To ensure its leadership, mechanical engineering needs certain conditions. One of them can be represented by the ratio: "1: 2: 4". It means that if the rate of development of the country's economy is taken as a unit, then mechanical engineering should develop 2 times faster, and its most important branches (electronics, instrument making and others) - 4 times faster. In Russia, this ratio was approximately as follows - "1: 0.98: 1".
The machine-building industry is distinguished by the extensive development of inter-industry and intra-industry ties, based largely on industrial cooperation.
The share of mechanical engineering accounts for more than 1/3 of the volume of production of commercial products of the Russian industry, about 2/5 of the production personnel and almost 1/4 of the basic industrial production assets.
The range of products manufactured by the Russian engineering industry is very diverse, which leads to a deep differentiation of its industries and significantly affects the location of production of certain types of products.
In Russia, mechanical engineering is one of the most widespread branches of industry in the territorial respect. However, in some regions it has a profiling significance, while in others its functions are limited mainly to meeting internal needs.
By the nature of the technological process, many branches of mechanical engineering tend to areas of high technical culture. At the same time, these regions are usually quite capacious consumers of finished products.
The coincidence of the sources of raw materials with the places of consumption of finished products is the best option for the location of machine-building enterprises. In this case, transport costs for the transportation of metal, machinery and equipment are significantly reduced, conditions arise for establishing links between machine building and ferrous metallurgy. Machine-building plants are exempted from certain operations that are more characteristic of metallurgy, and metallurgical plants get the opportunity to use engineering waste and specialize in accordance with its needs.
With territorial disunity raw material bases and the main consumers of machinery and equipment, the areas of consumption have advantages. The fact is that in mechanical engineering, the consumption of raw materials per 1 ton of finished products is on average 1.3-1.5 tons, while the cost of transporting any machine is much higher than the cost of transporting the metal that was used for its production. Therefore, even metal-intensive industries that provide low-transportable products often gravitate towards the areas of consumption.
The analysis of the research carried out on the problems of the placement of individual branches of mechanical engineering shows that in solving the problems of their territorial organization there is still no unity either in the formulation of the problem, or in the methods of calculation and evaluation of efficiency, which complicates the search for a rational option for the location of machine building as a whole.
Economic science has many techniques for calculating the relative effectiveness of accommodation options. The main ones are:
Calculation for an analogous enterprise (the placed enterprise is taken as an analogue for all economic regions; this method is used to calculate the costs associated with the placement of an analogous enterprise for each economic region);
Calculation for a conditional representative (as a conditional representative, choose the type of product, the production of which prevails in the industry);
Calculation based on the actual technical and economic indicators of production (with this method, calculations are carried out for specific industries, and when assessing the effectiveness of their placement, more reliable results are obtained);
Determination based on optimization calculations (this method with the use of mathematical modeling allows you to simultaneously solve many problems of the territorial organization of production).
Among the factors influencing the location of mechanical engineering, a significant role belongs to the specialization and cooperation of production.
Specialization provides great opportunities for the use of highly efficient production equipment, as well as automation of production processes. Specialization can be of the following types:
Detailed or detailed, which implies the release of individual parts or parts of a finished product;
Subject, i.e. responsible for the release of certain final types of products;
Technological - the production of semi-finished products (casting, various types of blanks) or the implementation of a separate operation and technological process.
Specialization is closely related to cooperation, which involves the participation of several enterprises in the production process of the finished product.
Mechanical engineering differs from other industries in a number of features that affect its geography.
Science intensity. The production of the most advanced and sophisticated equipment is concentrated in districts and centers with a highly developed scientific base: large research institutes, design bureaus, pilot plants in Moscow, St. Petersburg and Novosibirsk. An orientation towards scientific potential is a leading factor in the location of machine-building enterprises.
Labor intensity- these are high costs and high qualifications of the labor used. The production of machines is very time consuming. Therefore, many branches of mechanical engineering gravitate towards areas with a high concentration of the population. To develop new types of technology, not just human resources are needed, but highly qualified workers and engineering and technical personnel. High labor intensity is inherent in machine tool building (Moscow), aviation industry(Kazan, Samara), the production of devices and electronic equipment (Ulyanovsk, Novosibirsk).
Metal consumption. The machine-building complex consumes a significant part of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. In this regard, machine-building plants producing metal-intensive products (metallurgical, energy, mining equipment) are guided by metallurgical bases... Large heavy engineering plants are located in the Urals (Yekaterinburg).
Many branches of mechanical engineering are developing in areas with favorable economic and geographical location for organizing cooperation. For example, the automotive industry is in the Center and the Volga region. Since the transportation of cars is usually carried out over long distances and in different directions, engineering plants are located on major transport routes.
Some machine-building enterprises focus on consumers of their products, since their products are difficult to transport due to their heavy weight and large size. It is more profitable to produce them directly in the areas of consumption. For example, tractors for transporting timber are produced in Karelia (Petrozavodsk), combines for harvesting grain - in the North Caucasus (Rostov-on-Don, Taganrog).
Depending on the peculiarities of the interaction of such factors as material consumption, labor intensity and energy intensity, heavy engineering, general engineering and medium engineering are distinguished.
3.6. Placement Principles and Factors ...
There are various ways to combine. Most often, mills are created at the stage of new construction. Sometimes functioning enterprises are transformed into combined ones by opening new workshops in their structure. Combines can arise as a result of the organic merger of several previously independent enterprises of different industries into a new complex - a merger. If the association includes various and, moreover, technologically interconnected enterprises (for example, spinning, weaving and finishing factories), then the Tskogo kind of associations grow into factories.
I The value of combination is that it contributes to the destruction of the sectoral structure of the economy formed by v-l soviet time. In this case, it is impossible to say unequivocally to what extent this affects negatively or positively the efficiency of social production. However, the combining process taking place in present time, indicates that the Russian economy is becoming more and more similar to the economies of other economically developed countries with a high degree of diversification. Diversified enterprises have another advantage in addition to being more competitive in a competitive environment. Their production is not only more viable, but has greater opportunities to respond to changes in the needs of society and to the emergence of new results of scientific and technological progress.
3.6. Principles and factors for the location of mechanical engineering enterprises
■ * In conditions of fierce competition, when the development of an enterprise depends on many factors, the study of the features of the location of enterprises in various industries can significantly increase the efficiency of their production by identifying and using reserves associated with the specifics of the functioning and development of enterprises in different geographic conditions.
The location of industry is a form of social division of labor, which is expressed in spatial distribution industrial enterprises and production in the territory of an economic region, republic or country as a whole.
bringing industry closer to sources of raw materials and a more even distribution of production throughout the country makes it possible to avoid excessively long-distance transportation of raw materials, fuel, materials and finished products to the places of their consumption;
rational territorial division of labor with the aim of the most effective specialization of individual economic regions by industry and the creation of territorial-production complexes;
international division of labor based on economic integration. With the development of the world economic system, this principle is becoming increasingly important in the location of industry both in the entire system and in each of its member countries.
In addition to the principles of industrial location, a decisive factor in the construction of new production facilities is the consideration of such factors as:
natural and economic factors(raw material factor, geographic environment, labor resources, consumption density);
technical and economic factors(scientific and technological progress and rational forms of organization of production, complex automation and mechanization).
3.6. Placement principles and factors ... 45
Separate industries within industries may have some peculiarities in their location. Thus, it is advisable to locate assembly plants in areas where their products are consumed, centralized procurement industries - in areas close to the sources of raw materials, component production - in areas provided with labor resources, taking into account the location of the corresponding machine-building industries. Enterprises for the repair of metal products, welded structures, which are characterized by low labor intensity, capital intensity, electricity and energy-intensive
with a relatively low technical culture of production, they are located everywhere.
In the course of the formation of the machine-building industry in the domestic national economy, the following correlations between the machine-building industries and the regions of their location were identified.
Hoisting and transport engineering concentrated in the Central region (Uzlovsky plant), in the Far East (Bureysk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur) and in many other cities. Stationary and belt conveyors - in the Volgo-Vyatka, Central, Ural regions.
Locomotive building, car building and track machine building. Mainline diesel locomotives are manufactured at one of the oldest machine-building plants - Kolomenskoye, industrial shunting locomotives - mainly in the Central Region (Bryansk, Kaluga, Lyudinovo, Murom) and in the Urals. Freight car building is concentrated in Western Siberia(Novoaltaisk), in Eastern Siberia(Abakan). Passenger cars are produced by the Tverskoy, Demikhovsky and St. Petersburg plants. Track machines and mechanisms (laying, rail welding, snow removal, etc.) are still produced in insufficient quantities and assortment, their production is concentrated in the cities of the European part of Russia - in Kaluga, Tula, Vyatka, Saratov, Engels, Armavir, Tikhoretsk. Turbine building, which supplies steam, gas and hydraulic turbines for the power industry, is represented primarily by the production associations St. Petersburg Metal Plant, St. Petersburg Turbine Blade Plant, Yekaterinburg Turbomotor Plant, Dal-Energomash (Khabarovsk).
Printing engineering has the smallest volume of marketable products in the industry. Production * is concentrated exclusively in the European part of the country - in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Rybinsk.
Electrical engineering depends on the availability of qualified personnel, specialized research organizations and large consumers. Currently, the main regions of electrical engineering are Central, North-West and West Siberian regions. The oldest are such enterprises as the V. V. Kuibyshev Moscow Electric Plant, the St. Petersburg Electrosila, the Yekaterinburg Uralelektroapparat and the Novosibirsk Transformer Plant.
46 Chapter 3. Formsorganization of production vindustries
Controlling questions
Uncoveressenceconcentrationproduction, nameheradvantagesandlimitations.
Nameshapeandindicatorsconcentrationproduction.
Listfactors, influencingondimensionsindustrialenterprises.
Explaincontentspecializationsproduction.
Nameshapeandindicatorsspecializationsproduction.
Howcorrelatebetweenby myselfconcentrationandspecializationproduction?
Givedefinitioncooperatingproduction, nameits forms.
Givedefinitioncombiningproduction, namehissigns, shapeanddirections.
Listthe mainfactorsplacemententerprisesmechanical engineeringandexplainmechanismtheirinfluence.
Mechanical engineering is the main branch of industrial production, influencing the development of other areas economic activity and reflecting the level of scientific and technical condition and defense capability of the country. In developed countries, the share of mechanical engineering accounts for 25-35% of GDP and about the same amount of the total number of people employed in the economy. A feature of the engineering industry in developed countries is the growing variety of engineering products, their high quality and competitiveness. The share of engineering products in Japan's exports is 65%, the USA, Germany, Sweden - 45-48%.
Mechanical engineering is one of the most geographically widespread industries. But in some regions it has a profiling significance, while in others it satisfies internal needs and supplements the industrial complex. Almost 90% of MK products are manufactured in the European part of Russia. In Siberia and on Far East The industry is represented mainly by enterprises of the electrical industry, tractor and agricultural engineering, for the production of forging and foundry equipment. The rationality of the further location of MC enterprises in these areas is due to the increasing demand for products, as well as the availability of energy, fuel, metal, water resources, industrial sites suitable for construction. It is possible to create energy- and metal-intensive industries here.
The machine-building complex is the most important complex that plays a huge role in the production process, is interconnected with many sectors of the country's economy, has its own sectoral structure, specialization within it and distinctive features. Its development and placement is influenced by a range of factors. The development and placement of its branches is based on the same principles as for all branches of a single national complex. The principles of development and placement are refracted into general and specific factors influencing the development and placement of the branches of the machine-building complex:
Natural conditions, geography of natural and raw materials.
Volumes capital investments, sources of financing.
Specialization and level of development of farms in economic regions.
The basic level of development of science and technology.
Communication routes and transport network.
Labor resources, their composition, qualification level.
Forms of organization of production
The scale, structure and geography of product consumption.
Transportability of raw materials and finished products.
The ecological situation in the region.
The geography of mechanical engineering is determined by a number of factors.
Science intensity. Modern mechanical engineering in its development is based primarily on advanced science. Therefore, enterprises of its most progressive and complex industries (electronics, radio engineering, aerospace and nuclear industries) are concentrated in regions and centers with a highly developed scientific base: large research institutes, design bureaus, pilot plants (Moscow and the Moscow region, St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, Novosibirsk and etc.).
An orientation towards scientific potential is a leading factor in the location of machine-building enterprises. But the share of science-intensive industries in the machine-building industry in Russia is still very low - only 20%.
The military-strategic factor. A significant part of machine-building enterprises produces defense products.
Therefore, when placing them, the interests of national security are taken into account. Such businesses are usually located far from borders. Many of them are located in cities with limited access (Sarov, Novouralsk, Snezhinsk, etc.).
Labor intensity. Manufacturing machines requires a lot of labor. For example, it takes 1000 hours of working time to make a loom. Therefore, many branches of mechanical engineering gravitate towards areas with a high concentration of the population. Taking into account this factor, almost 1/4 of the country's machine-building enterprises are located. High labor intensity is inherent in machine tool building (Moscow), instrument making (Voronezh, Penza, Ryazan).
Metal consumption. The production of some types of machinery (metallurgical, energy, mining equipment) requires a lot of metal. Therefore, the enterprises that produce them are focused on metallurgical bases. Approximately 1/8 of machine-building enterprises are attracted to them. Large plants of heavy engineering are located in the Urals (Yekaterinburg), in Siberia (Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk).
Labor intensity and metal consumption in mechanical engineering are in a certain relationship with each other. Their combination affects the location of enterprises in various engineering industries.
Specialization and cooperation. Machines are made up of many parts. In an electric locomotive, for example, there are 250 thousand of them. It is impossible to produce everything in one enterprise. It is simpler and cheaper to produce individual parts of machines at specialized enterprises, which establish cooperative ties for the production of a finished product.
Therefore, in mechanical engineering, as a rule, not isolated enterprises are created, but their interconnected complexes. They are made up of groups of plants, most of which are subsidiary plants that supply parts and equipment to the assembly plant. Assembly plants are located in areas with an economic and geographical location favorable for organizing cooperation. For example, car factories are located in the European Center and the Volga region.
Too narrow specialization has developed in a number of machine-building industries in Russia. It led to a strong monopolization of production. For example, so far only one enterprise in Russia produces mainline diesel locomotives (Kolomna) and potato harvesters (Ryazan).
Transport factor. Since the transportation of machines (or their parts) is carried out over long distances and in different directions, machine-building plants are located on major transport routes.
Consumer orientation. Mechanical engineering products are very diverse. Many machine-building enterprises (approximately 1/5 of their total number) are focused on consumers of products, since it is difficult to transport them due to their heavy weight or large dimensions. So, tractors for timber hauling are produced in Karelia (Petrozavodsk), grain harvesters - in the European South (Rostov-on-Don).
The degree of influence of specific factors on the placement of mechanical engineering
| Branches of industry and production | Resources | Areas of consumption of products | ||
| raw | Fuel and energy | labor | ||
| Mechanical engineering:
Heavy Locomotive building Shipbuilding Automotive Machine tool Instrumentation Agricultural engineering |
The decisive Strong Absent Absent Weak Absent Absent |
Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent |
The decisive Strong The decisive Weak |
Weak Absent The decisive Absent Strong Absent The decisive |
|
Introduction |
|
|
1 The importance of the industry in the system National economy |
|
|
2 State of the art industries in Russia |
|
|
3 Prospects for the development of the industry |
|
|
Conclusion |
|
|
List of used literature |
|
|
Applications |
Introduction
Mechanical engineering is part of an industry called Mechanical Engineering and Metalworking. Mechanical engineering creates machines and equipment, apparatus and devices, various kinds of mechanisms for material production, science, culture, and the service sector. Metalworking is engaged in the production of metal products, the repair of machinery and equipment. At present, the machine-building industry in Russia consists of a number of independent industries, which include over 350 sub-sectors and industries.
Mechanical engineering produces means of labor - machinery and equipment, devices and computers, transmission devices, vehicles- for all sectors of the national economy. It produces consumer goods, mainly durables (cars, televisions, watches, etc.). By the mid-1980s, in the total volume of mechanical engineering production, means of production accounted for 88.9%, consumer goods - only 11.1%, which indicated that the domestic engineering industry was not oriented towards the needs of the mass consumer.
In this test work not only the sectoral structure of the machine-building complex and the factors of the location of its branches and sub-branches will be reflected. But the current state of the complex, prospects and options for a way out of the difficult economic situation that has arisen today is also characterized.
Taking into account the specifics of this topic, the structure of the study makes it possible to consistently illuminate in the first chapter the theoretical issues (role and significance, the specifics of location, sectoral structure) of the machine-building complex, in the second - the current unfavorable economic situation in the complex, in particular in the aviation industry, in the third the chapter will highlight the prospects for the development of the mechanical engineering and metalworking industry (using the example of the aviation complex)
1 The importance of the industry in the system of the national economy
The machine-building complex is a set of industries that produce a variety of machines. He is the leader among intersectoral complexes. There are several reasons for this. Firstly, the machine-building complex is the largest of the industrial complexes; it accounts for almost 20% of the manufactured products and of all those working in the Russian economy. Mechanical engineering and metalworking are characterized by larger enterprises than industry as a whole (the average size of an enterprise in the industry is about 1,700 workers in terms of the number of workers, compared with less than 850 in industry as a whole), higher capital intensity, capital intensity and labor intensity of production; the structural and technological complexity of mechanical engineering products requires a varied profession and qualified workforce
Among all industries, machine building takes the first place in terms of its share in gross output (in 1990 - 30%) and industrial production personnel, second place (after the fuel and energy complex) in terms of its share in industrial production assets, as well as in the structure of exports (eighteen%)
Secondly, mechanical engineering creates machines and equipment that are used everywhere: in industry, agriculture, in everyday life, in transport. Consequently, scientific and technological progress in all sectors of the national economy materializes through the products of mechanical engineering, especially in such priority sectors as machine tool building, electrical and electronic industry, instrument making, and the production of electronic computers. Machine building, therefore, is a catalyst for scientific and technological progress, on the basis of which the technical re-equipment of all sectors of the national economy is carried out. Therefore, the main economic purpose of engineering products is to facilitate labor and increase its productivity by saturating all sectors of the national economy with fixed assets of a high technical level.
The sectoral structure and features of the location of the machine-building complex of the Russian Federation are as follows:
a) Factors of location of mechanical engineering
Mechanical engineering differs from other industries in a number of features that affect its geography. The most important is the presence of a social need for products, qualified labor resources, own production or the possibility of supplying construction materials and electricity.
Science intensity It is difficult to imagine modern mechanical engineering without the widespread introduction of scientific developments. That is why the production of the most sophisticated modern technology (computers, all kinds of robots) is concentrated in areas and centers with a highly developed scientific base: large research institutes, design bureaus (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, etc.). Focus on scientific potential is a fundamental factor in the location of machine-building enterprises
Metal consumption The branches of mechanical engineering, engaged in the production of such products as, for example, metallurgical, energy, mining equipment, consume a lot of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. In this regard, machine-building plants engaged in the production of such products usually try to be as close as possible to metallurgical bases in order to reduce the cost of delivering raw materials. Most of the large heavy engineering plants are located in the Urals
Labor intensity From the point of view of labor intensity, the machine-building complex is characterized by high costs and very high labor qualifications. Manufacturing machines requires a lot of labor time. In this regard, a fairly large number of mechanical engineering industries gravitate towards the regions of the country where the concentration of the population is high, and especially where there are highly qualified and engineering and technical personnel. The following branches of the complex can be called extremely labor-intensive: the aviation industry (Samara, Kazan), machine-tool building (Moscow, St. Petersburg), the production of electrical engineering and precision instruments (Ulyanovsk)
The military-strategic aspect can be considered as a separate factor in the geographical location of machine building. Taking into account the interests of state security, many enterprises of the machine-building complex that produce defense products are removed from the borders of the state. Many of them are concentrated in closed cities (for example, FSUE Kumertau Aviation Enterprise)
Table 1. Grouping of engineering industries by location factors
|
Placement factor |
The share of industries placed taking into account this factor in the production of the complex's products,% |
|
Gravitation to: areas with a developed scientific base areas of concentration of labor resources areas of consumption metallurgical bases |
b) Features of the sectoral structure and geography of the complex
During the years of Soviet power in various regions the former USSR the largest machine-building enterprises were created, producing practically all the necessary technological equipment for all sectors of the national economy. But the domestic mechanical engineering is characterized by an extremely high degree of territorial concentration, moreover, mainly in the European part of the country, and an insufficient level of specialization and intersectoral cooperation. In addition, many large machine-building plants and production associations were designed and formed as universal, according to the principle of “natural economy”, c full set procurement, auxiliary and repair industries. Therefore, in the coming years, the sectoral, territorial and technological structure of mechanical engineering should undergo cardinal changes, the main directions of which should be improving the quality of products, deconcentration, increasing the level of specialization and cooperation of production, reducing irrational transport and other costs.
Heavy engineering. Plants in this industry are distinguished by high consumption of metal and provide machines and equipment for enterprises of metallurgical, fuel and energy, mining and mining and chemical complexes. It is characterized by both enterprises producing parts and assemblies (for example, rolls for rolling mills) or enterprises specialized in the production of certain types of equipment (steam boilers or turbines for power plants, mining equipment, excavators), as well as universal enterprises that produce serial or individual execution of different types of equipment ("Uralmash", St. Petersburg Metal Plant, etc.)
The industry includes the following 10 sub-sectors: metallurgical machine building, mining, lifting and transport machine building, diesel locomotive building and track machine building, car building, diesel building, boiler building, turbine building, nuclear machine building, printing machine building. About 90% of the industry's production is concentrated in the European part, the rest - in Western Siberia and the Far East
Production metallurgical equipment, which ranks first in the industry in terms of production value, is located, as a rule, in areas of large steel and rolled products production. Ural enterprises produce equipment for sinter factories, blast furnaces and electric smelting furnaces, as well as equipment for rolling and crushing and grinding production.
Factories profile mining engineering- machines for exploration, as well as open and closed methods of mining, crushing and enrichment of solid minerals at enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical, coal, industry and construction materials industry, transport construction. They are, as a rule, located in areas of consumption - in the Urals and Siberia, etc. Domestic mechanical engineering has a priority in the development and widespread industrial development of mining and shearer combines, rotary and walking excavators. These products are manufactured in Krasnoyarsk, Yekaterinburg (Uralmash), Shakhty, Kiselevsk and Perm
Hoisting-and-transport engineering products is of great economic importance, since about 5 mln. a person, moreover, more than half - by manual labor. Electric bridge cranes are produced in Central area(Uzlovsky plant), in the Far East (Bureysk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur) and in many other cities. Stationary and belt conveyors - in the Volgo-Vyatka, Central, Ural regions
Diesel locomotive building, car building and track machine building provides railway transport with mainline freight, passenger and shunting diesel locomotives, freight and passenger cars, etc. Mainline diesel locomotives are manufactured at one of the oldest machine-building plants - Kolomenskoye, industrial shunting diesel locomotives - mainly in the Central Region (Bryansk, Kaluga, Lyudiyovo, Murom ) and in the Urals. Freight car building is concentrated in Western Siberia (Novoaltaisk), in Eastern Siberia (Abakan). Passenger cars are produced by the Tverskoy, Demikhovsky and St. Petersburg plants. Track machines and mechanisms (laying, rail welding, snow removal and other machines are still produced in insufficient quantities and assortment, their production is concentrated in the cities of the European part of Russia - in Kaluga, Tula, Vyatka, Saratov, Engels, Armavir, Tikhoretsk
Turbo building supplying steam, gas and hydraulic turbines for the power industry is represented primarily by the production associations St. Petersburg Metal Plant, St. Petersburg Turbine Blade Plant, Yekaterinburg Turbomotor Plant, Dalenergomash (Khabarovsk). The factories of the sub-industry produce equipment for thermal, nuclear, hydraulic and gas turbine power plants, gas-pumping equipment for main gas pipelines, compressor, injection and disposal equipment for the chemical and oil refining industries, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. The main factors of placement are the availability of qualified personnel and research and development organizations
Nuclear engineering form the factories of the head production associations "Izhora Plant" (St. Petersburg) and "Atommash" (Volgodonsk). Plants specialize in the production of tank reactors and other equipment for nuclear power plants
Printing engineering has the smallest volume of marketable products in the industry. Production is concentrated exclusively in the European part of the country - in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Rybinsk
Electrical industry... The industry produces more than 100 thousand items of products, the consumer of which is almost the entire national economy. In terms of production volume, it significantly exceeds in aggregate all subsectors of heavy engineering. The production of electrical products requires a wide range of technical means and materials produced by various industrial complexes
The location of enterprises in the electrical industry is due to various factors, where an important role is played by the availability of qualified personnel, specialized research organizations and large consumers. Currently, the main regions of electrical engineering are the Central, Northwestern and West Siberian regions. The oldest are such enterprises as the Moscow Electrozavod named after V.V. Kuibyshev, St. Petersburg "Electrosila", Yekaterinburg "Uralelektroapparat" and the Novosibirsk transformer plant
Machine tool industry includes the production of metal-cutting machines, forging and pressing equipment, woodworking equipment, metalworking tools, centralized repair of metalworking equipment. The factories of the machine-tool industry are located in the main machine-building regions. The average size of enterprises is relatively small. Large centers of the machine tool industry are Moscow (plant of lathes and robotic complexes "Red Proletarian"), St. Petersburg, Ivanovo, Saratov, Ryazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Orenburg, Irkutsk, etc.
Instrumentation. The products of this industry are notable for their low material and energy consumption, but their production requires a highly qualified workforce and research personnel. Therefore, the bulk of the production potential is concentrated in large and large cities. For example, in Moscow and the Moscow region there are dozens of research and production and production associations specializing in the production, installation and commissioning of automation equipment, software development, design and manufacture of watches, medical devices, measuring equipment, office equipment.
In the structure of mechanical engineering, the share of instrument-making products is about 12%. These high-tech products are the main element of automation systems for control of technological processes, as well as managerial and engineering labor, information systems, etc. In instrument making, more than 80% of products are manufactured by large enterprises (the number of employees is from 1 to 10 thousand people). Among the largest enterprises - JSC "Second Moscow Watch Plant", Penza Watch Plant
Mechanical engineering for light and Food Industry ... This includes the following sub-sectors: production of equipment for the textile, knitted, garment, footwear, leather, fur industry, as well as for the production of chemical fibers and equipment for the food industry. The main factor of location is proximity to the consumer, therefore, the overwhelming majority of factories, and more than 90% of the output of commercial products are located in the European zone (mainly Central, Volgo-Vyatka, North-West and Volga regions)
Aviation industry ... In the aviation industry, enterprises of almost all industries cooperate industrial production supplying a variety of materials and equipment. Enterprises differ high level qualifications of engineering and technical and working personnel, which led to the emergence and development of the aviation industry in large industrial centers... Modern passenger and cargo aircraft are manufactured in Moscow, Smolensk, Voronezh, Taganrog, Kazan, Ulyanovsk, Samara, Saratov, Omsk, Novosibirsk. Helicopters are produced in Moscow, Rostov-on-Don, Kazan, Ulan-Ude, Kumertau
Rocket and space industry (Moscow, Omsk, Krasnoyarsk, etc.) manufactures orbital spaceships, rockets for launching satellites, cargo and manned ships and reusable ships of the Buran type, combining high technologies with a wide inter-industry complexity of production. Russia accounts for 85% of the capacity of the rocket and space complex of the former USSR
Automotive industry ... By the volume of production, as well as by the value of fixed assets, it is the largest branch of mechanical engineering. Automotive products are widely used in all sectors of the national economy and are one of the most popular products in the retail trade. More than 80% of transported goods are accounted for by road transport
The overwhelming part of production is concentrated in the old industrial regions of the European part of Russia with a high concentration of traffic and the presence of large transport hubs. The industry has a high level of production concentration. More than 1/2 of marketable products, fixed assets and personnel are accounted for by enterprises employing more than 10 thousand people, accounting for only 11% of the total. This group includes AMO ZIL and JSC Moskvich (Moscow), JSC GAZ (Nizhny Novgorod), JSC VAZ (Togliatti), JSC KamAZ (Naberezhnye Chelny). The main areas of location are Central (more than 1/5 of gross production), Povolzhsky, Volgo-Vyatsky and Uralsky districts
Agricultural and tractor engineering ... The main capacities of agricultural and tractor engineering are located mainly in the North Caucasian, Volga, West Siberian, Ural, Central, Central Black Earth and Volgo-Vyatka regions... This corresponds to the location and specialization of agriculture. In agricultural engineering, subject and detailed specialization is carried out; significantly fewer factories are specialized in certain stages of the technological process or overhaul of equipment
The production of grain harvesters is concentrated at the Rostselmash plant, at the Krasnoyarsk and Taganrog factories, potato harvesters in Ryazan, and flax harvesters in Bezhetsk. Various types of tractors are produced in Vladimir, Lipetsk, St. Petersburg, Volgograd, Rubtsovsk, Petrozavodsk, Barnaul, Bryansk and Cheboksary
Shipbuilding industry ... Most of the enterprises of the industry, despite the significant amount of metal of large parameters they consume, which is inconvenient for transportation, are located outside large metallurgical bases. The complexity of modern ships determines the installation of a variety of equipment on them, which implies the presence of cooperative ties with allied enterprises. Shipbuilding starts on land and ends afloat, so many shipyards are located at estuaries large rivers or in sheltered harbors
The largest maritime shipbuilding region has developed on the Baltic Sea, where its most important center is located - St. Petersburg with a number of factories (Severnaya Verf, Baltic, Admiralteisky, Kanonersky, Nevsky). There are shipbuilding and ship repair plants in Vyborg and Kaliningrad. In the Far East, the centers of ship repair are Vladivostok and Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky
River shipbuilding is represented by numerous shipyards on the most important river routes: Volga (Nizhny Novgorod), Ob, Yenisei. The favorable geographic location of such factories makes the construction of ships at such enterprises very efficient.
If we consider the regional aspect of the location of engineering industries, then the Central Economic Region will occupy the leading position among the engineering regions not only in Russia, but also in the CIS. Until recently, it accounted for more than 1/2 of the production of passenger cars, a significant part of the automotive industry, 90% of mechanical engineering products for the light industry. Almost 80% of the products were exported to other regions and abroad. The development of high-tech production here is largely due to the presence here of highly qualified personnel, research and development and design organizations. Moscow plays an important role in the structure of production. Here are located the former flagships of the domestic automotive industry, JSC "Moskvich" and AMO "ZIL" and a huge number of "mailboxes" and conversion factories created on their basis. Moscow is also home to such large machine-building giants as JSC "Dynamo", Zavod im. Ilyich, several ball bearing factories. The branches of the machine-building specialization of the Central Economic Region are the automotive industry, locomotive-, carriage-building, river shipbuilding, tractor, agricultural, precision engineering
The Northwest Economic Region is part of the Central Region of Russia. The main share of mechanical engineering products falls on St. Petersburg, where energy, radio engineering, optical-mechanical engineering, marine shipbuilding, car building, and machine tool building are concentrated. Kaliningrad is an important center of marine shipbuilding.
The second large region of concentration of machine-building industries is the Ural-Volga region. In terms of production volume, the region is second only to the Center. Ural enterprises produce 24.6% of all machine tools, 24.4% of press-forging and 17% of mining equipment. Large centers are the cities of Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk, Togliatti, Naberezhnye Chelny and Nizhny Novgorod. It should also be emphasized that the most important enterprises of the defense industry are concentrated in the Volgo-Vyatka economic region (the Republic of Udmurtia). In particular, the Izhevsk Arms Plant is located in the capital of the republic, which produces the whole range of light and medium-sized weapons.
In the direction from west to east, there is a noticeable increase in capital construction costs, labor force, transportation of raw materials and finished products. If we take as 100% the costs of creating machine-building production in the central region, then costs in Siberia will increase by 7-12%, and in the Far East - by 12-15%. The corresponding increase in the cost of production will be 13-25%, depending on the specifics of production. Therefore, it is advisable to locate material and energy-intensive production of energy, lifting and transport, carriage-building and mining equipment near sources of raw materials and energy. Such enterprises are concentrated in Altai, in the Kemerovo and Irkutsk regions. The presence of highly qualified personnel in Novosibirsk and Omsk made it possible to create high-tech enterprises of electrical and radio engineering
2 The current state of the industry in Russia
This is one of the depressive branches of Russian industry. The decline in production here began earlier, the slowdown in the rate of decline came later, and the decline in the industry was noticeably deeper than the industry average. Out of several dozen positions, only two types of products were found in the industry, the production of which in 1999 was higher than in 1994 - cars and personal computers. For the overwhelming majority of other types of products, production decreased by two or more times. For combine harvesters, for example, 25 times, for household tape recorders - 100 times
Throughout the entire period under review, production annually declined by about 80% of the types of mechanical engineering and metalworking products. The exceptions were 1996 - a year in which a drop in production was observed in almost all types of products, and 1999, when production decreased "only" in 63% of types of products.
It is almost impossible to single out in machine-building products any groups for which production decreased above or below average, it is almost impossible: the production of both means of production and consumer goods fell rapidly. Nevertheless, enterprises that produce equipment for depressive industries: coal and light industries, rural equipment, the needs of machine building itself (primarily manufacturers of metalworking equipment) were in a relatively worse position.
Somewhat better is the situation with the production of products oriented either to meeting social needs, the demand for which is decreasing in the last turn (for example, it was possible to avoid a landslide reduction in production in power engineering, the level of production of buses is stable), or to the effective demand of the population. So, in 1999 there was a tendency to increase the production of refrigerators and freezers, color TV sets. However, a deeper acquaintance with statistics, in particular the production of household appliances, shows that there is a sharp differentiation of manufacturers of the same types of products in terms of their ability to adapt to new conditions. So, for example, the production of color TVs in 1999 in the Novosibirsk region decreased by 7.7 times, while in the Russian Federation as a whole it increased by 2.4 times.
In 2000, the growth of the industry's production took place in all regions with a mechanical engineering specialization. Machine-building enterprises located in the regions of the European part of the country are developing more dynamically, while the eastern regions are noticeably lagging behind in increasing production.
In 2001, the growth in production in the Central District was 41% higher than in 1998, this is due to the production of complete electric trains in the Moscow region and the implementation of a project in Moscow for the production of Renault-Megan cars
The growth in the production of mechanical engineering in Western Siberia is based on measures to implement a large federal program for the production of equipment for the oil and gas industry, as well as with the possible inclusion of defense enterprises of this region in programs and projects for the development of high-tech industries
There were no noticeable dynamic shifts in the mechanical engineering of Eastern Siberia, nevertheless, some growth was provided by enterprises of heavy, agricultural and transport engineering
In the diagram “ Territorial structure of production of mechanical engineering products in 2001 "presents the growth volumes of the engineering industry by region (see Appendix)
As a result of the implementation of measures to reform and restructure enterprises, the sectoral structure of mechanical engineering has somewhat changed.
In the total volume of industrial production, the share of products of the automotive industry, heavy, energy, transport, tractor, agricultural and road-building machine-building increased, and the share of instrument-making, electrical, machine-tool and tool industries decreased.
In more detail, I would like to dwell on the aviation industry, since this sub-industry is closer to me (I work at the Kumertau aviation industrial enterprise)
The achievements of Russia as one of the leading aviation powers in the world are well known. The types of the first Russian aircraft created at the dawn of aircraft construction were distinguished by the originality of technical solutions, the fruitfulness of the design search for answers to the challenges of the early twentieth century. In the middle of the century, Soviet aviation certainly met the requirements of the time of harsh military tests, a powerful industrial base was created based on the unity of fundamental aviation science, a network of design bureaus, serial factories - manufacturers of non-class combat aircraft. Modern domestic aviation research and design schools have a high rating in international business circles and organizations, which creates favorable preconditions for the integration of the aviation industry into the global aerospace community. At the same time, significant efforts will be required from the aviation industry to maintain its status as one of the main manufacturers of aviation equipment and overcome the difficulties associated with the unprecedented size of the reduction in orders from traditional customers of the main production products and the deep crisis in effective demand for civil aircraft and new generation helicopters.
The aviation industry is experiencing common to all industrial complex Problems:
An acute shortage of financial resources,
Non-reimbursement of the costs of work in progress, which has acquired a chronological character of adjustments to the state defense order,
Excess of the accumulated arrears of ordering ministries of the annual amount of financing of enterprises,
weakening of human resources, etc.
At the same time, an objective analysis and forecasts of the development of the world market for military aviation, carried out by reputable international analytical centers, indicate an intensification of the competition between the leading countries-producers of military aircraft - the USA, Russia, Great Britain and France, moreover, in terms of production and sales in the world market. fighters, attack and jet training aircraft until 2007, the Russian firms "Sukhoi", "Mikoyan" and "Yakovlev" effectively compete with the firms "Boeing", "Dasso"
According to the data of the defense departments of the United States and countries Western Europe Russia has retained a high level of critical technologies in the military aircraft industry, which is a basic prerequisite for maintaining the competitiveness of the domestic industry in the aircraft industry in general.
The domestic aviation industry, despite the difficult financial situation in the economy of the entire national economic complex, has managed to maintain its leading positions and high scientific and technological potential with a minimum level of state support. It is the largest among the defense industries in terms of such indicators as the number of highly qualified personnel, the cost of fixed assets of enterprises, the volume of production and sales of products (about 40% of the total output of the military-industrial complex)
In 2000, with a decline in production of 5.2% in the industry as a whole, the volume of goods and services of the aviation industry increased by 8.1% compared to 1999. Positive trends in the aviation industry continued following the results of the first half of 2001: the largest growth in the output of goods and services among the defense industries was achieved in the aviation industry by 40%, while the average growth across all industries was about 10%.
These data testify to the viability of the aircraft industry, the possibility of economic recovery and, ultimately, the preservation of Russia's status as the world's leading aviation power.
In the aviation industry, which traditionally included the production of light aircraft, heavy aircraft and helicopters, special equipment (aircraft weapons systems), aggregate, engine and instrument making, the most real organizational, financial and economic gaps arose with the liquidation of sectoral ministries and are still not completely overcome between the three main sectors - research, design and manufacturing. At the same time, the world practice of creating technically complex and highly capital-intensive aviation complexes has led to the need to use the so-called commercial approach not only in relation to the tasks of creating civil aviation equipment, but also when creating combat aviation systems. The main requirement of this approach is the existence of a single legal entity with full responsibility for design, development, certification, production and after-sales services.
In order to overcome the disunity between design organizations and serial factories, the Ministry of Economy has developed, and the Government Russian Federation In 1998, it approved by its special decree the Concept of Restructuring the Domestic Aviation Industry Complex, the main idea of which was to create the necessary conditions for the unification of existing enterprises into large corporate structures on the basis of coordinated actions of federal and regional government bodies and aircraft manufacturing enterprises themselves. Currently, programs are underway to create four main independent corporations - "Ilyushin", "Tupolev", "Sukhoi" and "Mikoyan"
Among the holding companies and second-tier corporations, it should be noted Aviapriborholding OJSC, Aerospace Equipment Corporation, Technocomplex Corporation, and the NK Engines financial and industrial group.
The formation in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation "On the further development of integrated complexes" of the interstate aircraft building corporation "Ilyushin", which includes OJSC "AK im. S.V. Ilyushin ", VASO," Tashkent aviation software "
A decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 30, 1999 N720 was issued on the integration under the patronage of the state into the Tupolev company of two main enterprises creating the intellectual and material property of this brand of aircraft ANTK im. A. N. Tupolev and JSC Aviastap. When implementing the resolution, not only the contradictions and disunity between the developer and the manufacturer are overcome, but control is restored by the state over the activities of the Ulyanovsk aviation-industrial complex, the largest in Russia (at present, the state's share in JSC Aviastar is only 6.69%), as well as the state's control over the development of strategic aviation systems, carried out by the team of the A.N. A.N. Tupolev
In aircraft construction, the most advanced work on the implementation of integrated structures in the defense industry, provided for by the Federal Target Program ("Restructuring and Conversion of the Defense Industry for 2001-2005" (for example, in aircraft and helicopter construction, the integration of six companies created at the first stage into two or three) ; transformation of the created structures into intersectoral ones, transformation of sectoral management bodies into forms adequate to the new structure of the industry
More details about the prospects for the development of the airline will be covered in the next chapter.
3 Prospects for the development of the industry
Now it is obvious to everyone that Russia is in a severe crisis. It is impossible to get out of it without giving, first of all, a realistic assessment and without revealing the reasons for the country's stay in permanent reproductive collapse.
As many economists rightly point out, the Russian government all these years, contrary to the facts, has diligently avoided the concept of "crisis", constantly repeating itself about "stabilization" and "signs of growth." Preferring to talk about “stabilization”, the RF Government recognized the crisis only in certain areas: “non-payment crisis”, “budget crisis”, “financial crisis”, etc.
Without considering the crisis comprehensively, the government underestimated the situation, did not conduct an in-depth analysis that would allow to fully understand the causes of the crisis and further develop a system of interconnected comprehensive measures to overcome the economic deadlock.
For quite a long time, the analysis of the state of affairs in the Russian economy was usually associated with the assessment of finances, money circulation, and securities markets. And this is determined by the growing role of the financial environment in the functioning of economic relations both in the domestic and in the world context. A series of financial crises that have erupted most recently in various regions of the world have sharply contributed to the growth of general interest in the financial environment. In this regard, there is a significant shift in the initial data of the analysis of economic life. The real sector of the economy somewhere no longer seems to be ahead, and a deceptive impression is formed that the exceptional power and development of the financial sphere make states and their peoples rich and prosperous
However, the backbone of any economy is industry.
The strategy for the development of this industry for the medium term provides for the introduction of the latest foreign technologies with the possibility of importing equipment, the gradual accumulation of experience in its production at our own facilities, and then the development of domestic priority technologies. At the same time, Russian mechanical engineering under favorable market conditions will develop in the following directions:
1) production of modernized machines and equipment for enterprises with obsolete, but still functioning technological lines;
2) production (including assembly) of science-intensive products on imported equipment with the involvement of various forms of foreign capital;
3) participation in projects involving the production of technologically complex components for equipment manufactured by foreign firms abroad (inclusion Russian technologies to the international system of technological cooperation);
4) targeted development of individual industries for the production of equipment for high technologies both on imported and on our own technological base
However, only a part of the capacities of the existing machine-building complex, which is mainly concentrated in the regions of the European part of the country, including the Urals (92% of the total production of the industry in 2002), can ensure the solution of the above programs. Thus, in the medium term, the priority in the development of mechanical engineering will remain with the old industrial regions of the west and center of the European part of Russia.
The positive dynamics of demand on the domestic market for machinery and equipment, which manifested itself in 1999, will continue in the coming years. At the same time, such an increase in exports of some types of engineering products should be expected. The import of a certain part of machinery and equipment, due to the limited potential of import substitution of domestic engineering, will remain at the achieved level. A significant structural shift in the volume of sales of products in the domestic market as a result of the import substitution factor is expected for passenger cars. On the world market of machinery and equipment, Russia acts as a supplier of a narrow range of specialized products, primarily military equipment and certain types of power equipment. Development of Russian exports of machinery and equipment in the forecast period until 2005. can happen with the strengthening of the tendencies of the economy and the recovery of the economies of the CIS countries. At the same time, an increase in the export of Russian heavy and general engineering products should be expected to expand the export of engineering products to developing countries, which is of particular importance in the formation of cooperation in the framework of technical assistance. The potential for Russian arms exports and military equipment... The successful promotion of this product group on the world market will be achieved by effective political and economic support from the state. The implementation of domestic scientific and technical projects for organizing the production of science-intensive machine-building products can contribute to a significant increase in exports, the income from which can serve as a fairly significant source of investment in the industry.
One of the most important and real sources of attracting investment in industrial sectors in modern conditions is international cooperation, and the aviation industry provides up to 2/3 of the volume of exports of defense industries, both in the area of civilian products and in the area of aircraft weapons and military equipment.
The tendencies of globalization and internationalization, which have noticeably intensified after the collapse of the former geopolitical system, have primarily affected the expensive market for high-tech aviation products.
In the short term, the competitive environment of this market will be driven by such trends as sales of aircraft and helicopters of previous generations and their modifications to third world countries, development of new projects as a result of joint efforts of several companies from several countries to reduce risks
There is also a tendency when, while supporting the efforts of Western aircraft manufacturers to hinder Russia's access to world technologies and undermine the competitiveness of Russian exports, the governments of these countries allow the export of military aircraft to regions previously closed for export (supplies to Taiwan, Latin America). In this regard, as well as other circumstances (significant monopolization in the markets of civil aviation equipment, economic difficulties and the following limited opportunities for export credit, the requirements of most countries - potential importers for certification of domestic civil aviation equipment for compliance with American or Western European requirements), it is necessary to activate the state regulation in the field of export-import operations with aviation equipment, elimination of the unproductive competition that still takes place between domestic aircraft manufacturers and intermediary trading companies, ensuring greater political state support in promoting domestic equipment to world markets and balanced measures to protect the interests of domestic manufacturers in the domestic market
The aviation industry in Russia is capable and should become one of the main "locomotives" of the revival of our economy, become a point of growth. However, this requires the implementation of a balanced and consistent industrial policy, to a measure of flexibly adapted to changing external conditions, but not missing the main goal - the preservation and development of the high-tech industry to ensure the issues of defense sufficiency, safe operation of aviation equipment, effective competition in the open aviation community. ... The stabilization and development of enterprises of the Russian aviation industry is possible with the implementation of a set of necessary, deeply thought out and specific measures affecting both issues of government support for aircraft construction and issues related to the responsibility of the FSVT of Russia, the IAC and the Ministry of Trade of Russia
In order to provide state support to the Russian aviation industry and stimulate sales of domestic aircraft, the Ministry of Economy of Russia, at the suggestions of the leading institutes of the aviation industry, leading design bureaus specializing in the creation of civil and military aviation equipment, has developed and submitted to the Government a package of legislative and other regulatory legal documents providing:
Introduction of a number of tax incentives for Russian leasing companies and banks financing the acquisition of domestic aircraft (exemption from tax on road users, partial exemption from income tax, etc.);
Reducing the amount of state duty for registration of aircraft mortgage agreements;
Exemption from VAT on imported components of foreign production for domestic aircraft, provided that the imported components do not have Russian counterparts;
Exemption from customs duties on previously exported domestic aircraft and imported back by Russian airlines on the terms of temporary import;
Raising the limit of state guarantees for leasing projects for domestic aircraft to 85%
The adoption of these documents will provide effective government support for the aviation industry, as well as for specialized leasing companies, as it contains deeply thought-out and professionally prepared economic measures to support the system of development, production and supply of aviation equipment.
Conclusion
The urgent needs of the national economy, caused by the need for a minimum support of the technological level in machine-building complex, determine the priorities of the structural and investment policy in mechanical engineering. It is required to normalize the investment process by restoring demand for equipment and interregional cooperation ties. It is especially important to revive the demand for equipment in the basic, life-supporting sectors of the national economy. As a result, it will be possible to revive the most backward branches of mechanical engineering with an undeveloped structure of production.
In the context of a decline in production in the engineering industries, it is advisable to limit purchases abroad of equipment, analogues of which are produced or may be produced in Russia. This will increase the utilization of production facilities and may, in connection with the supply of a number of types of component parts and equipment, restore broken production and cooperation ties with neighboring countries and former countries CMEA. At the same time, state support is needed for those subsectors of the machine-building complex (primarily defense), whose production capacities allow for the technical re-equipment of the country's production apparatus.
To implement the country's structural and investment policy, it is necessary to concentrate significant funds on priority areas. But the volume of capital investments formed at the expense of enterprises' own funds is currently limited as a result of rising prices for investment resources and because of the catastrophic financial situation of the enterprises themselves. Private investment is one of the additional sources of investment in domestic machine building. However, the possibility of attracting private investment is limited by the narrowness of the areas for investment. According to some estimates, the investment attractiveness of mechanical engineering is generally low, while the rating of industries with an export-oriented raw material orientation is at a high level. At the same time, large-scale attraction of funds from private (domestic and foreign) investors in such sub-sectors as agricultural engineering and mechanical engineering for processing agricultural products in the near future is generally unlikely.
Therefore, the main burden of maintaining the viability of mechanical engineering for the basic sectors of the national economy falls on the shoulders of the state.
List of used literature
Geography of Russia; population and economy: a textbook for general education institutions. " V.Ya. Rum, V.P. Dronov, M. 1997
"Accommodation productive forces. " V.V. Kistanov, N.V. Kopylov, A.T. Khrushchev, M. 1996
"Economic and Social Geography", reference materials. V.P. Dronov, V.P. Maksakovsky, V. Ya. Rum, M. 1997
“Economics of the Engineering Industry: study guides for university students studying in the specialty "Economics and organization of the machine-building industry." M.I. Orlova, L.M. Lukashevich, ed. G.A. Krayukhina, M. 1995
"Regional Economy", edited by prof. T.G. Morozova, M. 1999
"Situation in the machine-building complex of Russia." “BIKI” No. 55-56, 16.05.2001, p. 3-5
“Machine-building complex: state and development options in 2001. (Review.) ”Prepared based on the materials of the Department of Mechanical Engineering of the Ministry of Economy of the Russian Federation. "Economist" No. 1, 2001, pp. 32-40
"Innovation sphere: state and prospects." Ionov M., “The Economist” No. 10, 1999, pp. 37-46
"Air traffic - reliable control". V. Egorov. "Aviapanorama" No. 1 2001, pp. 15-17
“4th Forum of the Russian Helicopter Society”. E. Ruzhitsky. "Helicopter" No. 6, 2000, pp. 27-31
"The crisis is over." EXPANS. 2000. "Technomir" No. 3-4, 2000, p. 10-14
"Radical course change." "Air Transport Review" ed. A. Komarova, No. 7-8, 2001, p. 6
"Social and labor problems Russian economy in 2000 " E. Anonosekov. "Russian Economic Journal." No. 10, 2001, pp. 31-40
"Innovative activity in mechanical engineering." G. Khoroshilov. "The Economist", No. 7, 1999, pp. 32-40
Federal reference book: "Budget, finance, taxes, economics, trade, social sphere, science, defense, security, legality, law and order", Moscow: "Rodina-Pro" 2002, issue 6
Factors in the development of mechanical engineering
| Parameter name | Meaning |
| Topic of the article: | Factors in the development of mechanical engineering |
| Category (thematic category) | Geography |
The factors in the location of machine-building enterprises are scientifically substantiated. Various factors and conditions need to be considered when choosing locations. The presence of flat areas (preferably not suitable for agriculture) is taken into account for the location of the enterprise itself and the construction of access roads to it.
A major role in the placement is played by the raw material, consumer and labor resource factor.
In particular, the raw material factor is one of the main ones, since the production of all types of mechanical engineering is closely related to the use of metal (production of freight cars and tanks, diesel locomotives, tractors, heavy engineering products). And also in this case, transport costs for the transportation of metal, machinery and equipment are significantly reduced, conditions arise for establishing links between machine building and ferrous metallurgy. Machine-building plants are exempted from some operations that are more characteristic of metallurgy, and metallurgical plants are given the opportunity to use machine-building waste and specialize in accordance with its needs.
The consumer factor has a significant impact on the location of enterprises producing machines of large weight and large size, since their products are difficult to transport. This is the production of agricultural machinery, equipment for light, chemical, food industries, as well as metallurgical complex, gas, coal and oil industries. Marine and river shipbuilding is oriented exclusively towards the consumer, ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ is located in sea and river ports.
Most of the engineering industries are characterized by high labor intensity, high qualifications of workers and engineering and technical workers. Consequently, factories are more conveniently located in an area equipped with specialists in this field and a high concentration of the population. And also placement in machine-building plants near or directly in the centers where research and development bases are concentrated. That is, the territory should be knowledge-intensive for a faster and more modern sale of goods. Thus, the areas of precision science-intensive mechanical engineering are located, in particular machine-tool and instrument-making, electronic and electrical sub-branches. Focus on scientific potential is a leading factor in the location of machine-building enterprises.
| Federal districts** | Engineering specialization |
| Central | Transport engineering (aerospace, automotive, railroad) Production of equipment for light, chemical and petrochemical industry... Machine tool building. Agricultural engineering. Precise and sophisticated mechanical engineering. Electronics |
| Privolzhsky | Transport engineering (aerospace, automotive, river shipbuilding). Production of equipment for the oil and gas, oil refining industry, organic chemistry, pulp and paper industry. Agricultural engineering |
| Ural | Transport engineering (aerospace, automotive, railroad). Equipment for metallurgical industry, mining equipment, equipment for oil production, oil refining and petrochemical industries. Power engineering. Machine tool |
| Northwestern | Transport engineering (marine shipbuilding, ship repair). Power engineering. Manufacturing of equipment for industries timber industry |
| Yuzhny | Transport engineering (marine shipbuilding, ship repair). Production of equipment for the food industry. Agricultural engineering |
| Siberian | Transport engineering (aerospace industry, railway engineering). Mining equipment manufacturing |
| Far Eastern | Transport engineering (marine shipbuilding, ship repair, aviation industry) |
The influence of these factors is extremely important to consider as a whole, because some branches of mechanical engineering are simultaneously oriented towards raw materials and the consumer and labor resources. This approach to product sales is the most optimal. This is due to the fact that the production of machines requires not only the presence of metal, but also high qualifications of workers and the presence of a solvent consumer.
Developed transport system the region is a way of specialization and interaction of machine-building enterprises.
Development factors of mechanical engineering - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Factors of development of mechanical engineering" 2014, 2015.
