and France. However, in last years China has also joined them.

The development of the automotive industry in Russia was extremely negatively affected by the breakdown of traditional production ties after the collapse of the USSR and the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance. But even in the conditions of "shock therapy" in the early 1990s. This industry as a whole managed to retain the bulk of its production capacity, so that today GAZ in Nizhny Novgorod, AvtoVAZ in Togliatti, KamAZ in Naberezhnye Chelny remain the country's largest industrial enterprises with 80 to 95 thousand employees each. Nevertheless, the total production of passenger cars in Russia declined, and the production of trucks and buses was in a state of protracted crisis. The export of cars also fell sharply, but the import of foreign cars increased significantly. New enterprises have sprung up in many cities, but all of these are car assembly plants designed to produce foreign models. The fact that the industry lags behind the country's needs is also evidenced by the fact that Russia produces 20 cars per 1000 inhabitants, while in Germany, France, Spain, Sweden, Canada, the Republic of Korea - 40-50, and even more in Japan. ...

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Cyclic development is generally characteristic of many processes occurring in nature and society. Therefore, they talk about natural, ecological, general civilization, demographic, scientific, integration

Sectoral structure of the world economy
Under sectoral structure farms understand the totality of its parts (branches and sub-branches), historically formed as a result of the social division of labor. It is characterized by equity

Models of the spatial structure of the world economy
As the world economy develops, not only its sectoral structure, but also its spatial structure, the hierarchical subordination of its individual parts, change and become more complex. This is a natural process

Asia Pacific in the world economy
The polystructural spatial model of the world economy not only does not exclude, but, on the contrary, to some extent presupposes the movement of the main "center of gravity" of this economy from one region

International economic integration
International economic integration is one of the most striking manifestations of internationalization economic life in the second half of the XX century. It can take different forms, reach different

Transnationalization of the world economy
It is customary to refer to transnational corporations (TNCs) as large financial and industrial associations, national or (less often) international in terms of capital, which operate in two or more countries.

Territory as a factor of placement
NN Baranskiy, Yu. G. Saushkin, IM Maergoiz wrote a lot about the territory as a factor of placement. V.V. Pokshishevsky, emphasizing the special importance of the territorial approach for our science, said that

Economic and geographical location as a factor of placement
Economic and geographical location (EGP) is one of the important concepts of economic and social geography, widely used in educational geography. N.N.Bara made a great contribution to its formation

Natural resource factor of placement
The natural resource factor is one of the classical factors of placement, which is considered in many works of domestic and foreign geographers. For a long time, he proved

Placement transport factor
The transport factor is another classic placement factor productive forces... About its effect on geographical division works were written by N.N.Baransky, N.N. Kolosovsky, Yu.G. Saushkin, I.M.

Territorial concentration and deconcentration of production
The territorial concentration of production is an accumulation, its concentration in a limited space. The benefits of such a concentration are to reduce the cost of production, increase its revenues.

Territorial forms of organization of science
In the second half of the XX century. within the framework of socio-economic geography, a new direction began to form, which received the name geography of science. And although this direction as a whole is not yet available

Regional policy
Regional policy is a system of legislative, administrative, economic and environmental measures that contribute to a more rational distribution of productive forces, with

Study of the world economy in socio-economic geography
The world economy is a complex interdisciplinary concept. Firstly, this is a historical category, since the formation of the world economy is the result of a thousand-year evolution of production.

Industry of the world
Despite the fact that with the beginning of the transition to a post-industrial society, the share of industry in world GDP and employment of the economically active population began to decrease, industry remains the most

World energy development paths
Mastering energy sources has always been a way of human survival. And now its consumption remains one of the most important not only economic, but also social indicators, largely predetermined

Geographic aspects of the development of world energy
World production and fuel and energy consumption also have pronounced geographic aspects and regional differences. The first line of such differences is between economically developed and developed

Oil industry of the world
Oil industry- the leading branch of the global fuel and energy industry. It has a very strong effect on the entire world economy, and also on world politics. The oil industry is different

Consumption, export and import of oil and oil products
Above was considered, and at different levels, the geography of world oil production. However, the geography of consumption of oil and petroleum products is very different from it. This is clearly evidenced by

World gas industry
Natural gas as a fuel has many positive properties - high calorific value, good transportability, which is more environmentally friendly than oil and coal.

International trade in liquefied natural gas
Since the 1970s. liquefied natural gas (LNG) has become a new factor in the global energy economy. The interest in this energy carrier was due to many reasons.

Extraction of oil and natural gas in the World Ocean
The production of oil and natural gas in the waters of the World Ocean has a rather long history. Primitive methods of offshore oil production were carried out back in the 19th century. in Russia (in the Caspian), in the USA (in Caliph

Coal industry of the world
Coal industry continues to be an important branch of the world energy, and coal fuel occupies the "second line" in the structure of world energy consumption. The development of this industry is different

World Electricity
The electric power industry is a part of the fuel and energy complex, forming in it, as they sometimes say, the "upper floor". We can say that it is one of the basic sectors of the world economy.

Nuclear energy of the world
Nuclear (nuclear) energy can be considered as one of the important subsectors of world energy, which in the second half of the XX century. began to make a significant contribution to the production of electricity.

World uranium industry
The uranium industry, working for and closely associated with nuclear power, includes two main production stages. The first of these is the extraction of uranium ores, which are found in sandstone

The category of unconventional renewable energy sources (NRES), which are also often called alternative, is customary to include several that have not yet received widespread

As already noted, the practically inexhaustible energy sources of the World Ocean also belong to the category of non-traditional ones. But since the World Ocean is a very special

Mining industry of the world
The mining industry, which forms the basis of the extractive industry, is referred to as primary industries, since it deals with primary natural resources- minerals

World iron ore industry
Mining of iron ores is one of the largest subsectors of the mining industry. But since iron ores used in ferrous metallurgy, organizationally this production in many countries, including

World ferrous metallurgy
Ferrous metallurgy is one of the basic branches of industry, or branches of its "lower floor", associated with the processing of various types of raw materials, mainly mineral. Its value is determined

World non-ferrous metallurgy
Non-ferrous metallurgy, as an industry, has a complex internal structure. It includes the extraction and beneficiation of non-ferrous metal ores, their metallurgical processing (obtaining concentrate, rough and

World aluminum industry
It is known that aluminum is the most widespread metal (8.8%) in earth crust... And the fact that in metallurgy it ranks second after iron, and in ma

Mechanical engineering of the world
Mechanical engineering is the main one in terms of the number of employees, in terms of the cost of production and, accordingly, in terms of the share in all industrial production branch of modern industry. This is due to the fact that it is it

Global electronics industry
The electronics industry is often called the brainchild of the scientific and technological revolution, and it really is. At first, it originated in the bowels of electrical engineering (radio engineering), but then actually separated from it, turning into

Chemical industry of the world
Chemical industry, along with mechanical engineering, is one of the leading industries both in individual developed countries and in the world economy as a whole. It arose long before the start of scientific and technological revolution, and after

World timber industry
The importance of the forest industry is determined by the role that wood and wood products continue to play in the economy and in the daily life of people. It should also be borne in mind that forest resources are classified as

World textile industry
Textile industry- the most important industry light industry, providing about half of the total volume of its production, and also occupying the first place in it in terms of the number of employees. Wasps

Industry and environment
Industry is the main pollutant the environment affecting all spheres geographic envelope... This is because the industry as a whole covers all stages of the resource cycle -

World agriculture
Agriculture is the second most important branch of material production after industry. Originated in the epoch of the Neolithic revolution, it over the next ten millennia

Green Revolution "in the agriculture of developing countries
In the 60s and 70s. XX century a new concept has entered the international lexicon - "green revolution", which refers primarily to developing countries. This is a complex, multicomponent concept, which, with

Biotechnological revolution in economically developed countries
As already noted, the industrialization of agriculture (or the first "green revolution") took place in the developed countries of the West for quite some time. In the 70-80s. XX century you have reached these countries very much

Centers of origin of cultivated plants and domestic animals and their further migrations
The centers of origin of cultivated plants and domestic animals are those areas of the Earth where certain types of plants useful to humans have arisen or have been cultivated and where they are most concentrated.

Grain farming of the world
The main role in providing the population of the Earth with food, and some industries with raw materials has always played and continues to play plant growing (agriculture). In plant growing, the first me

Other food crops
Despite the special role of grain crops in providing the world population with food, more than half of all cultivated areas on the planet are occupied by others, also mainly by food

Non-food crops
Non-food crops include, first of all, fibrous crops, rubber plants, and also, with some degree of convention, narcotic crops. To the most important group of drags

Livestock of the world
Livestock is the second major branch of world agriculture, comparable in importance to crop production, and surpassing it in many countries and regions. In the structure of this industry, you are

Production and consumption of livestock products
Livestock products are meat, milk, butter, cheese, eggs, wool. All of it, with the exception of wool, constitutes an important part of the food "basket", and wool serves as a raw material for textile production.

Agriculture and environment
Agriculture is one of important factors the impact of human activities on the environment, and much earlier than industry. Therefore, the problems of rational economic

World Fisheries
Fishing can be considered as one of the types of nature use, consisting in the extraction of fish and other seafood (sea animals, invertebrates, algae), although, perhaps, it was followed

Aquaculture
The comparatively limited possibilities of self-reproduction of biological resources of the World Ocean are forcing to look for new approaches that would ensure the supply of fish products to the world market. Main

Whaling
The need for a careful attitude to the biological resources of the World Ocean can be shown by the example of whaling. Whales are a detachment of aquatic mammals, which are divided into two

World transport system
We have already spoken about the role of transport as one of the main infrastructure sectors in the normal, rhythmic functioning of the world economy. As a sensitive barometer of the course of development of this economy,

World rail transport
Railway transport, which originated in the era of the industrial revolution, remained the main mode of transport throughout the 19th and first half of the 20th centuries. The first railroad on steam

World road transport
The entire history of road transport fits into the framework of one XX century, during which it experienced, figuratively speaking, its "antiquity" and "Middle Ages", and "new" and "modern" times. Nowadays

World pipeline transport
Along with railway and automobile pipelines water transport refers to land transport. However, while both goods and passengers are transported by rail and road, the pipe

World shipping
Shipping is the oldest transport industry that originated in the distant past. And now, sea transport is a very important component of the world transport system, without which the normal function

World Marine Fleet
Nautical merchant navy are usually characterized by two main indicators: the number of vessels in operation and their tonnage, which is determined either by cargo capacity or by cargo capacity.

World seaports
The total number of seaports in the literature is estimated in different ways. LI Vasilevsky at one time gave a figure of 25-30 thousand, taking into account, apparently, and the smallest ports of purely local importance. Meets

International maritime channels and straits
Considering the formation of the international geographical division of labor, N.N.Baransky wrote about such key places, including isthmuses and straits, the possession of which allows the interception

Inland waterway transport
As already mentioned, the total length of inland waterways in the world is 550 thousand km. Until the early 1990s. in terms of the length of navigable routes, the USSR held the first place in the world (123 thousand km), the second

World Air Transport
Air transport, like road transport, in recent decades has shown a steady progressive development, for which, even in the presence of rare and short-term recessions, booms are characteristic of

Transport and environment
Fast development different types transport in the second half of the twentieth century. led to an increase in their negative impact on the environment. It is expressed in chemical pollution environment with waste from incinerated

International economic relations
International economic relations are understood as the system of economic ties between the national economies of individual countries. This is a special field of activity based on international

Open economy
In recent decades, an important new concept of an open economy has entered economic and geographical use, in the very general form meaning an increase in the role of world economic relations in the development

Free economic zones
The active inclusion of an increasing number of countries in the world in the international geographical division of labor, their growing into world economic relations, their implementation of the basic principles of openness of the economy, home

Dynamics and structure of world trade
World (international) trade is the oldest and most traditional form of external economic relations. Suffice it to recall that the world market, in general terms, was formed in the era of the Great Ge

Geographic distribution of world trade
The geographical distribution of world trade can be considered at different levels, meaning the participation in it of three groups of countries, large regions and individual states. Share of three groups of st

World service market
Along with the traditional trade in goods, in the last two to three decades, trade in services has become increasingly widespread, which are expressed not in a material product, but in a definite

Offshore zones of the world
As already noted, among the free economic zones, there is a group of service zones specializing in the provision of various kinds of services. Offshore zones play a special role among them.

Regulation of international trade in goods and services
Attempts to regulate international trade by state have been undertaken before, but in most cases they were in the form of protectionism and were expressed in restricting the import of goods and

World financial market
Along with the world market for goods and services, the world economy has also formed a world financial market, which has a rather complex structure (Fig. 120). The basis of this market is the export of capital

World financial centers
The formation of the world market of entrepreneurial and, to an even greater extent, loan capital, the expansion of the markets for gold, loans, currency, securities led to the complication of their structure and the formation of a price

Regulation of international monetary and financial relations
International monetary and financial relations arose even when money began to function in payment relations between countries. Gradually they became more and more complicated, and now, in the era of global

International industrial cooperation
In turn, it is the result of two complementary processes - international specialization and international cooperation of production. International specialization

International scientific and technical cooperation
Scientific and technical cooperation is an even younger form of international intangible economic relations. It is largely due to the scientific and technological revolution and the development of interstate specialization and

Development of international tourism
International tourism is one of the forms of exchange of services. The tourism boom that has swept the world in recent decades is based on specific economic, social and other reasons.

Geography of international tourism
The spread of modern international tourism is characterized by significant territorial unevenness. In the very general view it reflects different levels of social and economic development of Seve

World heritage of mankind
Back in 1972, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) adopted an international Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and natural heritage... Simultaneously

Globalization: a controversial process
At the turn of the XX and XXI centuries. the concept of globalization has become truly key, or, as is often said, significant. The study of the phenomenon of globalization attracts scientists, public and political figures,

Global information space
Acceleration of the processes of globalization at the end of the XX century. is largely due to the real information revolution that took place at this time, which led to the creation of global information networks.

Global problems of humanity
In the course of the development of civilization, humanity has repeatedly faced complex problems, sometimes of a planetary nature. But still it was a distant prehistory, a kind of "incubation period"

Towards a safe and nuclear-free world
For several decades after the war, the problem of preventing a world war has been the most important, top priority global problem of mankind. Known to have imposed wars

Degradation of the global ecological system
Until recently, the main problem of the survival of mankind was the problem of war and peace, and today most experts agree that this has become a global environmental problem.

Territorial analysis of the world's environmental problems
Much has been devoted to the territorial analysis of the world's environmental problems. geographic research, in which these problems are considered at different levels - continents and parts of the world, macroregions

Areas of acute ecological situations in Russia and other CIS countries
Despite the fact that the world's largest North Eurasian center of environmental stabilization is located within Russia, thanks to which natural ecosystems have been preserved on 2/3 of its territory

The impact of natural and man-made disasters on the global ecological situation
Recently, a new concept of risk has entered scientific use - both for an individual, and for the state, and for the entire world community. Among the possible risks, there are species

Ways to solve the global environmental problem
Nowadays, environmental safety has become an important component of the national security of states. This term is understood as the state of protection of each individual, society,

Specially protected natural areas of the world
In the context of the ongoing degradation of the natural environment under the influence of various types of anthropogenic activities, it is important, and from a geographical point of view, it is of particular importance.

The future of the baby boom
Among the global problems of our time, a very important place belongs to the demographic problem as another priority problem of the survival of mankind. Some authors even call her n

Development paths for global urbanization
As already shown, urbanization in the second half of the XX century. has become one of the most important all-encompassing, global processes of socio-economic development. A. E. Sluka, not without reason, called him “t

The global food problem and its geographic aspects
Another complex global problem is food. This is a very multifaceted problem - both natural and socio-economic. It is reflected on almost all sides of the

Solutions to the global food problem
Since the emergence of the global food problem, there have been discussions about ways to solve it. Despite some discrepancies, in the most general terms, we can obviously talk about two main

The global energy problem and ways to solve it
The global energy problem is, first of all, the problem of reliable supply of mankind with fuel and energy. "Bottlenecks" in such provision were found more than once in past epochs.

The global raw material problem and ways to solve it
The global raw materials problem has a number of similarities with the energy problem, so it is not surprising that they are sometimes considered together as a single fuel and raw materials problem. Valid

The global problem of the development of the World Ocean
At all stages of the development of human civilization, the World Ocean was one of the most important sources of maintaining life on Earth. Its contribution to the stabilization of the climate, the circulation of substances, about

UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
In addition to the economic, settlement and environmental aspects, the global problem of the World Ocean has one more extremely important aspect related to both the economic and environmental, but so

Peaceful exploration of outer space
Space is a global environment, a common heritage of mankind. Therefore, the problem of its peaceful development is one of the global ones. On the one hand, it affects the interests of all states of the planet, and on the other hand

Protecting and promoting the health of the world's population
Among the global problems of our time, the problem of protecting and strengthening the health of the human race occupies, one might say, a special place. And because she is one of the oldest problems with which

Global education
Until very recently, education problems were considered mainly at the level of individual countries, or rather, their school and university systems. In pedagogy, a special branch of knowledge has developed, called

Underdevelopment as a global problem
Among the priority global problems of mankind there is one, which, as it were, absorbs many others, and first of all, demographic and food problems. In a broad sense, it is n

Other global problems
Along with the global problems described above, which are usually classified as priorities, there are other complex problems that have recently also acquired a global character.

Global forecasts
With the emergence of global problems in most sciences, there has been an increased interest in the future, in the prospects for development. This future is explored at all levels - local, country, sub-regional,

Global projects
Global projects are called large engineering projects aimed at transforming the nature of individual parts of our planet to achieve a large economic effect. Most famous

The hypothesis of global climate change of the Earth
Recently, the world community has expressed increasing concern about the forecast for the 21st century. changes in the Earth's climate. The main thing in this change is the already begun increase in the average pace

The hypothesis of stabilization of the Earth's population
The question of the possibility of stabilizing the population of the Earth has long been of concern to mankind. Interest in it usually intensifies during periods of demographic revolutions. This was the case at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries

Ecumenopolis hypothesis
The gradual growth of the urban population, the "urban explosion", the increase in the number of supercities in themselves alter and complicate the urbanistic picture of the world. This also applies to spatial

Sustainable development strategy
On the question of overall assessment state of the art civilization, there are different opinions - from relatively optimistic to extremely pessimistic. As an example of a very pessimistic assessment

Global changes and geography
Global problems of humanity have become an important object of interdisciplinary research, in which social, natural and technical sciences participate. Some of these sciences include

Common to all topics
Alisov N.V., Khorev B.S. Economic and social geography of the world (general overview): Textbook for universities. - M .: Gardariki, 2000. Bestuzhev-Lada IV. Alternative

Themes 4 and 5
Abramov V.L. World Economy. Tutorial... - M .: Dashkov and K ", 2006. Aleksandrova A. Yu. International tourism: Textbook. - M .: Aspect Press, 2004.

Prepared

Student of grade 10

Nesterov German

village Neverkino 2005

1. Introduction 3
2. The global auto industry today 6
1. ... The Big Three 12
2. European car market 18
3. Asian Passenger Car Market 21
4. Russia 23
5. Car computers 24
6. “Green cars - myth or reality ?! 25

3.1 Concept of the development of the automotive industry in Russia. 27

3.2 Prospects for the development of the industry 40

Sources of information 42

Introduction.

The importance of the automotive industry and the prospects for its development are determined by the place that vehicles occupy in the transport and energy infrastructure, and its overall role in the national economy of a particular country. Thus, Deputy Minister of Industry, Science and Technology Sergei Mitin noted that the leading countries in the automotive industry also occupy the first positions in the world economy; the automotive industry has a direct impact on technological progress and speaks better than many statistical calculations about the population's ability to pay, and therefore about the standard of living. The automotive industry, being, on the one hand, a large consumer of material, labor and financial resources, and on the other, one of the main manufacturers of industrial products, plays an important role in the development of social production and the country's economy as a whole.

In terms of the combination of the structural and technological complexity of each product with the mass scale of production, the automotive industry has no analogues among other branches of modern mechanical engineering. This feature is associated with a high degree of concentration of capital in automotive production, as well as a rapid decline in the number of firms - independent producers.

The above factors have led to an intensification of the competition between world car companies to maintain their share in the domestic market and expand export trade. In the face of such fierce competition, some states are taking a number of measures to limit the influence of large foreign companies on the domestic automobile market.

Developed countries are largely dependent on the automotive industry, since the auto-TNCs of these countries play a very large role in their economies.

At present, the process of changing the regional structure continues in the automotive industry, the beginning of which was evident in the 1980s. This process includes both a redistribution of the share between the leading centers of capitalist production, and an increase in the share of economically developing countries, in which, under the influence of large world automobile companies, the intensive development of automobile production takes place.

The process of forming the maximum possible automated factories can be considered completed, where human labor is simplified or automated, and operations on most of the conveyor line are performed by robots. The only exceptions are outdated factories in third world countries, as well as small-scale and piece production, in which manual labor is a tradition and is highly valued.

The modern automotive world is also characterized by a high degree of specialization. There are a number of major corporations specializing in the production of specific parts and blocks for cars (motors, transmissions, tires, mufflers, auto devices, etc.). This division of labor was caused by the struggle to maximize the use of available funds and achieve the maximum technical and operational performance of products.

Another important feature of the automotive industry is internal and inter-firm cooperation. Currently, there is not a single major automotive company that does not have inter-firm agreements on the mutual supply of individual components, as well as joint development or production of products. However, it should be noted that there are smaller companies that are less involved in this process.

In the conditions of a market, open, unstable economic environment, characteristic of almost all countries, the influence of product exports on ensuring a stable economic situation of a particular company.

The process of concentration of forces in the automotive industry is intensifying. According to a study by the credit and financial institute HypoVereinsbank, out of five and a half thousand suppliers to the industry by 2010, less than half will remain in the world, and out of fifteen large automobile concerns - no more than ten. In the next decade, the automotive industry will develop especially actively in the countries of Asia, Eastern Europe and South America(ie, markets that have not been formed in the automotive concept). According to experts' forecasts, the annual growth of the industry in these regions will amount to 7.5%. The best chances of survival will be for those companies that create their own production facilities in these parts of the planet.

According to HypoVereinsbank, the annual turnover of the global automotive industry is now 2 trillion 450 billion euros.

The global auto industry today.

By the new century, the automotive industry has emerged with three distinct areas of concentration: the North American market, the European zone and Asia, which includes, first of all, Japan and Korea.

Last year, 56.8 million new passenger cars were sold worldwide. The most capacious is still the US car market. In 2001, more than 17.2 million new passenger cars were sold there, which is about 30% of world sales. Japan and South Korea are in second place in car sales - 10 million or 17.5% of the world market. Europe is in third place. About 9 million cars were sold there (16% of the world volume). Russia settled at the end of a long list of countries with a score of 1.2 million new cars, or 0.2%.

It should be noted that each of these markets has its own distinctive features! Manufacturers nowadays simply have to study consumer tastes and preferences, while making use of all the advances made. Otherwise, a potential buyer will simply buy the car he needs from a competitor! The following characteristic features of passenger cars of certain manufacturers can be distinguished.

For American manufacturers at the end of the last century, gigantism was inherent: the cars were very large both inside and out! American SUVs (jeeps) seemed especially terrifying and unusual for Europeans or Japanese. Equipped with large engines (up to 6.0 liters of displacement), they were extremely uneconomical and were mostly not used for their intended purpose (off-road). Now American cars look a little different, although the most popular car is the Ford F-series pickup. And half of all cars sold in America are pickup trucks, SUVs, or minivans. Large executive sedans are also popular. Technically speaking, an American's dream is a car with a big engine, automatic transmission, a large trunk on the steering column selector and lots of "cup holders" - round containers in which you can put a can of Coca-Cola.

European cars are distinguished by their restraint and outwardly very traditional. Cars of European manufacturers have a precise division into classes and all classes, from small cars to executive sedans, are well produced in Europe. European cars are more restrained in size than American ones: smaller dimensions, smaller engines and less spacious interiors. Cars equipped with automatic transmissions account for about half of all sold. Euro car interiors are often trimmed with leather and wood, and are also well thought out from the point of view of ergonomics. There is a wide range of cars of smaller classes, as well as large sedans. Much attention is paid to the economy and environmental friendliness of the purchased car. And also an important criterion when choosing a car for a European is its driving performance: handling and comfort are valued.

Asian cars are also distinguished by their "Asian" design. They often have narrow or small headlights and smoothed body lines. The Japanese are very good from a technical point of view. And on the offered options, the Japanese car for the domestic market can outperform the American or European one. Environmental friendliness and efficiency are also at the forefront here. Small and medium-sized cars, as well as sports cars, most often based on serial sedans, are very popular in Japan and other Asian countries. Much attention is paid to the motors and driving performance of cars, which should satisfy fans of active driving, who choose cars only with a manual gearbox!

All these traditions and preferences must be taken into account by manufacturers in order for their cars to be successful with buyers. And indeed, numerous studies are being carried out in this area to create cars for a specific car market or even a country! Taking into account all the data, as well as experience, manufacturers release exactly those cars that consumers are waiting for on the market. And therein lies success! This is how the markets are filled with several successful patterns.

However, there are exceptions - the so-called "world cars", which are designed to be sold on all continents. A few recent examples of such vehicles - the VW New Beetle and Mini - were built with an eye on the design of specific mid-century vehicles. In this case, the nostalgic factor played a huge role. Although technically modern, these cars are not perfect. They are now selling well both in Europe and America.

It will not be superfluous to note that the automobile "ideologies" of different markets have had a strong influence on each other, made cars more "international". When a manufacturer prepares to launch a car on the market, it mainly counts on two or three countries in which it will be sold. Therefore, for good sales and good profits, a car must combine the passions and preferences of the people living in these countries.

Some firms make cars for a specific category of people. Indicators such as income, social status, age and lifestyle are taken into account.

In the current conditions of the most intense competition, no large company can afford to produce cars of a similar class on a different technical basis, because The development of a fundamentally new machine is very expensive and time-consuming for the manufacturer. This ultimately affects the timeliness of a new car on sale and its price. Therefore, large car factories are trying to occupy intermediate niches between the main models, making small upgrades and changing the appearance. Moreover, recently cars of "non-standard" sizes and classes are in good demand.

One example is the construction of different cars by the Volkswagen concern. Seven cars were built on the so-called Golf IV base, which were produced at about the same time (VW Golf IV, Audi A3, Skoda Octavia, Audi TT, Seat Toledo ...). As a result, both the manufacturer and the consumer won: Volkswagen made a profit, as it was represented on the market by a large number of cars of a similar class; the consumer chose a good car to their liking, paying a reasonable price.

Over the past few years, automakers have introduced a huge number of transmissions in different variants, as well as new engines. Many alternatives to automatic transmissions have appeared: variator varieties (the Japanese have succeeded here), various sequential transmissions, etc. All this is done to attract more and more buyers, showing them all the advantages of new parts. One of the evolutionary movements forward was the emergence of the engine with distributed fuel injection, which was patented by Mitsubishi. Cars with such engines have become much more dynamic, more economical and meet the strictest environmental requirements. A few years after the appearance of such an engine at Mitsubishi, all major auto companies have such engines in their arsenal.

A lot of money is spent by world automakers on the development of new cars, including their design. Modern cars are not just means of transportation, but also objects that should make people feel good. Sometimes these very "vehicles" become just a work of design art. Behind this is the long-term work of large design centers, which employ dozens and hundreds of designers from different countries. Among other things, the design of the new car must carry the "family traits". That is, a completely new car should retain the distinctive features of previous generations. The car should be easily recognizable so that the consumer can confidently say that it is a BMW or, say, a Honda.

Toyota's newest ED2 design center opened in May 2000. The territory on which it is located is 40 hectares. Moreover, the Japanese themselves built it. All equipment and heavy equipment arrived on the barge from Japan along with the construction. And the design center was commissioned on a turnkey basis a year later and cost Toyota about $ 13 million. Moreover, this Japanese auto giant already has one design center in Brussels. Why did you need another one? Vladimir Pirozhkov, one of the designers, says that it is better to work in the new building - it is located on the Cote d'Azur.

The main place where manufacturers can show their latest developments and achievements is the exhibition. There are currently about a dozen international exhibitions and many more regional auto shows. Exhibitions serve as an important source of information for manufacturers: by presenting their concept cars, trial and pre-production samples, they can collect the wishes and complaints of visitors, i.e. potential buyers. Also at the exhibition you can see your competitors and their future cars and compare with your own. At the same time, by putting a future car on the podium, which is not yet on sale, you can "warm up" the demand for it, i.e. an exhibition is a great place to advertise!

Detroit Motor Show, Geneva, Paris Motor Show - these are the largest and most significant automobile exhibitions. These exhibitions are costly for organizers and car companies that exhibit their cars at them. For example, the 2001 Detroit Auto Show cost the organizers $ 350 million and attracted more than 8,000 journalists and about a million visitors under its arches.

The Big Three

It is the auto giants that are part of the Big Three that control most of the American car market and are the largest TNCs in the world. Ford, DaimlerChrysler, General Motors are the three concerns that make up the big three. However, other firms are also controlled by these manufacturers. Some of the firms have been bought in full, while others are partly independent. For example, Daimler-Benz and Chrysler merged to become a single corporation. And now, under the leadership of DC, cars are produced by brands such as Mercedes, Chrysler, Jeep and Dodge.

By the end of the century, the companies of the "Big Three" came up in an international composition. Indeed, by combining firms from different countries, cultures and strategies of market struggle, one can safely “fight” with other large manufacturers.

General Motors is the world's largest automotive giant, with annual vehicle production exceeding 6 million. It includes both Native American companies: Chevrolet, Pontiac, Buick, Saturn, Cadillac; and European: Opel, Vauxhall, Saab. In addition, GM owns 20% of Subaru and 49% of Isuzu, which determines the influence to the east. Isuzu has been one of the suppliers of engines for Opel and Saab cars of the same General Motors for 10 years. But the influence of GM on Subaru is still imperceptible, probably the share of American capital is still small.

The second largest auto concern Ford is also American. This TNC includes Aston Martin, Jaguar, Lincoln, Mercury, Volvo and Mazda. The multinational composition is also visible here. The total output of the concern is about 4.6 million passenger cars. Most of the cars are Ford (over 2 million) and Mazda (almost 1 million).

The three leaders of the American automobile industry are closed by DaimlerChrysler (DC) with an annual production of 3.55 million vehicles. However, in the world leadership table, it occupies the sixth place, behind Volkswagen (VW) and Toyota. The unification of two giants: Mercedes and Chrysler, which took place in 2001, became one of the main events of the last decade. Of the “big three”, only Chrysler remained a pure American company for a long time, with Dodge, Jeep and Chrysler brands at its disposal. Now, having at our disposal such a leader in the class of prestigious cars as Mercedes, you can safely produce cars that were previously closed to Chrysler. This combination has a positive impact on both the technical and tactical sides.

Currently, Mercedes, Jeep, Dodge and Chrysler cars are sold through a single dealer network and serviced by a single technical service. A smart strategy brings financial benefits.

In 2001, 17.2 million new passenger cars, SUVs and pickups were sold in the United States. The total number of registered cars exceeds 200 million. The rule "one family - one car", which is in force, for example, in Russia in the United States is not widespread. Americans consider it necessary to have two or three cars in a family. With these indicators, America is the # 1 automotive power, confirming its leadership.

The Big Three controls 62.7% of the US market, 36% of the Brazilian market, 28% of Europe and 10% of Asia. Thus, the influence of American TNCs extends over most of the planet and plays a large role in socio-economic processes.

Table 1. Changes in the volume of sales of cars of the "big three" in 2001 in the US market.

However, controlling the American market is becoming increasingly difficult due to the massive offensive by large foreign and medium-sized manufacturers. Back in 1996, the share of American companies in their "own" market was more than 72%. Mainly domestic manufacturers were the "bits" in the luxury car class. With brands such as Cadillac and Lincoln at their disposal, Americans have lost most of this market segment over the past 10 years to European brands Mercedes-Benz, BMW and the Japanese Lexus.

		Growth compared to 1990,%

Table 2. Leaders of luxury car sales in the USA in 2000.

Losses incurred by American manufacturers are in the tens of millions of dollars. The most intense competition is going on, during which all possible methods and methods are used. And first of all, foreign manufacturers have relied on quality.

The American publication Consumer Reports, which researches the automotive market, has published a rating of the reliability of cars. The results are as follows: during the first year of operation, 15 serious malfunctions were recorded per 100 Japanese cars; European cars - 23 breakdowns, American - 24. The ten most reliable cars included 4 Toyota cars, two from BMW and Honda, and one from Volkswagen and Subaru.

However, in America, "purebred" American SUVs and pickup trucks are still popular. This proves that the sales leader in 2001 was the Ford F-series pickup.

		Market share
"Big three" 1
Japanese stamps
European brands
Korean stamps
1 - not including Jaguar, Mercedes-Benz, Saab and Volvo
Table 3. Passenger cars in the US market in 2001.
		Market share
"Big three" 1
Japanese stamps
Korean stamps
European brands
1 - not including Hummer, Land Rover and Mercedes-Benz

Table 4: SUVs, minivans and pickups in the US market in 2001.

Today, Japanese brands control about 25% of the US automotive market. This success was the result of the grammatical policy of European and Japanese companies. For example, Toyota, Nissan and Honda have created brands such as Lexus, Infiniti and Acura specifically for the American market, respectively, to win over some of the buyers. This gave them a number of advantages.

Firstly, these names did not have a specific image (other than the one that the Japanese wanted to show in the advertising campaign), therefore, the buyers had a sense of curiosity.

Secondly, for patriotic Americans, the “Made in USA” plaque played a huge role. After all, the factories of these foreign firms were located in the States, despite the fact that they were controlled from Japan.

And thirdly, the aforementioned firms came to the American market with a very good product: "luxury" cars were very High Quality(in comparison with domestic ones), met all the requirements and preferences of local residents and were sold at very attractive prices.

However, factories located on the territory of the United States give the Americans a number of advantages: good jobs, additional budget revenues and an increase in GDP. As a result: the consumer wins.

The American company R. L. Polk & Co., which conducts research of the automobile market, has published the results of a survey conducted at the 2002 Detroit Auto Show. The question "What type of car do you need?" was asked 5870 visitors to the exhibition. The results are as follows: 27% preferred SUVs, 15% preferred middle class cars, another 15% preferred sports cars, 11% preferred sedans, another 11% preferred pickups, and only 7% of respondents favored compact cars.

Based on these results, it can be assumed that the popularity table will remain the same, but the demand for pickups may decrease.

European manufacturers are mainly represented by the Volkswagen concern, which includes Audi, Skoda, Seat, Lamborghini, Bentley and Bugatti; concern PSA (Peugeot and Citroen); Fiat Auto (Alfa Romeo, Maserati, Lancia) and BMW. There are also Ferrari, Lotus and Porcshe, which are integral parts of Europe, but sales of these car brands are negligible.

Concern VW is pursuing a policy of unification of its cars and reduction of platforms, as mentioned earlier. This allows for a more flexible pricing policy, but there are also some dissatisfaction among potential customers. After all, both the engines and suspension parts are subjected to unification, which makes the cars look similar when driving, and the elements of the interior, which causes confusion. Sometimes, to find out in which car you are sitting, Volkswagen or Skoda, only the company sign on the steering wheel helps. And this, in my opinion, is a negative direction in the policy of the concern. Because in civilized countries, more and more people strive to be individual and stand out from the crowd, including having an exclusive car.

The VW brand is considered a manufacturer of relatively cheap "people's" cars, occupying "price" niches in many classes. Volkswagen's lineup starts with the Lupo model, class A according to the European classification of passenger cars, and ends with the Passat model (class D). Prices for cars start at less than $ 10 thousand and end at $ 38 thousand. Thus, cars satisfy the needs of most of the European population. However, in early 2002, VW's new flagship model, the Phaeton, was shown. This car will be produced from the end of 2002 and sold at prices ranging from $ 50 thousand to $ 65 thousand and will be positioned in the F class. Its competitors will be the elite of the European automotive industry: Audi A8, Mercedes S-class, BMW 7-series, which are much more expensive.

As the head of the VW concern Ferdinand Piech said: "If Mercedes presses on us from below, then we will press on it from above." By this he wanted to say that low-class Mercedes cars began to compete with Volkswagen cars, which did not exist before. Therefore, it was decided to compete in a new, higher class for itself. The main trump card is the price and quality.

However, the E class remains free, which is not occupied by the Volkswagen concern. And, we can assume that soon there will be a car that can fill the empty space. Most likely, it will be built on the basis of Phaeton.

The BMW company produced almost 900 thousand cars in 2001. Two years ago, the company launched an SUV, the first in its history. Thus, sales increased by 10%. The ideology of the company has remained the same: it produces cars for those who like active driving - powerful, fast, with a swift appearance and at the same time high-quality in German. This is how the managers of the company keep their clients.

Now BMW has the rights to produce a Mini model of the plant with the same name. This decision was made when the plant was sold by the management of BMW. The development of this machine was carried out at a time when Mini was owned by a Bavarian company. The success of the model was obvious, and therefore it was not wise to sell it together with the factory after a large investment had been made.

BMW's managers were right - sales of Mini One and Mini Cooper are going great both in the Old World and in America: this year they will hit the mark of 100 thousand cars.

The German market is still the most capacious, and a significant part of the population (755,000 people) is employed in the automotive or related industries. In 2000, the industry had a turnover of 431 billion marks, and the number of cars produced passed the 5 million mark, about 3.5 million were sold abroad, mainly in North America.

France is represented by the PSA concern and a non-member Renault company (Renault). PSA brings together two major manufacturers - Peugeot and Citroen. The production volume of the first is 500 thousand cars, and the second is twice as much. These two factories work mainly for the needs of the European market, producing relatively cheap and small cars. The merger of these firms was necessary because Renault is a leader in the French automotive industry, producing over 1.5 million vehicles a year. The last two cars presented by the company turned out to be too revolutionary and avant-garde in design. Therefore, sales are not so successful.

Two years ago Renault merged with another powerful Japanese concern - Nissan. Now Japanese cars, which are in good demand in the countries of the European Union, will receive additional advantages and increase their sales. And European Renault will be able to get used to a new market for themselves in Japan. In addition, the French will be able to use the built Nissan dealer network in the United States, significantly saving on this. Cooperation will also take place in the technical field.

Italian Fiat Auto is practically the only manufacturer in this country. It also includes Alfa Romeo and Maserati, the latter's car production is negligible.

Europe is the market where the share of new diesel vehicles is so high - 33%. This is primarily due to an increase in environmental friendliness and a decrease in the cost of manufactured diesel engines. In addition, they are not inferior in dynamic characteristics to gasoline engines, and fuel consumption is much lower. The consumer benefit is clear.

The Asian passenger car market.

The Asian market differs significantly from the American or European market in a number of principles. You can even single out the Asian market as a "state within a state" that lives according to its own rules, independent of external influences. The Japanese car industry has a strict division of the model range into cars for the domestic and foreign markets. Those cars that are sold in Japan may never be seen and bought by an American or a German. These machines are much more advanced than those that are exported. This is largely due to the mentality of the Japanese and the strict requirements of the domestic market in the field of ecology, economy and style. New models appear more often. If in the west the model range of an automaker is updated every 5-7 years, then the Japanese and Koreans update models for the domestic market in 3-4 years.

The largest Japanese manufacturer is Toyota, which produces over 4.4 million vehicles a year in factories located in different parts of the world, and ranks fourth in the world.

Toyota's lineup is very diverse and wide. The machines of this company have always been distinguished by a wide range of standard and additional equipment, competitive price, high technical level and constant quality.

Cars of the highest class are handled by the Lexus division, the main sales market of which is the USA.

Toyota's Daihatsu specializes in small and low-cost cars that are very popular in Japan and South Korea.

Toyota supplies 3.1 million passenger cars to the Japanese domestic market and is the leader in this area.

The second largest concern in Japan is Nissan, which recently merged with the French company Renault. Sales in Japan are 1.4 million vehicles, second only to Toyota.

Nissan is also very famous for its good-quality cars in Europe, and in America the Infiniti division, which sells high-class cars, is better known.

Honda is the third largest automobile plant in Japan. 1.2 million Honda vehicles are produced annually. This company is known for its great achievements in the production of gasoline engines, as well as for the development of automobiles that use natural gas and solar energy as fuel.

Honda also has a division dedicated to the production of high-end cars, mainly for the American market.

Mitsubishi is the largest TNC that combines not only the production of cars. However, more than twenty percent of Mitsubishi Motors is owned by the American-European concern DaimlerChrysler AG. A representative from the DC concern was chosen as the chairman of the board of directors of Mitsubishi. Most likely, further integration of these companies will continue.

It should be noted that the company Suzuki, which specializes in the production of small cars and annually produces 1.8 million cars (11th place in the world), remain completely independent. Neither Japanese nor western companies could not take control of such a successful company.

The Korean automotive industry is represented by three companies: Hyindai, Daewoo and Kia. These companies are widely known outside their country: they sell well in Western Europe (including Russia), where they have their factories, and also increase sales in America. More than half of the more than 3 million cars assembled in 1999 were exported.

The largest of them is Hyindai, which has an output of over 1 million vehicles. These are mainly low-power and cheap cars for the general population.

Today in the territory of the CIS there are 18 large automobile plants and car assembly plants. Of these, 8 produce imported cars.

In 2001, 1,186,600 passenger cars were produced by Russian manufacturers, which is 4% more than in 2000. The bulk of the cars produced are AvtoVAZ products - 767,000 cars.

The most popular foreign cars in Russia in 2001 are relatively cheap cars (up to $ 15,000). Moreover, there is a trend towards an increase in the share of imported cars assembled at joint ventures in Russia. This is understandable - “local” cars are only slightly inferior to imported ones in terms of build quality, but they are noticeably cheaper. For example, a large plant in Uzbekistan (UzDauAvto) was able to sell about 10,000 cars through a dealer network, which is about 13% of the total market.

However, they are also very popular and more expensive cars, the purchase of which is more likely due to the prestige and the big name of the brand, rather than a real need. More than 20% of all new cars purchased cost their customers over $ 30,000. Mercedes-Benz entered the top ten companies in 2001, having sold 3806 cars (5%). And such companies as BMW, Audi and Volvo were respectively in 12th, 13th and 14th places in 2001.

According to the latest government announcements, in 2003 import duties on used imported cars will be significantly increased. This caused widespread discontent among the masses, since a significant part of motorists use supported foreign cars, preferring them to new domestic cars. On the one hand, such measures can increase sales of new domestic cars, and on the other hand, will they be able to Russian factories to raise the quality of products?

Car computers.

Automotive computers may become the "latest squeak" in technological fashion in the coming years. At least in America.

Recently, several high-tech and automotive companies announced their intention to conquer this fast-growing market. For example, the American company Microsoft announced the start of the Car.net project - the development of a system of standards for the "automotive computer industry", at the same time announcing a new version of its Windows CE operating system, also intended for cars.

Although today there are thousands of cars with personal computers connected to the Internet all over the world (mostly luxury limousines), experts unanimously consider this market to be potentially attractive. According to UBS Warburg, the turnover of telematics services in cars by 2010 will amount to 22 billion dollars.It is expected that by 2006 half of the cars produced in the world will be equipped with devices for Internet access, and among luxury cars, the connection to the World Wide Web will have 90%. machines.

It is planned that "auto-Internet" will allow passengers to send e-mail messages, watch movies and surf the Internet. The driver will not stand aside either, since the on-board computer will be controlled by voice, which means that you will not have to leave the road. Entertainment is far from the only use of an on-board computer. In the future, he will be able to monitor the condition of the car, send signals to the service in the event of a breakdown, contact gas stations and parking lots, plan a route taking into account the latest information about traffic jams and even booking hotels.

The leaders of this market are also determined - in the field of components and software for car computers the leaders are Intel and Microsoft, in the field of mobile communications - the Japanese operator NTT DoCoMo and the Finnish Nokia. OnStar, a maker of embedded communications systems part of General Motors Corporation, has teamed up with Sun Microsystems to develop smart machines. Visteon Corp. showcased a rear-seat entertainment system that includes DVDs and video games, and an MP3 player that can store 10 hours of real-time music.

"Green" cars - myth or reality ?!

An environmentally friendly car that does not harm the environment is the dream of every government and Greenpeace activist. However, the same car should satisfy the needs of a simple driver - to be dynamic, easy to operate and relatively cheap. Such problems are now faced by the creators of environmentally friendly cars, but no solution has been found. There are several directions in which the design of "green" cars is developing.

The first area is the use of electric motors. Such cars already exist all over the world. However, they are used as an alternative to internal combustion engines: golf cars, trolley buses and other micro cars. So far, the electric motor cannot be compared with the usual one in terms of its consumer characteristics, but it is absolutely "clean" for the surrounding nature.

The second is the use of a mixed gas engine that emits CO2 into the atmosphere. However, such a car is very expensive, requires special maintenance and the technology is not perfect.

V this moment most attention is paid to vehicles with hybrid engines. The principle of operation is as follows: a low-power internal combustion engine works in conjunction with a generator, generating electricity for the electric motor, which in turn drives the wheels of the car. Or another option: one axle of the car is driven by a conventional engine, and if additional load is required, the other axle will be driven by electric motors. Such cars are now mass-produced, but they are not very popular.

Work is underway to create super economical machines. The leader in this area is the Volkswagen concern. The Lupo model is already being produced, which consumes less than three liters of diesel fuel per 100 kilometers. More recently, a concept car with a fuel consumption of less than 1L / 100 km was shown to a wide audience. It is designed for two people and picks up a top speed of 120 km / h. Work in this direction will undoubtedly continue and such a car will soon appear on sale.

There is no need to talk about any revolutionary discoveries in the near future. But work is underway. And the company that is the first to make the environmentally friendly car affordable will undoubtedly be considered the leader.

The concept of the development of the automotive industry in Russia.

(The concept is designed for the period up to 2010.)

1. Goals, objectives and priorities of the Concept

   The objectives of the Concept are to create conditions for the development of the Russian automotive industry, its integration into world automotive industry, as well as increasing the efficiency of production of modern competitive automotive equipment that meets the needs of the population, the state and business entities.

   These goals imply the solution of the following tasks, taking into account the implementation of the main provisions of the program of socio-economic development Russian Federation for the medium term (2002-2004):

• saturation of the country's transport complex with modern automotive equipment that meets international environmental and safety requirements;
• improving the economic and social infrastructure of the automotive industry;
• creation of favorable conditions for the commissioning and efficient operation of new capacities for the production of automotive equipment;
• development of competition in the production of automotive equipment, its sales and provision of services;
• ensuring financial transparency of the activities of enterprises and organizations of the automotive industry;
• increasing labor productivity;
• implementation of an effective customs and tariff policy aimed at optimizing customs duties on automotive equipment and automotive components;
• gradual integration of Russia into the global automotive market;
• organization with the participation of strategic investors, including foreign ones, of new manufactures for the production of automotive equipment and components;
• increasing the level of the state's defense capability through the development and production of a new generation of military vehicles, including dual-use ones.

The priority directions for the development of the production of automotive equipment and automotive components are:

• organizing the production of competitive automotive equipment that meets promising international requirements;
• an increase in the production of passenger cars of especially small and small classes;
• renewal of the public bus fleet through the production of cars Vehicle with improved consumer properties, as well as vehicles adapted for the transportation of disabled people;
• expanding the production of high-tech automotive components;
• deepening production cooperation in the automotive industry and related industries;
• increasing the share of high-tech and science-intensive industries in the domestic automotive industry.

1. The current state of the automotive industry in Russia

   The automotive industry is a leading engineering industry that influences the processes of economic and social development of the Russian Federation. The presence of a developed automotive industry is important element ensuring the national security of the state. The industry unites about 250 large and medium-sized enterprises and organizations, employs more than 800 thousand people.

   The production of automotive equipment is carried out in close cooperation with enterprises of the electrical, metallurgical, chemical, electronic, light and other industries, which provides employment for about 5 million people from the working-age population.

   In 1999-2001, the enterprises of the industry achieved a steady growth in production volumes. In 2001, more than 1 million cars, 57 thousand buses, over 172 thousand trucks were produced. The volume of commercial products exceeded 200 billion rubles, the share of exports amounted to 12 percent of the total production. The capacities for the production of passenger cars were used by 78.7 percent, buses - by 77.1 percent, trucks - by 38 percent.

   The needs of the domestic market for motor vehicles are met by domestic automotive enterprises for cars by 70-75 percent, for trucks and buses - 85-90 percent.

   The main factor ensuring the attractiveness of domestic automotive technology is its comparative low price... However, used automobile equipment imported from abroad in significant volumes is a serious competitor to domestic products.

   In the Russian automotive industry, the processes of integration of automobile plants, as well as manufacturers of automotive components, into enlarged business groups are actively taking place.

   With the participation of the world's leading automobile firms, new capacities for the production of automobiles and joint ventures for the manufacture of modern units, assemblies and components of automobiles are being created.

   Production facilities for the assembly of domestic cars have been launched in a number of foreign countries.

   There is a compulsory certification of vehicles and components, harmonized with European requirements, in accordance with the international obligations adopted by the Russian Federation in this area.

   The automotive industry has the necessary scientific potential, qualified engineering personnel and specialists for the creation and implementation of promising technologies. The capabilities of enterprises of the military-industrial complex are widely used for the needs of the automotive industry.

   The production of military vehicles is based on the broad unification of all-wheel drive civilian trucks.

   One of the main problems hindering the further development of the automotive industry is the lack of activity of potential investors and automotive companies. This largely determines the lag of domestic automotive technology from modern requirements in terms of technical level, reliability, safety, ecology and comfort.

2. Forecast of the development of the Russian automotive market for the period up to 2010

In 2001, about 1.4 million passenger cars were sold on the domestic market, including more than 900 thousand domestically produced cars, about 450 thousand cars came from abroad, including 90 thousand new cars.

By 2010, the market for passenger cars is projected to increase to 2.2-2.5 million units.

The park of passenger cars will increase by 2010 from 21.2 to 30-33 million units, including those of foreign production from 4.6 to 7-8 million units. At the same time, the number of passenger cars per 1,000 inhabitants will increase from 140 to 245 units.

The volume of sales of buses in 2001 amounted to about 60 thousand units, of which about 8 thousand buses were delivered from abroad.

By 2010, it is forecasted that the bus market will increase to 67-70 thousand units, while the share of sales of buses of large and especially large classes will increase from 8 percent to 16-17 percent.

The fleet of buses in Russia in 2001 amounted to more than 660 thousand units, including about 140 thousand buses for public use. Its slight increase is expected.

The volume of sales of trucks on the domestic market in 2001 amounted to more than 200 thousand units.

By 2010, it is forecasted that the truck market will increase by at least 1.5 times.

The fleet of trucks by 2010 will increase from 4.5 to 5.1-5.4 million units.

1. The strategy of activities of enterprises of the automotive industry in the domestic and foreign markets

The strategy of activity of automobile companies in the domestic and foreign automobile markets is to strengthen and expand positions in the sale of automotive equipment by increasing its competitiveness, developing service maintenance, and improving the sales system.

This will be facilitated by the adoption by Russian manufacturers of measures to ensure the stability of prices for sold automotive equipment, including by reducing costs, developing cooperation ties with suppliers of materials and components.

An increase in demand in the domestic market for trucks and buses will be facilitated by such factors as the improvement of forms of trade and payment for equipment sold, the development of farms, an increase in housing construction, and an increase in freight traffic during long-distance transportation.

The demand for municipal transport (especially large, large and small city buses) is largely determined by the financial capabilities of local authorities and the degree of wear and tear of the bus fleet.

One of the directions of development of the domestic market for automotive equipment is the creation of a network of companies for leasing vehicles.

To increase the efficiency of leasing, it is necessary to ensure price stability, market competition, and the availability of medium-term bank loans. No less important condition is the presence of a stable regulatory framework governing this area of ​​activity.

Given the low profitability of motor transport enterprises engaged in passenger transportation, it is necessary to develop a mechanism for regional administrations to provide guarantees to ensure lease payments, including within the framework of regional rolling stock renewal programs.

The use of the financial leasing mechanism will be one of the important factors in the implementation of the market reform of urban passenger transport, provided for by the federal target program "Modernization of the transport system of Russia (2002 - 2010)".

The export opportunities of Russian car manufacturers are constrained not only by the insufficient technical level of finished products, but also by the poorly developed sales network, Maintenance and repair. In addition, the advancement to new markets occupied by leading foreign companies requires lengthy preparatory work and significant financial resources.

The Russian export strategy at the initial stage should be based on the possibility of selling automobile equipment (relatively inexpensive and simple) to developing countries and organizing a service network there.

1. Increasing the competitiveness of automotive technology

Increasing the competitiveness of automotive technology is achieved through institutional transformations, the development of the production of high-tech automotive components and materials, the application of state standards that meet international requirements, and the improvement of scientific, technical and staffing.

Confirmation of the conformity of automotive equipment, components and spare parts to current standards is carried out in the form of their mandatory certification or declaration by manufacturers or sellers.

It is necessary to develop domestic standards corresponding to international norms that establish requirements for vehicles and their components.

Voluntary certification of automotive products will help improve quality, reliability, adaptability to operating conditions, and other consumer properties of automotive technology.

The following main directions for the development of the automotive industry are envisaged:

• reforming the existing automobile complexes by dividing them into separate types of industries with the preservation of technological specialization in the manufacture of units, assemblies, parts, technological equipment and blanks and the expansion of cooperation ties;
• transfer of objects of the social sphere, which are on the balance sheet of enterprises, to the jurisdiction of municipal authorities;
• organization of wide-profile corporate holding structures and associations in order to concentrate financial, production, human and intellectual resources, as well as to diversify production.

The creation of assembly plants with the participation of leading automotive companies will ensure the use of advanced technologies for the production of automotive equipment and reduce the technological backwardness of the Russian automotive industry with minimal investment costs. This will allow organizing the production of promising competitive cars for the domestic and foreign markets.

One of the strategic goals of such industries is to master the production of modern automotive components and materials at domestic factories. At the same time, additional jobs will be created in a number of industries, including using the potential of enterprises of the military-industrial complex.

The degree of government incentives and support should be differentiated depending on the volume of investments aimed at creating production and the share of costs incurred in the territory of the Russian Federation in the manufacture of automotive equipment.

Particular attention should be paid to the development of the production of automotive components that determine the technical level and quality of automotive technology, including engines, transmission units, brake systems, steering, suspension elements, exhaust gas neutralization systems, electronic control systems and electrical equipment.

The development and production of automotive components should be carried out by specialized firms supplying a wide range of products and different standard sizes to vehicle manufacturers. The optimal sales volume allows such firms to quickly recoup their investments, make significant investments in research and development and production expansion, quickly introduce new technologies and maintain the competitiveness of their products. At the same time, the improvement of components by specialized firms will increase the competitiveness of automotive technology.

It is necessary to stimulate the development of the production of components, construction and operating materials at enterprises of related industries, including new generations of tires that meet the requirements for noise and ecology, products of the electronic and electrical industries, advanced types of metal products, plastics and paints and varnishes, as well as motor fuels, oils, lubricants and working fluids.

Vi. Scientific, technical and staffing of the automotive industry

The development of the automotive industry is based on fundamental and applied research aimed at creating new types of automotive technology that meet promising safety, environmental and reliability requirements.

The priority areas of research in the medium term are:

• use of alternative fuels (hydrogen, methanol, ethanol, dimethyl ether, biofuel);
• creation of fuel cells and combined power plants;
• development of internal combustion engines with adjustable displacement and compression ratio, as well as the introduction of power take-off algorithms that ensure minimum energy consumption for movement and high cross-country ability;
• creation of a new generation of automatic transmission, integrated (intelligent) safety systems, on-board diagnostics and control systems, as well as mathematical models of physical and chemical processes of fuel combustion and energy conversion;
• development and implementation of technologies that provide support for automotive products throughout their full life cycle.

To solve these problems, it is necessary to ensure the formation of appropriate human resources at the automotive enterprises using a comprehensive system of continuous education and advanced training of specialists at all levels, corresponding to the latest achievements of world science and technology.

Vii. Integration of the domestic automotive industry into the global automotive industry in connection with the upcoming entry of Russia into the World Trade Organization

The main direction of development of the domestic automotive industry is integration into the global automotive industry, taking into account the economic interests of the country.

One of the most important tasks of the strategic course proclaimed by Russia for its integration into world economy is accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO).

Accession to the WTO will allow domestic car companies to:

• get the opportunity to participate in world trade on generally accepted and equal terms;
• use the WTO mechanism to protect and defend the interests of automotive manufacturers;
• increase the investment attractiveness of the automotive industry, as foreign investors can count on more stable trade and political conditions;
• facilitate the export of automotive equipment manufactured in Russia to the markets of third countries;
• to bring domestic technical standards for automotive equipment closer to international standards;
• to intensify competition in the Russian domestic market between domestic and foreign vehicle manufacturers.

  VIII. Mechanism and conditions for the implementation of the Concept

  Foreign experience shows that the development of the national automotive industry is largely determined by state policy aimed at creating favorable conditions for investment activities, protecting the domestic market, and increasing the competitiveness of domestic products.

  The pursuit of an active state policy in the field of the development of the automotive industry involves the implementation of the following main measures:

• development of a mechanism to ensure the creation of new and modernization of existing production facilities for the production of advanced automotive equipment and its components;
• creation of conditions for attracting funds aimed at the implementation of highly effective projects carried out on a competitive basis;
• provision of grants for R&D on the development of new automotive equipment and its components;
• application of mechanisms of customs and tariff regulation;
• strengthening of antimonopoly control in the markets of goods, services and capital;
• pursuing an active export policy;
• stimulating the development of leasing of motor vehicles, lending for the purchase of motor vehicles by individuals and legal entities;
• creation of investment-attractive conditions for the organization, together with leading foreign companies, of specialized production of automotive components;
• increasing the competitiveness of automotive technology by applying standards that meet international requirements;
• development of specialized capacities for the manufacture of components and assemblies, including internal combustion engines;
• preservation of body and assembly production at the largest enterprises of the automotive industry;
• the separation of procurement, auxiliary and aggregate industries into independent enterprises (legal entities);
• transfer of social facilities to local administrations;
• development of dealer and service networks, including branded ones, as well as points for instrumental control of the technical condition of vehicles.

  IX. Foreign economic conditions for the implementation of the Concept

  The use of methods and mechanisms of customs and tariff regulation in the field of the automotive industry should be carried out taking into account the protection of domestic manufacturers, which is necessary for the implementation of investment programs of enterprises of the automotive industry and saturation of the domestic market with competitive technology.

  For new and used foreign-made automotive equipment for no more than 7 years, it is advisable to leave the rates of import customs duties unchanged for a 7-year period - a transitional period when the Russian Federation joins the WTO.

  During this transitional period, the domestic automotive industry must ensure the production of products that are competitive in the domestic and foreign markets. At the same time, special attention should be paid to the creation of capacities for the production of competitive high-tech automotive components.

  For imported automotive equipment that has been in operation for more than 7 years, it is necessary to set import customs duty rates commensurate with the rates for new cars.

  In order to improve the age structure of the car fleet, increased insurance premiums and fees from vehicle owners will be introduced for domestic automotive equipment, the service life of which also exceeds 7 years, in order to create unfavorable economic conditions for the maintenance and operation of such vehicles.

  Import customs duties can be reduced for certain types of vehicles that are not produced in the country and whose characteristics meet promising international standards.

  Customs duties on imported components and materials for the industrial assembly of automotive equipment should be optimized. This will reduce the cost of making cars and stimulate the development of assembly plants in Russia.

  In the manufacture of domestic cars, automotive components produced in various countries of the world should be used, which will contribute to an increase in the technical level and quality of products, and the processes of integration into the global automotive industry.

  A reduction in customs duties is envisaged for technological equipment for the automotive industry that is not produced in the Russian Federation.

  X. Measures of state support aimed at improving production efficiency and competitiveness of automotive technology

  In order to develop the automotive industry, the state intends to take measures to create conditions for accelerated technical re-equipment of enterprises in this industry, promoting:

• the formation of large corporations and companies in the field of the production of automobiles and automotive components;
• organization of an interdepartmental system for monitoring the technical level, safety, resource and other consumer properties of automotive equipment during operation;
• improving the standardization and certification of automotive technology and its components;
• creation of a database and monitoring of cross-sectoral scientific and technical developments, including dual-use, for use in the automotive industry;
• stimulation of work in the field of fundamental and applied research;
• creation of special economic zones for the organization of new and modernization of existing production of automotive components;
• optimization of mobilization capacities of automotive enterprises;
• creation of an effective infrastructure for information scientific support;
• the formation of human resources in the industry that meet the needs of its development.

  The priority measures of state support for the development of the domestic automotive industry are:

• inclusion of the most important works aimed at creating new highly efficient productions in the field of manufacturing automotive components in existing and developed federal target programs;
• development of the Russian-Belarusian program for the development of the diesel automotive industry for 2003-2008;
• assistance in the development of the financial leasing system in the field of production and sale of public transport vehicles;
• development of regulations defining the requirements for the disposal of out-of-service vehicles and regulating the organization of their recycling;
• completion of the transfer of objects of the housing and communal sector from the management of enterprises of the automotive industry to the jurisdiction of local governments;
• assistance in the implementation of investment projects carried out on the territory of the Russian Federation with the participation of foreign automobile companies;
• introduction of a system of insurance of motor transport and civil liability, taking into account the age of cars;
• reduction in the rates of customs duties on technological equipment, components, assemblies, assemblies, parts and components not manufactured in the Russian Federation;
• increase in import customs duties on cars and buses with a long service life;
• equalization of customs payments for legal entities and individuals when importing used cars into the customs territory of the Russian Federation;
• renewal of military-type automobile convoys;
• purchase of domestic automotive equipment for state needs.

  XI. The impact of the implementation of the Concept on environmental safety and measures to reduce the negative impact on the environment

  Automotive production is a source of environmental pollution. It is planned to significantly reduce emissions of pollutants into the environment by improving the most harmful technological processes, replacing obsolete equipment, delivery vehicles and disposal of waste technological materials.

  The expansion of the use of alternative types of vehicles, which primarily include natural gas and alcohol fuels, as well as the use of hydrogen and chemical energy sources for electric vehicles, will contribute to reducing the negative impact of vehicles on the environment and saving fuel in road transport.

  The improvement of the environmental characteristics of the produced vehicles is envisaged to be carried out in 3 stages.

  At the first stage of the Concept implementation (until 2004), it is necessary to optimize the design and manufacturing technology of automotive vehicles, streamline environmental regulatory requirements and organize the production of vehicles that meet the standards of the Inland Transport Committee of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (EURO-2, EURO-3).

  At the second stage of the Concept implementation (until 2008), it is necessary to ensure that the cars produced comply with the norms of the Inland Transport Committee of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (EURO-4).

  At the third stage (until 2010), it is necessary to transfer to electronic control of the engine and the vehicle as a whole.

  In order to improve the environmental safety of vehicles during their full life cycle, it is necessary to resolve the issues of legislative, organizational and technological support of the entire procedure for the recycling of materials and structures.

  It is necessary to ensure the creation of an interdepartmental system for monitoring the compliance of the safety of motor vehicles with the technical level in ecology, safety, reliability and other consumer properties on the basis of the organization of the test system in the conditions of real operation of motor vehicles.

  XII. Results of the Concept implementation

  The implementation of the measures provided for in the Concept will allow:

• carry out a radical modernization of the enterprises of the automotive industry in Russia and ensure their entry into the world automotive market;
• to create, with the participation of strategic investors, new production facilities for the manufacture of cars, as well as units, assemblies and components;
• increase tax payments to budgets of all levels and payments to off-budget funds;
• reduce the number of road accidents;
• increase the resource of automotive equipment;
• reduce specific fuel consumption;
• improve the environmental quality of cars produced in Russia;
• reduce the environmental burden on the environment as a result of the impact of automotive technology;
• reduce the material consumption of vehicles;
• to increase the provision of the population with passenger cars by 1.7 times.

  The implementation of the Concept will create a competitive automotive industry integrated into the global automotive industry, ensure the satisfaction of the growing solvent demand for automotive equipment, increase the export potential of domestic engineering, have a positive impact on the growth of tax revenues to the consolidated budget and contributions to extra-budgetary funds.

  Prospects for the development of the industry.

  It can be assumed that the growth of the automotive industry in the next 3-5 years will remain at the level of 5-10 percent. There shouldn't be any major changes in the structure of production and sales. The trend towards building factories in developing countries and third world countries will increase. New sales markets will be the subject of competition between the major giants of the global automotive industry.

  As already mentioned in the introduction, the process of concentration of forces will intensify. One of the criteria for unification is the difference in the cultures produced by the cars. Those. joint ventures will be created, the founders of which will be companies from different countries and continents. The following scenario is possible for the development of the situation:

  • the General Motors concern will finally take control of the Isuzu and Subaru brands, which it now partially owns.
  • DaimlerChrysler will complete its merger with Mitsubishi, thus becoming a German-American-Japanese corporation.
  • One of the Asian companies (Suzuki or Daewoo) will join the European giant Volkswagen.
  • Possible European cooperation between the two concerns PSA and Fiat Auto to strengthen their positions in the domestic market.

  Ford, Toyota and BMW are likely to remain far from mergers and integrations in the near future.

  USED ​​SOURCES OF INFORMATION.

  1. Automobile magazine "Autoreview" No. 1,2,4,6,8, 2002; No. 1,2,39,10, 2001; No. 1,5,11,12, 2000.
  2. Expert magazine No. 42, 2001.
  3. Automotive companies in Western Europe. NIINavtoprom. M., 2001.
  4. Automobile companies of America and Japan. NIINautoprom. M., 2000.
  5. IN AND. Butov. Economic and social geography of the foreign world and Russia. M., 2000.
  6. Electronic encyclopedia "Krugossvet". KM., 2000.
  7. Internet version of the newspaper Autoreview (www.autoreview.ru).
  8. Informational multi-portal Cyril and Methodius (www.km.ru).
  9. J.D. Power Consumer research and Reports (www.jdpower.com)

Introduction

The importance of the automotive industry cannot be overstated. She, being not only a large consumer of labor, material and financial resources, but also one of the main producers of industrial products, plays an important role in the development of social production, the world economy in general and an individual country in particular.

The object of research is the global automotive industry.

Subject of study - regional features development of the world car market.

The aim of this work is to characterize the current state of the automotive industry in the world. The main tasks of the work:

1. find out the role of the automotive industry in the global economy;
2. analyze the prospects for the development of the automotive industry;
3. collect a statistical base and show the dynamics of car exports in the regions of the world;
4. identify leaders in the export of cars over the past 10 years;

In writing this work, a variety of sources were used, including educational literature on this topic, articles from periodicals and Internet resources, where you can find useful information on the state of both the Russian and the global automotive market as a whole.

Method of writing the work: analytical - allows, based on the data provided, to carry out a comparative characteristic and analysis with subsequent conclusions. The statistical method makes it possible to group and structure data in order to group it in a convenient form. The cartographic method allows you to visually analyze the features of the location of enterprises in the industry. When processing the database, we used Microsoft Word and Microsoft Excel programs. The maps were made using the Paint and Photoshop graphic editing programs.

Chapter 1. Characteristics of the development of the global automotive industry in the 20th century

1.1 The role of the automotive industry in the global economy

The automotive industry today is one of the leading branches of mechanical engineering. It significantly affects the development of not only the economy as a whole, but also the pace and direction of scientific and technological progress in the sectors of the economy, to some extent related to mechanical engineering.

The automotive industry is the material basis for the technical re-equipment of the economy. In developed countries, this industry is the leading branch of mechanical engineering. There are quite logical reasons for this:

• firstly, in modern world, to solve economic problems, mankind needs more and more machines;
• secondly, this industry is constantly developing. It kind of "pulls" other industries along with it. Thanks to innovations introduced in the automotive industry, the production of other industries is being improved. Due to the fact that there are a lot of other industries, there is an increase in the entire industry of the state, and, consequently, an increase in the economy as a whole;
• thirdly, the automotive industry is considered the most profitable industry National economy, due to the fact that it brings to the state budget considerable revenues from sales not only in the domestic, but also in the foreign market, and also contributes to an increase in trade turnover.
• fourthly, the automotive industry is indisputably considered a strategically important industry. This means that the development of this industry makes the country not only economically developed, but also independent. For example, the introduction of the latest innovations, outstanding models of automotive technology in the armed forces, unambiguously increases the defense power of the state. Thanks to all of the above, we can make an unequivocal conclusion that the automotive industry is at one of the forefront of the global economy.

In the automotive industry, there are a number of trends that can be used to judge the importance of its role and the importance of related industries in the economies of those countries that are industrialized. A completely new approach is observed in the technical development of the car, the organization and technology of its production. Scientific and technical trends are to reduce fuel consumption and emissions, develop an ultralight vehicle, improve safety, quality, reliability and durability, as well as develop intelligent road and road systems.

1.2. The dynamics of the development of the global automotive industry

A hundred years ago, the automotive industry gave rise to widespread production of goods. The automotive industry, which originally appeared in France and Germany, fully matured only in the United States as a result of the introduction of the conveyor by Henry Ford. For a long time, the automotive industry was the very first among other industries in terms of the level of organization of the production process, which is why it was called the "industry of industries". At the same time, this industry was the first to meet with great outrage from buyers (this happened in the 60s, when consumers considered American cars to be unsafe), the rise in oil prices due to the energy crisis of the 70s. In addition, this industry has come under strict state control: from environmental friendliness of production to issues of antimonopoly policy.

An important factor was the fact that the automotive industry guarantees a large share of the employment of the able-bodied population of the country where cars are manufactured or sold. The countries that produce cars also guarantee jobs to other countries with which they have signed cooperation agreements. In addition, a large percentage of the population is employed in adjacent industries that supply the automotive industry. In America, for example, 12.5 million people are employed in the manufacture of automobiles, as well as in automobile transport and road facilities, and this is one in six people working in industry. This is why the automotive industry is always in demand.

At the present time, in the context of globalization, as well as fierce competition and constant growth in research and development costs, and, at the same time, a decline in sales growth in the markets of developed countries, it has become unrealistic for many car manufacturers to be completely independent. A wave of mergers with foreign firms swept American automobile enterprises in the 90s. Chrysler merged with Daimler-Benz. "Ford" established control over the company "Mazda", in addition, he now owned such firms as "Jaguar", "Aston Martin" and "Volvo". General Motors acquired half the capital of the Swedish Saab.

While the main world markets are stagnating, emerging countries such as Korea, China, India, Mexico are coming forward. The American, European and Japanese markets, which together account for 80% of world car sales, have virtually lost their growth rates. The American car market, for example, is clearly overcrowded, because the products of European, Japanese, South Korean and their own American car companies are supplied there. In addition, American companies are constantly increasing their output in order to successfully compete with foreign manufacturers. The US automotive market is not going through the most better times... In 2009, General Motors, one of the symbols of the American economy, “died”. GM's debts exceeded its revenues by $ 90 billion. Carmaker GM has filed for bankruptcy. Its assets amounted to $ 82.29 billion, but debts - $ 172.81 billion. Before the start of the world economic crisis General Motors successfully competed with the Japanese Toyota in the duel for leadership in the global car market. The concern produced 13 car brands, owning German Opel, British Vauxhall, as well as Swedish Saab and Chinese Wuling. But General Motors is not the only American concern hit by the crisis. In May 2009, another major American automaker, Chrysler LLC, filed for bankruptcy.

Bankruptcy is not the best solution for America's automakers. At least experts say that the authorities do not take into account the reactions of motorists. After all, the demand for cars has fallen, and after the bankruptcy, motorists will completely stop buying cars of these brands.

1.3. Industry development prospects

The modern world car market exists in difficult conditions of oversupply, declining demand and very intense competition. This situation is forcing car companies that want to occupy a high position in the market to merge and severely reduce costs. The outlook for consolidated merged companies is fairly straightforward to speculate, but it is a little harder to determine what will happen to independent automakers, which are finding it increasingly difficult to compete in the world's globalizing auto market. Currently, the overwhelming majority of companies are in alliances and tandems with automotive TNCs in other countries or even belong to them.

In the automotive industry of developed countries, in recent years, there has been a tendency towards a transition from large-scale production of models to small-scale production of a wide range of cars. This is expressed through a change in the direction of an increase in the number of models in the automotive market, a decrease in the production of common models and an increase in the production of new ones.

The fight for safety, which requires enlightened marketing, is becoming important for the global automotive industry. Estimated American company Consumer Reports, Japanese cars are the safest, with only 4 Japanese models making the 48 most unreliable cars list. According to the rating of the best cars of 2008 for the first time in all categories, and there are ten of them, the leading positions are taken by Japanese automakers - Honda, Toyota and Subaru.

Environmental issues are becoming increasingly important in the global automotive industry, which require new approaches that shape environmental marketing. The requirements of environmental marketing are aimed at overcoming the problems associated with environmental protection, rapid growth, as well as an aging population and, of course, the most important problem of our time - lack of resources. The creation of the EU also became the reason for the tightening of requirements for technical, environmental and other characteristics of cars. The growing concern about air pollution caused by road transport has led to the adoption of special measures to reduce noise, gas and other types of pollution (a typical example is the successive introduction, first in the EU, and then in other European countries of environmental standards "Euro-1" - "Euro-5", and in the near future - "Euro-6").

1.4 Dynamics of car production

As seen in Figure 3, Asia covers most of the global car manufacturing market. Of course, this was mainly influenced by such automotive giants as Japan and China. But if in the former, Japanese brands are often produced directly, then China also produces foreign brands. Europe has seen a recession since 2000, not so much due to a decline in production quality and economic problems, but because of the continued growth of the same China. There is a tendency to transfer production to Asian countries, due to cheap labor and other factors. Figure 5 shows that, if Chinese manufacturers increase their performance several times over the years, then Germany is the largest manufacturer in Europe and one of the leaders at the beginning of the late 20th century. As for the immediate leaders of 2000, the United States and Japan, they, in turn, are following the path of regression in production on their territory.

Chapter 2. Changes in the global car market

2.1. Dynamics of car exports since 2000

The pace of development and qualitative changes in the automotive industry in the twentieth century are comparable in scale with what has been achieved in general throughout its previous history. One of the main characteristics of the development of the modern global automotive industry is the dynamics of the car structure of the last decade. Undoubtedly, the main exporters over the past years are the EU, the USA, and Japan. They will be discussed in more detail in the next chapter. But it is also necessary to highlight a number of countries that have achieved great success in a short period of time.

Much attention should be paid to the Chinese car industry. Analyzing the statistics, we can say that the export of Chinese cars is steadily increasing. Back in 1990, it exported cars with a total value of $ 228 million, and in 2009 it took seventh place, exporting $ 19,852 million. Exports increase by 200-300% every year. Currently, Chinese cars, which until recently no one took seriously, are conquering new markets and the hearts of motorists every day. The demand for Chinese products in Russia is especially worth noting. Chinese cars are rapidly replacing the products of the domestic auto industry on the Russian market: with similar technical characteristics the Chinese are often cheaper and more richly staffed.

The Russian car industry was more active in trading with its neighbors: the CIS countries, but with buyers from Western countries, whose tastes were "spoiled" by the automakers with a good build quality of cars, alas, relations did not develop. According to statistical data, it can be said that the Russian Federation exported cars worth $ 1,754 million in 2009, and most of them were sold on "truly domestic" markets.

The UAE has relatively good performance. In recent years, they managed to enter the top ten, provided that in 2000 this state exported cars for only 2,108 million dollars. And in 2009 already for 15083 million dollars! The UAE's unprecedented economic growth rate was made possible by the production and export of oil, which has provided some of the world's highest gross domestic product per capita.

It is worth noting Canada as a significant participant in the export of the automotive industry. This country is steadily occupying a leading position. First of all, due to the foreign branches of the world's leading vehicle manufacturers from the USA and Japan, represented here. However, in 2009, Canada shows relatively low export results - $ 34,170 million. This is primarily due to the global economic crisis.

But at the same time, production in the largest developing countries (South Korea, Mexico, Brazil, India) increased significantly. Korea even overtook Canada and Mexico. Thanks to the first five-year plan, adopted back in the 60s, the automotive industry has taken off. And the strategy, first adopted by the South Korean automakers almost forty years ago, is justifying itself to this day. Their assortment is not too large, but quite diverse. An excellent combination of quality and value makes these brands in demand all over the world.

2.2. Countries and regions - leaders in the export of cars

Based on the data of 2009, which can be observed in Figure 2, it is possible to determine the undisputed leaders in the export of cars. These are countries in which the automotive industry is traditionally highly developed. These are the European Union, Japan and the United States of America. In 2009, the combined automotive industry of these two countries exported cars to the world market in the amount of 846.680 million dollars. More than half of them are in the European Union - $ 455858 million. Without a doubt, it can be argued that the EU is the largest economic center with a well-developed industry. Japan accounted for $ 103.71 billion. The US share is 72644 million dollars, the main sales market for American cars is neighboring Canada. Trade with Canada is developing on the basis of intra-firm exchanges of enterprises of the "big three" American automotive multinational corporations.

Such high rates of car exports from these countries are quite logical. The USA and Japan and the EU have traditionally been among the leaders of the automotive industry since the end of the 20th century.

Looking at Figure 1, the European Union exported $ 287.180 million of cars in 2000. This figure includes both domestic and foreign exports. This is the highest figure this year, primarily due to Germany - the most stable economy in the European Union. Japan has not lost its position. In 2000, the export of Japanese cars amounted to 88,082 million dollars, which allowed Japan to remain in second place. The United States has more than doubled its exports, amounting to 67195 million US dollars.

However, it is important to remember that the 2011 tsunami and earthquake in Japan severely undermined the position of this state. According to press reports, 108,824 vehicles were sold in the Japanese market - 51 percent less than the year before. This result was the lowest since January 1968, when the country began to record the number of monthly sold cars.

Conclusion

In this paper, the world car market was investigated. It was possible to prove that the automotive industry is one of the largest sectors of the national economy and, giving a general description of the level of automotive production, we can say that, according to the main criteria, it occupies a leading place among other branches of mechanical engineering. This industry is thriving, developing profitable and, of course, important for the economy of the state.

The undisputed leaders in the production and sale of products are the European Union, Japan and the United States of America. As for the Russian Federation, when compared with the foreign automotive industry, we are quite far behind in terms of labor productivity and technological labor intensity. In addition, a large number of factories require technological re-equipment, and sometimes complete reconstruction.

However, after the global financial crisis, the rates of production in developed countries are declining. In a situation when the main world markets are stagnant, developing countries, primarily China, Korea, India and Mexico, come to the fore.

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