Western europe subregions map. Subregions of Europe

Sub-regions of overseas Europe

Introduction

Political Map Europe is distinguished by the greatest fragmentation, and this is understandable. After all, it is Europe that has played the role of the most important political, economic and cultural center of the entire planet during two millennia of our era. This “Eurocentrism” also gives rise to such features of the political map of the region as its greatest “maturity”, “tendency to betrayal and change”, the emergence and testing of most of the basic forms of state structure in this very place.

1. Changes on the political map of the world

Throughout most of our era, the political map of Europe was characterized by two main features. The first of them is instability, which was associated both with external invasions during the time of the great migration of peoples, Arab, Tatar-Mongol, Turkish (Ottoman) conquests, and with endless invasive (for example, Napoleonic in early XIX c.), internecine (for example, between the Scarlet and White Rose in England in the 15th century), dynastic (for example, for the Austrian, Polish, Spanish heritage in the 18th century), liberation (for example, Russian-Turkish in the 18th-19th centuries .) wars. Historians consider the Thirty Years' War in the 17th century to be the first pan-European war. Finally, it was Europe that became the main arena of both the First and Second World Wars. It is clear that all these wars could not but lead to large quantitative and qualitative changes in the political map. The second main feature is fragmentation, which was especially clearly manifested in the Middle Ages and in modern times, but it remained until modern times, despite the general tendency towards increased centralization.

In the XX century. the greatest changes on the political map of Europe were associated with three epochal events: 1) the First World War, 2) the Second World War, and 3) the collapse of the world socialist system.

The first World War 1914-1918, which arose as a result of the aggravation of contradictions between the two coalitions of imperialist powers - the Entente and the Triple Alliance - could not but lead to major changes in the political map of Europe. The main ones were that the defeated members of the Triple Alliance, led by Germany, were forced to make significant territorial concessions. And the Entente countries (England, France and Russia), which won this war, along with several other states that joined them, received an increase in territory. The war also led to the disintegration of Austria-Hungary and the formation of Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia as independent states. After the revolution in Russia in 1917, Poland, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia gained independence. These transformations of the political map of Europe, as it were, combined both quantitative and qualitative changes associated with cardinal changes in the social structure of some countries.

World War II 1939-1945 led to new quantitative changes on the map of Europe, associated with a significant redrawing of state borders, the occupation of the territory of defeated Germany by the allies in the anti-Hitler coalition. And the main qualitative changes took place in the central-eastern part of foreign Europe, where, as a result of first people's democratic and then socialist revolutions, eight socialist states were formed: Poland, German Democratic Republic(East Germany), Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia and Albania. This is how a bipolar system of socialist and capitalist states of Europe was formed, which were part of two opposing military-political blocs - the Warsaw Pact Organization (OVD) and the North Atlantic Alliance (NATO).

The collapse of the USSR - and with it the entire world socialist system - at the turn of the 80-90s. XX century. led to new very significant changes in the political map of Europe. First, they consisted in the unification of the two German states - the FRG and the GDR - and the re-establishment of a single German state after a forty-year period of its political split. This unification went through several stages and ended in September 1990. Secondly, they found expression in the disintegration of two Eastern European federal states - Czechoslovakia, which was divided into the Czech Republic and Slovakia, and the SFRY, from which Yugoslavia, Croatia, Slovenia, and Bosnia emerged as independent states. and Herzegovina and Macedonia. This “European-style divorce” in the first case took place in democratic, civilized forms, and in the second it was accompanied by a sharp exacerbation of interethnic problems. Third, they manifested themselves in the anti-totalitarian velvet revolutions that took place in most socialist countries. of Eastern Europe leading to a rapid reorientation of their political, economic and military priorities from East to West. Finally, fourthly, they were associated with the withdrawal from the Soviet Union Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia, which became independent states... In 2003, Yugoslavia was transformed into a confederation called Serbia and Montenegro, and in 2006 Montenegro became an independent state.

As a result, 39 sovereign states and one possession of Great Britain, Gibraltar, are now part of overseas Europe. By the form of government among the sovereign states of the republic (there are 27 of them) prevail over monarchies (12). In turn, among the republics, parliamentary-type republics prevail, characteristic of states with established democratic traditions (for example, Germany, Italy), but there are also presidential republics (France). Among the monarchies of foreign Europe there are kingdoms, and principalities, and a grand duchy, and an absolute theocratic monarchy - the Vatican. By the nature of the administrative-territorial structure in foreign Europe, dominated by unitary states, but there are also five federal ones. Among them, Switzerland occupies a special place, which is a confederation, the genealogy of which dates back to the end of the 13th century. V.A. Kolosov even singles out a special, Swiss, type of federation that arose on an ethnolinguistic basis. He also notes that in the 70s-80s. XX century. in many countries of foreign Europe, they began to carry out reforms of administrative-territorial division aimed at consolidating administrative units - both grassroots (communes) and larger ones.

The division of foreign Europe into sub-regions, oddly enough at first glance, causes considerable difficulties associated with the use of various criteria and approaches. Usually, either a two-term or four-term geographic structuring of this region is applied.

2. Features of the division of Europe into sub-regions

In the first case, foreign Europe is most often subdivided into Western and Eastern. This division was fully justified until the early 1990s, since it also had a clear geopolitical basis in the form of opposing capitalist and socialist states. Nowadays, although it continues to be used, it has become somewhat more amorphous. On the other hand, in geographical literature Attempts to subdivide the entire region into the European North and the European South appeared, based on both geographical and, to an even greater extent, cultural and civilizational approaches. Indeed, the Germanic languages and Protestantism predominate in the European North, while the Romance languages and Catholicism prevail in the South. The North as a whole is more economically developed, more urbanized, and richer than the South. It is also interesting that almost all countries with a monarchical form of government are located in the northern part of the region.

The four-member division of overseas Europe is also very widely used in geographical literature. Until the early 1990s. it was traditionally divided into four sub-regions: Western, Northern, Southern and Eastern Europe. But in the 1990s. a new concept of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), which covers 16 post-socialist countries from Estonia in the north to Albania in the south, has entered scientific use. All of them form a single territorial array with an area of almost 1.4 million km 2 with a population of about 130 million people. Central-Eastern Europe occupies, as it were, an intermediate position between the CIS countries and the sub-regions of Western, Northern and Southern Europe.

Considering this issue, one cannot ignore the classification that is officially applied - in relation to the whole of Europe - by the United Nations Organization (Table 1).

Table 1. SUBREGIONS OF EUROPE BY CLASSIFICATION

Such a classification cannot be ignored by geographers, if only because it underlies all UN statistical materials. But at the same time, one cannot fail to notice that the assignment of Great Britain and Ireland and the Baltic countries to Northern Europe has never been accepted in Russian geography.

The forecasts of the majority of political scientists boil down to the fact that in the foreseeable future the political map of foreign Europe will, apparently, be in a state of relatively stable equilibrium, so that any cardinal changes on it, in general, are unlikely. At the same time, the centripetal tendencies towards a united Europe will obviously increase even more. Although centrifugal tendencies - especially in states with strong nationalist and separatist movements - may also persist.

3. European Union: lessons of integration

The European Union (EU) is the most prominent example of regional economic integration. However, it is not entirely accurate to call this integration economic, since it is simultaneously monetary, political and cultural. The founding documents of the EU clearly state that the union is called upon to contribute to the balanced and sustainable economic and social progress of the member states, in particular by creating a space without internal borders, that its goal is to carry out a common foreign policy and security policy, development of cooperation in the field of justice and home affairs. In a word, it is about creating truly perfect new Europe, Europe without borders. It is known that at one time V. I. Lenin strongly opposed the idea of the United States of Europe. It seems, however, that these days it has acquired quite visible features.

In its formation, the modern European Union went through several stages, which, first of all, reflected its, so to speak, development in breadth.

The formal date of birth of the EU can be considered 1951, when the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was established in six countries: Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. In 1957, the same six states concluded two more agreements among themselves: on the European Economic Community (EEC) and on the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom). The first expansion of the community, which was renamed the European Union in 1993, took place in 1973 when Great Britain, Denmark and Ireland joined it, the second in 1981 when Greece joined it, and the third in 1986. ., when Spain and Portugal were added to all these countries, the fourth - in 1995, when Austria, Sweden and Finland also joined the EU. As a result, the number of EU member states increased to 15.

In the 1990s, especially after the collapse of the world socialist system, the desire of European countries to join the European Union increased even more, which primarily refers to the countries of Eastern Europe. After lengthy negotiations and agreements, in May 2004 Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Lithuania, Estonia, as well as Cyprus and Malta became full members of this organization. Consequently, there are already 25 EU countries. And at the beginning of 2007, Romania and Bulgaria also joined them (Fig. 1). In the future, the expansion of the EU is likely to continue. Already in 2010, Croatia may join it, followed by Macedonia, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro. Turkey has also submitted its application to join the EU a long time ago.

Simultaneously with the development of the European Union in breadth, its development in depth took place, which went through approximately the same stages. At the initial stage of the existence of the integration group, the main task was to create a customs union and a common market for goods, therefore in everyday life it was usually called the Common Market. By the mid-1980s. this task was basically accomplished, and the Common Market, which came to be called the single internal market (EUR), already ensured the free movement of not only goods, but also services, capital, and people. After that, in 1986, the member states signed the Single European Act and preparations began for the transition from the EUR to an economic, monetary and political union of the EU countries.

Significant successes have been achieved along this path.

First, in fact, a common European economic space of 29 countries has already been created. If at the end of the 1990s. the share of intraregional trade in the EU exceeded 60%, but now it is even higher.

Secondly, according to the Schengen agreement, a single European visa-free space has actually been created, within which there are no border guards, and to visit any of the countries it is enough to obtain only one visa valid everywhere. The Schengen Agreement has been in effect since March 1995. First, ten countries joined it - Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, Germany, Austria, Italy, Spain, Portugal and Greece, in March 2001, five more Nordic states - Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Iceland, and at the beginning of 2008 eight more Eastern European countries and Malta, on the borders of which there were checkpoint countries. Residents of other countries, including Russia, must obtain a visa to enter the EU.

Third, and most importantly, on January 1, 1999, a unified monetary system was introduced in the EU countries, which meant a transition to a common currency - the euro. True, at the first stage, only 12 of the 15 EU countries entered the euro zone (Great Britain, Denmark and Sweden remained outside of it), but their population was more than 300 million people, exceeding the number of residents of the United States. Together, 12 countries have already formed an economic and monetary union (EMU), which in the literature is often referred to as Euroland or Eurozone. At the same time, the United Central Bank began to work.

After the introduction of the single currency, the euro, its exchange rate against the national currencies of the Eurozone countries was administratively fixed at a constant level. This means that the Belgian and Luxembourgian francs, the German mark, the Spanish peseta, the French franc, the Irish pound, the Italian lira, the Dutch guilder, the Austrian shilling, the Portuguese escudo, and the Finnish mark began to be converted into euros at a strictly fixed rate. And for countries outside the Eurozone, a floating rate was established, the quotes of which against the dollar and other currencies are subject to daily changes.

This continued until the beginning of 2002, after which new cash and euro coins completely replaced the national currencies of 12 countries. All market prices were changed in proportion to their conversion rate, wage, pensions, taxes, bank accounts, etc. In 2008, the number of euro area countries reached 15. At the same time, about 25 more countries and territories entered the euro area, most of which were part of the franc area, for example, six overseas departments France and its 14 former possessions in Africa. The new currency was also adopted in the microstates of Europe - Andorra, Monaco, San Marino and the Vatican.

It can be added that in connection with the already mentioned coming to power in most of the EU countries of socialist and social democratic parties, more attention has begun to be paid not only to financial and economic, but also purely humanitarian problems. For example, the EU has a Committee on Education, whose task is to coordinate the content and methods of school education. A special European Institute for Education and Social Policy operates in Paris. There is also the Center for Educational Research and Innovation, the European Institute for University Education Research, and the European Center for Vocational Education. In order to eliminate the language barrier, international programs Lingua and Erasmus. The first of them began to be implemented back in 1989 in 12 countries. She aims to learn ten state languages: English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, Danish, Greek and Irish. Since 1987, the Erasmus program has also been implemented, the main goal of which is to expand student exchange between the countries of the union.

By now, the institutional structure of the European Union has already been fully formed, the mechanism of its functioning has been formed, which includes both interethnic and supranational bodies. The main ones are: 1) The European Parliament (European Parliament) - the main body of the EU, 626 deputies of which are elected by direct universal suffrage for a period of 5 years. National quotas in the European Parliament are assigned to countries in accordance with their population. 2) The Council of the European Union (it should not be confused with the Council of Europe, mentioned above), which is formed by officials from the governments of the EU member states and also has the right to initiate legislation. 3) The European Commission is the main executive agency The EU, which is responsible for the implementation of decisions taken by the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union. 4) The European Court of Justice is the highest judicial body of the EU.

Sessions of the European Parliament are taking place in Strasbourg and Brussels. Meetings of the Council of the European Union are taking place in Brussels. The main institutions of the European Commission are also headquartered in Brussels, and the European Court of Justice is based in Luxembourg. In the 1980s. the main symbols of the EU also developed: its official anthem was the ode "To Joy" from Beethoven's Ninth Symphony, and the flag was a blue cloth with 15 gold stars. But the European Constitution, the adoption of which was scheduled back in 2003, has not yet been adopted.

Now, as already noted, the European Union acts as one of the leading centers of the world economy, exerting a great influence on all world economy... Its share in world GDP and industrial production exceeds 1/5, and in world trade it is almost 2/5. In the economic literature, this center is sometimes compared with two other leading centers of the world economy - the United States and Japan. It turns out that the EU is ahead of the other two world centers in many leading indicators - both in terms of its share in the GDP of all OECD countries, and in terms of its share in world trade, and in terms of foreign exchange reserves. The EU countries occupy important positions not only in the production of traditional industrial products(machine tools, cars), but also in many science-intensive industries. They pursue a unified regional policy - and sectoral (especially in agricultural sector), and territorial. On average, in the EU countries, the share of the tertiary sector in the structure of GDP is 65%, and in some of them - more than 70%. This is evidence of the post-industrial structure of their economy.

However, all these achievements do not mean that the EU countries do not face rather complex geopolitical and socio-economic problems. Some of these problems stem from the fact that in terms of their economic power, the member states of the EU differ very much, because this is an alliance of great powers and small countries (Table 2). It is easy to calculate that the GDP of ten small EU countries is less than the GDP of Germany alone. Moreover, they grow into integration processes, as they say, "at different speeds."

The European Union as an integration region has close economic ties with other parts of the world economy. Among his partners are the USA, Japan, China, countries Latin America, Africa, other regions. By economic agreements of various kinds, the EU countries are linked with 60 other states. To this it should be added that in accordance with the Lomé Convention (concluded in the capital of Togo, Lome), 69 African countries have long been included in the EU as associate members, The Caribbean and The Pacific(ACP countries). Since the said convention ended in 1999, a new multilateral agreement was concluded instead.

For Russia, economic and other relations with the European Union are of particular importance, because the EU countries account for more than 1/2 of its foreign trade, and almost 3/5 of all investments in Russian economy also comes from the EU states.

Table 2. SOME DATA ON EU COUNTRIES (2007)

After several years of negotiations, the EU-Russia Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA) entered into force in 1997, which established the Parliamentary Cooperation Committee and the Cooperation Council. Over the ten years of the PCA's operation, a lot of work has been done to develop in-depth relations in the political, trade, economic, financial, legal and humanitarian fields, to determine the main goals and mechanisms of cooperation. In 2008, preparations began for the conclusion of a new basic cooperation agreement between Russia and the EU.

Literature

1. All capitals of the world. Encyclopedic reference / Comp. I.N. Novikov. 2nd ed. - M .: Veche, 2006.

2. Smooth Yu.N., Nikolina V.V. Geography. Modern world... Textbook for 10 cl. - M .: Education, 2008.

3. Mashbits Y. G. Basics of regional studies. Book for the teacher. - M .: Education, 1999.

Execution of punishment in the form of imprisonment in correctional colonies and in a disciplinary military unit

Examination: Execution of punishment in the form of imprisonment in correctional colonies and in a disciplinary military unit

Execution of punishments in relation to convicted military personnel

Examination: Execution of punishments in relation to convicted military personnel

Thesis: The meaning of motive and purpose of a crime in criminal law

Summary: Institute of Punishment and Imprisonment in Criminal Law

Examination: Institute of Constitutional Rights and Freedoms in Foreign Countries

Sub-regions of overseas Europe

2. Features of the division of Europe into sub-regions

In the first case, foreign Europe is most often subdivided into Western and Eastern. This division was fully justified until the early 1990s, since it also had a clear geopolitical basis in the form of opposing capitalist and socialist states. Nowadays, although it continues to be used, it has become somewhat more amorphous. On the other hand, attempts to subdivide the entire region into the European North and the European South have appeared in the geographical literature, based on both geographical and, to an even greater extent, cultural and civilizational approaches. Indeed, the Germanic languages and Protestantism predominate in the European North, while the Romance languages and Catholicism prevail in the South. The North as a whole is more economically developed, more urbanized, and richer than the South. It is also interesting that almost all countries with a monarchical form of government are located in the northern part of the region.

The four-member division of overseas Europe is also very widely used in geographical literature. Until the early 1990s. it was traditionally divided into four sub-regions: Western, Northern, Southern and Eastern Europe. But in the 1990s. a new concept of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), which covers 16 post-socialist countries from Estonia in the north to Albania in the south, has entered scientific use. All of them form a single territorial array with an area of almost 1.4 million km2 with a population of about 130 million people. Central-Eastern Europe occupies, as it were, an intermediate position between the CIS countries and the sub-regions of Western, Northern and Southern Europe.

Considering this issue, one cannot ignore the classification that is officially applied - in relation to the whole of Europe - by the United Nations Organization (Table 1).

Table 1. SUBREGIONS OF EUROPE BY CLASSIFICATION

3. European Union: lessons of integration

The European Union (EU) is the most prominent example of regional economic integration. However, it is not entirely accurate to call this integration economic, since it is simultaneously monetary, political and cultural. It is clearly stated in the fundamental documents of the EU that the union is called upon to contribute to the balanced and sustainable economic and social progress of the member states, in particular by creating a space without internal borders, that its goal is to pursue a common foreign and security policy, develop cooperation in the field justice and internal affairs. In a word, we are talking about the creation of a truly completely new Europe, a Europe without borders. It is known that at one time V. I. Lenin strongly opposed the idea of the United States of Europe. It seems, however, that these days it has acquired quite visible features.

In its formation, the modern European Union went through several stages, which, first of all, reflected its, so to speak, development in breadth.

Significant successes have been achieved along this path.

The political map of Europe is distinguished by the greatest detail, and this is quite understandable. After all, it is Europe that has played the role of the most important political, economic and cultural center of the entire planet during two millennia of our era. This “Eurocentrism” also gives rise to such features of the political map of the region as its greatest “maturity”, “tendency to betrayal and change”, the emergence and testing of most of the basic forms of state structure in this very place.

Throughout most of our era, the political map of Europe was characterized by two main features. The first one is instability, which was associated both with external invasions during the great migration of peoples, Arab, Tatar-Mongol, Turkish (Ottoman) conquests, and with endless invasive (for example, Napoleonic at the beginning of the 19th century), internecine (for example, between the Scarlet and White rose in England in the 15th century), dynastic (for example, for the Austrian, Polish, Spanish inheritance in the 18th century), liberation (for example, Russian-Turkish in the 18th – 19th centuries) wars. Historians consider the Thirty Years' War in the 17th century to be the first pan-European war. Finally, it was Europe that became the main arena of both the First and Second World Wars. It is clear that all these wars could not but lead to large quantitative and qualitative changes in the political map. The second main feature is fragmentation, which was especially clearly manifested in the Middle Ages and in modern times, but has survived to modern times, despite the general tendency towards increased centralization.

In the XX century. the greatest changes on the political map Europe were associated with three epoch-making events: 1) the First World War, 2) the Second World War, and 3) the collapse of the world socialist system.

The First World War of 1914-1918, which arose as a result of the exacerbation of contradictions between the two coalitions of imperialist powers - the Entente and the Triple Alliance - could not but lead to major changes in the political map of Europe. The main ones were that the defeated members of the Triple Alliance, led by Germany, were forced to make significant territorial concessions. And the Entente countries (England, France and Russia), which won this war, along with several other states that joined them, received an increase in territory. The war also led to the disintegration of Austria-Hungary and the formation of Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia as independent states. After the revolution in Russia in 1917, Poland, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia gained independence. These transformations of the political map of Europe, as it were, combined both quantitative and qualitative changes associated with cardinal changes in the social structure of some countries.

World War II 1939-1945 led to new quantitative changes on the map of Europe, associated with a significant redrawing of state borders, the occupation of the territory of defeated Germany by the allies in the anti-Hitler coalition. And the main qualitative changes took place in the central-eastern part of foreign Europe, where, as a result of first people's democratic and then socialist revolutions, eight socialist states were formed: Poland, the German Democratic Republic (GDR), Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia and Albania ... This is how a bipolar system of socialist and capitalist states of Europe was formed, which were part of two opposing military-political blocs - the Warsaw Pact Organization (OVD) and the North Atlantic Alliance (NATO).

The collapse of the USSR - and with it the entire world socialist system - at the turn of the 80-90s. XX century. led to new very significant changes in the political map of Europe. First, they consisted in the unification of the two German states - the FRG and the GDR - and the re-establishment of a single German state after a forty-year period of its political split. This unification went through several stages and ended in September 1990. Secondly, they found expression in the disintegration of two Eastern European federal states - Czechoslovakia, which was divided into the Czech Republic and Slovakia, and the SFRY, from which Yugoslavia, Croatia, Slovenia, and Bosnia emerged as independent states. and Herzegovina and Macedonia. This “European-style divorce” in the first case took place in democratic, civilized forms, and in the second it was accompanied by a sharp exacerbation of interethnic problems. Third, they manifested themselves in the anti-totalitarian velvet revolutions that took place in most of the socialist countries of Eastern Europe, leading to a rapid reorientation of their political, economic and military priorities from East to West. Finally, fourthly, they were associated with the secession from the Soviet Union of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia, which became independent states. In 2003, Yugoslavia was transformed into a confederation called Serbia and Montenegro, and in 2006 Montenegro became an independent state.

As a result, 39 sovereign states and one possession of Great Britain, Gibraltar, are now part of overseas Europe. By the form of government among the sovereign states of the republic (there are 27 of them) prevail over monarchies (12). In turn, among the republics, parliamentary-type republics prevail, characteristic of states with established democratic traditions (for example, Germany, Italy), but there are also presidential republics (France). Among the monarchies of foreign Europe there are kingdoms, and principalities, and the grand duchy, and the absolute theocratic monarchy - the Vatican (see Table 9 in Book I). By the nature of the administrative-territorial structure, unitary states prevail in foreign Europe, but there are also five federal ones (Table 10 in Book I). Among them, Switzerland occupies a special place, which is a confederation, the genealogy of which dates back to the end of the 13th century. VA Kolosov even singles out a special, Swiss, type of federation that arose on an ethnolinguistic basis. He also notes that in the 70s-80s. XX century. in many countries of foreign Europe, they began to carry out reforms of administrative-territorial division aimed at consolidating administrative units - both grassroots (communes) and larger ones.

Subdivision of overseas Europe into sub-regions, strange as it may seem at first glance, it causes considerable difficulties associated with the use of various criteria and approaches. Usually, either a two-term or four-term geographic structuring of this region is applied.

In the first case, foreign Europe is most often subdivided into Western and Eastern. This division was fully justified until the early 1990s, since it also had a clear geopolitical basis in the form of opposing capitalist and socialist states. Nowadays, although it continues to be used, it has become somewhat more amorphous. On the other hand, attempts to subdivide the entire region into European North and European South, which is based on both geographical and, to an even greater extent, cultural and civilizational approaches. Indeed, the Germanic languages and Protestantism predominate in the European North, while the Romance languages and Catholicism prevail in the South. The North as a whole is more economically developed, more urbanized, and richer than the South. It is also interesting that almost all countries with a monarchical form of government are located in the northern part of the region.

The four-member division of overseas Europe is also very widely used in geographical literature. Until the early 1990s. it was traditionally divided into four sub-regions: Western, Northern, Southern and Eastern Europe. But in the 1990s. a new concept of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), which covers 16 post-socialist countries from Estonia in the north to Albania in the south. All of them form a single territorial array with an area of almost 1.4 million km 2 with a population of about 130 million people. Central-Eastern Europe occupies, as it were, an intermediate position between the CIS countries and the sub-regions of Western, Northern and Southern Europe.

Considering this issue, one cannot ignore the classification that is officially applied - in relation to the whole of Europe - by the United Nations Organization (Table 1).

Table 1

SUBREGIONS OF EUROPE BY UN CLASSIFICATION

Date:

Lesson 7Sub-regions and countries of foreign Europe. United Kingdom. France

Lesson objectives :

To characterize the sub-regions and countries of foreign Europe, to highlight the features of the division of countries by region;

Acquainted with geographic location, nature, people and economy of Great Britain;

Get acquainted with the geographical location, nature, population and economy of France.

Planned learning outcomes :

Subject: the formation of ideas about the division of European countries into subregions; comprehensive acquaintance with the developed countries of Europe - Great Britain and France.

Metasubject: the formation of skills to correlate European countries by subregions; to characterize the economy of the countries according to thematic maps of the atlas.

Personal: understanding the peculiarities of the culture of countries and the principle of doing business.

Main content : sub-regions, foreign Europe, nature, population, agglomerations, the economy of Great Britain, the economy of France.

Students' activities : to characterize the sub-regions of foreign Europe; acquaintance with nature, people and economy of Great Britain and France.

Equipment : textbook, atlas, map "Political map of Europe".

Lesson type : learning new material.

During the classes

Organizing time (1)

Homework check (nine)

Working with the map

Frontal poll:

What is the "central axis" of development?

Give examples of old industrial areas in Europe.

Describe the impact of international economic integration on territorial structure farms.

Updating basic knowledge (3ʹ)

Why do you need to divide countries into regions and sub-regions?

How many sub-regions stand out in Europe?

Motivation learning activities (1)

Europe is one of the most beautiful and developed regions of the planet. Each of the countries is different natural characteristics, population and economy. All countries are unique and inimitable, and the study of each of them will allow you to learn more about the history, population, nature and economy of the region, about the place of the country occupied by it in the international economy.

Lesson topic message. Setting the goals and objectives of the lesson (1)

As you may have guessed, the topic of our lesson is the study of sub-regions and countries of foreign Europe, as well as a comprehensive acquaintance with the developed countries of the region - Great Britain and France. Exploring these countries will help you gain a better understanding of the nature, people, and importance of countries in the global economy.

Learning new material (twenty)

Students' text analysis on p. 215

Subregions of Overseas Europe: Two Approaches to Identifying

Foreign Europe is internally very heterogeneous. Within its limits, separate parts are usually distinguished, or sub-regions - either two or four.

When divided into two sub-regions, Western and Central-Eastern Europe are distinguished. Western Europe includes 24 states (including microstates) with a total area of 3.7 million km 2 , with a population of 400 million. These are countries that have long since embarked on the path of a market economy, which, in the old terminology, are usually called capitalist. Central and Eastern Europe includes 16 countries covering an area of about 1.7 million km 2 with a population of 120 million. These are post-socialist countries, which until the end of the 1980s were part of the world socialist system.

Along with this, in the geographical literature, foreign Europe is usually subdivided into four sub-regions: Northern, Western, Southern and Eastern Europe. In this case, the Scandinavian countries, Denmark, Finland and the Baltic countries belong to Northern Europe, to the West - Germany, France, Great Britain, the Benelux countries, Austria and Switzerland, to the South - all Mediterranean countries, and to the East - Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Slovenia and Macedonia.

The teacher's story, the work of the teacher and students on the compilation of the table "Comparative characteristics of the UK and France", the analysis of the map by students

United Kingdom

France

EGP. Natural conditions and resources

Area - 244100 km 2 .

Composition: England (39 counties, 6 metropolitan counties, Greater London), Wales (8 counties), Scotland (9 districts and island territories), Northern Ireland (26 counties), Isle of Man, Channel Islands.

Has access to Atlantic Ocean... The climate is mild, there are many rivers. The relief is flat. There are deposits of coal, iron, oil and gas.

Area - 551,000 km 2 .

Composition: 22 regions, 96 departments, 5 overseas departments(,), 5 overseas territories (, islands,), 3 territories with special status (,).Located in Western Europe. Has access to the Atlantic Ocean. The relief is flat, in the south there are mountains. The climate is temperate, in the south it is subtropical. There are many rivers. Mineral resources: iron, uranium, phosphorus, bauxite.

Population

Population - 61.1 million people. (English, Scots, Irish, Welsh). Population density - 247 people / km 2 ... EP - 0.3‰ ... Religion - Protestantism. 90% are citizens. Big cities: London, Leeds, Birmingham, Manchester.

Population - 60.6 million people. (French, Bretons, Corsicans, Catalans, Basques, Arabs) population density - 116 people / km 2 ... EP - -4‰ ... Religion - Catholicism, Islam. 87% are urbanites. Major cities: Paris, Marseille, Lyon.

Industry

In the second half of the twentieth century, it lagged behind, but after the policy of M. Thatcher improved.

Mechanical engineering gives 40% of the cost of production. It has developed aircraft, electronics and electrical engineering, and the automotive industry (Cambridge, Oxford, Coventry, Yorkshire).

Chemical industry produces petroleum products, plastics, paints, acids, chemical fibers and others (London, Middlesbrough, Liverpool, Edinburgh).

Metallurgy (Birmingham, Lancashire, South Wales).

Light industry(wool - Yorkshire, linen - Lancashire).

Mechanical engineering is represented by automotive, aircraft, shipbuilding, electrical engineering (Paris, Toulouse, Marseille).

The chemical industry is represented by the production of chemical fibers, paints, perfumes (Rouen, Le Havre, Paris).

Electricity (Marseille, Rouen, Bordeaux).

Metallurgy (Dunkirk, Marseille).

Food industry(all over the place).

Light industry (Paris).

Agriculture

The main industry is animal husbandry (dairy, meat and dairy, pig breeding, sheep breeding). In crop production, the cultivation of grain crops, sugar beets, vegetables, and fodder crops is distinguished.

The main branch of plant growing is the cultivation of grain crops, vegetables, orchards and vineyards. In animal husbandry - meat and dairy direction, fishing.

Transport and foreign economic relations

The main role belongs to sea transport. In domestic transport in the lead automobile transport... Air transport is developed.

Trades with developed countries of Europe, USA and Commonwealth countries.

Dense developed transport network. An important role in domestic transport belongs to road and railway transport... Sea and air transport is of international importance.

Trade partners: Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Spain, USA.

Fizminutka

Securing new material (eight)

Working with the map

"Brainstorm":

Why are there many foreign citizens in the French population?

Why is Protestantism the leading religion in Great Britain?

Name industrial centers Great Britain.

Name the industrial centers of France.

Homework (1)

Reflection (1)

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It is not easy to draw the boundaries of European subregions; there is no generally recognized regional division of Europe. This reflects the conventionality of regional boundaries in the most complex European tangle of economic, civilizational and other spatial relationships.

There are many options for regionalization Overseas Europe... Before the collapse of the socialist camp, it was most often divided into Western (capitalist) and Eastern (socialist). In the economic literature, the term "" is still used to denote a sub-region that includes all that continued capitalist development in the post-war period. Geographers usually singled out separately, which included the Scandinavian countries, sometimes Denmark, and, and the South, where they were "listed", and. Now everything is more complicated. In common use is the name (or Central and Eastern) Europe (CEE), which unites most of the countries of the former socialist camp. The Baltic republics are classified as both CEE and Northern Europe. Republics of the former Yugoslavia, as well as, and can be attributed to both CEE and. Some geographers single out separately. Eastern Europe is now sometimes understood as Belarus, Russia and even the new states of the Caucasus.

Subregions of Europe (as classified by the World Tourism Organization)

Western Europe	Northern Europe	Southern Europe	Central Eastern Europe
Austria Germany United Kingdom Ireland Luxembourg Liechtenstein Netherlands Switzerland	Denmark Iceland Norway Finland	Albania Gibraltar Portugal San marino	Bulgaria Macedonia Serbia and Montenegro Slovakia Slovenia Croatia

Western Europe

Northern Europe

Southern Europe

Central Eastern Europe

Austria

Germany

United Kingdom

Ireland

Luxembourg

Liechtenstein

Netherlands

Switzerland

Denmark

Iceland

Norway

Finland

Albania

Gibraltar

Portugal

San marino

Bulgaria

Macedonia

Serbia and Montenegro

Slovakia

Slovenia

Croatia

Another new factor influencing the change in approaches to the regionalization of Europe is the process of the so-called federalization within the framework of the European Union. The idea of supporters of EU federalization is that the union of states is being replaced by a union of regions. Within the EU, nation states deliberately deprive themselves of a significant part of their independence by deciding to share sovereignty with the Union. At the same time, a number of specific functions of state administration are transferred to the constituent parts of states - lands, autonomous regions, regions. From this perspective, it no longer looks fantastic, for example, “dissolution” in a single “Franco-Germany”, obtaining the status of independent subjects of the EU by Catalonia, the Basque Country, Corsica or Wallonia. And whether it will become a reality or will turn out to be an illusion - time will tell.

The issue of the regionalization of Europe is inextricably linked with the issue of the external borders of the region. The search for the most "correct" identification of Europe and its sub-regions has long been occupied not only by geographers, but also by geopoliticians, economists, historians, and cultural scientists. Views are often opposite. Thus, the well-known American geopolitician S. Huntington believes that Europe generally ends where Orthodoxy and Islam are replacing Western Christianity. Between Europe and, in essence, an equal sign is put. In this case, for example, Greece, the cradle of European civilization, falls out of Europe. Another American scientist, L. Ferou, strongly opposes this approach, who believes that European civilization has spread from the Atlantic to. In his opinion, only the unification of Western, Central-Eastern and Eastern Europe, including Russia, will allow United Europe to take advantage of its geopolitical advantages, relying on "the wealth of its diversity."