General characteristics of the Russian economy. Sectoral and territorial structure of the economy

The national economy of any country includes many branches of industry, national economy, transport, construction, communications, trade. But the basis, the foundation of the economy of any country is still industry.
Industry is the leading sector of the economy for the following reasons:
1. The development of industry, especially such sectors as the electric power industry, mechanical engineering and the chemical industry, is the basis for accelerating scientific and technological progress in the entire national economy.
2. Industry, especially its heavy industry, is the foundation of the entire economy, the basis for expanded reproduction and economic development all business entities.
3. The defense capability of the state is largely determined by the level of industrial development.
4. From the development of easy and Food Industry the provision of citizens of the country with goods depends popular consumption.
Thus, industry is the leading sector of the national economy and the basis for increasing the efficiency of social production.
Industry, as an independent branch of material production, was formed as a result of the general division of social production. In its development, it went through 5 stages: domestic craft; craft; handicraft industry; manufactory; factory.
As a result, it has become the largest branch of material production.
Industry is a collection of a large number of independent enterprises, workshops and industries engaged in the extraction, procurement and processing of raw materials into finished products.
In the system of the people economic complex industry plays an important role. This is due to the fact that industry is the only industry that produces tools that are essential element productive forces and provides them with all other sectors of the national economic complex. Consequently, the technical level of all sectors of the national economy, the composition, structure and qualifications of personnel depend on the nature and degree of their perfection.
Industry occupies the main place in solving the problems of the country's economic development. This place is determined by the fact that it produces the bulk of the gross social product and national income.
Industry is increasingly important in solving social problems. Being the only manufacturer of building materials and structures, construction equipment and medical equipment and drugs, trade equipment and the overwhelming mass of consumer goods. Industry predetermines the scale and timing of solving the housing problem, improving trade and medical services, raising the material and spiritual level of citizens.
Industry also plays an important role in solving the food problem. Manufacturing all types of agricultural machinery, mineral fertilizers and chemical plant protection products, industry as a large sphere of social production separated from agriculture as a result of the general division of labor.
An industry sector is a set of independent enterprises, workshops and industries characterized by the uniformity of the purpose of the products produced, the commonality of the technological process, and the uniformity of the processed raw materials.

More on topic 1. The role and importance of industry in the system of the national economy:

CHANGE IN THE CONCEPT OF INDUSTRIALIZATION: FROM THE INDUSTRIALIZATION OF THE FOLK ECONOMY TO THE INDUSTRIALIZATION OF THE INDUSTRY

Industry is the main branch of the national economy, which has a decisive influence on the level of development of the productive forces of society. The most important tasks of industry are the fuller satisfaction of the needs of the national economy for the means of production, and the population for consumer goods, the intensification of production, and the improvement of the quality of products on the basis of the full use of the achievements of scientific and technological progress.

In 1980, there were over 400 branches and sub-branches in the industry of the USSR.

Socialist industry, being the leading branch of social production, determines the development of the entire socialist economy, contributes to the creation of the material and technical basis of communism, and the further prosperity of a developed socialist society.

Most of the gross social product is created in socialist industry. It is defined as the sum of the gross output of the industries of the material production - industry, agriculture, forestry, freight transport, communications (which serves material production), construction, logistics, procurement of agricultural products, trade and Catering, as well as other production activities (publishing, film production, collection of scrap metal, mushrooms, berries, etc.). The gross social product is divided into a fund for reimbursement of material costs and national income. In 1982, of the total gross social product (1236.0 billion rubles), industry accounted for 792.7 billion rubles, agriculture - 170.3 billion rubles, transport and communications - 55.2 billion rubles, construction - 115.1 billion rubles. It is in the industry that a large part of the national income of our country is created, which is one of the important factors for the further growth of the material well-being and the cultural level of the working people. In 1982, out of the total national income received in the national economy (523.4 billion rubles), industry created 266.8 billion rubles, that is, more than half.

Industry plays a decisive role in the production of the means of production. It equips all branches of the national economy with advanced technology and thereby creates conditions for their development.

Industry plays an important role in the growth of consumer consumption.

Most types of agricultural products are processed in industry.

Technical progress in all sectors of the national economy depends on the level, pace and nature of the development of industry, and above all heavy industry.

The leading character of industry is also determined by the fact that the main part of the working class - the advanced class of society - works in it. The industry produces modern weapons, without which the successful strengthening of the country's defense is unthinkable.

Socialist industry is the basis for the successful development of economic cooperation between the socialist countries and the implementation of socialist economic integration.

Thanks to the successful implementation of the Leninist course of socialist industrialization, our country has become the largest industrial power in the world.

By total volume industrial production The USSR ranks first in Europe and second in the world.

No other country in the world knows such rates of industrial production development as the USSR (Table 1). Per

Table 1

One day of the country Production 1970 1975 1980 1985 Total volume of industrial production, billion 1.0 1.4 1.7 - 2.2 rubles. Electricity, 2845 million kWh 2030 3535 4247-4384 Oil (including gas condensate 1345), thousand tons 9G7 1648 1699-1767 Natural gas, million m3 542 793 1189 1644-1753 Coal, thousand tons 1710 1921 1957 2110- 2192 Mineral fertilizers (in conventional units), thousand tons 152 247 284 411-425 Paper, thousand tons 11.3 14.3 14.4 17.4-18.1 Cement, thousand tons 261 334 342 384-389 Footwear leather, thousand pairs 1860 1913 2030 2274 ten years (1971 -1980) the volume of industrial production in the USSR practically doubled. And for example, it took the USA 17 years to double industrial production, Germany and France 18 years, Great Britain 26 years.

In the eleventh five-year plan release industrial products will increase by 26%. And if in 1980 an increase in industrial output by 1% meant its growth by more than 6 billion rubles, then at the end of the current five-year plan the total expression of this increase will be about 8 billion rubles.

Introduction

Industry structure economics studies natural resource potential Russia and its regions, population, labor resources and modern demographic problems, analyzes the starting level of the economy of Russia and its regions during the formation and development of market relations, determines the main factors in the placement of productive forces in the transition to the market, studies the structure of the economy and determines the ways of its rationalization, directions of restructuring of the economy of Russia and its regions, the place of Russia in the world economic system.

The modern economic complex of Russia has a complex sectoral structure, which is now undergoing a radical restructuring in the direction of sociologization. But even with the priority development of industries producing goods for the population, the most important links in the sectoral structure are the electric power industry, fuel industry, metallurgy, chemistry, mechanical engineering, industries agro-industrial complex, construction and transport.

1. a brief description of complexes of branches of the Russian economy.

1. 1 Natural resource potential of Russia and its economic assessment.

All mineral resources can be classified according to various criteria. So, for example, by the nature of industrial and industrial use, minerals are conventionally divided into a number of groups. These are fuel and energy raw materials, ferrous and non-ferrous, noble, rare and rare-earth metals, chemical and agrochemical raw materials, technical and refractory raw materials, construction materials, precious and ornamental stones, underground waters and mineral mud.

Fuel and energy raw materials include oil, natural gas, bituminous and brown coal, oil shale and nuclear fuel (uranium and thorium). These are the main sources of energy for most types of transport, heat and nuclear power plants, blast furnaces, etc. All of them, except for nuclear fuel, are used in the chemical industry.

Of great importance in the world economy of metals, primarily ferrous. This group includes iron and iron alloys (steel, cast iron, ferroalloys), which form the basis for the development of modern mechanical engineering and construction.

The group of non-ferrous metals includes copper, lead, zinc, aluminum, titanium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, magnesium, tin. Copper is the second most important metal. Its main production is electrical wires. Lead is widely used in the production of antiknock additives to improve the quality of gasoline.

Of the noble metals, platinum, gold, and silver are of the greatest importance; smaller - metals of the platinum group (palladium, iridium, rhodium, ruthenium, osmium). Metals of this group have a beautiful appearance in products; hence their name - "noble".

Gold, silver, copper, platinum, graphite, diamonds, sulfur, etc. are found as native elements. Sulfides (Latin “sulfur” - sulfur) include compounds of various elements with sulfur or salts of hydrogen sulfide acid. Among them, minerals are important, which are ores of lead (galena), zinc (sphalerite), copper (chalcopyrite), etc. Haloids (Greek "gals" - salt) are salts of holoid-hydrogen acids HCI and HF. Among them, the most common are chloride and fluoride compounds: NaCI (halite), KCI (sylvite) and fluorspar.

Various minerals usually form stable natural associations called rocks. These are mineral aggregates of a certain composition and structure, formed as a result of the manifestation of certain geological processes. Depending on the conditions of origin, rocks are subdivided into igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic.

According to the degree of exploration and study, mineral reserves are divided into four categories - A, B, C1, C2. Category A reserves have been studied and explored in detail, B and C1 reserves have been explored with relatively less detail. C2 - preliminary estimated. In addition, forecast reserves are allocated for the assessment of new deposits, basins and promising territories. Explored and probable reserves are combined into general geological reserves.

Russia is fully provided with all types of mineral raw materials and, in terms of their explored reserves, takes a leading place among largest countries the world.

More than half of the world's coal and peat reserves, 1/3 of oil and gas, 2/5 of iron ores, 2/5 of potassium salts, 1/4 of phosphorites and apatites, 1/15 of hydropower resources and half of the world's timber reserves are concentrated in Russia.

1.2 Fuel and energy complex

The fuel and energy complex is the most important structural component of the Russian economy, one of the key factors in ensuring the country's life. It produces more than a quarter of Russia's industrial products, has a significant impact on the formation of the country's budget, and provides more than half of its export potential.

Russia is fully self-sufficient in fuel and energy resources and is considered major exporter fuel and energy among the countries of the world. The fuel and energy complex includes oil, gas, coal, shale, peat and power industries. The branches of the fuel and energy complex are closely related to all branches of the Russian economy.

Currently, a serious problem of the fuel and energy complex is the aggravated financial crisis in the country and related non-payments for fuel and energy. The decline in production continues. So, in 1993, compared to the maximum levels reached in 1988, oil production was 61%, coal - 72%, gas - 96%, electricity production - 88%. These negative transformations took place in the fuel and energy complex in connection with the collapse of the USSR and the general economic crisis.

The fuel and energy complex is of great regional importance, it creates the preconditions for the development of fuel-intensive industries and serves as the basis for the formation of industrial complexes, including electric power, petrochemical, coal-chemical, gas industry. The state and technical level of the operating capacities of the fuel and energy complex are now becoming critical. More than half of the equipment in the coal industry, 30% of gas pumping units have exhausted their design life, half of the equipment in the oil production and more than 1/3 in the gas industry has more than 30% wear. Deterioration of equipment in oil refining and power engineering is especially great.

The most important task for the further development of fuel and energy industry in the conditions of the formation and development of market relations is the implementation of measures for the protection of nature and rational use of natural resources. So, one of the main tasks in the oil and gas industry is to increase oil recovery, more complete extraction of oil from the depths, utilization of associated gases. Because oil industry is a large consumer of water, then the task is to reduce the consumption of clean fresh water, introduce recycling water supply, and stop the discharge of polluted water into water bodies. It is necessary to solve the problem of more economical use of land resources for oil and gas production and oil refineries. V coal industry The most important environmental task is land reclamation, since with open-pit mining, which will increase in the future, significant areas of land are disturbed. As a result of mining, the soil layer above the mines and adits is deformed. When burning coal, a prerequisite is the creation of powerful filters to clean the air from polluting emissions.

Environmental policy in the fuel and energy complex should be aimed at reducing the technogenic impact on the environment. At present, it accounts for about 48% of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere, 36% of wastewater and over 30% of solid waste from all pollutants.

Anti-crisis measures have been outlined in the sectors of the fuel and energy complex: by 1995-1996. restore the pre-crisis level and increase gas production in the developed regions, expand the throughput of gas pipelines and build a new export gas pipeline through Belarus, Poland - in Central Europe, slow down the decline in oil and condensate production, carry out work on the reconstruction of the oil refining industry with an increase in the depth of oil refining up to 67%, stop the decline in coal production at the level of 200-270 million tons per year, increase open pit mining in the eastern regions of the country.

It is planned to increase oil production in 2000 - up to 305 million tons, gas - 660 billion cubic meters, coal - 270 million tons.

At the same time, the task of forming a fuel and energy market controlled by the state with the help of a chain and tax policy, as well as creating a competitive environment and attracting foreign investment is especially important.

The regional strategy of Russia in the fuel and energy complex is aimed at the development of market relations and at maximum energy supply to each region. Thus, the prospects for the development of the branches of the fuel and energy complex are aimed at pursuing an energy-saving policy, accelerating scientific and technological progress, accelerating the development of the gas industry, a consistently high level of oil and gas production, an increase in the production of motor fuels, primarily as a result of an increase in production and deep oil refining.

With the transition to a market economy, purchase and retail prices for all types of fuel will rise to world prices, which will contribute to the development of all branches of the fuel and energy complex.

1.3 Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy

The metallurgical complex includes ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, covering all stages of technological processes: from the extraction and enrichment of raw materials to the production of finished products in the form of ferrous and non-ferrous metals and their alloys. The metallurgical complex is an interdependent combination of the following technological processes:

Extraction and preparation of raw materials for processing (extraction, enrichment, agglomeration, obtaining the necessary concentrates, etc.);

Metallurgical redistribution - the main technological process with the production of cast iron, steel, rolled ferrous and non-ferrous metals, pipes, etc .; production of alloys;

Disposal of waste from the main production and the receipt of secondary products from them.

Depending on the combination of these technological processes, the following types of production in the metallurgical complex are distinguished:

Full cycle production, which are represented, as a rule, by factories in which the named stages of the technological process operate simultaneously.

Partial cycle production- these are enterprises in which not all stages of the technological process are carried out, for example, in ferrous metallurgy only steel and rolled products are produced, but there is no production of pig iron, or only rolled products are produced. The incomplete cycle also includes the electrothermy of ferroalloys, electrometallurgy, etc.

Partial-cycle enterprises, or "small-scale metallurgy" are called piece-work, represented as separate divisions for the production of foundry iron, steel or rolled products as part of large machine-building enterprises of the country.

The metallurgical complex is the backbone of the industry. It is the foundation of mechanical engineering, which, together with the electric power industry and the chemical industry, ensures the development of scientific and technological progress in all links of the country's national economy. Metallurgy is one of the basic sectors of the national economy and is distinguished by high material and capital intensity of production. Ferrous and non-ferrous metals account for more than 90% of the total volume of construction materials used in mechanical engineering in Russia. In general, the volume of transportation in the Russian Federation for metallurgical cargo accounts for over 35% of the total freight turnover. Metallurgy needs 14% of fuel and 16% of electricity, i.e. 25% of these resources are spent in industry.

Condition and development metallurgical industry ultimately determine the level of scientific and technological progress in all sectors of the national economy. The metallurgical complex is characterized by concentration and combination of production.

Specificity metallurgical complex the scale of production and the complexity of the technological cycle are incomparable with other industries. For the production of many types of products, 15-18 redistributions are required, starting from the extraction of ore and other types of raw materials. At the same time, the processing enterprises have close ties with each other not only within Russia, but also on the scale of the Commonwealth countries. Thus, in the production of titanium and titanium rolled products, a stable interstate cooperation of enterprises from Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan has developed.

The complex-forming and regional-forming importance of the metallurgical complex in the territorial structure of the national economy of Russia is exceptionally great. Modern large enterprises of the metallurgical complex, by the nature of their internal technological links, are metallurgical and energy-chemical plants. In addition to the main production, as part of metallurgical enterprises, production is created based on the utilization of various kinds of secondary resources of raw materials and materials (sulfuric acid production, heavy organic synthesis for the production of benzene, ammonia and other chemical products, production of building materials - cement, block products, as well as phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers, etc.) The most common companions of metallurgical enterprises are: thermal power engineering, metal-intensive machine building (metallurgical and mining equipment, heavy machine tools), production of metal structures, hardware.

1.4 Machine-building complex.

Mechanical engineering is one of the leading branches of the heavy industry in Russia. By creating the most active part of fixed assets - instruments of labor - the machine-building industry has a significant impact on the rates and directions of scientific and technological progress in various sectors of the national economy, on the growth of labor productivity and others. economic indicators... determining the effectiveness of the development of social production. The share of mechanical engineering accounts for more than 1/3 of the production volume of commercial products of the Russian industry, about 2/5 of the industrial production personnel and almost 1/4 of the basic industrial production assets.

The range of products manufactured by the Russian mechanical engineering industry is very diverse, which leads to a deep differentiation of its industries and affects the placement of certain types of products.

In the structure of mechanical engineering, there are 19 large complex industries, more than 100 specialized subsectors and industries.

Complex industries, similar in technological processes and raw materials used, include: heavy, energy and transport engineering; electrical industry; chemical and petroleum engineering; machine-tool and tool industry; tractor and agricultural engineering; mechanical engineering for light and food industries.

For a long time, the pace of development of mechanical engineering outstripped the development of industry and in general. The industries that determine scientific and technical progress, and primarily machine tool building, instrument making, the electrical and electronic industry, and the production of computer technology, developed at a high rate.

The achievements of the machine-building complex were characterized not only by an increase in the volume of its production, but also by the creation and release of progressive types of products, the introduction of more modern technologies. Thus, the serial production of new flexible production modules, automatic lines for machining and forging and stamping industries, a front-wheel drive small car was started. Among the figuratively created new types of machines, instruments, automation equipment, a significant part of the products meets the necessary technical requirements, the level of the best domestic and foreign samples, and some of them even exceed this level.

However, despite certain shifts in the development of mechanical engineering, its scientific, technical and production base is not adequate to the requirements for the intensification of social production. The share of equipment that has been in operation for ten, fifteen or more years is large, while the turnover of equipment at Japanese enterprises is six to eight years, and in European states- ten to twelve years. Therefore, for the technical re-equipment of all sectors of the national economy and the acceleration of socio-economic development, it is necessary to extensively reconstruct the enterprises of the machine-building complex.

The collapse of the USSR as a single state and the formation of independent states contributed to the aggravation of the collapse and the economy. Violation of contractual obligations for the supply of products, naturalization of exchange, the emergence of large-scale barter transactions have given greater intensity to the development of economic separatism in the republics and individual regions. The well-established relations are changing, but the supply of final and component products of mechanical engineering. The high level of territorial division of labor, as well as the monopoly inherent in the machine-building complex of the Union, led to the absence in Russia of a number of industries necessary for the normal functioning of both machine building itself and the entire national economy. Ukraine occupies a special place in these relations.

Since 1991, there has been a growing trend towards a reduction in interregional exchange of industrial and technical products. The disruption of vertical and the absence of stable horizontal ties contributed to a decrease in the production of products of the basic industries, primarily mechanical engineering. Crisis processes in mechanical engineering were aggravated by a high level of concentration and monopolization of production. Among 2/3 of mechanical engineering enterprises, each produces over 75% of a certain type of product, i.e. is its monopoly producer. The end of the 80s, and especially the beginning of the 90s, were accompanied by the collapse of the economic ties in the field of trade in machinery and equipment, which took shape over several decades and contributed to a certain balance and the provision of the needs of the branches of the economic complex of Russia with modern technology. At the same time, the restructuring taking place in the machine-building complex made it possible to establish the production of 4000 types of new products. However, structural changes are taking place slowly, not only due to poor adaptation of machine-building enterprises to work in new economic conditions, but also due to the lack of working capital at enterprises.

At present, almost all civil engineering enterprises have become joint stock companies. At most of the privatized enterprises, there have not yet been significant changes in the structure, nomenclature and production volumes. Therefore, the economic effect as a result of denationalization of enterprises is not achieved.

Mechanical engineering occupies an important place in the economy of large economic regions of Russia. In the structure of industrial production of marketable products in most regions, mechanical engineering accounts for 20 to 30%. The level of its development is especially high in the Central, Ural, Volga economic regions.

Over the past decades, significant changes have taken place in the structure of mechanical engineering. Scientific and technological progress contributed to the separation of such independent industries as electronics, the production of computer technology, etc.

Unlike other industries, the location of machine building is least influenced by natural factors (the availability of minerals, the availability of water resources) and the impact of economic factors, such as the availability of a territory with labor resources, the presence of stable transport links, specialization and cooperation of production, is very significant. The specialization of production involves the concentration of the main production activity on the manufacture of one product, part of the product, or on the performance of only certain operations during its production. Specialization in mechanical engineering is subdivided into subject, technological and detailed.

Specialization is the most important direction for intensifying the production of mechanical engineering. It provides more opportunities for the use of high-performance equipment, automation and robotization of production processes, which ensures an increase in labor productivity and increases the efficiency of production development. For example, the Kama Automobile Complex includes six largest specialized factories: repair and tooling, foundry, diesel, press and frame, forge and press and car assembly. They are equipped with equipment and technological means that allow relatively quickly, without additional costs, to switch from the production of some types of cars to others.

The specialization of industrial production has led to wide ties in cooperative supplies between enterprises of various sectors of the national economy: chemical, textile, etc. Cooperation means the participation in the production of a finished product of several enterprises, each of which performs a certain technological operation. For example, the Volzhsky Automobile Plant is connected by cooperative deliveries with more than 300 subcontractors, supplying it with over 100 components and 500 types of materials. They account for more than 55% of the cost of car production.

The production and technical potential of the industry is characterized by three main indicators: the volume of manufactured products (in rubles or in physical terms), the size of the main industrial production assets (in rubles), and the number of industrial production personnel (people). The specific weight of these indicators for a particular industry in the general indicators of mechanical engineering makes it possible to determine its direction. So, if the share of fixed industrial production assets (OPPF) in a given industry significantly exceeds the share of those employed in it, then such an industry belongs to capital-intensive, but labor-saving (heavy engineering). If the specific weight of the number of industrial and production personnel significantly exceeds the share of OPPF in the industry, then this industry belongs to the labor-intensive, but fund-saving (instrument making, electronic industry).

Depending on the peculiarities of the interaction of such factors as material consumption and labor intensity, heavy engineering, general engineering and medium engineering are distinguished.

One of the main tasks of the development of the machine-building complex is the radical reconstruction and outstripping growth of such industries as machine-tool building, instrument-making, electrical and electronic industry, production of computers, which will allow Russia to gain momentum to approach the world level of the economy.

1.5 Chemical-forestry complex

The importance of the chemical-forestry complex in the national economy of Russia is enormous. It plays an important role in expanding the range of consumer goods production. Its industries are linked to all other industries. The chemicalization of the economy makes it possible to successfully solve major technical and economic problems, to constantly increase the production of new types of chemical materials to meet the needs of the national economy. The chemical complex has a complex structure, including various branches of basic chemistry and organic synthesis.

Sulfuric acid industry Is one of the most important industries. Sulfuric acid is widely used in the production of mineral fertilizers, in the metallurgical, oil refining, textile and food industries and in many other industries. The raw materials for the production of sulfuric acid are pyrite (pyrite) and sulfur. Sulfuric acid is also produced from sulphurous gas captured during the smelting of sulphide ores, the processing of sulphurous oil, and the desulfurization of coke oven and natural gas. Sulfuric acid plants are located mainly in areas where sulfuric acid is consumed. The main raw material for its production (pyrite) has to be transported over long distances. This is due to the fact that sulfuric acid is a poorly transportable cargo. In a number of regions, the production of sulfuric acid is combined with the main industries based on the use of their waste: for example, sulfuric acid is produced at the Sredneuralsk copper-smelting, Chelyabinsk zinc, Volkhov aluminum and other non-ferrous metallurgy plants.

The sulfuric acid industry is developed in almost all economic regions. The most important enterprises for the production of sulfuric acid are located in the central regions: Voskresensky, Shchelkovsky, Novomoskovsky, Chernorechensky (Dzerzhinsk) plants; in the Urals: Bereznikovsky, Perm plants.

Soda industry , whose products are used in glass and chemical, as well as in non-ferrous metallurgy, pulp and paper industry, textile and household, are located in the Perm region - Bereznikovsky plant: in Bashkortostan - Sterlitamak; in the Altai Territory - the Mikhailovsky Soda Plant.

An important branch of the chemical industry is production of mineral fertilizers - phosphorus, potash and nitrogen. The main raw materials for superphosphate production are apatites and phosphorites. The largest enterprises in the superphosphate industry are chemical plants and plants: Voskresensky (Moscow Region), Nevsky (St. Petersburg). The largest is the Apatit plant on the Kola Peninsula. Much attention is paid to the production of superphosphate in granular form (i.e. in the form of small grains), the production of concentrated phosphorus fertilizers. A feature in the location of the superphosphate industry is that most of the superphosphate plants in Russia operate on the Khibiny apatite. This leads to the transportation of huge quantities of raw materials over long distances. However, it should be borne in mind that Khibiny apatites, even in Siberia, are cheaper raw materials than local phosphorites.

The production of potash fertilizers is represented by the Solikamsk and Berezniki plants in the Urals.

The most important branches of organic synthesis chemistry are production of synthetic rubber and rubber products, plastics and chemical fibers. The enterprises for the production of synthetic rubber and rubber are located: in St. Petersburg - "Red Triangle", in Moscow - "Kauchuk" and "Red Bogatyr"; a number of new largest factories were built in Voronezh, Omsk, Krasnoyarsk and other cities. A rubber-asbestos plant was created in Yaroslavl; there are tire factories in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Voronezh, Kirov, Omsk and other cities. The creation of a domestic base for the production of synthetic rubber was of great importance for the rapid development of the rubber industry. Hydrocarbons of oil and gas, sawmilling and woodworking waste, liquor waste from sulfite-cellulose plants, acetylene (from calcium carbide) and some other types of raw materials are used as feedstock for the production of inedible alcohol. The use of non-food raw materials for the production of synthetic rubber brings enormous benefits to the national economy. For example, to obtain 1 ton of synthetic rubber, about 3 tons of liquid gases are consumed instead of 9 tons of grain or 22 tons of potatoes.

Since the production of 1 ton of synthetic rubber requires about 2 tons of alcohol, synthetic rubber factories have always been located near the alcohol production. In the pre-war period, distilleries (based on food raw materials) and synthetic rubber factories were located mainly in the central regions (Voronezh, Efremov, Yaroslavl). With the transition of the synthetic rubber industry to new types of raw materials (non-food), great opportunities have appeared for the development of this industry in oil and gas regions (the Volga region, the North Caucasus, etc.), where synthetic rubber is obtained from hydrocarbon raw materials. The production of synthetic rubber and synthetic materials is also organized in the regions of the oil refining industry (Western and Eastern Siberia). Omsk, Krasnoyarsk, Sterlitamak, Volzhsky, Nizhnekamsk, Perm and other synthetic rubber plants have been commissioned. In the future, this industry will increase its capacity in the eastern regions of the country, which are well supplied with water and cheap fuel.

Plastics are widely used in a wide variety of industries as substitutes for metals (especially scarce non-ferrous metals - copper, nickel, etc.), as well as glass, wood and other materials. For the production of plastics, various hydrocarbon raw materials are used, obtained in the oil and gas production and processing industry, coke production, gas shale and wood chemical industries. Large plastics factories have been built in the Center (Moscow, Vladimir, Orekhovo-Zuevo) and in the North-West (St. Petersburg). New large bases for the plastics industry were organized in the Volga region (Kazan, Volgograd), in the Urals (Nizhniy Tagil, Ufa, Salavat, Yekaterinburg), in Western Siberia (Tyumen, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk), in the North Caucasus (Grozny) and other regions of the country.

Fiber production includes rayon and acetate fibers. Viscose fiber is produced by chemical processing of wood pulp. Cotton linters are used as raw materials for acetate fiber. In terms of strength, these fibers are superior to cotton yarn and are widely used. Synthetic fibers (nylon, nylon, lavsan, anid, etc.) have a very high tensile strength and bulk elasticity. These fibers are widely used in the manufacture of various high quality fabrics and furs, knitwear and carpets, tire cord, parachute silk, fishing nets, leather goods and many other types of products.

In the production of artificial and synthetic fibers, a large amount of raw materials and materials, fuel, and water are consumed. For the production of 1 ton of viscose fiber, for example, 1.1 tons of cellulose is required, for the processing of which, in turn, a significant amount of chemicals is needed - about 2.5-3 tons (caustic soda, sulfuric acid, carbon disulfide) and 7-15 tons of standard fuel ... For the manufacture of 1 ton of nylon, more than 1 ton of benzene and a large amount of sulfuric acid, ammonia and other auxiliary materials are consumed. That is why the main factor in the location of the production of chemical fibers is the proximity to the sources of fuel and water.

In the conditions of the emergence of market relations, the structural restructuring of the Russian economy should include the priority development of the chemical industry to solve social problems, scientific and technological progress in construction, mechanical engineering, and the agro-industrial complex. It is planned to build large chemical complexes in regions with rich resources of hydrocarbon and mining chemical raw materials, fuel, water, primarily in Western and Eastern Siberia, to create a large export potential polymer materials import-substituting industries. Much attention is paid to the development of the Tomsk and Tobolsk petrochemical complexes, the expansion of the production of high-pressure polyethylene, isobutylene and butyl rubber. The Krasnoyarsk Production Association "Khimvolokno" is expanding the production of nylon yarns for cord fabrics and technical products. Particular attention is paid to the development of polymer chemistry.

Russia is the largest timber industry country in the world, which has a powerful timber-chemical complex, including harvesting, mechanical processing and chemical processing of wood.

Russia holds the first place in wooded area, amounting to more than 750 million hectares. It surpasses the forested area of such large forest countries as Canada, USA, Sweden, Norway and Finland combined. More than half of the world's most valuable coniferous species are concentrated in the forests of Russia. The total industrial timber reserves reach 30 billion cubic meters, which is more than three times the reserves of the USA and Canada. About 1,500 species of trees and shrubs grow in the forests of Russia, valuable conifers dominate, which make up 9/10 of all reserves. When harvesting wood, first of all, ripe and overmature plantations are used (the age of ripe species is from 80 to 100 years, overmature - over 100 years). Ripe and overmature forests currently occupy more than 65% of the total forested area and over 95% of them are concentrated in Siberia and the Far East.

The largest amount of wood in Russia is provided by pine, spruce, and larch. Softwood is used to a large extent in construction and in the pulp and paper industry. Hardwood - oak, beech, birch, aspen, linden, etc. is widely used as an ornamental material.

1.6 Light industry

Light industry unites a group of industries that provide the population with fabrics, clothing, footwear and other consumer goods. V last years the situation in this industry is very serious. Its share in the industrial structure of the Russian Federation has noticeably decreased (to 6%). The production of goods has decreased (in comparison with 1991 - four times), the import of consumer goods, including from Western European countries, has increased.

Light industry has close contact with agriculture, especially at the stage of primary processing of raw materials. The location of enterprises is influenced by consumer and raw material factors, as well as the presence labor resources.

Besides agriculture raw material base for the light industry of the Russian Federation, chemistry (organic synthesis) is used - the production of artificial and synthetic materials (artificial silk and leather, chemical fiber, synthetic rubber).

In light industry, there are: textile (including cotton, silk, woolen, linen, knitted), sewing, footwear, fur, carpet and other industries.

All branches of light industry by their attraction to sources of raw materials and areas of consumption of products can be divided into the following groups. The raw material-oriented industries include the linen industry; consumer-oriented - shoe and sewing; with a simultaneous focus on both factors - cotton, silk, knitted.

In the light industry, the largest in terms of output and the number of employees is the textile industry. Historically developed in Central area and in the Northwest, and then developed in other regions of Russia.

Only in the Central Region in the early 90s, up to 70% of all cotton fabrics were produced (main centers: Ivanovo, Moscow, Yaroslavl, Tver, etc.), up to 80% of linen (Kostroma, Vyazinki), about 30% of silk (Moscow, Narofominsk, etc.), up to 60% woolen (Moscow, etc.). Using imported raw materials, the Central Region exported most of the finished products to other regions of the Russian Federation.

At present, due to competition with imported goods widely imported into Russia, as well as due to a sharp reduction in the supply of raw materials from the Central Asian republics (which supplied cotton), the cotton industry is experiencing very great difficulties. In some cities, production is almost completely stopped.

1.7 Agro-industrial complex

Agro-industrial complex of the Russian Federation (AIC) includes industries with close economic and industrial | relationships, specializing in the production of agricultural products, their processing and storage, as well as providing agriculture and the processing industry with the means of production.

In the structure of the agro-industrial complex, three areas are distinguished: the first is the industries that produce means of production for agriculture, - tractor and agricultural machine building, machine building for animal husbandry and fodder production, the production of reclamation equipment, mineral fertilizers, agricultural industrial construction, the feed and microbiological industry serving agriculture. and etc.; the second is agriculture (agriculture and animal husbandry) and forestry; the third - industries processing agricultural raw materials - food, light industries associated with the primary processing of flax, wool, etc., as well as industries that provide procurement, storage, transportation and sale of products of the agro-industrial complex.

The structure of the Russian agro-industrial complex is far from perfect. Agriculture is the main link in it: it produces over 48% of the agricultural sector's output, has 68% of the industrial fixed assets of the complex, and employs almost 67% of those employed in the industrial sectors of the agro-industrial complex. In developed countries, in the creation of the final product, the main role belongs to the third sphere of the agro-industrial complex (for example, in the United States, the processing and marketing industries account for 73% of the agro-industrial complex products, agriculture provides only 13%).

The balanced development of all spheres of the agro-industrial complex is a necessary condition for solving the problem of providing the country with food and agricultural raw materials. At present, the weak development of the processing branches of the agro-industrial complex and the industrial infrastructure of the complex lead to huge losses of agricultural products. For example, losses amount to 30% of harvested grain, 40-45% of potatoes and vegetables. The need for equipment for industries processing agricultural raw materials is satisfied only by 55-60%, the degree of equipment wear is 76%.

An important problem that hinders the normal, balanced development of the entire agro-industrial complex is the underdevelopment of the market for means of production. Until recently, there was a system of stock distribution of resources in supply, which should be replaced by the market. In the conditions of market relations, supplies of the necessary material and technical means are carried out through direct relations with manufacturers, through wholesale intermediaries, as well as through procurement through an organized market infrastructure (commodity exchanges, auctions, fairs, etc.). The formation of a market for means of production, an increase in the quality of products of the branches of the first sphere of the agro-industrial complex is necessary for the creation of highly efficient agricultural production in Russia.

Agriculture is a very special sphere of production, the main feature of which is the presence of land as the main means of production. Land, unlike other means of production, is not a product of human labor, its size cannot be increased; with its correct use in agriculture, the land not only does not lose its qualities, but even improves them, while all other means of production are gradually becoming obsolete morally and physically, being replaced by others. The land, being a means of production, acts both as a means of labor and as an object of labor.

Introduction

The sectoral structure of the economy studies the natural resource potential of Russia and its regions, population, labor resources and modern demographic problems, analyzes the starting level of the economy of Russia and its regions during the formation and development of market relations, determines the main factors in the placement of productive forces in the transition to the market, studies the structure of the economy and determines the ways of its rationalization, the direction of restructuring the economy of Russia and its regions, the place of Russia in the world economic system.

The modern economic complex of Russia has a complex sectoral structure, which is now undergoing a radical restructuring in the direction of sociologization. But even with the priority development of industries producing goods for the population, the most important links in the sectoral structure are the electric power industry, the fuel industry, metallurgy, chemistry, mechanical engineering, the agro-industrial complex, construction and transport.

1. Brief description of the complexes of the branches of the Russian economy.

1. 1 Natural resource potential of Russia and its economic assessment.

Fuel and energy raw materials include oil, natural gas, bituminous and brown coal, oil shale and nuclear fuel (uranium and thorium). These are the main sources of energy for most types of transport, thermal and nuclear power plants, blast furnaces, etc. All of them, except for nuclear fuel, are used in the chemical industry.

Russia is fully provided with all types of mineral raw materials and, in terms of their explored reserves, takes a leading place among the largest countries in the world.

1.2 Fuel and energy complex

Russia is fully self-sufficient in fuel and energy resources and is considered a major exporter of fuel and energy among the countries of the world. The fuel and energy complex includes oil, gas, coal, shale, peat and power industries. The branches of the fuel and energy complex are closely related to all branches of the Russian economy.

The fuel and energy complex is of great regional importance, it creates the preconditions for the development of fuel-intensive industries and serves as a basis for the formation industrial complexes, including electric power, petrochemical, coal chemical, gas industry. The state and technical level of the operating capacities of the fuel and energy complex are now becoming critical. More than half of the equipment in the coal industry, 30% of gas pumping units have exhausted their design life, half of the equipment in the oil production and more than 1/3 in the gas industry has more than 30% wear. Deterioration of equipment in oil refining and power engineering is especially great.

The most important task for the further development of the fuel and energy industry in the conditions of the formation and development of market relations is the implementation of measures for the protection of nature and rational use of natural resources. So, one of the main tasks in the oil and gas industry is to increase oil recovery, more complete extraction of oil from the depths, utilization of associated gases. Since the oil industry is a large consumer of water, the task is to reduce the consumption of clean fresh water, introduce recycling water supply, and stop the discharge of polluted water into water bodies. It is necessary to solve the problem of more economical use of land resources for oil and gas production and oil refineries. In the coal industry, the most important environmental task is land reclamation, since with open-pit mining, which will increase in the future, significant areas of land are disturbed. As a result of mining, the soil layer above the mines and adits is deformed. When burning coal, a prerequisite is the creation of powerful filters to clean the air from polluting emissions.

Anti-crisis measures have been outlined in the sectors of the fuel and energy complex: by 1995-1996. restore the pre-crisis level and increase gas production in the developed regions, expand the throughput of gas pipelines and build a new export gas pipeline through Belarus, Poland - to Central Europe, slow down the decline in oil and condensate production, carry out work on the reconstruction of the oil refining industry with an increase in the depth of oil refining up to 67% , to stop the decline in coal production at the level of 200-270 million tons per year, to increase open pit mining in the eastern regions of the country.

It is planned to increase oil production in 2000 - up to 305 million tons, gas - 660 billion cubic meters, coal - 270 million tons.

1.3 Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy

Extraction and preparation of raw materials for processing (extraction, enrichment, agglomeration, obtaining the necessary concentrates, etc.);

Metallurgical redistribution - the main technological process with the production of cast iron, steel, rolled ferrous and non-ferrous metals, pipes, etc .; production of alloys;

Disposal of waste from the main production and the receipt of secondary products from them.

Depending on the combination of these technological processes, the following types of production in the metallurgical complex are distinguished:

Full cycle production, which are represented, as a rule, by factories in which the named stages of the technological process operate simultaneously.

The state and development of the metallurgical industry ultimately determine the level of scientific and technological progress in all sectors of the national economy. The metallurgical complex is characterized by concentration and combination of production.

The specificity of the metallurgical complex is the scale of production incomparable with other industries and the complexity of the technological cycle. For the production of many types of products, 15-18 redistributions are required, starting from the extraction of ore and other types of raw materials. At the same time, the processing enterprises have close ties with each other not only within Russia, but also on the scale of the Commonwealth countries. Thus, in the production of titanium and titanium rolled products, a stable interstate cooperation of enterprises from Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan has developed.

The complex-forming and regional-forming importance of the metallurgical complex in the territorial structure of the national economy of Russia is exceptionally great. Modern large enterprises of the metallurgical complex, by the nature of their internal technological links, are metallurgical and energy-chemical plants. In addition to the main production, metallurgical enterprises create production based on the utilization of various kinds of secondary resources of raw materials and materials (sulfuric acid production, heavy organic synthesis for the production of benzene, ammonia and other chemical products, the production of building materials - cement, block products, as well as phosphoric and nitrogen fertilizers, etc.) The most common companions of metallurgical enterprises are: thermal power engineering, metal-consuming machine building (metallurgical and mining equipment, heavy machine tools), production of metal structures, hardware.

1.4 Machine-building complex.

Mechanical engineering is one of the leading branches of the heavy industry in Russia. By creating the most active part of fixed assets - tools of labor - the machine-building industry has a significant impact on the rates and directions of scientific and technological progress in various sectors of the national economy, on the growth of labor productivity and other economic indicators. determining the effectiveness of the development of social production. The share of mechanical engineering accounts for more than 1/3 of the production volume of commercial products of the Russian industry, about 2/5 of the industrial production personnel and almost 1/4 of the basic industrial production assets.

In the structure of mechanical engineering, there are 19 large complex industries, more than 100 specialized subsectors and industries.

However, despite certain shifts in the development of mechanical engineering, its scientific, technical and production base is not adequate to the requirements for the intensification of social production. The share of equipment that has been in operation for ten, fifteen or more years is large, while the turnover of equipment at Japanese enterprises is six to eight years, and in European countries - ten to twelve years. Therefore, for the technical re-equipment of all sectors of the national economy and the acceleration of socio-economic development, it is necessary to extensively reconstruct the enterprises of the machine-building complex.

Since 1991, there has been a growing trend towards a reduction in interregional exchange of industrial and technical products. The disruption of vertical and the absence of stable horizontal ties contributed to a decrease in the production of products of the basic industries, primarily mechanical engineering. Crisis processes in mechanical engineering were aggravated by a high level of concentration and monopolization of production. Among 2/3 of mechanical engineering enterprises, each produces over 75% of a certain type of product, i.e. is its monopoly producer. The end of the 80s, and especially the beginning of the 90s, were accompanied by the collapse of foreign economic relations in the field of trade in machinery and equipment, which took shape over several decades and contributed to a certain balance and provision of the needs of the branches of the Russian economic complex with modern technology. At the same time, the restructuring taking place in the machine-building complex made it possible to establish the production of 4000 types of new products. However, structural changes are taking place slowly, not only due to poor adaptation of machine-building enterprises to work in new economic conditions, but also due to the lack of working capital at enterprises.

Depending on the peculiarities of the interaction of such factors as material consumption and labor intensity, heavy engineering, general engineering and medium engineering are distinguished.

1.5 Chemical-forestry complex

The production of potash fertilizers is represented by the Solikamsk and Berezniki plants in the Urals.

In the conditions of the emergence of market relations, the structural restructuring of the Russian economy should include the priority development of the chemical industry to solve social problems, scientific and technological progress in construction, mechanical engineering, and the agro-industrial complex. It is planned to build large chemical complexes in regions with rich resources of hydrocarbon and mining chemical raw materials, fuel, water, primarily in Western and Eastern Siberia, to create a large export potential of polymer materials for import-substituting industries. Much attention is paid to the development of the Tomsk and Tobolsk petrochemical complexes, the expansion of the production of high-pressure polyethylene, isobutylene and butyl rubber. The Krasnoyarsk Production Association "Khimvolokno" is expanding the production of nylon yarns for cord fabrics and technical products. Particular attention is paid to the development of polymer chemistry.

Russia is the largest timber industry country in the world, which has a powerful timber-chemical complex, including harvesting, mechanical processing and chemical processing of wood.

1.6 Light industry

Light industry unites a group of industries that provide the population with fabrics, clothing, footwear and other consumer goods. In recent years, the situation in this industry has become very serious. Its share in the industrial structure of the Russian Federation has noticeably decreased (to 6%). The production of goods has decreased (in comparison with 1991 - four times), the import of consumer goods, including from Western European countries, has increased.

In addition to agriculture, the raw material base for the light industry of the Russian Federation is chemistry (organic synthesis) - the production of artificial and synthetic materials (artificial silk and leather, chemical fiber, synthetic rubber).

In light industry, there are: textile (including cotton, silk, woolen, linen, knitted), sewing, footwear, fur, carpet and other industries.

In the light industry, the largest in terms of output and the number of employees is the textile industry. Historically, it developed in the Central Region and the Northwest, and then developed in other regions of Russia.

1.7 Agro-industrial complex

An important feature of agricultural production is seasonality, which leads to uneven use of labor throughout the year, makes agriculture dependent on natural conditions production, causes an uneven flow of products and cash income throughout the year. The peculiarity of agriculture is that it is biological in nature, i.e. plants and animals are used as means of production.

Although Russia is relatively well provided with agricultural land, their size is constantly decreasing, which is associated with the withdrawal of land for industrial, transport, housing and communal construction. The size of the area of farmland and arable land per capita is also gradually decreasing (which is associated with population growth). Therefore, the main direction of the further development of agriculture is its all-round intensification.

The main branches of agriculture are plant growing and animal husbandry, in which subsectors are distinguished: grain farming, fodder production, production of industrial crops (flax growing, beet growing, etc.), gardening, vegetable growing, cattle breeding, pig breeding, sheep breeding, poultry breeding, rabbit breeding, pond fish breeding, fur farming, beekeeping, etc.

1.8 Building complex

The integration of various industries contributed to the formation of an inter-industry construction complex (ICC), which meets the basic needs of the construction industry - from projects to completed buildings and structures. MSC occupies a special place in the country's economy, being one of the leading links and an important component of construction. It plays a significant role in strengthening the material and technical base of the country, in accelerating its socio-economic development.

The geography of construction on the territory of each economic region of Russia is determined by the level of its development and the sectoral structure capital investments, the prevailing system of settlements and the peculiarities of the developed natural resources.

The intersectoral construction complex of Russia is a complex mechanism, the components of which are interconnected. For example, the scale of capital construction, its efficiency and technical level, the timing of the construction of buildings and structures depend on the growth rate of the production of building materials. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the growth of production of building materials, which will immediately increase the scale of capital construction.

The construction industry mainly meets the internal needs of the region. It develops on a rich and varied resource base of its own. In the location of the industry, the consumer factor is of great importance, therefore, enterprises are concentrated mainly around regional centers... The construction of the largest power plants, industrial facilities led to significant development in Eastern Siberia industry building materials... Powerful cement plants operate in Krasnoyarsk, Angarsk, Achinsk (works on the waste of the largest in Russia Achinsk alumina refinery). The production of wall materials, panels and blocks is carried out at the enterprises of Bratsk, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Chita, window glass - in Ulan-Ude, Tulun. Many brick factories. A powerful construction industry based on its own raw material base. This is one of the leading regions for the production of cement, which is produced both on the basis of natural raw materials and on the basis of ferrous metallurgy waste. The largest centers of the cement industry are Magnitogorsk and Emanzhelinsk (Chelyabinsk Region). The Urals also play a significant role in the production of prefabricated reinforced concrete, panel houses, bricks, gypsum, crushed stone and other products that are supplied to many regions of the country. Construction organizations of the Ural economic region help to develop oil and gas fields in Western Siberia, to build many objects in other regions.

1.9 Transport complex

Transport is an important component of the Russian economy, as it is a material carrier between regions, industries, enterprises. The specialization of regions and their integrated development are impossible without a transport system. The transport factor affects the location of production; without taking it into account, it is impossible to achieve a rational distribution of productive forces. When locating production, the need for transportation, the mass of raw materials and finished products, their transportability, security is taken into account. transport routes, their bandwidth, etc. Enterprises are located depending on the influence of these components. The rationalization of transportation affects the efficiency of production, both of individual enterprises and regions, and the country as a whole.

Transport is also of great importance in solving social and economic problems. The provision of a territory with a well-developed transport system is one of the important factors in attracting the population and production, is an important advantage for the location of productive forces and gives an integration effect.

Transport creates conditions for the formation of a local and national market. In the context of the transition to market relations, the role of transport rationalization increases significantly. On the one hand, the efficiency of the enterprise depends on the transport factor, which in market conditions is directly related to its viability, and on the other hand, the market itself implies the exchange of goods and services, which is impossible without transport, therefore, the market itself is impossible. Therefore, transport is the most important component of the market infrastructure.

The main types of transport are: rail, road, aviation, pipeline, sea and inland waterways. Interacting with each other, they form the transport system of Russia

Most of the cargo and passenger turnover falls on railway transport... Pipeline and sea transport also occupies an important place in cargo turnover, and automobile and aviation transport in passenger turnover. Such a structure of cargo and passenger turnover is associated with the technical and economic characteristics of each type of transport, a vast territory, natural and climatic conditions of Russia. Of no small importance is the cost of transportation by various types of transport.

Level of evolution transport system The Russian Federation differs by region. The provision of communication routes both in total length and in density (kilometers of track per 1000 km of area) differs ten or more times. The most developed transport systems are in the Central Black Earth, Central, North-West, North Caucasian, Volgo-Vyatka regions, the least developed - the Far Eastern, East Siberian, West Siberian, Northern economic regions. The regions also differ in terms of the structure of cargo turnover. In areas where minerals such as iron ore, coal, the main transportation is carried out by rail; where oil and gas are produced, the share of pipelines is high water transport; in areas where forest resources are developed, the share of inland water transport is significant; in areas specializing in manufacturing industries, the main role is played by rail. So, for example, in the West Siberian region, railway transport prevails, and the share of pipeline transport is high; in the Central region, the overwhelming part of traffic is carried out by rail.

The capacities of transport flows also have significant differences and depend on the location of the main sources of raw materials, fuel, materials, etc. There are three main main directions of the country's transport system:

1. The latitude main Siberian direction "east-west" and back; it includes railways, pipelines and waterways using the Kama and Volga rivers;

2. The meridional main Central European direction "north-south" with access to Ukraine, Moldova, the Caucasus, formed mainly by railways;

3. The meridional Volga-Caucasian main direction "north-south" along the river. Volga, railway and pipeline routes, connecting the Volga region and the Caucasus with the Center, the North of the European part of the country and with the Urals. The main cargo flows of the country go along these main trunk routes, and rail, inland waterways and road transport modes closely interact. Main air routes also mostly coincide with overland ones.

In addition to the main trunk routes, there is a dense transport network of intra-district and local significance. Combining with each other, they form the Unified Transport System of Russia. As the productive forces of the country as a whole and its individual regions develop, the transport system needs constant improvement both in the field of rationalization of location and its qualitative level: updating the material and technical base, improving the organizational and management system, using the latest achievements of scientific and technological progress. The development of the transport system of the Russian Federation is aimed at a more complete provision of the needs of the economy and the population of the country with transport services.

Transport is an important link in the economy of the Russian Federation, without which the normal functioning of not a single branch of the economy, not a single region of the country is impossible. Stabilization of the economy and its growth are impossible without solving the main problems of the transport complex. At present, the complex program "Transport of Russia" is being processed. First of all, the issues of increasing investments in this industry, attracting foreign capital, establishing the work of suppliers of the transport complex - transport engineering, electrical and electronic industry, instrument making, construction industry, etc., need to be resolved. In the transport complex itself, closer coordination of the work of all modes of transport is necessary among themselves and with the branches of the national economy. One of the main tasks is also the restoration of transport and economic relations with neighboring countries, since the transport complex of the USSR was formed as a single whole, and the separate functioning of its individual parts led to the degradation of the transport economy not only in Russia, but in all former republics THE USSR. There are acute problems of transport provision for rural settlements, passenger traffic in large cities, reducing the negative impact of transport on the natural environment and humans.

Under the conditions of market relations, the task of more complete and qualitative satisfaction of the needs for transport services of the national economy and the population of the country is put forward to the fore in the development of the transport complex, which is what the Transport of Russia program is aimed at.

2. AGROINDUSTRIAL COMPLEX

2.1 Significance of a complex of industries

Agriculture is one of the most important sectors of the economy of any state. It provides a vital product for a person: basic foodstuffs and raw materials for the production of consumer goods. Agriculture produces over 12% of the gross social product and more than 15% of the national income of Russia, concentrates 15.7% of production fixed assets. Eighty industries supply their products to agriculture, which in turn supplies their products to sixty industries. Agricultural production- the central link of the country's agro-industrial complex.

2.2 Structure of the agro-industrial complex

2.3 Economic assessment of the raw material base of the agro-industrial complex.

Russia has a huge area of land - 1708 million hectares. But a significant part of it falls on the tundra, taiga, mountain ranges. Only 222 million hectares (13%) are agricultural land, i.e. land used in agriculture. The share of the most valuable lands (arable land) is even less - 8% (132 million hectares). However, per capita, in comparison with other developed countries of the world, Russian indicators are quite high.

A significant part of the country's agricultural land is affected by unfavorable factors: waterlogging and waterlogging (45 million hectares), salinization (40 million hectares), water and wind erosion (50 million hectares), drought (in some years up to 170 million hectares) ... In total, 58% of arable land and 95% of pastures need protection from them. 32% of the irrigated lands in Russia, despite the huge investments in them, are in need of reconstruction.

Russia does not fully provide itself with grain. The main reasons are low productivity and the historically prevailing predominance of wheat over grain fodder crops. This does not meet the requirements of animal husbandry - the main consumer of grain (about 50%). The total loss of grain during harvesting reaches 30%. Thus, the simplest calculations show that, while collecting an average of 100 million tons of grain per year, Russia loses 30 million tons and feeds cattle about 50 million tons. In 1993, 11.2 million tons of grain were purchased Abroad. Obviously, if you exclude losses by increasing the production of feed grains, you can refuse grain imports.

2.4 Modern assessment of the agro-industrial complex.

A great contribution to the development of market relations in agriculture was made by the decision of the Russian Government in 1993 to form state resources on a contractual basis at free prices, to cancel obligatory deliveries. The formation of state food resources for the maintenance of the army, the state reserve will be carried out at the expense of the state budget, and state support for agricultural producers - only at the expense of extra-budgetary sources. The state provides for a number of benefits for agricultural enterprises that conclude supply contracts with it: provision of budget loans, subsidies for livestock products, compensation for the cost of fuel and lubricants, etc. Perhaps such contracts will be concluded on a competitive basis.

The agro-industrial complex is actively developing new forms of management. At present, they are represented by peasant farms, associations of peasant farms, agro-cooperatives, agricultural enterprises, agro-consortia, and agricultural firms. The choice of one form or another depends on the specific conditions of the area, is carried out on a strictly voluntary basis, and the criterion of advantage can only be economic efficiency. In the coming years, 3/4 of agricultural products will be produced by large agricultural enterprises: associations of peasant farms, joint-stock enterprises, agricultural cooperatives created on the basis of collective and state farms. Peasant farms will give about 1% of total production, since even with serious state support (road construction, gasification, electricity supply, supply Maintenance, acceptance of products) they need long-term loans and at least 3-5 years to get on their feet.

2.7 Conditions for the transition of the agro-industrial complex to market relations.

The general result of the production activity of enterprises is the gross agricultural output. It represents the total amount of agricultural products produced in a given period. The gross agricultural product includes:

The main products of the enterprise: grain, potatoes, vegetables, sugar beets, milk, meat, wool, etc.

Brood and live weight gain of livestock and poultry

Cost of perennial plantings and work in progress

By-products obtained simultaneously with the main product (straw, manure, etc.).

Gross agricultural production is taken into account both in physical and value terms. In physical terms, the gross crop production can be represented by a separate crop or a group of homogeneous crops (grain crops, vegetables, fodder, etc.), and in animal husbandry - by the production of certain types of products (milk, meat, eggs, etc.). Gross production in kind is calculated in centners, tons, pieces, etc.

The production of gross output in physical terms in all categories of farms has significantly decreased during the transition to market relations:

The largest decrease in production volumes is observed for sugar beets, grain, as well as livestock products.

Depending on the purpose, the gross agricultural output is divided into two parts:

Products that are consumed directly in agriculture for production purposes

Products used for sale.

For on-farm needs, seeds and planting material, feed, milk for feeding calves and other products are used. The real contribution of each enterprise and economic region to the production of the gross social product is determined by the final product intended for sale.

In terms of use, gross agricultural output refers to both the production of means of production and the production of consumer goods. That part of the product that does not go into consumption, but is a raw material for industrial processing, belongs to the means of production. This also includes seeds, feed and other products used for production purposes. Products that go for direct consumption without preliminary processing are classified as consumer goods.

2.6 Scientific and technical progress in the agro-industrial complex.

The implementation of scientific and technological progress in agriculture is based on its inherent economic and biological laws. As a result, scientific and technological progress in agricultural production has its own characteristics, which follow from the specifics of cultivation, harvesting, storage, transportation and processing of agricultural products.

The cultivation of agricultural crops is carried out on fertile soils, and obtaining high and stable yields is achieved through the rational processing of land plots, as well as through the use of organic and mineral resources depends on the introduction of scientifically based crop rotations, new technologies and high-performance equipment.

Agricultural crops differ in biological composition, growing season and the degree of use of products for food without processing and after revision. In this regard, the development of scientific and technological progress should be carried out in the direction of a fuller and better use of the biological characteristics of a particular type of agricultural crops. Particular attention should be paid to the development of industries and industries for the storage, processing and sale of products.

Many types of crops are very labor intensive. This primarily applies to row crops and industrial crops. Their cultivation requires much more living labor than the cultivation of grain crops. Thus, in the cultivation of vegetable crops, labor costs per hectare of crops are 40-60 times higher than in the production of grain crops.

The acceleration of scientific and technological progress is multi-storey, perishable and hardly transportable, which is associated with the biochemical structure of fruits, root crops and other types of crops and the presence of a large amount of water in their composition. In the process of harvesting, procurement and transportation, there is a significant loss of mass of products, deterioration of its presentation and consumer properties. Taking this into account, scientific research should be aimed at developing promising methods for storing, packing, transporting and further processing products.

The development and implementation of new machines and technologies in agriculture opens up a wide avenue for the effective use of labor, material and financial resources. All this will contribute to a further increase in agricultural production and a fuller satisfaction of the growing needs of the population with a limited use of society's resources.

The slowdown in the pace of scientific and technological progress in the agro-industrial complex in the early nineties is due to the existing shortcomings in the organization of the innovation cycle in the economic mechanism. The insensitivity of production to innovations hinders the achievement of world standards in technology and technology.

2.7 Location of the agro-industrial complex on the territory of Russia.

The most important natural factors in the location and specialization of agriculture are the following: soil quality; the duration of the frost-free period, the sum of active temperatures (heat supply); total solar radiation(provision with light); moisture conditions, amount of precipitation; the probability of recurrence of unfavorable meteorological conditions (drought, frost, wind and water erosion); provision of water resources; topographic conditions of the area, etc. To a greater extent, natural factors affect the location of plant growing industries, and to an unequal extent, determining the areas of their cultivation. For a number of crops (mainly thermophilic), these areas are extremely limited, for example, grapes, tea, citrus fruits, etc .; for others, it is much broader (barley, spring wheat, potatoes, etc.). Natural factors have a less significant impact on the location of livestock breeding, manifesting themselves through the fodder base. The most dependent on natural and climatic conditions is pasture animal husbandry (some areas of sheep breeding, cattle breeding; reindeer breeding, horse breeding, etc.). Here one can distinguish such factors as the presence of pastures, their size, the composition of vegetation and the duration of the period of their use.

Socio-demographic factors are also extremely important for the location of agriculture. The population is the main consumer of agricultural products, therefore there are regional features the structure of consumption of this product. The specialization of agriculture is influenced by the ratio between urban and rural populations. In addition, the population ensures the reproduction of labor resources for the industry. Depending on the availability of labor resources (taking into account the labor skills of the population), one or another production of agricultural products, characterized by unequal labor intensity, develops. The most labor-intensive industries are considered to be: vegetables, potatoes, sugar beets and other industrial crops, and some branches of animal husbandry. The use of specialized qualified personnel contributes to the growth of labor productivity, reducing labor costs for the production of these products. Increased migration of the population in a number of regions is currently limiting the production of labor-intensive types of products. An important factor placement and specialization are also interests local population, which in the past were not sufficiently taken into account and which in a number of cases significantly limit the possibility of production for the export of many types of products, previously determined by the planned volumes of supplies to the all-Union fund.

2.8 Economic features agro-industrial complex.

The most significant economic factors in the location and specialization of agriculture include:

1. The location of farms in relation to sales markets and the presence of processing enterprises, tanks for storing raw materials and final products, availability and condition Vehicle and ways of communication.

Types of agricultural products differ in their transportability. This is the basis for the creation of suburban and raw material zones around large cities and processing industry enterprises. The presence of large settlements creates high density population, determines the specialization of agricultural enterprises in the production of fresh milk, dietary eggs, potatoes, vegetables, etc., i.e. low-transportable products.

The nature and condition of the means of communication also have a direct impact. Manufacturing products that are easy to transport can be concentrated in places where they are most efficient. The ability to transport products in large volumes also causes cheaper transportation.

2. The already created production potential of agriculture: the availability of reclaimed land, the number of productive livestock, agricultural structures, industrial buildings, etc.

3. The area of agricultural land, their structure: the size of arable land and farmland per capita.

4. The economic efficiency of agricultural production, determined by a system of indicators, the main of which are: agricultural output and gross income per unit of land area and unit of material and labor costs, profitability of production. It should be noted that economic efficiency is influenced by the totality of all considered factors of the location and specialization of agriculture.

5. Features and stability of interregional ties in agricultural products. The possibility of purchasing agricultural products, their guarantee creates the basis for the development in certain regions of only those branches of agriculture for which there are the most favorable conditions. Of course, this takes into account the costs of purchasing the necessary agricultural products, their transportation in comparison with the costs of their production in the region.

6. The provision of agriculture with the means of production supplied by industry. Correspondence of the price level for these industrial products to the level of prices for agricultural raw materials and products of its processing.

7. Sizes of agricultural enterprises. For example, small peasant farms limit the possibilities for specialization.

There are other economic factors, the most significant of which is scientific and technological progress. Advances in science and technology make it possible to dramatically increase the efficiency of a particular agricultural production, expand production areas, remove strict restrictions on the specific weight of certain crops in crop rotation, etc. rational distribution and specialization of agriculture, using various economic methods (lending to agricultural enterprises, taking into account the current regional policy, maintaining farm prices for agricultural products, scientific support of agricultural production). The experience of these countries can be used in Russia as well.

Agriculture in Russia is characterized by large scale Production. In 1993 gross output was 83.2 billion rubles; 99.0 million tons of grain, 38.1 million tons of potatoes, 12.0 million tons of meat, 46.9 million tons of milk, 40.3 billion pieces. eggs, 169.1 thousand tons of wool, etc. But in terms of production per capita, Russia is inferior to developed countries in the most important types of agricultural products. The structure of nutrition of the population of Russia is irrational: it has a small share of meat, fruits, vegetables, an increased share of bread, potatoes, and animal oil.

In Russia, the level of crop yields is very low (for grain 2.8 times, potatoes 2.2 times, sugar beets 1.8 times lower than in developed countries, even in areas with similar natural and climatic conditions), low livestock productivity. In terms of labor productivity in agriculture, our country lags behind developed countries by three to four times.

2.9 The main directions of development of the agro-industrial complex.

There are two possible ways to increase the production of agricultural products - extensive (i.e., as a result of the expansion of cultivated areas, an increase in the number of livestock, etc. without renewing the material and technical basis) and intensive, providing for an increase in the yield per unit area as a result of the use of more efficient means of production, use of the achievements of scientific and technological progress. The possibilities for extensive development have already been almost exhausted, therefore intensification (i.e., an increase in material and labor costs per unit of land area in order to increase the yield of agricultural products from each hectare, improve its quality, increase labor productivity, reduce the cost of a unit of production) is the most effective and the only possible way to develop production. The main directions of intensification are: complex mechanization, chemicalization of agriculture, land reclamation, increase in the power-to-labor ratio in agriculture, improvement of the used production technologies. Intensification is carried out on the basis of deepening the specialization of agricultural production, further development of agro-industrial integration.

The need for land reform is caused, on the one hand, by the irrational use of the land fund. Many agricultural enterprises do not have a real opportunity to cultivate the land assigned to them due to a lack of labor resources, material and technical equipment. On the other hand, there is not enough land to allocate to farmers and other newly created agricultural enterprises on the basis of new forms of farming, plots for maintaining personal subsidiary plots, where the land can be used effectively. Land reform is also aimed at improving land fertility and maintaining ecological balance in agriculture.

The land reform is based on a new legal basis, reflected in the adoption of laws: “On land reform”, “On peasant (farm) economy”, “On payment for land”, the Land Code of Russia. An economic mechanism for regulating land relations and stimulating rational use is being created. and land protection.It is important to take into account the principle of socially just redistribution of land and the creation of equal conditions for all forms of management.Land reform provides for the introduction of private ownership of land and the formation of a land market. speculation, therefore, a mechanism for state regulation of this process has been developed.It includes strictly targeted use of land, limitation of their size, temporary restriction on their sale, etc. New land management schemes are developed on the basis of a balance of land availability and need for them, on the basis assessment of the condition, distribution of land and the ability of land users to process them.

The economy of agricultural enterprises is negatively affected by the monopoly of enterprises of the processing industry and the sphere of agricultural services, which is increasing with the process of denationalization. As part of the ongoing agrarian reform, in opposition to monopoly, it is proposed to corporatize these enterprises with the transfer of a controlling stake to agricultural producers. To this end, it is advisable on the part of the state to financially and organizationally help agricultural enterprises in acquiring shares through a system of tax incentives and preferential loans.

One of the most important reasons for the decline in agricultural production is the inequality of exchange between agriculture and industries that produce the means of production for agriculture. The agrarian reform involves the implementation of measures to maintain the parity of prices for agricultural industrial Products through indexation, direct compensation to enterprises for costs associated with an increase in wholesale prices for material and technical resources, and the abolition of all types of taxes, except for land tax.

A market infrastructure is being created in the agro-industrial complex. Agrarian exchanges, banks, trading houses, auctions, etc. are being created and functioning, effective marketing information systems for collecting, storing and processing information, and insurance systems for agricultural enterprises are being developed.

For the successful implementation of the agrarian reform, first of all, it is necessary to ensure social transformations in the countryside (housing construction, construction of cultural, health care, education, road construction, gasification, electrification, communications), i.e. create conditions for the resettlement of citizens to abandoned villages, sparsely populated regions.

East Siberian region

3.1 Territory, composition (subjects of the Federation), boundaries of the economic region.

The area of the district is 4123 thousand km 2. It occupies 1/3 of the territory of the Eastern zone and 24% of the territory of Russia. The East Siberian region includes: the republics of Buryatia, Tuva, Khakassia; Krasnoyarsk Territory (with Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) and Evenk Autonomous Districts); regions of Irkutsk (with Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug) and Chita (with Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug).

The main economic center is the city of Krasnoyarsk (875 thousand people). Eastern Siberia is significantly removed from other economically developed regions of the country, which complicates the development of its natural resources. However, its neighborhood with Western Siberia, The Far East, Mongolia, China, the presence of the Trans-Siberian Railway and the Northern Sea Route. The natural conditions of Eastern Siberia are unfavorable. The climate is sharply continental. Farming is possible only in the south.

3.2 Brief description of natural resources.

Eastern Siberia, despite its insufficient geological exploration, is distinguished by its exceptional wealth and wide variety of natural resources. Most of the hydropower resources and general geological coal reserves are concentrated here, there are unique deposits of non-ferrous, rare and noble metals (copper, nickel, cobalt, molybdenum, niobium, titanium, gold, platinum), many types of nonmetallic raw materials (mica, asbestos, graphite, etc.) etc.), large reserves of oil and natural gas were discovered. Eastern Siberia holds the first place in the Russian Federation in terms of timber reserves. Coal reserves account for more than half of Russia's coal resources and double that of the United States. They are located in more than 130 coal basins and deposits. The most studied and developed are the Kansk-Achinsk and Irkutsk basins. In the Kansk-Achinsk basin, coal is mined by the open method - it is the cheapest coal in the country. Here 80% of the coal is concentrated, which can be mined in an open way. The Taimyr and Tunguska basins have not yet been sufficiently explored and developed. Oil and gas reserves have been discovered, but they are not yet commercially produced. In terms of the wealth of hydropower resources, Eastern Siberia ranks first in Russia. One of the following flows through the territory of the district. greatest rivers the globe- Yenisei. Together with its tributary, the Angara, the river possesses huge reserves of hydropower resources.

Large reserves of iron ore are concentrated in Eastern Siberia. They are located in the Angara-Pitsky, Angara-Ilimsky basins and in Khakassia. Eastern Siberia is also rich in various non-ferrous and rare metals, especially gold (deposits Bodaibo, Aldan, Baley) molybdenum (Buryatia, Chita region), tin (Sherlovaya Gora in the Chita region), nickel and copper (Norilsk, Udokan deposits). In addition, there are significant reserves of aluminum (Krasnoyarsk Territory, Buryatia), zinc, lead and cobalt.

Eastern Siberia has large reserves of various nonmetallic minerals. There are deposits of mica, graphite, talc, asbestos, apatite, sodium chloride. There are large timber reserves in the region, amounting to 28 billion cubic meters, or 1/3 of all LPG reserves. Main tree species: larch, pine, fir, spruce. Valuable species of fur-bearing game animals live in the forests of the region: sable, ermine, squirrel and others, in the tundra - arctic fox.

3.3 Brief description of labor resources.

The vast territory of Eastern Siberia is home to only 9.2 million people, which is just over 6% of the population of Russia. The average population density here is 2.2 people / km 2. However, the population is distributed extremely unevenly here. The bulk of the population is concentrated in the southern part of the region, and, first of all, along the Trans-Siberian Railway. Here the population density reaches 25-50 people / km 2. At the same time, in the Evenk Autonomous Okrug it is 0.2 people / km2. 72% of the population lives in cities, the largest of which are Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Chita, Ulan-Ude. The labor force problem is acute. It is required to conduct labor-saving policy, improve the living conditions of small peoples. Despite the lack of labor resources, the degree of employment of the population in social production is below the national average. This is the result of the underdevelopment of the industries in which women are employed. Taking into account two main features - the lack of labor resources and large energy resources - a technical policy for the development of the economy is especially important for Eastern Siberia, based on ensuring the maximum level of labor productivity due to its higher power-to-weight ratio.

3.4 Industry of the economic region.

The economy of Eastern Siberia includes extractive industries and electric power in the fuel and energy complex, as well as energy-intensive non-ferrous metallurgy (especially aluminum production) and chemical industries that are formed on their basis. The region also has a developed forestry and fur industry.

The branches of the fuel and energy complex are formed on the basis of coal mining, the use of unique hydropower resources, and, in the future, the development of large reserves of oil and natural gas discovered in the region.

The electric power industry is also a branch of the market specialization of Eastern Siberia. The largest hydroelectric power plants in Russia were built here - Sayano-Shushenskaya and Krasnoyarskaya on the Yenisei, Bratskaya and Ust-Ilimskaya on the Angara. Another large hydroelectric power station, Boguchanskaya, is under construction at the Angara. The generated energy is transferred to other parts of the country.

The mining industry and metallurgy of Eastern Siberia are of exceptional importance for the Russian economy. The region accounts for 1/4 of the total volume of non-ferrous metallurgy production in Russia. The oldest of the mining and metallurgical industries in Eastern Siberia is the gold mining industry. Gold is mined in the Chita (Baley deposit) and Irkutsk (Bodaibo deposit) regions. Ore mining and production of tungsten and molybdenum concentrate are carried out at the Zhirken Combine (Chita Region), Sorsk (Krasnoyarsk Territory) and Dzhidinsky Combine (Buryatia). Tin mining and tin concentrate production are concentrated in the Chita region. Copper, nickel and cobalt are mined and smelted in Norilsk. The development of the Udokan copper deposit (Chita region) begins, where, with the participation of foreign capital, it is planned to build a large mining and processing plant in the near future. Aluminum production has been established in the region in Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Sayanogorsk, Shelikhov. To provide these enterprises with raw materials, an alumina plant for processing nephelines of the Kiya-Shaltyrskoye deposit was built in Achinsk, which simultaneously produces cement and soda products.

As part of the mining and metallurgical complex of Eastern Siberia, ferrous metallurgy is much less developed than non-ferrous metallurgy. At present, only the ferrous metallurgy enterprises operate in the region - in Krasnoyarsk and Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky. Iron ore mined in the region is supplied to metallurgical plants Kuzbass.

The region's mechanical engineering is also growing rapidly. At present, it accounts for about 20% of the number of people employed in industry, 14% of industrial production and 12% of the industrial-production fixed assets of the region. True, this is significantly lower than the average for Russia. The most important centers of mechanical engineering are Krasnoyarsk, Abakan, Minusinsk, Ulan-Ude.

The chemical industry is also gaining increasing importance in the structure of the economic complex of Eastern Siberia, although it is not yet a branch of specialization of the region. This industry now provides more than 4% of the industrial output of the region and about 3.5% of the output of this industry in Russia. The most developed here is the chemistry of organic synthesis based on cheap electricity, oil refining resources, timber raw materials, table salt and partly coal and limestone. Centers Chemical industry are Krasnoyarsk, Angarsk, Usolye-Sibirskoye.

Eastern Siberia is a large timber industry base in Russia. Industries timber industry concentrate about 1/4 of all industrial production personnel and give about 1/6 of all industrial production in Eastern Siberia. The most important logging areas are located in the Angara region and in the strip along the Trans-Siberian railway. Wood processing is concentrated in Bratsk, Lesosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk.

3.5 Agro-industrial complex of the economic region.

The agro-industrial complex of Eastern Siberia does not fully satisfy the needs of the population. In the structure of the region's agriculture, animal husbandry prevails - it accounts for 3/5 of the value of agricultural products. The main branch of specialization of the East Siberian animal husbandry is sheep breeding. This is due to the possibility of grazing sheep all year round. In terms of the number of sheep and goats, Eastern Siberia is second only to the Volga region and North Caucasus... The fodder base is insufficient for cattle breeding, therefore its livestock is small and mainly dairy and meat and beef cattle breeding develops here. Reindeer husbandry is developed in the north of Eastern Siberia. Cereals are of the greatest importance among agricultural crops. Grain production is concentrated in the Minusinsk and Kansk-Achinsk basins and the Trans-Baikal steppes. Spring wheat, oats, and barley are grown here.

The main directions of agriculture in Eastern Siberia meat, dairy and cattle breeding, sheep breeding and grain production with the simultaneous development of suburban farms around the growing cities and industrial centers... At present, agriculture is characterized by a significant expansion of the areas of cultivation of crops and raising livestock. The main field-growing areas of the Minusinsk Basin, the Kansk-Achinsk and Trans-Baikal steppes. Agriculture has advanced far north, deep into the taiga. Small foci of field cultivation have arisen even beyond the Arctic Circle. Districts of dairy cattle breeding, pig breeding and poultry breeding appeared in the Far North near Norilsk, Igaria, Dudinka.

3.6 Transport complex of the economic region

The development of the region's economy is closely connected with transport construction, which ensures the economic "overcoming of the space" of Eastern Siberia with its vast distances. In addition to the Trans-Siberian Railway, the eastern section of the South Siberian Railway (Kuzbass-Abakan-Tashkent), railways from Tashkent to Ust-Kut, from Khrebtova to Ust-Ilimsk, from Achinsk to Abalakovo, from Dudinka to Norilsk, from Ulan-Ude to Soviet-Mongolian border, etc.

A network of highways and main pipelines has been laid on the territory of the district, regular air and water communication has been established. Thanks to the use of the nuclear icebreaker fleet, the periods of navigation along the Northern Sea Route are lengthened. Eastern Siberia is quite clearly divided into two regions: Angara-Yenisei and Transbaikal.

The republic has a well-developed transport infrastructure. The operational length of railways is 643 km, paved motor roads - 2.8 thousand km. Navigation is carried out along the Yenisei and Abakan rivers.

3.7 Detailed description of the agro-industrial complex of the East Siberian economic region.

Agricultural land occupies about 2 million hectares, of which arable land accounts for 39%; Agriculture is dominated by grain crops, mainly spring wheat. The average grain yield is 9.8 c / ha. Potatoes and vegetables are also cultivated. In animal husbandry, meat and dairy cattle breeding, sheep breeding and poultry breeding are distinguished. Wheat, oats, barley and fodder crops are grown.

In the Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug, agricultural land makes up 51% of all land in the okrug, of which arable land occupies 28%. Livestock breeding, specialized in fine-fleece sheep breeding, animal breeding of wool, meat and dairy direction is well developed. Wheat, oats, barley and fodder crops are grown.

In Buryatia, agriculture is carried out in the zone of risky farming, meat and dairy cattle breeding, and wool production are traditionally developed. There are great potentialities of the republic in the development of pharmacopoeia based on environmentally friendly raw materials, oriental medicine.

The agriculture of the Evenki Autonomous Okrug is dominated by reindeer husbandry, fishing, and animal husbandry. The fur trade is developed. In addition, they are engaged in dairy cattle breeding and pig breeding.

Conclusion

In this work, the main topics considered in the discipline "Sectoral structure of the economy" were studied. The natural resource potential of Russia, its economic assessment, the agro-industrial complex, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, the chemical-forestry complex, machine-building complex, light industry, fuel and energy complex, construction complex and transport complex.

The characteristics of the agro-industrial complex and its branches are given.

The characteristics of the East Siberian economic region, the characteristics of natural and labor resources, transport and agro-industrial complexes of the economic region, as well as a detailed description of the agro-industrial complex of the East Siberian region are presented.

In the process of completing this course work, I acquired the skills and ability to independently master new knowledge in the field of the sectoral structure of the economy.

Annex 1

This appendix reflects all the diagrams of the first section of the course work.

Table 1: Distribution of oil refining by economic regions of Russia (in% of the total)

Appendix 2

The volume of agricultural production in all categories of farms in the Russian Federation, million tons

List of used literature

1. Altupov I.A. "The new agrarian system of Russia". M; PTA; 1996

2. Vidyatina V. M . « Economical geography Russia: a textbook for universities ". M; INFRA-M; 1999 year

3. Grebtsov V. E. "Brief description economic regions Russia ". Moscow; graduate School; 1999 year

4. Krashennikova V. M. « Economic Geography of Russia ". Moscow; PTA; 1996 year

5. Morozova T.G. "Economic Geography of Russia: tutorial for universities ". M; UNIKI; 2001 year

6. Petrenko I.A. "Agricultural Economics" .M; Graduate School; 1999 year

7. Rodionova M.A. "Economic Geography of Russia". M; Moscow Lyceum; 2002 year

8. Romanenko G.A. " Land resources Russia ". Moscow; PTA; 1996

9.Kholod L.S. "The system of state regulation of the agro-industrial complex." M; INFRA-M; 1996

10. Khrushchev A.T. "Geography of Russian Industry". Moscow; Graduate School; 1999 year

Countries are a set of natural and man-made wealth that are used to ensure life and improve the conditions for its existence.

The farm consists of many businesses. An enterprise is an independent unit that performs certain types of economic activity. Currently, there are more than 3 million different enterprises in Russia, which in turn can be grouped by industry.

An industry sector is a group of enterprises (institutions) that produce homogeneous products and have similar production processes (or similar raw materials). Industries can be combined into intersectoral complexes.

Interindustry complex (IOC) is a system of enterprises of various industries, united by the release of certain products. The most important IOC of Russia are: fuel and energy, construction materials and chemical substances, engineering, scientific, agro-industrial, infrastructural and military-industrial.

All industries are divided into two spheres of production - material (production) and non-material (non-production).

The branches of the first sphere produce material values. These include industry, agriculture, communications, construction, trade. The non-productive sphere includes management, science, culture, education, health care, consumer services and utilities.

The sectoral structure of the economy - the composition, ratio and connections between sectors. The industry structure is constantly changing. At different stages historical development the role of individual industries is changing. For example, at the pre-industrial stage of the development of society, the leading role was played by agriculture. In the industrial - industry. At the post-industrial stage, into which all the developed countries of the world have entered, the service sector plays the main role.

At present, in Russia the main role belongs to the production sphere, and in it industry. It is followed by trade, agriculture, construction and transport. In the structure of the industry, the extractive industries (fuel, mining,) play a leading role, which is a consequence of the extensive development of the economy. But in recent years, the role of the non-production sphere has begun to increase quite intensively.

The territorial structure of the economy is called the proportion of individual parts of the country, their share in the total production of the country.

The leading role in the economy of the country belongs to the western economic zone, 85% of the industrial and production of the country is produced here, 90% of scientific research is carried out, the bulk of the banking capital is concentrated. Having a more favorable EGP, this region carries out foreign economic relations with countries and. However, the main natural resource potential is concentrated in the eastern economic zone. In the future, it will remain the country's raw material base. Only 22% of the country's population lives on its vast territory, due to the poorly developed, poorly carried out relations with the Asian countries.

Problems of the country's economic development. Indicators characterizing the level of economic development of the country.

After the collapse of the USSR and the severing of economic ties, the economy of Russia, like that of other CIS countries, found itself in a state of deep crisis. There are many reasons: violation of traditional ties with allied enterprises now located outside of Russia; a sharp rise in raw material prices for many industries; low competitive ability of the products of a number of enterprises in the world market, etc.

Industrial output decreased by 20%, and agricultural output by 1/3.

Largest GDP per capita the Russian Federation ranks 115th in the world. Now about 1000 dollars are produced for each inhabitant of the country, while this figure is 34 thousand dollars.

Another important indicator of the level of a country's development is labor productivity. In Russia, for each worker, it is about $ 700, in developed countries it is hundreds of times higher, for example, in -70 thousand, in Japan - 54 thousand dollars.

As a result of various natural, historical and economic prerequisites for the development of production on the territory of Russia.

Geographic (territorial) division of labor is a spatial form of social division of labor, expressed in the specialization of the territory in the production of certain types of products and services, exchange of them.

Formation geographical division labor is a long historical process. Different parts of the country have different natural and economic development conditions. Some are rich, others are poor. Some are densely populated, others are deserted. Thus, the conditions of each territory are conducive to the development of "their" industries. Naturally, in each region those industries will develop conditions for the development of which there are most favorable. Production there begins to be produced in larger volumes than is necessary for local needs. Different parts of the country begin to specialize in the production of certain types of products and exchange them with other territories. The factors in the formation of the geographical division are: historical, natural resource, socio-economic.

So, even in pre-revolutionary Russia, the Central and North-Western regions specialized in metalworking and textile industry... At present, these are areas where complex industrial products are produced. And the specialization in production and gas is determined by the presence in this region largest deposits these minerals, or - one of the main areas of grain farming, due to its natural conditions.

The socio-economic factor determines the profitability of production in terms of its technical and economic indicators. Less costs for transportation of raw materials, profitability of EGP, etc.

Territory specialization may vary. For example, due to favorable natural conditions, initially there was a specialization in grain farming, but after the discovery of oil deposits there, the construction of new transport routes, the region turned into a supplier of products and. Specialization can also change due to the depletion of natural resources.

Each district not only manufactures products, but also leads an active profitable exchange goods and services, creating interdistrict and interregional ties. The wider the specialization of the area, the more favorable conditions it is.