What is meant by mineral resources. Mineral resource base of russia

Mineral raw materials extracted from the subsoil and products of its processing are provided give 65-70% of foreign exchange earnings Russia and 30–35% of its GDP (1997–2000). The mineral resource potential of Russia consists of predicted resources and general reserves, some of which are economically recoverable in the development of mineral deposits.

Here is a list of these problems. Another finding is that most of the former Soviet republics suffer from more common problems: economic downturn, corruption, ethnic tensions and nationalism. In general, other Latin American countries and Canada are not Brazil's main competitors in international trade, as they are major exporters inadequate minerals in our bowels: copper, lead, zinc, nickel, silver, metallurgical coal, potassium among other mineral products imported, as a rule, by Brazil.

In terms of reserves of mineral resources, Russia has no analogues among other countries of the world. Its subsoil contains 17-18% of the world's oil reserves, up to 70-75% of gas, diamonds, niobium, tantalum, up to 50% palladium, St. 40% nickel, up to 30% coal, iron ores, rare earth elements, beryllium, more than 10% uranium. By the beginning of 2000, St. 20 thousand mineral deposits, of which almost 40% are put into industrial development. In Russia, there are deposits that are unique in terms of reserves and quality of ores - oil and gas giants of the West Siberian, East Ural, Timan-Pechora, East Siberian and other provinces, Kuznetsk, Kansk-Achinsky, Pechora coal basins, ore and nonmetallic deposits of the Khibiny, copper-nickel ores with precious metals in Norilsk, diamond pipes in Yakutia. In general, the state of the mineral resource base is capable of satisfying the needs of the domestic industry for mineral raw materials. Nevertheless, Russia is experiencing an acute shortage of such minerals as manganese, chromium, aluminum, titanium, and the ores of ferrous, non-ferrous and rare metals of many Russian deposits are inferior to foreign counterparts in terms of the technological qualities of raw materials and the content of useful components.

Some foreign authors believe that the liberalization of mineral opportunities in developing countries and in the former socialist countries will mean a gain in terms of activities mineral industry... One of the main claims is that foreign companies will use clean technologies that are identical to those used in the countries of origin. Brazilian experience shows that this may or may not happen in day-to-day use. Several states have several timid measures where a deposit is required for the future restoration of degraded areas.

The bulk of the reserves fuel and energy resources located in the Ural (oil, gas), Siberian (coal, uranium), Volga (oil) and the Far East (coal, oil) federal districts.

Oil rig in the Tyumen region

Oil and gas fields available in 37 regions Russian Federation, but the main reserves associated with oil, oil and gas and oil and gas condensate fields are concentrated in the Ural, Volga, in the north of the North-West and on the shelf of the Far East federal districts... Oil reserves in oil and gas basins are distributed as follows: West Siberia basin - 70%, Volga-Ural - 17%, Timan-Pechora - 8%, East Siberian - 3%; the North Caucasian and the Far East accounts for a little more than 1%. Western Siberia is the main oil and gas producing region of the country. The depletion of reserves is approx. 40% for oil and 20% for gas. Experts highly appreciate the possibilities of discovering new large deposits here. The Volga-Ural oil and gas basin, which is one of the oldest in Russia, is characterized by a low quality of crude oil. Depletion of reserves exceeds 50%. But in conditions of a developed infrastructure, this region is ranked second in importance for Russia. The Timan-Pechora oil and gas basin is still insufficiently studied, and its prospects are mainly associated with the shelf part of the Pechora Sea. Harsh climatic conditions are a deterrent to the study and development of this region. The Sakhalin oil and gas basin is characterized mainly by small and medium-sized fields. Its prospects are associated with offshore areas, in which foreign investors are showing great interest.

However, this demand came from a government ministry, not environmental agencies. On the other hand, there is a long list of projects that ignore good environmental standards, including in the Amazon. Its cumulative production reached 700 kg of gold, 700 kg of silver and 800 tons of copper through the extraction of one million tons of ore, resulting in 100 thousand tons of sterile. The plan established rehabilitation measures for areas degraded by mining activities, both during the operation phase of the mine and after the closure of production phases.

Development of a uranium ore depositin the Chita region

Russia possesses unique resources of various types of coal, which are estimated at 4 trillion tons, but they are located mainly in uninhabited regions. In terms of explored coal reserves - more than 200 billion tons - Russia ranks second in the world after the United States.

Although this is a small scale mine, it is gratifying to note that the private enterprise is demonstrating its responsibility to preserve the environment. At present, it is difficult to predict that the environmental responsibility resulting from these investments will depend on tolerant environmental legislation in force throughout Latin America. This issue will be discussed later in this article.

In Brazil, little research has been done on the international competitiveness of the mineral industry. The flexibilization of the rules of the game tends to follow established patterns for other countries in the region, notably Chile and Mexico. Despite the attractions that can be created, there are no tools to replace the international grade deposit, as will be discussed below.

The main coal basins, the total coal reserves of which make up slightly less than 20% of all the country's reserves, are: Kuznetsk, Kansko-Achinsky, Pechora, Podmoskovny,

East Donbass, Irkutsk, South Yakutsk. The main coal-mining basins of great economic importance for the country are Kuznetsk (over 50% of the reserves, including coking coal - 90%) and Kansko-Achinsky (over 20% of the reserves), which produce approx. 60% of commercial coal in Russia. The Ural and European basins account for only 10% of the reserves and 10% of the coking coal. Coking coal reserves amount to 40 billion tons, and the share of valuable grades reaches almost 50%. Up to 50% of the reserves of brown and 20% of coal... Up to 15% of reserves are located in deposits, the development of which is difficult due to mining, geological, technological and environmental conditions.

Inefficiency of the reserve-based model. low levels and technological advances. Politically, they would be safer, only a few of them would be infrastructure problems, labor would be an adequate professional level, so the decisive and unresolved issue will be the technology needed to compete profitably with these countries politically unstable, but with better reserves ...

Despite this, this entire arsenal did not create an unrivaled differential for mines in developed countries. Moreover, when some of these technologies are applied to the rich deposits of the Third World, the bottom line economic and financial impact is doubly victorious. Perhaps the most striking example of the efforts of industrialized countries in an effort to minimize dependence on the subsoil of the Third World is the program to restore submarine nodules rich in manganese, copper, nickel, cobalt and other metals.

Uranium potential Russia is estimated at 1 million tons of metal, but in terms of quality, Russian deposits are inferior to foreign ones. The main uranium-bearing regions are the Urals (less than 10% of uranium reserves), West Siberian, East Siberian (Vitimsky), Streltsovsky (South Transbaikalia) and Aldansky, with which 90% of uranium reserves are associated. The Karelo-Kola, Central European, Sayano-Baikal regions are promising for the development of the uranium mineral resource base.

The program, sponsored by major American, Canadian, German and Japanese companies, has led to the creation of prototype vessels specializing in the extraction of these nodules at depths of over 200 meters. However, at that time, a number of developing countries, such as Chile, were already taking the first steps towards weakening their mineral legislation in order to attract foreign capital. Long list of countries since then? more than 70? adheres to this trend, seeking to compete for the foreign investment available for production projects.

Fieldiron ore in Karelia

Ferrous and alloying metals ... Iron ore resources are concentrated in the Central, Ural and Siberian federal districts. The total reserves are 84.6% and are concentrated in 111 deposits. The average iron content in ore (35.9%) is lower than in the world (49%). Most of the reserves are concentrated in the Kursk and Belgorod regions (59%).

As an increasing number of countries, including First World, saw their public deficits grow, their investment programs were restructured to redefine the role of the state and reduce or eliminate their business functions. Within this new framework, today's multinational mining companies face the most favorable situation in history, with three bloc countries struggling to attract foreign investment. Considering all the factors mentioned in this equation, multinational companies are finding increasingly lucrative options for opening new mines outside their territory.

Inferred resources of manganese ores have been estimated in the North-West, Far East, West Siberian and Ural Federal Districts. Manganese ores are scarce minerals, mainly due to the low metal content and technological undevelopment of carbonate-type ores. The most significant and promising for industrial development are the ores of the Parnokskoe deposit (Ural) with a manganese content of up to 30%, the largest Usinskoe (Northern Cis-Urals) and Porozhnenskoe (Altai-Sayan province), Nikolaevskoe (Cisbaikalia) and Yuzhno-Khingansky (Far East) deposits ...

This would be a very different situation if the Cold War, based on a bipolar world, continued to this day, or if most of the mining-dependent countries were able to maintain their national accounts balance. Assuming extremely pragmatic behavior, multinational corporations have been investing more and more in less developed countries since the second half of the 1980s, where the main competitive advantage is the availability of international-class deposits. Why is this factor the key to success?

If we compare it with the manufacturing industry, the pursuit of excellence has as its paradigm the concepts of total quality, reengineering, downsizing, on-time, etc. Widespread and discussed in countless symposia, seminars and other events held around the world, In the world of minerals, the race is different: where are the reserves that provide an unrivaled position? The situation is similar in the oil world: where are the giant fields located or with low production costs?

Chromium ores in Russia are classified as scarce minerals due to the limited mineral resources and the poor quality of the ores themselves. There are known deposits of chrome ores in Perm (Saransk) and Murmansk regions, in the Polar and South Urals.

A significant part of vanadium reserves are found in ores with a high (2.6%) content of vanadium pentoxide in Karelia. Explored 18 primary and placer deposits. Vanadium reserves are also contained in complex titanium-magnetite and copper-iron-vanadium ores (93.8%) in the Ural Federal District.

It should be clarified that the internal valorization of rich deposits is not a recent discovery of transnational mining. Further, since the time of the Bandeyrans, during the colonial period, the gold of Brazil was mined by the Portuguese and sold on English language under the Methuen Treaty.

Entrepreneurship in Brazil, Australia or South Africa in the interests of geographically closer European countries at the time, it would have been an act of corporate frenzy. The Brazilian Gold Race is currently the Amazon's main destination due to the enormous potential already proven by the garimpeir in the province of Tapayos, Serra Pelada, the state of Mato Grosso and dozens of other areas. This expectation explains the interest in the Amazon shown by large companies as well as Canadian and North American junior companies.

The provision of industry with stocks for certain types non-ferrous and rare metals varies in perspective from sustainable to very limited. Non-ferrous and rare metals are usually found in complex ores. The content of metals in ore is often insignificant, which necessitates the use of modern complex technologies for associated extraction.

Until the 1980s, three factors held back the largest foreign capital invested in the underground. The political risk of developing countries, characterized by dictatorships, revolutions, coups, etc. that threaten the continuity of operations or the repatriation of investments to be made; lack of infrastructure in these countries, given that deposits are usually not located near the coast, which has changed over time, and even more due to technological advances than building this infrastructure to cater for other projects; limiting foreign investment in socialist countries, limiting international trade in mineral raw materials. The evolution of mining in an international context from the 1960s to the present is shown schematically.

OK. 70% of copper reserves are concentrated in the Oktyabrskoye, Talnakhskoye, Gayskoye (Ural Federal District), Udokanskoye (Far Eastern Federal District) deposits. There are known copper deposits in the North-West (Pechenga) and South (Kzyl-Dere) federal districts. The raw material base of copper fully satisfies the domestic market and the needs of the domestic industry.

In fact, the logic explaining the movement of multinational corporations to the Third World in search of richer deposits that do not exist in the First World due to a long industrialization process tends to consume raw materials at close range in the first time. However, the end of colonialism in the first half of this century led to the emergence of aspirations in the political and economic fields in new countries, which would come to the nationalization movement of mining enterprises in Latin America and Africa.

It explains the crisis caused by the inefficiency of the model based on low-level reserves and technological innovation, when the environment of developed countries has accumulated environmental responsibility requiring radical measures, which will be discussed in the paragraph on environmental legislation. Finally, the return of equilibrium to the supply of mineral raw materials to developed countries is not visualized. In parallel, its environmental legislation is being implemented, but tolerantly, trying to reconcile the aspirations of mining companies, whether national or foreign.

Lead reserves are associated with lead-zinc ores and are concentrated mainly in the Gorevskoye (Krasnoyarsk Territory), Kholodninskoye and Ozernoye (Buryatiya) deposits, which are associated with almost 70% of the metal reserves. There are known deposits of lead in the Chita Region, Altai and Primorsky Territories. Insufficient development of lead deposits leads to significant imports of lead ores to meet the demand in the domestic market of Russia.

More than at any other time in history, the power of negotiation depends on the consumer, not the mineral or metal producer. Only a rapid increase in consumption or the creation of oligopolies or cartels for some of these mineral products could change this picture. It is known, however, that the latter hypothesis will not be supported at present for many reasons. As a result of this price imposition in some sectors of the mineral industry, strong competition between producers located at all latitudes, exacerbated by rising environmental control costs, traditional North American mining companies are gradually shifting to European, Japanese or Australian mining companies, signaling that today the American investor is less interested in mining. fossils than in the past.

Zinc reserves are associated with lead-zinc and copper-zinc deposits - Kholodninsky and Ozerny (Siberian Federal District, 66% of reserves), Gaysky, Uchalinsky (Privolzhsky Federal District, 20%) and Uzelginsky (Ural Federal District, 9%).

Nickel reserves are concentrated in the copper-nickel ores of the Norilsk region (70%) and the Pechenga region (20%) in the north of the European part and in the silicate nickel ores of the Urals (10%). The main feature of Russian copper-nickel deposits is their enrichment in precious metals of the platinum group, gold, silver, and rare metals - selenium, tellurium, which significantly increases their value and cost. Russia occupies a leading position in nickel reserves and production and holds up to 20% of the world market.

However, more dynamic sectors of the economy? informatics, telecommunications or biotechnology? to awaken today a stronger appeal to the investor than the mine of this or that mineral good. This has been the opinion of an American investor on Wall Street or Chicago lately, influencing corporate behavior and the planning of large corporations. Are mineral assets strategic?

The connotation of a strategic mineral has always been based on two basic concepts: lack of resources and the possibility of military confrontation. With the world now overflowing with the vast majority of minerals, international trade has been quietly maintaining the balance between supply and demand, without intense rivalry between powers that threaten that balance. Second, the end cold war made self-sufficiency or strategic stockpiling of minerals and other commodities unnecessary.

Aluminum ores (especially bauxite) are among the scarce minerals for Russia. The main reserves of bauxite in Russia are associated with the Iksinskoye and Kalinskoye fields in the Northern Urals, which are unable to meet the needs of the domestic industry. The Vezhayu-Vorykvinskoye field in the Timan province (Komi Republic) is estimated as promising. Aluminum factories in Russia operate mainly on imported and tolled raw materials.

The main reserves of tin (over 95%) are located in the primary and alluvial deposits of the Far Eastern Federal District (Yakutia, Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories, Chukotka), which fully meet the demand on the domestic market.

Tungsten reserves are mainly associated with the deposits of the South (North Caucasus, about 40% of the reserves) and the Far East (Primorsky Territory, about 60% of the reserves) federal districts. The tungsten content in the ores is low.

Molybdenum reserves are concentrated mainly in the Far East (Chita region, Khabarovsk region, 80% of reserves) and South (North Caucasus, 14% of reserves) federal districts.

Mineral resources antimony is concentrated in the unique quality gold-antimony deposits of Sentachan and Sarylakh (Yakutia) in the Far East and in Udereyskiy (Krasnoyarsk Territory) of the Siberian federal districts.

Mineral resources of titanium ores are concentrated mainly in the primary deposits of the North-West ( Kola Peninsula, Murmansk region) and the Ural ( Chelyabinsk region) federal districts and complex (with zirconium) placers of the Northern (Komi Republic), Central, Volga and Ural federal districts. In terms of titanium content and technological properties of ores, these deposits are inferior to foreign ones.

Mineral resources of zircon ores are associated with traditional types of buried placers - Lukoyanovskoye, Central deposits (Central Federal District); Tugan (Ural Federal District) and primary deposits - Kovdorskoe (North-West Federal District); Ulug-Tanzekskoe (Siberian Federal District).

Basic reserves rare earth elements: lanthanides (80%), tantalum (40%) and niobium (30%) are concentrated in the North-West (Lovozerskoye field), Siberian (Tomtorskoye, Beloziminskoye, Bolshetagninskoye, Ulug-Tanzekskoye deposits) and the Far East (Katunskoye field) federal districts

Cobalt reserves are found in the copper-nickel ores of the Siberian (Norilsk region, 72%), Northern (Murmansk region, 10%) and in silicate cobalt-nickel ores of the Ural (17%) federal districts. Cobalt is a by-product component, its content in ores is 0.02–0.07%.

The main mercury deposits - Tamvatney, Zapadno-Palyanskoe (Chukotka), Zvezdochka (Yakutia) are located in the Far Eastern Federal District. Their operation is difficult due to difficult geographic and economic conditions. Small deposits are known in the Krasnodar and Altai Territories.

Beryllium deposits are located in the Ural, Siberian (Buryatia) and Far Eastern (Khabarovsk Territory) federal districts and account for about a third of the world's reserves; 95% of the reserves are in complex ores with a low (0.03–0.3%) beryllium oxide content.

Precious metals and diamonds ... The main probable resources and reserves of bedrock and placer gold are concentrated in the Siberian (Irkutsk region, Buryatia, Yakutia) and the Far East (Chukotka, Magadan, Amur region) federal districts. Primary deposits contain 78% of forecast resources and 54% of total gold reserves, placers - 9% and 19%, respectively, and complex deposits - 12% and 28%. Active reserves are approx. 60%. The placer base in the Far East and East Siberian regions is largely depleted. In recent years, the development of indigenous deposits began ny of gold and silver - Kubaka, Kuranakh, Ducat. The largest gold deposits in Russia - Sukhoi Log, Mayskoye, Nezhdaninskoye and others - have been prepared for exploitation.

Silver reserves are mainly associated with complex copper-pyrite ores of non-ferrous metals and gold deposits (23% of reserves, average grade up to 30 g / t), in lead-zinc ores (16%, average grade up to 443 g / t), in polymetallic deposits and in cuprous sandstones (9% each, average grade 4–20 g / t).

Platinoids are concentrated in rich complex ores of the Norilsk region (79% of predicted resources and 89% of total reserves). Placer reserves are 0.6%.

The general reserves of diamonds are concentrated in Yakutia (82%), Arkhangelsk (18%) and Perm regions (0.2%) and are mainly associated with primary deposits (up to 95%). The content of diamonds in the fields being developed is 2–4 times higher than in foreign ones. The output of gem-quality diamonds is approx. 40%.

TO non-metallic minerals include phosphate ores, potash salts, fluorspar, barite, etc. Phosphate ores are concentrated in the European part of Russia: 71% of the total reserves of apatites (Khibiny in the Murmansk region) and 84% of phosphorites (Leningrad, Moscow, Kirov regions). The total reserves of potash salts (90%) are concentrated in the unique developed Verkhnekamskoe deposit in the Perm region (90%) and the Nepa deposit in the Irkutsk region. Fluorspar reserves are located in fluorspar deposits and deposits of complex ores in the Siberian (48%) and Far Eastern (52%) federal districts. The average content of fluorspar in ores is 39%, at which deposits are not developed abroad. B a rite reserves are explored in deposits yachts in Murmansk, Chelyabinsk, Keme Rov regions and Khakassia. The content of barite in ores is 1.5–2 times lower than in most foreign deposits. Barite belongs to the imported types of mineral resources. General reserves of quartz are found mainly in the Urals (South Ural crystal-bearing quartz province). The reserves are sharply limited and do not meet the needs of the industry. Quartz belongs to the imported types of mineral resources. Some types of non-metallic minerals, such as sand and gravel mixtures, are ubiquitous and consumed in large quantities.

Among the main problems of the mineral resource complex, the following are the most acute: 1) according to the accepted rates of production by 2025, complete or almost complete exhaustion of the initial (as of 2000) reserves of oil, gas, diamonds, copper, zinc, silver, gold and lead is possible ; 2) there is an acute shortage of manganese and chromium ores, titanium, zirconium, uranium, high-quality bauxite, native sulfur, kaolin and bentonites, barite, etc .; 3) a significant number of explored deposits are unprofitable in a market economy and have low competitive ability; 4) many explored deposits are located in unfavorable natural and territorial conditions: individual mining enterprises in old developed mining areas Western Siberia, Ural, Volga region, North Caucasus, Yakutia, Magadan region are poorly provided with proven reserves; 5) the volume of investments in geological research is insufficient, there is an acute shortage of high-performance equipment and technologies for the transition to deep enrichment and complex use mineral raw materials for the extraction of associated components; 6) up to 30-50% of reserves are lost due to insufficient complexity in the use of mineral raw materials during their extraction and processing; 7) the depletion of the prospecting and exploration reserve, a decrease in the share of reserves in the total balance of predicted resources affects.

The role of mineral resources and products of their processing in foreign trade is significant. In Russian exports, the share (of the total value) of fuel and energy resources (oil and gas condensate, gas, coal and uranium) reaches 44%, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, diamonds and non-metallic minerals - 23.7%. In exports to the CIS countries, mineral raw materials account for 40% (fuel and energy raw materials - 95%). The share of mineral resources in imports is insignificant (5.3%), and 1/3 of it falls on ores and aluminum concentrates. In imports from the CIS countries, mineral resources account for 15.8% (77% - alumina and bauxite).

In foreign trade operations with mineral raw materials, four groups of minerals have been formed. The first is oil, gas, coal, iron ore, copper, nickel, gold, diamonds, apatite, potash salt, asbestos, which are exported to European countries and the USA in the form of concentrates and products of high readiness (about 10%). Minor volumes of copper concentrate are imported from Mongolia and nickel concentrate from Cuba. The second group of mineral raw materials (aluminum and titanium) has an insufficiently developed raw material base with developed capacities for processing aluminum and titanium. Moreover, 60% of processed raw materials are imported. The third group includes boric ores, the raw material base of which is sufficiently developed, but the production requires reconstruction and modernization. The fourth group is made up of zinc, lead, rare and trace elements with an insufficiently developed raw material base and insufficiently developed production capacities requiring reconstruction. Thus, export-import operations for zinc are partially carried out on a tolling basis. Uranus occupies a special place because export is made from warehouse stocks in quantities that are many times higher than production.

Mineral resource map

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Introduction

1. The main characteristics of the mineral resource base of the Russian Federation

1.2 The main problems of the mineral resource complex

2. The program of the mineral resource base of the Russian Federation and its importance in the economy

Conclusion

Bibliographic list

INTRODUCTION

mineral resource economy

In the Russian Federation, traditionally, many socio - economic problems of the regions are solved through the use of the available mineral resource base (SMB). The main focus is on the development of large deposits that bring maximum commercial value. However, such deposits are not available in every region and not for every type of mineral resource (MSR).

At present, the mineral resources sector ensures the resource independence of the state and occupies one of the central places in the Russian economy (25-30% of the GNP). Mineral resources were clearly underestimated; today, ever-increasing costs of their reproduction, restoration, replacement of non-renewable resources with artificial ones are needed. To assess the role of the region's mineral resources as an integral part of the economic potential of its development, it is necessary to analyze some of the features of their functioning, determine their components and evaluate the factors that affect the efficiency of their use.

The object of this work is the mineral resources of Russia.

The subject is the main characteristics, problems of the mineral resource complex, as well as the importance of resources in the Russian economy.

The purpose of this work is to analyze the characteristics of the mineral resources of Russia and the peculiarities of their distribution across territories.

Work tasks:

1. Analyze the main characteristics of the mineral resource base of the Russian Federation.

2. To study the program of the mineral resource base of the Russian Federation and its importance in the economy.

The theoretical and methodological basis of this test work are the works of O.P. Ivanov, (the book examines the state management of natural resources and their features).

In this work, methods of analysis and synthesis of literature sources, Internet resources were used.

Stages of work:

1. Study of scientific literature on the research topic.

2. Selection of material.

3. Work on the content.

Research structure: the work consists of an introduction, two paragraphs, four subparagraphs, a conclusion and a bibliography.

1. MAIN FEATURESMINERAL RAW MATERIALSBASES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

1.1 Mineral resources

Under the mineral raw materials(mineral resources) means a set of minerals identified in the bowels of the earth as a result of geological exploration and available for industrial use. Mineral resources are non-renewable species natural resources... The mineral raw materials extracted from the subsoil and the products of its processing provide the overwhelming majority of energy, 90% of the production of heavy industry, about one fifth of all consumer goods.

Mineral resources are the mineral resource base of industrial potential, provide the economic and defense security of the country. The mineral raw materials and mineral raw products obtained as a result of their extraction and subsequent processing constitute the main article of Russian export. Akimova, T.A. Ecology: Textbook for universities. - M .: UNITI, 2002 .-- S. 134 - 136.

The share of enterprises and organizations related to the exploration and production of minerals in Russia accounts for about 10% of the gross domestic product (GDP), and taking into account heat and nuclear energy and primary processing of mineral raw materials - almost 20% of the country's GDP. In the first case, about 1.5 million people are employed in the relevant industries, and about 3 million people, including processing activities.

The mineral resource base of the country's industries (ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, energy, fuel, chemical, construction) is a set of deposits with explored and preliminary estimated reserves. Explored reserves are mineral reserves identified in the bowels of the earth as a result of a complex of geological exploration work and assessed with a completeness sufficient for their development, design and economic assessment of the feasibility of construction mining enterprise... The preliminary estimated reserves include mineral reserves identified by individual workings and estimated by geologically grounded interpolation of the parameters used in calculating the proven reserves. They are the primary reserve for the reproduction of proven reserves.

A distinctive feature of Russia's mineral resource base is its complexity - it includes almost all types of minerals: fuel and energy resources (oil, natural gas, coal, uranium); ferrous metals (iron, manganese, chrome ores); non-ferrous and rare metals (copper, lead, zinc, nickel, aluminum raw materials, tin, tungsten, molybdenum, antimony, mercury, titanium, zirconium, niobium, tantalum, yttrium, rhenium, scandium, strontium, etc.); noble metals (gold, silver, platinoids) and diamonds; non-metallic minerals (apatites, phosphorites, potash and sodium chloride, fluorspar, muscovite mica, talc, magnesium, graphite, barite, piezo-optical raw materials, precious and ornamental stones, etc.). The mineral resources potential of Russia as a whole is sufficient for an independent and effective economic policy.

The demand of the Russian industry for manganese, chromium, mercury, antimony, titanium, uranium and a number of other minerals was previously almost completely covered by supplies from the former union republics THE USSR. The quality of ores of the main minerals in Russia as a whole is significantly inferior in comparison with similar foreign deposits. In this regard, as well as due to a sharp increase in the cost of energy and energy carriers, a multiple increase in transport tariffs and a disordered tax system in the current economic situation, a significant part of the explored reserves turns out to be unprofitable during operation.

1.2 The main problems of the mineral resource complex

The realization of the mineral potential of Russia, the maintenance and development of the extraction of mineral raw materials depend on a number of problems related to both the state of the mineral resource base and the situation in the mineral resource complex of the country as a whole. The main ones are: http://www-sbras.nsc.ru/HBC/hbc.phtml?18+360+1

An acute shortage of certain types of mineral raw materials in Russia (manganese and chromium ores, titanium, zirconium, uranium, high-quality bauxite, native sulfur, kaolin and bentonites, barite and some others);

The unprofitability of the development of a significant number of explored deposits during their revaluation according to the criteria of a market economy and the inevitable decrease in the balance reserves of minerals accounted for by the State Balances;

Lack of competitiveness for a number of reasons of a significant number of domestic deposits of mineral raw materials, especially ores of ferrous, non-ferrous and rare metals in comparison with foreign counterparts;

Low provision of proven reserves of individual mining enterprises, especially in old, long-developed mining areas;

Unfavorable geographical location of explored deposits of certain types of mineral raw materials, which requires large capital investments and worsens the economic indicators of development;

Low rates of preparation for the development of new fields, instead of being developed, and the commissioning of new capacities;

Insufficient complexity in the use of mineral raw materials during its extraction and processing;

Low rates of preparation of ecologically protected groundwater for drinking water supply;

Depletion of the prospecting and exploration reserve of previous years, a decrease in the share of preliminary estimated reserves in the total balance of explored and probable reserves;

Insufficient investment in geological exploration and industrial development of subsoil resources due to the general macroeconomic situation in the country and the imperfection of the tax system.

In conditions of weak supply of raw materials and low economic indicators the development of the remaining and rapidly increasing reserves of the enterprise are switching to the selective mining of high-grade ores, which further aggravates the situation, shortening the operating time of mining operations and leading to large losses of medium and poor-quality ores. At the same time, the already explored large deposits oil and gas in Eastern Siberia and on the shelf of the Far Eastern seas, diamonds in the Arkhangelsk region, indigenous gold in the regions of Eastern Siberia and Of the Far East, bauxite in the Komi Republic, other types of mineral raw materials.

In the presence of such serious problems with the mineral resource base of Russia, its wasteful non-complex use is unacceptable. At present, insufficient complexity of mining and processing of minerals leads to losses of up to 30-50% of reserves recorded in the subsoil. The most significant losses of associated gas and sulfur during oil production, which, in addition to direct economic losses, have a negative impact on environment... Large losses occur at the stage of ore mining and processing.

In modern conditions, the problems of developing the latest resource-saving technologies throughout the entire cycle - from mining through beneficiation, metallurgical processing and to the production of final products, as well as the use of secondary raw materials - are of great importance. The most important of them are:

Improvement of the system for the development of oil and gas fields in order to increase the percentage of development of initial oil and gas reserves (especially viscous oils), use of associated gas, hydrogen sulfide, condensate and heavy fractions of associated gas, eliminate the practice of selective and forced development of large and high-rate oil and gas fields;

Increasing the extraction of peat as a fuel to meet local needs and organic fertilizer for agriculture;

Improving development systems ore deposits in order to reduce the loss of minerals in the subsoil;

Maximum use of secondary raw materials;

Processing of metallurgical slags for the production of crushed stone and metal recovery;

Use of dry magnetic separation tailings as crushed stone;

Utilization of ash and slag from coal-fired thermal power plants for the production of building materials;

Recycling of household and industrial waste (garbage) to obtain scrap of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, glass raw materials and fuel. This is important, given the alienation of vast areas of land, including forestry and agricultural land, for landfills, the improvement of the environmental situation around large cities, etc.

2. PROGRAMMINERAL RAW MATERIALSBASES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND VALUE IN THE ECONOMY

2.1 The main tasks and system of measures of the program

The goal of the program is the sustainable balanced development of the mineral resource base to meet the current and projected needs (including export) of the country's economy in mineral raw materials, as well as the geopolitical interests of the Russian Federation. Ivanov, O. P. State management of natural resources. - Novosibirsk: SibAGS, 2007 .-- S. 165 - 167.

The main objectives of the program are:

Meeting the needs of the basic sectors of the economy (fuel and energy complex, nuclear industry, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical industry) in mineral raw materials;

Improving the socio-economic situation in regions with a predominantly mineral and raw material profile of the economy;

Ensuring the country's balance of payments through the development and use of the mineral resource base, which includes hydrocarbons, precious metals, diamonds and other types of minerals of interest for export.

The reproduction of mineral resources is envisaged to be carried out in volumes that meet the development needs of the extractive industries in accordance with the forecasts for the development of the fuel and energy complex of the Russian Federation.

The implementation of the program is planned in two stages.

The tasks of the first stage (2002-2004) are to ensure the growth of basic production indicators, to prepare various models for the development of the mineral resource base to maintain the minimum required level of extraction of the most important types of mineral raw materials.

The tasks of the II stage (2005 - 2010) are to ensure sustainable reproduction of the mineral resource base in volumes corresponding to the current, medium-term and long-term domestic and export needs of the country, to create a reserve of strategic types of minerals by qualitative and quantitative improvement of the resource potential of the unallocated subsoil fund, approximation to the global ratio of production volumes and mineral reserves prepared for development.

In the period until 2010, it is envisaged to draw up state geological maps at a scale of 1: 1,000,000 in the amount of up to 70 nomenclature sheets, geological additional study of promising territories on an average scale, and conduct geological and geophysical work in the World Ocean and Antarctica.

The program provides for the continuation of offshore exploration work in order to involve in the sphere of economic interests the mineral and raw materials and, first of all, the fuel and energy resources of the continental shelf of the Russian Federation, as well as the international zone of the World Ocean.

The volume of forecasting and prospecting, prospecting and prospecting and appraisal work will be increased to identify highly liquid minerals (noble metals, diamonds, copper, nickel), manganese, chromium, titanium ores that are in short supply for Russia, as well as raw materials to ensure high technologies.

The bulk of the work will be aimed at increasing oil and gas reserves. These works include deep prospecting and exploration drilling, profile and volumetric seismic exploration, etc. The subprogram also provides for the conduct of state hydrogeological, engineering-geological and geological-ecological surveys of areas where intensive mining activities are carried out to ensure the protection of subsoil and the safe use of the geological environment ...

To ensure large-scale geological exploration for the search and exploration of oil and gas deposits on the shelf of the Arctic and Far Eastern seas of Russia and solid minerals in the international zone of the World Ocean, the modernization of a specialized fleet and the development of coastal infrastructure are envisaged. In 2002 - 2010, the design and construction of 7 new ships, including the reinforced ice class, will be carried out.

A significant part of the financial resources is directed to scientific justification and design technical means and technologies for identifying mineral resources, the creation of modern hardware systems for geological, geophysical, geochemical research, as well as high-performance drilling equipment.

The socio-economic efficiency of the program will be as follows:

Creation of a prospecting and exploration reserve for exploration and production works will allow to preserve and create about 8-10 thousand jobs;

Intensification of the rate of reproduction and use of the mineral resource base, improvement of the territorial distribution of mining enterprises, their provision with mineral reserves will create 250-300 thousand jobs.

2.2 The importance of mineral raw materials in the Russian economy

Analysis of the economic potential of mineral resources, the state of fixed assets and the technologies used in the mining complex gives grounds to draw some conclusion about the importance and place of the mineral resource complex in the structure of the country's economic development: Malkov, V.V. Scientific and technical information: a view from the region. // Information resources of Russia. - 2000. - No. 5. - S. 15-17.

1. Mineral resources - an important potential for the economic development of the country.

2. Comprehensive assistance to the development of the domestic processing industry on the basis of the mining complex is the main reserve for the transformation of Russia in the relatively near future into a leading economic power with high level life for the majority of the population.

3. Analysis of economic processes taking place in the world requires comprehensive government support and the creation on the basis of resource-extracting enterprises of large financial and industrial corporations of an intersectoral profile that could compete on equal terms with transnational corporations of the West.

4. The development of the mining complex should be regulated by the state using purely market methods, while the state should in every possible way contribute to the development of the processing industry on the basis of the mining complex.

5. The state of fixed assets and applied technologies of the mining complex of the country with richest reserves natural resources are such that in the coming years they cannot provide additional significant financial receipts to the country's budget for large state investments in their own processing industry.

The sustainable development of the Russian economy in the coming years should be based on the systematic growth of its components and, first of all, due to the mineral resource potential.

The provision of the country with natural resources is the most important economic and political factor in the development of social production. The structure of natural resources, the size of their reserves, quality, degree of study and directions of economic development have a direct impact on the economic potential. The availability of rich and efficient natural resources gives a wide scope for the economic development of the regions.

The economic development of Russia's natural resources creates real opportunities for attracting large-scale investments, including foreign capital; the export of natural resources provides a significant part of foreign exchange earnings.

Mineral and raw materials occupy the central place among the natural resources of Russia, which is determined by the following circumstances:

Geographical location, in which life support is impossible without significant consumption of mineral resources;

A predominantly raw-material economy with a focus on the extraction, processing and redistribution of mineral raw materials;

The greatest attractiveness of subsoil resources for foreign investors;

Vast territories and geological prospecting works carried out on them in the previous decades, which made subsoil resources a very essential element of national wealth.

The Russian Federation possesses significant reserves of mineral resources. The number of types of mineral raw materials explored on its territory is unique and has no analogues in the world. In terms of nickel and natural gas reserves (33% of world reserves), Russia ranks first in the world, in terms of oil reserves - second after Saudi Arabia, coal - the third after the USA and China, gold - the third after South Africa and the USA, etc. In addition to the direct availability of a wide range of the most important types of mineral raw materials, this complex of the economy has a developed mining and processing infrastructure and a powerful scientific and technical potential. Bobylev, S.N. Energy complex and nature. Energy: economics, technology, ecology. - 2001. -№1. - S. 35 - 40.

A strategic factor in Russia's economic growth in the near future should be the restructuring of the national economy on the basis of the available mineral resources of the country in order to significantly increase its efficiency. It is necessary to rebuild the sectoral and production structures that took shape under the conditions of a planned distribution system and complete isolation from the world market. This circumstance determined the low level of efficiency of the manufacturing industry, the non-competitiveness of most of its products in the world market and, as a result, a decrease in production volumes and the liquidation of many enterprises in this sector of the economy.

CONCLUSION

Mineral resources are understood as a set of minerals identified in the bowels of the earth as a result of geological exploration and available for industrial use. Mineral resources are non-renewable types of natural resources. The mineral resource base of the country's industries (energy, fuel, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical, construction) is a set of deposits with explored and preliminary estimated reserves.

Explored reserves are mineral reserves identified in the subsoil as a result of a complex of geological exploration works and estimated in full sufficient for their development, design and economic assessment of the feasibility of building a mining enterprise.

A distinctive feature of Russia's mineral resource base is its complexity - it includes almost all types of minerals: fuel and energy resources (oil, natural gas, coal, uranium); ferrous metals (iron, manganese, chrome ores); non-ferrous and rare metals (copper, lead, zinc, nickel, aluminum raw materials, tin, tungsten, molybdenum, antimony, mercury, titanium, zirconium, niobium, tantalum, yttrium, rhenium, scandium, strontium, etc.); noble metals and diamonds (gold, silver, platinoids); non-metallic minerals (apatites, phosphorites, potash and sodium chloride, fluorspar, muscovite mica, talc, magnesium, graphite, barite, piezo-optical raw materials, precious and ornamental stones, etc.).

According to the most elaborated and acceptable estimates, the gross value of explored and estimated mineral resources in world market prices is almost $ 30 trillion. US dollars, of which more than three quarters fall on oil, gas, coal. However, this huge mineral resource potential has been studied and developed only partially.

The Russian mineral resource complex plays an important role in all spheres of the state's life: it ensures a stable supply of mineral resources to the sectors of the economy; makes a significant contribution to the formation of the revenue side of the country's budget; constitutes the basis of the country's defensive power; provides social stability; contributes to the development of integration processes between countries.

Bibliographic list

1. Akimova, T.A. Ecology: Textbook for universities. - M .: UNITI, 2002 .-- 455 p.

2. Bobylev, S.N. Energy complex and nature. Energy: economics, technology, ecology. - 2001. -№1. - S. 35-40.

3. Ivanov, O. P. State management of natural resources. - Novosibirsk: SibAGS, 2007 .-- 232 p.

4. Malkov, V.V. Scientific and technical information: a view from the region. // Information resources of Russia. - 2000. - No. 5. - S. 15-17.

5. Shashkova, O. G. Mining enterprise as a tool for transforming the mineral resources of society. Ecology and mining. Collection of scientific papers. -M .: MGGU, 2004. -S. 58-65.

6.http: //www-sbras.nsc.ru/HBC/hbc.phtml?18+360+1.

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