2. Agro-industrial complex (AIC) is a set of economically interconnected industries specializing in the production of agricultural products, their industrial processing, storage and sale, as well as industries that provide agriculture and the processing industry with the means of production.
2.1. Three main areas of the agro-industrial complex.
There are three main areas in the structure of the agro-industrial complex:
v The first The sphere includes industries that produce means of production for agriculture: tractor and agricultural machine building, machine building for animal husbandry and fodder production, production of reclamation equipment, mineral fertilizers, agricultural industrial construction, feed and microbiological industries serving agriculture production, etc.
v The second sphere - agriculture. Agricultural production is the central link in the country's agro-industrial complex. Agriculture is one of the most important sectors of the economy of any state. It provides a vital product for a person: basic foodstuffs and raw materials for the production of consumer goods.
Agriculture is a special sphere of the economy, which is fundamentally different from all other spheres, because the main means of production in agriculture is land. Land, unlike other means of production, is not a product of human labor; with rational use in agriculture, the land not only does not lose its main and valuable quality - fertility, but can even increase it, while all other means of production are gradually becoming obsolete morally and physically replaced by others. The land is both a means of production and an object of labor. Plants and animals also act as means of production. Another important feature agricultural production is seasonality, which causes unevenness in production, use work force, consumption and use of material and financial resources throughout the year.
Main branches of agriculture:
O crop production with subsectors:
grain farming
(the main grain crops are wheat, rye, millet, buckwheat, barley, rice, oats, corn). This is the leading branch of agriculture, which meets the needs of the population in bakery products, and livestock - in high-quality forage.
production of industrial crops
Technical include fibrous(cotton, flax), oilseeds(sunflower, mustard, soy), sugar bearers(sugar beet), tonic(tea) crops used as raw materials for certain industries (sugar, textile, etc.)
vegetable growing(growing crops such as cabbage, beetroot, carrots, onions, tomatoes, cucumbers)
gardening(growing fruit and berry crops)
O animal husbandry with subsectors:
cattle breeding(main products are milk and meat)
pig breeding(products - meat, fat, leather, the level of development is highest in the zones of highly developed grain farming, potato growing)
sheep breeding(besides meat, wool is also a valuable raw material for textile industry)
poultry(products - meat, eggs, fluff)
rabbit breeding(Meat)
pond fishing
beekeeping(honey, wax)
The location of agricultural production depends on the following factors:
· Natural factors affect the placement, on its sectoral structure, cause territorial differences and instability of production volumes over the years.
The most important natural factors in the location and specialization of the economy are the following:
1) soil quality
2) the duration of the frost-free period
3) the sum of active temperatures (heat supply)
4) total solar radiation(light supply)
5) moisture conditions, (amount of precipitation)
6) topographic conditions of the area (plains, hills)
7) the likelihood of recurrence of unfavorable meteorological conditions (drought, frost, wind and water erosion)
8) provision of water resources
Agricultural crops have significant differences in the duration of the growing season, in the required amount of heat, light, moisture, make their own requirements for the quality of soil. This also determines the peculiarities of their placement not only by region, but also within individual farms. Natural factors, through the fodder base, also influence the location of livestock breeding. The development of science and technology will weaken the impact natural conditions, but up to certain limits.
In this regard, land reclamation is of paramount importance. (Land reclamation is a system of organizational, economic and technical measures to radically improve unfavorable hydrolytic, soil and other unfavorable conditions of lands in order to use them most efficiently.) Only it can ensure high and stable yields.
1. forest reclamation - afforestation of slopes, ravines, creation of field shelter belts;
2. agromelioration - the correct choice of depth and direction of plowing, etc .;
3. water reclamation - drainage, watering and irrigation;
4.chemical reclamation - soil application chemical substances: lime, gypsum, etc .;
5. Cultural and technical reclamation - surface cultivation, stone cleaning.
The greatest effect is provided by complex land reclamation, i.e. simultaneous carrying out of several reclamation activities.
To a greater extent, natural factors affect the location of plant growing industries, and to an unequal extent, determining the areas of their cultivation. For a number of crops (mainly thermophilic), these areas are extremely limited, for example, grapes, tea, citrus fruits, etc. For others, it is much broader (barley, spring wheat, potatoes, etc.).
The most dependent on natural and climatic conditions is grazing livestock (reindeer husbandry, horse breeding, etc.). It is influenced by factors such as the presence of pastures, their size, vegetation composition and the length of the period of their use.
For the location of agriculture are also extremely important socio-demographic factors.
The population is the main consumer of agricultural products; exists regional features the structure of consumption of this product. The specialization of agriculture is influenced by the ratio between urban and rural populations. In addition, the population provides reproduction labor resources for the industry. Depending on the availability of labor resources (taking into account the labor skills of the population), one or another production of agricultural products, characterized by unequal labor intensity, develops. Increased migration of the population in a number of regions limits the production of labor-intensive types of products.
The most labor-intensive are the production of vegetables, potatoes, sugar beets and other industrial crops, and some branches of animal husbandry. The use of specialized qualified personnel contributes to the growth of labor productivity, reducing labor costs for the production of these products. Placement and specialization are also influenced by the interests of the local population.
· Economic factor placement of agriculture
1) the location of farms in relation to the consumer, to sales markets and the presence of processing enterprises, tanks for storing raw materials and final products,
2) provision of production and transport infrastructure, quality Vehicle and ways of communication, transportability of products, the development of interregional ties
3) the level of scientific and technological progress, the achievements of science and technology, which make it possible to dramatically increase the efficiency of one or another agricultural production, expand the areas of production, remove strict restrictions on the specific weight of certain crops in crop rotation, etc.
4) location of farms in relation to auxiliary bases. The location of commercial livestock farming is based primarily on bringing it closer to fodder supplies and consumers of products. Breeding of dairy cattle, pig breeding and poultry farming are located mainly near areas of developed agriculture, which is the main, largest and most versatile base for the production of various and highly productive feed. Breeding of cattle for beef production and sheep breeding are located where there are natural hayfields and pastures, which saves money and labor for transporting feed.
v B third the agro-industrial complex includes processing industries:
O Food industry
The main purpose of the food industry is food production. The food industry is characterized by a complex structure. It includes over two dozen subsectors with numerous specialized industries (bakeries, meat processing plants, dairies, confectionery, oil and fat, beer and soft drinks, large flour-grinding plants, etc.)
The location of the food industry is based on two factors:
Raw materials
The focus on raw materials is due to the consumption of materials in the food industry.
Consumer
The low transportability of agricultural raw materials is taken into account, which is explained by the deterioration of its quality during long-term transportation and storage.
O Light industry
The processing of agricultural raw materials for the light industry is the processing of flax for the textile industry, beets for the production of sugar, etc.
On the territorial organization light industry is influenced by the raw material factor.
The balanced development of all parts of the agro-industrial complex is a necessary condition for solving the problem of providing the country with food and agricultural raw materials.
2.2. Development of the agro-industrial complex.
Intensification is an increase in material labor costs per unit of land area in order to increase the yield of agricultural products, improve its quality, increase labor productivity, and reduce the cost of a unit of production.
The worldwide intensification of agricultural production in various regions on a machine and agrotechnical basis, for which it is necessary in agricultural policy to give priority to the development of large farms of various forms of ownership, turning them into high-value and low-cost production with the expansion of various types of production and supply and marketing cooperation.
Necessary conditions for the successful development of the agro-industrial complex:
1. Equipping with modern technology (mechanization of production)
2. Introduction of new scientific developments (chemicalization, land reclamation, improvement of production technology)
3. Solving social issues (issues of the village, personnel)
4. Development of transport infrastructure (construction, renovation of roads and railways)
5. Development of ties between all spheres of the agro-industrial complex
3. Agroindustrial complex of Russia.
The structure of the agro-industrial complex in Russia is far from perfect; there are serious structural imbalances. An important problem that hinders the normal, balanced development of the entire agro-industrial complex is the underdevelopment of the means of production.
The formation of a production market, an increase in the quality of products of the branches of the first sphere of the agro-industrial complex are necessary for the creation of highly efficient agricultural production in Russia.
The natural resource potential of Russia makes it possible to produce almost all major types of agricultural products. Nevertheless, our country is one of the main food importers. The main reasons are ineffective production, large losses and poor product quality.
There are three agricultural zones in Russia:
North Caucasian- supplies the market with grain (wheat, rice, millet, corn), sugar beets (factory), vegetables, fruits, berries, essential oil, grapes, tea, citrus fruits, tobacco, flax, meat, wool.
Central Black Sea- grain (wheat, rice, millet, corn, rye, oats, barley, legumes), sunflower, vegetables, fruits, berries, essential oils, tobacco, milk, meat, eggs.
Povolzhsky- grain, melons, vegetables, berries, meat, milk, wool.
An important problem is the development of agriculture in the Non-Black Earth Zone of Russia. It includes the North-West, Central, Volga, Ural regions. These areas are industrially developed; more than 40% of the total population of Russia is concentrated here. Therefore, the problem of providing people with food is acute. The non-black earth zone of Russia is at the same time a large agricultural region with significant production volumes and with established specialization. Nevertheless, the needs of the population for foodstuffs are far from being fully satisfied.
The main goal of modern agricultural policy- the formation of an effective and sustainable agro-industrial production, which provides the population with food, and the industry with agricultural raw materials, an increase in the income level of those employed in agro-industrial production, social development of the countryside, ensuring the country's food security.
The situation in the agrarian sector is complicated by the lack of effective state financial support, sharply deteriorated material and technical support, pricing that has taken ugly forms, a system of forming state food resources that is unprofitable for producers, and a number of other reasons.
Agrarian reform
Problems cause the need for an active agrarian reform, the main directions of which are:
Land reform(the creation of an economic mechanism, regulation of land relations and stimulation of rational use and protection of land is underway).
Creation market infrastructure in the agro-industrial complex (agricultural exchanges, banks, trading houses, auctions are being created and functioning, systems for collecting, storing, processing information, insurance systems for agricultural enterprises are being developed).
For the successful implementation of the agrarian reform, first of all, it is necessary to ensure rural transformation(housing construction, construction of cultural facilities, health care, education, road construction, gasification, electrification, communications, i.e. create conditions for the resettlement of citizens to abandoned villages and sparsely populated regions).
The modern agrarian policy of Russia is aimed at bringing the agrarian sector of the economy out of the crisis.
Agro-industrial complex of Ukraine
As a result of the development agro-industrial integration, the unification and merger of relatively independent links in the production and processing of agricultural raw materials, its delivery to the consumer, the agro-industrial complex (AIC) is formed.
Agro-industrial complex (AIC) and its constituent clean.
Production of agricultural products and raw materials, its safety, transportation, processing and bringing to consumers for the fullest satisfaction of their needs require well-coordinated work of many industries, their interaction. All these branches and constitute a conventional agro-industrial complex (AIC). For a fuller satisfaction in the country of consumer demand for food and agricultural raw materials it is advisable to constantly analyze and compare the state of interrelated branches of the agro-industrial complex and, if necessary, take measures for their balanced development.
In modern conditions of a market economy Agroindustrial complex as a whole from the point of view of government and statistics does not exist. In the same time Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation responsible for agricultural development and food and processing industries - fundamentals of the agro-industrial complex.
In the research of scientists, a number of opinions have been formed about structure of the agro-industrial complex, on the sectoral aspects of its problems, on inter-sectoral relations. This is due to the complexity functioning of the agro-industrial complex... So reproduction land resources in itself is the largest national economic problem from the point of view of both the reliability of the management subsystem and the mechanisms of land relations. Due to the incompleteness of the land cadastre and work on economic assessment, land is not taken into account in the resource potential and production assets of both agriculture and the economy as a whole. However, even at the same time Agroindustrial complex maintains and strengthens its very significant position in the country's economy, and in many regions, in terms of the scale of use of production and human resources, it acts as a dominant one, being one of the main consumers of fuel, metal, energy, timber and other material resources.
Broad interpretation of the boundaries of the agro-industrial complex is based on the maximum reflection of existing functional links between different industries. This approach is justified for predicting material flows, regulating inter-sectoral relations, pursuing structural policy, for research and some other purposes.
The agro-industrial complex consists of three areas:
1 sphere- a set of industries producing means of production for agriculture, agricultural construction, material and technical support (including the feed and microbiological industry);
2 sphere- actual agricultural production;
3 sphere- transport, procurement, storage, communication, sale and processing industry (food, light).
The main feature of the industries when viewed from positions of the agro-industrial complex- their correspondence in capacity and agricultural needs: they should not restrain both the production of products and their safety, processing and sale. When in Agroindustrial complex there is not a single bottleneck, the supply of products matches the demand.
It should be emphasized that the amalgamation of individual sub-sectors into spheres is also catchy due to the peculiarities of the tasks they perform. Finite agro-industrial complex product in its natural form is formed mainly in agriculture, in the processing (food and light) industries, partly in the system Catering... Therefore, in the functional aspect, these industries are complex the core of the agro-industrial complex.
The initial stage of the reproductive process in agro-industrial complex is represented by the production of means of production for the branches of this core, and the final one is represented by the sphere of trade, the function of which is to bring the manufactured goods to the consumer. Moreover, at all stages of the distribution of goods, infrastructure industries play an important role,
Fully functional structure of the agro-industrial complex consists of the following areas.
1 sphere... Industries producing means of production:
mechanical engineering (tractor and agricultural), production of technological equipment for the food, flour and cereals, feed industry and processing industries, production of machines for animal husbandry and subsectors of storage of raw materials and foodstuffs;
repair production of all types of equipment in agriculture, carried out by industrial enterprises;
production of mineral fertilizers and plant protection products;
compound feed and microbiological industry (products of microbiological synthesis for the branches of the agro-industrial complex);
rural construction, including land reclamation and road construction.
2 sphere. Agriculture.
3 sphere... Industries producing end agro-industrial product:
food, flavoring, flour-and-cereal, dairy, meat industries;
light industry(textile, leather and fur and footwear);
procurement and storage of agricultural products and raw materials;
transport and communications (in terms of the supporting sphere of the agro-industrial complex);
wholesale trade in agricultural products;
retail trade in food (as well as clothing, footwear) and public catering;
maintenance systems for irrigation systems, veterinary and land management services, quarantine services.
The agro-industrial complex also includes industrial science, governing bodies, personnel training, relevant social bodies and other organizations.
Despite the fact that the state and development of the branches that are conventionally included in the agro-industrial complex has an impact on the branches associated with them, the assessment of the activities of each of them (crop, livestock, flour and cereals, feed, bakery, pasta and other branches) or their groups ( food industry, agricultural production) is produced separately.
At the regional level, organizations of federal significance also carry out many functions or provide services. Therefore, the list and nomenclature included in Agribusiness organizations in each region can be their own. Since the control of the APK as a single complex is not, the level of subordination does not affect their activities.
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abstract
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Introduction
Spheres (links) of the agro-industrial complex 5
Placement of branches of agricultural production 7
Crop industries 9
Intra-industry specialization of animal husbandry 12
Reforms in the agro-industrial complex 16
Conclusion
List of used literature
Introduction
The agro-industrial complex (AIC) unites all sectors of the economy involved in the production of agricultural products and their delivery to the consumer. It supplies the population with food and meets the needs of industry for raw materials, and also supplies production with the means of production for agriculture and agricultural services.
Thus, there are three links in the agro-industrial complex:
1) industries producing means of production for agriculture and the processing industry;
2) agriculture (agriculture and animal husbandry) and forestry;
3) industries processing agricultural raw materials;
In other words, the agro-industrial complex as a complex system includes three main aspects: component, territorial and organized. The component aspect of the structure of the agro-industrial complex is the presence and connectivity of individual industries, functional areas (blocks) of industries and agro-industrial (links).
The agro-industrial complex includes more than 100 branches and sub-branches National economy and many more industries and sub-industries are associated with it.
The branches of the agro-industrial complex can be grouped into separate functional areas (blocks):
A) production of agricultural products (crop production, animal husbandry);
B) industrial processing of agricultural products (food flavoring, meat, dairy, flour and cereals industry, light industry for the processing of agricultural raw materials);
C) production of means of production for all branches of the agro-industrial complex (transport and agricultural engineering, food engineering, production of mineral fertilizers and other chemicals for the intensification of agricultural
Production; microbiological industry, feed industry, rural construction);
D) production and social infrastructure (procurement, storage, transportation and sale of products, research activities and training).
^ Spheres (links) of the agro-industrial complex
As part of the agro-industrial complex, there are three bases
links, or spheres, each of which performs its own defined
function.
^ First link- industries producing means of production for agriculture: tractor and agricultural machinery
nie, mechanical engineering for animal husbandry and forage production, production
management of reclamation equipment, mineral fertilizers, agriculture
industrial construction, feed and microbiological industries, sectors serving agriculture, etc. The first link provides the agro-industrial complex with equipment, fertilizers, construction
objects, etc., i.e. determines the general level of its intensification.
Agricultural machinery is rather bulky and requires a lot of metal for its manufacture. Therefore, the centers of its production
estates are close, first of all, to the regions of consumption, as well as to the resource bases. Combine harvesters are produced in Rostov-on-Don, Krasnoyarsk, flax and potato harvesters - in prices
tralny regions of Russia (Bezhetsk, Ryazan, Tula).
^ Second link - agriculture (agriculture and livestock
state) and forestry - is the main link in the agro-industrial complex. It is from
differs from other branches of material production:
Seasonality of production;
The strong impact on its development of natural conditions, which are very diverse in our country;
Independence of the main means and instrument of labor - land (M areas are limited and cannot constantly expand, in addition, the quality and fertility of the land are different, but with proper use they increase).
Agriculture is a special sphere of production in which land is the main means of production, being at the same time
it is only a means and an object of labor. Land, unlike other means of production, is not
product of human labor, its size cannot be increased. The most important natural factors of accommodation and special
The socialization of agriculture are as follows: soil quality; the duration of the frost-free period, the sum of active tempera
tour (heat supply); total solar radiation (obes
light-headedness); moisture conditions, amount of precipitation; vero
frequency of occurrence of unfavorable meteorological conditions (drought, frost, wind and water erosion); water supply
my resources; topographic conditions of the area, etc. Natural conditions as factors of location affect to varying degrees on the geo
the graph of agriculture.
^ Third link - industries processing agricultural
new raw materials: food industry, light industry
ties associated with the primary processing of flax, wool, as well as industries that provide procurement, storage, transportation and sale of products.
The balanced development of all parts of the agro-industrial complex is a necessary condition for solving the problem of providing the country with food and agricultural raw materials. Lack of
precise development of the third link of the agro-industrial complex with
leads to huge losses of agricultural production, and lower
The increase in the intensification of agricultural production is due to the insufficient development of the first sphere.
^
Placement of branches of agricultural production
The most important component of the efficiency of agricultural
Guo production is scientifically based on its location, tre
A comprehensive consideration of a number of features and factors of its territory
Torial distribution. The location and specialization of agricultural sectors is influenced by natural and socio - economic factors, while the first group of factors has a predominant influence. Agricultural crops for their cultivation require certain natural conditions. The influence of natural factors on the location of livestock industries is manifested through the fodder base.
The main features of the location of agricultural sectors
production:
1) taking into account the widespread needs of the population for agricultural products, which made it necessary to develop and locate its industries everywhere (specific agricultural production in suburban areas, which can provide the population with vegetables, dairy and other types of products);
2) taking into account the variety of natural conditions of agricultural production (soil, climate, growing season, etc.), affecting the composition and volume of products, labor costs, etc.
In connection with this factor, the agricultural sectors are placed according to natural-climatic and soil zones so as to achieve their corresponding effective and sustainable specialization with the predominant growth of the type of agricultural products for which optimal natural conditions have developed in a given region (zone)
3) taking into account the specifics of agricultural production, which consists in the need to combine several branches of agriculture and animal husbandry with the allocation of one or two or three crops,
determining the profile and specialization of the economy as a whole. This allows the rational use of land, agriculture and other factors (seasonality of production).
Other factors also have a great influence on the location of agriculture. The industry that processes agricultural raw materials stimulates the growth of its production in places of its
her localization; labor often determines the location of labor-intensive crops; livestock industries are placed taking into account the nature and characteristics of the feed base and consumer demand for their products; the influence of the transport factor is taken into account, reaching
scientific and technological progress (selection, genetics, etc.).
When placing agriculture, it is necessary to take into account the total
mutual influence of all socio-economic factors, production
social and social infrastructure. Recently, all ages
such socio-political factors in the organization of production as property relations, forms of economic management, and the general political climate of the territory are beginning to play a decisive role. one
^ Crop industries
Crop production traditionally includes: field cultivation, sa
argumentation, viticulture.
V field group industries include culture related to software
left crop rotations, the most important of which are the following. Grain farming, which accounts for more than 50% of all arable land in the country. Of these, about 50% for wheat, 25% for barley, 8% for oats and legumes, and 7% for rye. Moreover, according to
in accordance with the natural and climatic conditions of our country at the
Spring crops account for 3/4 of the total grain wedge.
Of interest is the dynamics of the acreage of grain crops, reflecting shifts both in the nutrition of the population and in oriental
tation of crop production to increase the share of forage crops.
Grain production is the backbone of all agricultural production.
production. Grain is well stored (shrinkage does not exceed 3% per year), is easily transported over long distances, and therefore is widely used
uses as imported feed in poultry farms and belly
new vodka complexes. Due to the variety of species and varieties, high adaptability to various soil and climatic
Under these conditions, cereal crops have become widespread
nenie throughout the country. The main regions are the Volga region, Siberia, the South Ural, North Caucasus, Central Black Earth Region.
Industrial crops provide valuable raw materials for light, food and other industries. By the nature of use, they are divided into spinning and food.
TO spinning group include: cotton, fiber flax, to
Nopla, kenaf and other crops that provide fiber for spinning and fabric production. Of the spinning crops, a large national economy
flax and hemp are of paramount importance. Their crops are mainly located in the Central (Tverskaya, Smolenskaya, Kostromskaya, Yaro
Slavic region),
North-West, Volgo-Vyatskiy, Uralskiy, Behind
Padno-Siberian economic regions.
Part food group includes: sugar beets, oilseeds, the products of which are used as raw materials for the food industry. Sugar beet is successfully cultivated in various
of those climatic zones, however, its sugar content increases with the dose of direct sunlight. Therefore, its main crops are still
are mined in the Central Black Earth economic region (more than 50% of the sown area), as well as in the North Caucasus and the Volga region.
Industrial crops also include essential oilseeds, le
ornamental plants, tobacco, makhorka, rubber plants, etc.
The main oilseed crop in Russia is sunflower. Nai
large sown areas of sunflower are located in the North Caucasus, Povolzhsky, Central Black Earth, Ural Eco
nomic areas.
^ Production of potatoes and vegetables, melons and gourds
Potatoes are the most important food, industrial and fodder crop. The largest crops are located near major cities and industrial centers, in areas of starch and syrup and alcoholic beverage production, partly in areas of animal husbandry. The main sown areas are located in the Central, Ural, Central Black Earth, Volgo-Vyatka and West Siberian economic regions. Vegetables are irreplaceable foodstuffs rich in minerals and vitamins. The production of vegetables as low-transportable products should approach the areas of consumption - large industrial centers and
to the canning industry. Vegetable growing is developed according to
everywhere, but the largest crops are concentrated in the North-Kav
Kazakh, Volga, Central economic regions.
Melon crops (melon, watermelon, pumpkin) are heat demanding, and therefore their production is more focused on Ce
true Caucasus, in the lower Volga region, partly in some areas of the Center and the Urals.
Gardening and viticulture provide valuable, rich in vitamins
mi products, as well as raw materials for the food industry. Main
The middle and lower Volga regions, the regions of the Center and the North Caucasus are considered to be production areas. 2
Intra-industry specialization of animal husbandry
Livestock gives about 65% of all agricultural production
state, and its share is constantly increasing. As part of animal husbandry, there are
There are several industries. These are cattle breeding, pig breeding, sheep breeding, poultry breeding, which have a great impact on the economy of the agro-industrial complex.
Cattle breeding - cattle breeding - has a large volume of products (including 2/5 of meat). Distinguish milk
new, meat, dairy and beef cattle breeding.
Breeding cattle is the largest, most productive
naya and versatile industry. It is developed for milk production in all agricultural regions close to the most large cities and industrial centers. Milk "bias" is possible and v places far from industrial centers, if the nature of
ter of the fodder base. In this case, the milk is processed into trans
portable products (butter, cheese, milk powder, etc.). Dairy farming is located mainly in the North and Northwest
districts, as well as in some regions of the Urals, Of the Far East and the Non-Black Earth Zone.
It is advisable to locate beef cattle in areas where there are few natural pastures. Mainly beef cattle breeding
that in the regions of the North Caucasus (Stavropol Territory, Rostov Region), the Volga Region (Saratov, Volgograd, Astrakhan Region) and in the South Urals (Orenburg Region). In addition to meat, these regions also supply raw hides.
The dairy and meat direction includes Krasnodar region, Central Black Earth zone, part of the regions of the Urals and the Volga region, Behind
Western Siberia. Along with milk production, cattle are fed for meat production.
Pig breeding is distinguished by meat, bacon, semi-lard, greasy. This is the second largest meat industry. Its placement is based on the proximity to agricultural forage bases and with the production of products.
V Russian Federation the main areas of pig production are
there are the North Caucasian, Volga, Central Black Earth economic regions... Almost one third of the total pig population in the country is concentrated in these three districts.
Sheep breeding is of great national economic importance. Wool is the most valuable raw material for the textile industry. Once
There are semi-fine-fleece, fine-fleece, fur coat sheep breeding. The main direction of Russian sheep breeding is fine-fleece - widespread
but in the south of the European part of Siberia. Half-fine wool sheep zone
management covers the entire European territory of the country and the Far East. According to natural and economic conditions for the development of sheep breeders
the most favorable are the North Caucasian and East Siberian
cue economic regions. The placement of sheep breeding depends on the specific
breeding and keeping of various breeds.
Poultry farming is subdivided into egg, meat, general use. Poultry farms gravitate towards places of consumption of products and places of grain production. Production of eggs and poultry meat size
is ubiquitous, but most of it is concentrated in the southern regions
nakh: the North Caucasus, the south of the Central Chernozem region, the Volga region.
Main purpose Food Industry - food production. Its development makes it possible to eliminate the differences in the supply of food to the population associated with the unequal natural conditions of the regions. Food concentrates, canned food, frozen vegetables and fruits do not deteriorate during transportation and long-term storage. Their production contributes to the development of all new territories.
thorium with environmental conditions unfavorable for agriculture.
The food industry is closely related to agriculture; By the nature of the raw materials used, the industries that make up it are divided into two groups.
V first group includes industries that use unprocessed raw materials: cereals, butter, sugar, tea, canning, fish.
In second group includes such industries using raw materials; processed as tea, confectionery, bakery
carnaya, pasta.
The food industry is found almost everywhere where
people live permanently. This is facilitated by the widespread use of
the use of raw materials and the widespread consumption of food
ducts. Nevertheless, there are certain patterns in the location of the food industry.
The location of food industry enterprises is based on taking into account their specific features:
1) enterprises producing perishable and non-transport
branded products are placed in the areas of their consumption;
2) enterprises processing non-transportable and not you
holding raw materials for long-term storage are placed in production zones
production of these raw materials (canning, dairy, winemaker
cheskaya, fish and other industries);
3) in areas raw material bases locate and enterprises, I distinguish
with a special raw material intensity of production. These include sugar
nye factories, oil mills.
The industries of the first group tend to the areas of production of agricultural raw materials. The weight of their finished products is less than the original
th raw materials. This is due to its dehydration (drying tea, fruits) and
no significant waste during processing. In addition, is
used products deteriorate during long-term transportation and storage (milk, fruits, etc.). Therefore, the raw materials must be processed
downtime of expensive equipment. Thus, the geography of the industries under consideration depends not only on
the availability of raw materials in certain regions, but also on the size of the raw material base.
WTO industries gravitate towards places of consumption of finished products
swarm of groups. The raw materials used by them have already passed the primary transfer
work. It is more profitable to transport it than finished products.
Some food industries are both raw material and consumer oriented.
Reforms in the agro-industrial complex
Under the conditions of the command-administrative system, the agricultural sector of the economy was most deformed, and in the context of the transition to market relations it needs a complete reform.
Vania. The situation in the agricultural sector is complicated by the lack of action
military state financial support, sharply deteriorated material and technical support,
strong forms of pricing, unprofitable for producers by the system of formation of state food
resources and a number of other reasons.
All these problems make it necessary to conduct
ineffective agrarian reform, the main directions of which are:
1) land reform;
2) approval of a variety of state, cooperative, joint-stock, private forms of ownership and ensuring equal conditions for their activities;
3) privatization and demonopolization of industrial and other service sectors of the agro-industrial complex;
4) creation of market infrastructure in the agro-industrial complex;
5) social transformation of the village.
The need for land reform is caused, on the one hand, by the irrational use of the land fund. Many agricultural enterprises do not have re
an opportunity to cultivate the land assigned to them due to a lack of labor resources, material and technical basis
saturation. At the same time, there is not enough land for the allocation of fer
measures and other newly created agricultural enterprises
enterprises on the basis of new forms of management of plots for ve
denying personal subsidiary plots, the land of which can be used
efficiently. Land reform is aimed at
to improve land fertility and maintain environmental
th equilibrium in agriculture.
Land reform is based on a new legal framework, industry
in the adoption of laws: "On land reform", "On the cross
yansky (farm) economy "," On payment for land ", the Land Code of Russia. An economic mechanism for regulating
stimulation of land relations and stimulation of rational use and protection of land. It is important to take into account the principle of socially fair land redistribution and the creation of equal conditions
viy for all forms of management. Land reform foresees
introduces private ownership of land and the formation of a land market. When making the transition to private ownership of land, it is important that land does not become a means of profit, speculation, therefore, a mechanism has been developed for state
th regulation of this process. It includes strictly targeted IP
land use, limitation of their size, temporary limitation
selling them, etc. New land management schemes developed
are calculated on the basis of a balance of land availability and demand for them, on the basis of an objective assessment of the state, distribution of land and the ability of land users to process them.
The economy of agricultural enterprises is negatively impacted by the increasing overgrowth
monopoly of enterprises of the processing industry
mentality, the sphere of agricultural service. As part of the ongoing agrarian reform, in opposition to monopoly, it is proposed to corporatize these enterprises with the transfer of a controlling stake
and shares to agricultural producers. For this, it is advisable with a hundred
rons of the state through a system of tax incentives, soft loans to financially and organizationally help agricultural enterprises in the acquisition of shares.
One of the most important reasons for the decline in agricultural production is the inequality of exchange between agriculture and industries that produce the means of production for agriculture.
Agrarian reform involves the implementation of measures to maintain parity in prices for agricultural industrial products by indexing, direct compensation
to enterprises the costs associated with an increase in wholesale prices for material and technical resources, and the abolition of all types of taxes
gov, except for land tax.
Creation in progress market infrastructure in the agro-industrial complex. Agrarian exchanges, banks, trading houses, trading are being created and functioning, effective marketing is being developed
information systems for collecting, storing processing of information
mation, insurance systems for agricultural enterprises.
For the successful implementation of the agrarian reform, first of all, it is necessary to ensure social transformations in the countryside (living
residential construction, construction of cultural facilities, health
education, road construction, gasification, electricity
fication, communication), i.e. create conditions for the resettlement of citizens to abandoned villages, to sparsely populated regions.
Agro-industrial complex is actively the formation of new forms of management. Currently, they are represented by peasant farms, associations of peasant farms, agro-cooperatives, agro-binats, agro-consortia, and agrofirms. The choice of one form or another depends on the specific conditions of the area, is carried out on a strictly voluntary basis, and the criterion of advantage can only be economic efficiency. In the coming years, 3/4 of agricultural products will be produced by large agricultural
economic enterprises: associations of peasant farms, joint-stock enterprises, agricultural cooperatives. Peasant landlords
they give only 4.5% of the total production, since even under conditions
vii serious support from the state (construction of roads, gas
fication, supply of electricity, provision of technical
service, product acceptance) they need long-term credit
child and at least 3-5 years to get on your feet.
Modern agricultural policy is aimed at bringing the agricultural sector of the economy out of the crisis. In the coming years, it is planned to ensure stable growth rates in the agro-industrial complex - 5-6%, in agriculture - 4%. The state priorities in agriculture are highlighted:
1) development of grain exports;
2) the accelerated development of animal husbandry in the import substitution regime;
3) increasing the competitiveness of the fishery complex;
4) sustainable development of agricultural areas. The leading role in this process is played by national project
"Efficient Agriculture", the implementation of which began in 2005. The state subsidizes interest on loans to agricultural
enterprises (up to 2/3 of the Bank of Russia rate), allocates budget funds to the authorized capital of Rosagroleasing OJSC (19.3 billion rubles) and Rosselkhozbank OJSC (19.4 billion rubles), which should form the basis of national agricultural leasing systems and specialized agricultural ban systems
kov. Thus, it is supposed to solve acute problems about
renewal of fixed assets, increase in labor productivity, lending to agricultural enterprises.
Over the past five years, the volume of budgetary support for agriculture has grown 5 times. The state also subsidizes part of the cost of paying insurance premiums under agricultural insurance contracts.
household enterprises. In 2002, the federal law “On fi
improvement of agricultural commodity production
lei ". As a result of these measures, the share of unprofitable enterprises in agriculture fell to 37%. But in 2003, support for the
economy is legally referred to the powers of the regions, with the exception of federal target programs. This can when
lead to a decrease in the level of state support, since regional budgets are small.
From January 1, 2005, a special tax was introduced for agricultural producers in the form of a unified agricultural tax
ha, which replaced VAT, income tax, property tax and UST. The tax rate is 6% of income.
Social development of the village will take place within the framework of targeted federal and regional programs for electrification, gas
fication and water supply, road construction, development of communications, radio broadcasting and television. Currently, the federal target program "Social
development of the village for the period up to 2010 ”. It provides for poverty reduction through increased income from agriculture, expansion of non-agricultural employment, and improved access of rural residents to social and engineering infrastructure. By 2008, it is planned to reduce the share of the rural population with income
below the cost of living up to 38.5%, an increase in the share of housing with running water to 54%.
The State Duma has prepared a draft Federal Law "On the Development
tii agriculture ". The federal target programs “Development resource potential agriculture "," Preservation of soil fertility for 2006-2010. "
potential of the fishery complex ”.
In agricultural policy, great importance is attached to institutionally
nal transformations, reforming relations
sti. The share of the public sector has decreased to 10%, the rest is accounted for by enterprises based on private ownership.
land and property. Change in the relationship
nosti created conditions for the development of new forms of business: joint stock companies of open and closed type, limited liability partnerships, mixed partnerships, collective
agricultural enterprises, agricultural production cooperatives, peasant (farmer) ho
farms, associations of peasant (farmer) households,
societies and cooperatives. 55% of their total number is accounted for by
acceptance of a joint stock type - joint stock companies and a partner
state, 45% - cooperative-type enterprises - production
cooperatives, collective agricultural enterprises
yatiya. The development of cooperative relations is also a priority.
ate direction of the agrarian reform.
Much attention will be paid to development of agro-industrial integration in all its forms from agricultural production
products prior to their sale to the population (financial and industrial groups, concerns, agricultural enterprises, agricultural firms and other formations for the production, processing and storage and trade of agricultural products and food).
Improving property relations in the agricultural sector
Torah of the economy will require a more effective formation of a system of state registration of rights to land plots and other real estate, full issuance of land rights to owners of
lei and property shares of all agricultural organizations. Under the control of the state, market turnover of land. The institution of land lease will be expanded and the mechanism of its legal regulation, a mechanism for economic
th stimulation of rational and efficient use of land, maintenance and restoration of soil fertility.
There are various directions of federal support in the regions of the country: in the main agricultural bases of the country - higher
improvement of production efficiency, in areas of depressed rural areas
economy - creation of additional sources of income for the rural population of these areas. Government support will primarily be directed not to agricultural producers themselves.
household products, and formed in agricultural sector market institutions and infrastructure facilities, to expand the marketing of agricultural products. Creation of modern infra
sales structure will quickly improve the efficiency of the agro-industrial complex.
To be implemented financial recovery and reform insolvent agricultural enterprises, restructure the debts of agricultural organizations and peasant farms to the federal budget and extra-budgetary funds.
The level of government support is linked to agricultural productivity. In Russia, per 1 hectare of arable land, the volume of state support is $ 5.8, in the European Union - $ 604.
gross production per hectare of arable land in Russia - $ 232; in the European Union - $ 3275. An increase in productivity is also expected
is expected to be carried out at the expense of intensive resource-saving technologies
nology, the use of high-yielding varieties of agricultural crops and highly productive animals, the use of new
the latest achievements of biological science, increasing soil fertility, rationalizing livestock and poultry, improving
the structure of production of livestock products.
Agrarian reform presupposes the creation of an effective general
Russian agricultural market based on deep
regional specialization, agricultural intensification
military production with free interaction of supply and demand with elements of state regulation of the market. 3
Conclusion
Agroindustrial complex is a set of interconnected branches of the national economy, united by a kind of target function (providing the population with food and items popular consumption of agricultural origin) and developing, respectively, with specific natural and socio-geographical features of the territory.
There are three links in the agro-industrial complex:
1) production of means of production for agriculture and processing industry;
2) agriculture;
3) transportation, procurement, storage, processing and sale of agricultural products.
Agriculture consists of crop and livestock production. Livestock is the second most important branch of agriculture. It provides the population with high-protein and dietary food, and a number of industries with raw materials.
The basis of agriculture is agricultural land - land used in agricultural production.
Due to the geographical and territorial characteristics of Russia, there are at least three features that sharply distinguish the economic conditions in our country from those in developed countries. This amount atmospheric precipitation, average annual temperature and distances that leave a special imprint on all integration processes in the country and the energy intensity of all Russian products.
List of used literature
Regional economy: a textbook for university students studying in economic specialties / T.G. Morozova et al., Edited by professor T.G. Morozova.-4th ed., Revised. and additional -M .: UNITI-DANA, 2006.-527 p.
Economical geography and regional studies: Textbook Kozyva I.A., Kuzbozhev E.N. - M.: KNORUS, 2005.-336 p.
Economic geography of Russia: tutorial for universities, ed. Rodionova I.A. –M .: Moscow Lyceum, 2002. – 287 p.
Geography of Russia. Textbook / Under. Ed. A. V. Darinsky, B. V. Belousov, I. N. Belkina. –2005
Structure and purpose of functioning
Introduction
Introduction
1. Structure and goals of functioning
agro-industrial complex of Russia
2. Placement of branches of agriculture
Conclusion
Bibliography
Agriculture is one of the most important sectors of the economy of any state. It provides a vital product for a person: basic foodstuffs and raw materials for the production of consumer goods. Agriculture produces over 12% of the gross social product and more than 15% of the national income of Russia, concentrates 15.7% of production fixed assets. Eighty industries supply their products to agriculture, which in turn supplies their products to sixty industries.
The agro-industrial complex of the Russian Federation includes industries with close economic and industrial | relationships, specializing in the production of agricultural products, their processing and storage, as well as providing agriculture and the processing industry with the means of production.
The agro-industrial complex (AIC) is an important component of the country's economy, including the branches for the production of agricultural products, their processing and delivery to the consumer, as well as providing agriculture and the processing industry with the means of production. In the structure of the agro-industrial complex, there are three main areas, or groups of industries and industries:
1. Agriculture (agriculture and animal husbandry), forestry and fisheries.
2. Industries processing agricultural raw materials (food industry, light industry related to the primary processing of flax, cotton, wool, leather, etc.).
3. Branches of industry producing means of production for agriculture and processing agricultural products (agricultural engineering, tractor engineering, mechanical engineering, producing equipment for the food and light industries, reclamation equipment, mineral fertilizers, etc.). This area includes service industries that provide procurement, storage, transportation and sale of agricultural products.
The structure of the Russian agro-industrial complex is far from perfect. Agriculture is the main link in it: it produces over 48% of the complex's output, has 68% of the industrial fixed assets of the complex, and employs almost 67% of those working in the industrial sectors of the agro-industrial complex. In developed countries, in the creation of the final product, the main role belongs to the third sphere of the agro-industrial complex (for example, in the USA, the processing and marketing industries account for 73% of the agricultural products produced, agriculture provides only 13%).
The urgent task of the modern development of the agro-industrial complex is the balance of all its links. The lag in the development of processing industries leads to large losses of agricultural products, reaching 30% of the harvested grain, 40% of the harvested potatoes and vegetables.
An acute development problem that arose in the context of economic reforms and a prolonged crisis in the development of the agro-industrial complex is the underdevelopment of the market for means of production. This contributed to the progressive deterioration of equipment (in the processing industries it reaches 75%), a decrease in the use of mineral fertilizers (in the 1990s, their application per hectare of arable land decreased by more than 10 times), a reduction in the fleet of automobiles, tractors and agricultural equipment (for the specified period - almost three times).
The agro-industrial complex, being a complex socio-economic system, must be recognized essential element of the national economy, the main objectives of the functioning of which, in our opinion, will be:
Meeting the needs of the population at the level of scientifically grounded standards in food and consumer goods from agricultural raw materials;
Production of such a quantity of agricultural products of appropriate quality to create a food reserve that will ensure the country's food security, i.e., independence from imports of basic consumer products, especially grain, meat, sugar, vegetable oil, etc .;
Ensuring an appropriate level of efficiency of the agro-industrial system;
Meeting the economic and social needs and interests of agricultural workers.
Agriculture is the main link in the agro-industrial complex. It provides more than half of all agricultural products, concentrating about 70% of its production fixed assets. Agriculture consists of two groups of industries - plant growing (farming) and animal husbandry with such subsectors as grain farming, forage production, industrial crops production, horticulture, vegetable growing, cattle breeding (cattle breeding), pig breeding, sheep breeding, poultry farming, fur farming, pond fish farming and dr.
Crop production produces more than half of all agricultural products in the country, being the leading branch of agriculture, since the level of animal husbandry largely depends on its development.
More than half of the country's sown area is occupied by cereals. Over the years economic crisis the area under grain crops was reduced. This, as well as a decrease in the application of mineral fertilizers and a decrease in the fleet of agricultural machinery, contributed to a decrease in grain harvests (at the end of the 1990s, the annual harvest was 60 - 70 million tons), and a drop in their yield.
The leading grain crop in Russia is winter and spring wheat. Winter wheat is more productive, but also demanding on warmth and soil quality. Its crops are concentrated in the North Caucasus and in the Central Black Earth Region. Spring wheat prevails in the Volga region, in the Urals, in Siberia, in the center of the country. Rye is less demanding on growing conditions, therefore it is cultivated in the regions of the Non-Black Earth Zone of the Russian Federation.
Almost everywhere in the agricultural regions of the country, barley is grown, and oats, as a moisture-loving and not demanding crop, are placed in the forest zone. The heat-loving grain corn crop is grown in the North Caucasus, in the Central Black Earth Region and in the southern Volga Region (the so-called "corn belt").
The main cereal crops in Russia are millet, buckwheat and rice. Millet is cultivated in the steppe regions of the North Caucasus, Central Black Earth Region, the Volga Region and the Urals. Buckwheat, on the contrary, is demanding on moisture and does not tolerate high air temperatures, and therefore it is grown mainly in forest areas. Rice crops are concentrated on the irrigated lands of the North Caucasus, the Volga - Akhtubinskaya floodplain (Astrakhan region) and Primorye (Far East).
The most common industrial crops in the country are fiber flax, sugar beets, sunflowers, soybeans, mustard, and hemp. Flax is picky about moisture and not picky about soils, therefore it is cultivated in the Non-Chernozem zone of the Russian Federation. Sugar beet mainly grows in the Central Black Earth Region and the North Caucasus. The main oilseed crop - sunflower - is grown in the North Caucasus, in the Volga region, in the Central Black Earth region, in southern regions Urals and Western Siberia. Mainly in the same areas there are crops of other oilseeds - soybeans (cultivated in the south of the Far East) and mustard. Hemp is cultivated in the Non-Black Earth Region and in the North Caucasus.
Potatoes are cultivated practically everywhere in the agricultural zone of the country. Vegetable growing as a commodity industry is distinguished in the North Caucasus, in the Central Black Earth region, the Volga region, and some other regions, fruit growing - mainly in the southern regions of the country.
Among the branches of animal husbandry, cattle breeding is of leading importance. Dairy and dairy - beef cattle breeding is located, firstly, in suburban areas, gravitating towards the consumer, and secondly, in areas where juicy green fodder is grown, contributing to the growth of milk productivity. The main areas of the named specialization of cattle breeding are the Non-Black Earth Region, the Middle Volga Region, the Middle Urals, and Siberia. Meat and meat - dairy cattle breeding is represented mainly in arid steppe and semi-desert regions - the North Caucasus, the South Urals and the Lower Volga region, southern Siberia.
Sheep breeding uses natural pastures, which, as a rule, are unsuitable for other types of livestock. The most valuable fine-wool sheep breeding was developed in the steppe regions of the North Caucasus, the Lower Volga region and Siberia. Semi-fine fleece sheep breeding is represented in the Center and the Middle Volga region, fur coat - in the north and northwest of the Non-Black Earth Region.
Pig breeding, widespread throughout the country, is the most productive branch of animal husbandry. It received the greatest development, firstly, in the zones of grain farming and potato growing (the North Caucasus, the Volga region, Central areas), secondly, in suburban areas, where it uses waste from the food industry and public catering.
Poultry farming is located almost everywhere - one of the most early maturing branches of animal husbandry. Goat breeding as a commodity industry is represented in the southeast of the European part of the country and in the mountainous steppe regions of Siberia. V mountainous areas In the Northern Caucasus and southern Siberia (Altai, Sayany), maral breeding has developed, in the tundra and northern taiga zones, the main branch of animal husbandry is reindeer breeding.
The territorial division of labor in agriculture and in the agro-industrial complex of Russia is less developed than in industry. Three main agricultural zones in the country can be distinguished, which almost completely provide themselves with agricultural products and supply them in a large assortment to the all-Russian market. These include the North Caucasian economic region, where the main commercial agricultural products are grain (wheat, rice, millet, corn), sugar beets, vegetables, essential oils, fruits and berries, grapes, tea, meat, wool, tobacco; Central Black Earth Region - grain (wheat, buckwheat, millet, corn, rye, oats, barley), legumes, sunflowers, sugar beets, vegetables, essential oil crops, tobacco, fruits and berries, milk, meat; Povolzhsky economic region - grain (wheat, rye, rice, millet, buckwheat), sunflower, mustard, melons, fruits and berries, vegetables, meat, milk, wool.
The rest of the economic regions are specialized in the production of a limited number of agricultural products. So, the Uralskiy region exports grain, wool, milk; West Siberian - grain, meat, milk, potatoes, products of cellular fur farming and reindeer husbandry; Central and Volgo-Vyatka - potatoes and flax; North and North-West - flax; East Siberian - wool, products of cellular fur farming and antler reindeer breeding; Far East - soybeans, rice, products of cellular fur farming, antler and reindeer breeding.
The food industry - one of the constituent parts of the agro-industrial complex - includes three main groups of industries: food-flavoring (flour-cereals, sugar, bakery, butter and fat, confectionery, wine, fruit and vegetable, tea, etc.), meat - dairy and fish.
The main factors determining the location of enterprises in this industry are raw materials and consumer. Depending on the degree of influence of these factors, the food industry is divided into three groups of industries:
1. Industries focused on the sources of raw materials - sugar, alcohol, butter, milk canning, butter, fruit and vegetable canning, etc.
2. Industries, mainly gravitating towards places of consumption of finished products - bakery, confectionery, dairy, pasta, etc.
3. Industries located at the same time in raw materials and consumer areas - meat, flour - cereals, tobacco, etc.
Agroindustrial complex and its structure
Definition 1
Agroindustrial complex (agro-industrial complex) - this is the whole set of enterprises and industries engaged in cultivation, production of agricultural products, their processing and bringing them to the consumer.
The economic effect is achieved due to the favorable location and interaction of enterprises.
The main link in the agro-industrial complex is agriculture. Plants and factories of the food and light industries operate on the basis of the products of agricultural enterprises. In turn, agricultural enterprises receive means of production from enterprises of agricultural engineering and agricultural chemistry. Energy and infrastructure enterprises are an important and obligatory component of the agro-industrial complex.
Distinguish elementary agro-industrial complex, specialized agro-industrial complex and integral agro-industrial complex. Elementary agro-industrial complex consists of an agricultural enterprise and a nearby agricultural processing enterprise. Specialized agro-industrial complex includes agricultural enterprises and processing enterprises of the region of a certain specialization. Integral agroindustrial complex Is a set of elementary and specialized agro-industrial complex in a certain territory.
General characteristics of the agro-industrial complex of Russia
As already mentioned, the agro-industrial complex has four main components (spheres), the basis of which is agriculture.
- First sphere- these are those industries that produce the means of production for agriculture and enterprises that process agricultural products. Such industries include: tractor and agricultural engineering, mechanical engineering for the production of equipment for animal husbandry, forage production, food and light industry, production of reclamation equipment, mineral fertilizers, rural industrial construction, feed and microbiological industries serving the agro-industrial complex.
- Second sphere- this is actually agriculture.
- Third sphere includes enterprises that process agricultural products and "bring" it to the consumer.
- Fourth sphere unites service enterprises of production and non-production infrastructure, institutions for training personnel for the agro-industrial complex.
The structure and composition of the agro-industrial complex in Russia is distinguished by the imbalance in the development of production and service areas. The second area - agriculture - is the main link. It produces over $ 50% of all agricultural products, concentrates about $ 70% of all production fixed assets of the complex, it employs more than 65% of those working in the industrial sectors of the agro-industrial complex. In the economically developed countries of the world, the leading role belongs to the third sphere. The agro-industrial complex of Russia needs reforms and subsequent development. The problems of development of the agro-industrial complex are associated with the imperfection of the market for agricultural production means, high production costs and relatively low competitiveness in the world market.
Agriculture is the basis of the agro-industrial complex. Its development and specialization largely depend on natural conditions. On a large territory of Russia, permafrost, climate, relief complicate agricultural activities, require additional measures to obtain products.
Historically, in the structure of Russian agriculture, crop production prevails (about $ 56% of production) over livestock (about $ 44%). But, in spite of the large volumes of the harvested crop and the received livestock products, the country's agriculture is distinguished by low crop yields, insufficiently high livestock productivity and low labor productivity. Therefore, now Russia is one of the largest importers of agricultural products.
For a long time, the country's agriculture developed according to extensive paths. This means that the volume of production increased due to the plowing of more and more new areas and an increase in the number of livestock. Currently, it is necessary to rebuild the economy on the path intensification ... It is necessary to increase the volume of production at the expense of additional investment in the introduction of high-yielding crops and highly productive breeds of livestock, the introduction of modern equipment and technologies.
V crop production the cultivation of cereals prevails (wheat, rye, barley, corn). Arable land is occupied by about $ 60% of the land. Most of them are occupied by wheat crops. The main agricultural regions are the center and south of the European part of Russia, the Volga region, the North Caucasus, the south of Western Siberia, Altai. There are favorable conditions for the cultivation of legumes, oilseeds, beets, for the development of horticulture, vegetable growing and melon growing. Of industrial crops, flax, sunflower, soybeans, mustard, sugar beets, and tobacco are widespread. Tea and citrus fruits are grown in the coastal part of the Krasnodar Territory.
Low level of development animal husbandry due to the unsatisfactory supply of forage. The leading branch of animal husbandry is cattle breeding. In cattle breeding, meat and dairy and dairy trends prevail. The main cattle-breeding regions are the Urals, the Volga region, Western Siberia, North Caucasus. In the North, in the tundra, reindeer husbandry is developed. Sheep and goat breeding are developed in the mountainous regions of the country (North Caucasus, Altai). Yaks are raised in the mountains of Buryatia and Tuva. The most productive livestock sector is pig breeding. It is developed in almost all regions of the country, focusing on the consumer. Therefore, it is necessarily present in the suburban agro-industrial complex.
