CONTENT: Composition: Nizhny Novgorod, Kirov regions; Republics of Mari El, Chuvash, Mordovia. Territory - 263.4 thousand sq. km. Population - 8.444 million people. The share of the Volgo-Vyatka economic region (VVER) in the industrial output, the cost of fixed assets and the number of industrial and production personnel of the Russian Federation exceeds its share in the total population and area on the scale of Russia.
Located in the Central Black Earth economic region of the Kursk magnetic anomaly, it is the largest iron mine in Russia. Significantly concentrated ore goes beyond the region, as well as local enterprises, Lipetsk and Stary Oskol. Other industries include engineering tools.
Chemistry: production of synthetic rubber and tires in Voronezh, synthetic fibers in Kursk, Tambov, dyes and detergents in Chebekin. In the economic region of Center-Chernozyum, crops of beets, sunflowers, cereals, potatoes, vegetables, fruits and berries are cultivated. Livestock and pigs dominate livestock. In meat production, per capita income in this region is in 1st place in Russia, in dairy production - in second place after Economic region Volga-Vyatka. Almost all products are processed in the region, where there is milk, flour, canned food and animal feed, sugar and starch from a company and a factory for the production of vegetable and animal oils.
Composition: Nizhny Novgorod, Kirov regions; Republics of Mari El, Chuvash, Mordovia.
Territory - 263.4 thousand sq. km.
Population - 8.444 million people.
The share of the Volgo-Vyatka economic region (VVER) in the output industrial products, the cost of fixed assets and the number of industrial and production personnel of the Russian Federation exceeds its share in the total population and area on the scale of Russia.
Transport and economic links
After a general analysis of the world market, with prices for products and an indication of what is not profitable to produce. Let's talk today about investing in the food market. Not in national production, however, as, as mentioned earlier, Brazil only has one productive bonus, which does not make it profitable on a large scale, as we are the seventh worst country for food production.
By the time this article is written, 7 countries have a 100% meal bonus, and they do. The other 3 countries have a 95% bonus. And 3 more countries have a 90% bonus. For the other percentages we will not display, however they are easy to deal with, just consult them.
In the all-Russian territorial division of labor VVER It stands out for the production of various products of the mechanical engineering, chemical and petrochemical, oil refining, forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries. VVER it is distinguished by developed agriculture: the share of agricultural land is about 5%, arable land - 5% of the all-Russian; the share of agricultural production is 5.7% of the national total.
Taking into account the biggest bonus of countries for production, we can analyze the top ten regions, the displayed productivity is a value close to real, since it has some small differences and already takes into account the pollution of the region.
Donbass: 114. South Dalmatia: 111. Patagonia: 109. Gomel: 109. Jeju: 108. North Montenegrin Mountains: 102. District of Columbia, Sichuan, Volga Vyatka, Crete, Nebraska, Semnan: 118. Donbass: appears in all eight modes. These regions are worth mentioning.
Volgo-Vyatka district position of the district on the territory of the state
However, the regions under the rule of Romania and Serbia, thanks to the military power of these two peoples, make the regions almost safe from domination. It is not enough to have the best bonus and maximum performance to perform well. In order to be able to earn, in addition to the two factors already presented, we need to consider something else: The tax paid in each company.
NATURAL CONDITIONS AND RESOURCES
The territory of the district is stretched from the south-west to the north-east for 1000 km and is located in different natural areas: the northern part is in the forest taiga and the southern part is in the forest-steppe. The region is located in Central Russia, in the basins of the Volga navigable rivers, Oki, Vyatka, borders and is in close economic connection with the Central, Volga, Ural and Northern regions, which are powerful economic complexes.
For each company that works as a manager, a tax is paid calculated on the average salary of the country in which the company is located. Therefore, on order the lowest taxes: Combined United Arab Emirates, Greece, USA, China, Iran, Japan, Romania, Serbia and Russia.
Market specialization industries
Knowing three important factors for investing in the food industry: best countries, the best regions and low taxes. We can tell which are the best regions or not to invest. Just for knowledge purposes, above is the South East Brazil profit sheet, the only one with a bonus in Brazil, and as you can see, it is extremely low compared to other regions. For every two companies in the southeast, you can get the same profit with only one in other regions.
The main Natural resources region: phosphorites of the Vyatka-Kamsky deposit (explored reserves of phosphorus - 47% of all-Russian reserves, forest resources (forest cover 40% of the entire territory of the region, which is about 2% of all forest plantations in Russia, conifers predominate), building materials - gypsum, limestone, glass sands, clays, cement raw materials, water resources, rock salt (Kerzhensky deposit), peat and oil shale. mineral- raw materials and fuel determined the dependence of the region's economy on other territories: industry and the electric power industry are based on imported raw materials and fuel.
We emphasize that the entire Imperial Cabinet will be available to serve all citizens of the Empire, about any doubts about the current government. The village of Buranovo, from where "Buranovskie Babushki" comes from, is located 30 km from Izhevsk, the capital of the Udmurt Republic, a federal subject of Russia. The Udmurt Republic is located on the border between the Volga region and the Urals, between the Kama and Vyatka rivers.
The Udmurts have lived there since time immemorial. For centuries, the territory of modern Udmurtia was part of different states: Volga Bulgaria, Golden Horde, Kazan Khanate, Vyatka land. At present, industry as well as the agricultural sector are well developed in the republic. Several large machine-building plants are located here, in which some of the members of "Buranovskiye Babushki" worked.
The climate of the region is continental, favorable for agriculture. In the western part of the region, the most fertile soils (there are also chernozems), in the forest part, poor podzolic soils prevail.
POPULATION
The population of the district is multinational: Russians (about 80%), Ukrainians, Belarusians, Mari, Chuvash, Mordovians, Tatars, Udmurts, etc. The urban population predominates (66%) (in the regions of the district about 70%, in the republics only 30%). The highest concentration of the population is observed in large cities: Nizhny Novgorod, Kirov and the capitals of the republics. The distribution of the district's population is uneven, with the highest density in the Chuvash Republic (75 people / sq. Km) and the Nizhny Novgorod region (about 50 people / sq. Km) and the smallest in the Kirov region (14 people / sq. Km) with an average density 32 persons / sq. km.
Udmurts are Finno-Ugric people who live both in the Udmurt Republic and in the surrounding regions. Udmurts speak Russian and Udmurt languages. 325 thousand people in Russia speak the Udmurt language. And it is Udmurt that is the native language for all members of Buranovskiye Babushki.
The Udmurt language belongs to the Permik group of the Finno-Ugric languages of the Uralic family. The closest linguistic relatives of the Udmurts are the Komi and the Permian Komi, and the more distant relatives are the Finns, Hungarians and Estonians. The Udmurt script uses the Cyrillic alphabet. The first Udmurt books were published.
A deep crisis in the country's economy, difficult socio-economic conditions of life led to a sharp decline in the birth rate in the region - up to 8.6 people. for 1000 people and an increase in mortality - 15.8 people. for 1000 people In 1995 alone, the population decline (decline) in the Volga-Vyatka economic region amounted to 60,412 people. (in Russia - about 1 million people).
The able-bodied population is more than 50% of the district's population. Well over half of all labor resources the region is employed in industry and construction, about 25% - in agriculture and forestry. Per last years the number of unemployed in the Volga-Vyatka economic region has sharply increased, by 1995 - about 400 thousand people, or more than 7% of the total working-age population of the region (in Russia - more than 12%). There are about 170 secondary and higher educational institutions in VVER, they are located in large and medium-sized cities and urban settlements. Universities, technical schools, colleges, research, design and engineering organizations are concentrated mainly in Nizhny Novgorod, Arzamas, Kirov, in the capitals of the republics. In VVER formed a skilled workforce of workers in traditional professions (metalworkers, tanners, stove-makers, river workers, woodworkers).
Udmurt folklore is very diverse and rich. It was influenced by the traditions of the Finno-Ugric, Slavic and Turkic peoples. Song folklore of the Udmurt people is represented by calendar, family and household, historical, recruiting and dance songs. Among the northern Udmurts, a unique genre is widespread - choral improvisation. Udmurt songs are characterized by several adoptions from related songs - Russians and Tatars.
In addition to other customs, festive rituals for the presence of guests are of great importance in Udmurt folklore, which is shown in the song of the competition "Buranovskie grandmothers". It is no coincidence that Udmurtia is considered a musical republic. The world famous composer Pyotr Tchaikovsky was born in the Udmurt city of Votkinsk. More than 100 years later, his work continues with "Buranovskie grandmothers"!
FEATURES OF THE FARM
The regional economy is characterized by uneven distribution of production forces due to the heterogeneity and variety of conditions for the economic development of individual territories. Specialization Volgo-Vyatka region is closely connected with its historical past - handicraft and handicraft industries: commercial and industrial and metal (Nizhny Novgorod, Pavlovo), leatherwork (Bogorodsk), art, spoon (left bank of the Volga), leather and fur crafts and production (Vyatsko-Slo -bodskaya) on the basis of furs supplied from Siberia in exchange for agricultural products.
The high city, dominated by the Kremlin, sits on three hills to the right of the Volga, while the low city stretches along the banks of two rivers. An important routing of river, road and rail communications, the city has a large commercial function, but nevertheless tends to build its own economy in the industry, which is facilitated by the proximity of a large hydroelectric reservoir on the Volga and the construction of a pipeline and gas pipeline connecting Nizhny Novgorod with the Almetyevsk fields. actively works in the metallurgical, mechanical, automotive, chemical, petrochemical, textile, plastics, electrical, food, tanning, paper, glass and rubber sectors.
The leading specialized industries of the Volgo-Vyatka region are mechanical engineering and metalworking (over 37%), petrochemistry (about 10%), wood chemistry, forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries (about 6%). The specific gravity of light and Food Industry exceeds 16%. The listed industries employ more than 66% of all labor resources in the industry of the Volgo-Vyatka region.
Nizhny Novgorod province stretches over a flat area crossed by the Volga River and its tributaries Oka, Vetluga, Sura and Pyana. The area is forested in the north, where the paper industry thrives and is cultivated in cereals in the southeast sector, and the southwest area is home to a number of industries working in the chemical, metallurgical, food, textile, petrochemical, mechanical and tannery main centers. in addition to the capital, are Dzerzhinsk, Arzamas, Pavlovo and Bor.
The city of Togliatti is located in the lower right part of the map. Located near a large dam on the Volga, it is an active river port with chemical, mechanical, shipbuilding, cement, woodworking, plastic and rubber industries.
The main branch of specialization of the district is mechanical engineering with a complex specifics of intra-district and inter-district cooperation, represented primarily by the Nizhny Novgorod machine-building complex. The leading industry in the region is the automotive industry with its center in Nizhny Novgorod, where the production of more than 10% of passenger cars and 30% of trucks in Russia is concentrated. It is characterized by extensive cooperative production ties with numerous branch factories, subcontractors (in small and medium-sized cities), engaged in the production of spare parts, assemblies, motors, tracked tractors, car tires and tires. Labor-intensive industries provided with highly qualified personnel are represented: machine building is non-metal-intensive and of medium metal intensity, closely connected with the Urals, Central Black Earth, Northern regions and Ukraine for metal, as well as with local metal production plants in Omutninsk, Vyksa, Kulebaki and with steel and rolling mills. in Nizhny Novgorod, in Kirov.
By noting the presence of the city of Togliatti on the map, Dr. Romanov was allowed to go for these personal memories: I did not know Palmiro Togliatti personally, and he died elsewhere when I was 2 years old. Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod or Nizhny Novgorod or Nizhny Novgorod, is the fourth largest city in Russia, occupying a post after Moscow, St. It is the economic and cultural center of the vast Volga-Vyatka economy and administrative center The Nizhny Novgorod region and the Volga Federal District.
Its name literally means Nizhny Newtown to distinguish it from old Novgorod. The main fortress to guard the border, the Nizhny Novgorod fortress, was used by a natural moat formed by two rivers. Its importance increased even more when the place of the mighty Suzdal principality was transferred here from the Gorodetsky Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich strove to make his capital a rival worthy of Moscow: he built a citadel of stone and several churches and was the patron saint of historians.
In addition to the automotive industry, shipbuilding is developed in the region, the production of diesel engines, hardware, milling machines and machine tools with numerical control, semiconductor rectifiers and instruments (Nizhny Novgorod, Saransk, Yoshkar-Ola), measuring equipment (Kirov), the tool industry (Pavlovo, Kirov, Saransk ), various electronic engineering in regional centers and capitals of the republics, instrument making, electrical engineering. The Nizhny Novgorod and Sormovsky machine-building complexes are closely connected with the river shipbuilding yards in Gorodets, Navashino, with the dump truck plant in Saransk, with the aircraft engine plant in the Zavolzhye, the bus plant in Pavlov, lighting and electrical engineering enterprises of Chuvashia, Mordovia, tire, rolling) (non-ferrous) factories in Kirov and a number of chemical, leather, timber and food industries.
Muscovites considered Nizhny Novgorod to be the main support in their wars against the Kazan Tatars. The main square in front of the Kremlin is named after Minin, and his remains are buried in the citadel. Over the next century, the city flourished commercially and was chosen by the Stroganovs as a base for their activities.
By the middle of the 19th century, the city on the Volga was firmly established as a trading capital. Russian Empire... The first world radio receiver of Alexander Popov and the world's first hyperboloid tower and lattice shells of engineer Vladimir Shukhov were demonstrated at the All-Russian Industrial and Art Exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod in other industries, gradually developed and by the beginning of the 20th century it was an industrial center of the first rank.
The production of lifting and transporting, gas compressor equipment, for pipeline transport, aircraft engineering, the production of excavator (Saransk), mining and crushing and grinding equipment (Belaya Kholunitsa), tractor construction (Cheboksary), the production of woodworking machines (Kirov), automatic sheet metal stamping lines (Ruzayevka), electro-automatic medical equipment, instrumentation. The re-profiling of the military-industrial enterprises of the defense complex, the further improvement of the electronic industry further complicates the composition of mechanical engineering in the region due to high-tech, science-intensive, highly labor-intensive, non-metal-intensive industries - the basis of technical progress in the national economy of Russia.
Natural resources of the Volgo-Vyatka economic region
The city bore his name until the city was closed to foreigners at the time to protect the safety of Soviet military research. The end of the “closed” status of the city accompanied the restoration of the original name of the city. V modern city there is a metro system, an airport, numerous theaters, institutes and museums.
What will we do with the received material
Most of the city center was built in the styles of the Russian Revival and the Stalinist Empire. The main feature of the city line is the great Kremlin with its red-brick towers. Other notable landmarks are the two great medieval abbeys. The Annunciation Monastery, also surrounded by strong walls, has another pentagonal cathedral and the Assumption Church. The only private house that has survived from that era, previously owned by the merchant Putnikov.
One of the leading branches of specialization of the Volgo-Vyatka economic region is a diversified chemical industry, working mainly on imported raw materials and materials, producing hundreds of names of intermediates and final products for basic and organic - polymer chemistry(polyacrylates, capralactam, plant protection products, PVC resins, plastics, fibers, dyes, imitation leather, tires, caustic soda, mineral fertilizers). The development of the chemical industry in the region was primarily caused by the great needs of the automotive industry and other industries for chemicals. Production share chemical products in industry in 1995 decreased to 9.7% (from 10.5% in 1990). In the structure of the chemical industry, the share of the production of mineral fertilizers on the basis of the used local Verkhne-Kama phosphorites (Kirov region), refined products at the Nizhny Novgorod and Kstovsky petrochemical plants, in Novocheboksarsk, as well as the production of rubber products at the Saransk industrial enterprise has increased. The share of the production of petrochemical products in the total volume of production in chemistry and petrochemistry decreased and amounted to about 9% in 1995; the share of production of synthetic resins and plastics in the structure of the industry also decreased compared to 1985 and 1990. Despite the growth in the specific weight of the production of mineral fertilizers, the need for them by the region's agriculture is not fully satisfied. Raw material base for oil refining, oil chemical industry and organic chemistry is oil and oil products coming through pipelines from the Volga and West Siberian oil-producing and refining regions. The centers for the production of chemical and petrochemical products are Kstovo, Nizhny Novgorod, Dzerzhinsk and a number of other cities in the regions and republics of the region.
The share of VVER regions and republics in the production of commercial products of chemical and petrochemical industry in 1995 in the district is: Nizhny Novgorod region - about 60%, Kirov - 9.2%, Chuvash, Mordovia and Mari republics - 21.4, respectively; 7.3; 2.1%.
Centers for the production of artificial leather - Bogorodsk, Yoshkar-Ola, Kirov, rubber products - Saransk, car tires - Kirov. Production of products wood chemical industry on the basis of logging and woodworking waste is located near the corresponding logging and woodworking enterprises, mainly in the Kirov and Nizhny Novgorod regions (Balakhninsky timber industry complex, villages Vakhtan, Vet-Luzhsky).
Forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries The Volgo-Vyatka economic region is specialized, in 1996 it accounted for about 6% of the timber industry of the Russian Federation; prevails industrial production on our own wood raw materials. About 90% of VVER wood is harvested in the Kirov and Nizhny Novgorod regions. An overcutting of the allowable cut is noted in the region.
Woodworking factories are located both at logging sites and at places of consumption.
Woodworking production in the structure of the timber industry in 1995 amounted to almost 50%. This is sawmilling, housing construction, furniture, match production, production of sports equipment, fiberboard and particleboard. The production of paper and cardboard is mainly concentrated at the Balakhna Timber Industrial Complex (LPK). According to this indicator, the region ranks third in the country. Paper production accounts for more than 50% of all district production, located in Zu-yenka, Volzhsk, Novocheboksarsk, Kondrovka. The products of the timber industry are sent to the Volga, Central, North Caucasus regions and to Ukraine due to the presence of a dense transport network and convenient floating rivers (Volga, Vyatka, Vetluga).
The main task of the development of the forest industry is the fullest use of forest raw materials, an increase in the mechanical and chemical processing of wood and the intensification of work to expand the reforestation and protection of forests in the region.
Building materials industry the district does not fully meet the needs of the district in building materials. Production in the area of cement, glass, reinforced concrete products, brick remains in short supply.
Light industry The Volgo-Vyatka economic region is represented by sewing, cotton, linen, woolen, leather-shoe-shoe, fur industries, and folk crafts. In the structure of the region's industry in 1995, it amounted to 3.9% (in 1990 - 12%) and ranked second after mechanical engineering. The region produces cotton fabrics (Cheboksary) using imported cotton, linen (in the Kirov and Nizhny Novgorod regions and in Mordovia) - using its own raw materials. Leather and sheepskin-fur coat production is located in Nizhny Novgorod, Kirov, Bogorodsk, Yoshkar-Ola, Slobodskoy, Vakhrushi. Artistic crafts have reached a high level - the manufacture of decorative and applied products made of wood ("Khokhloma painting"), woodcarving, the art of inlay, the manufacture of Dymkovo toys from clay (Kirov), metal art products, the production of table sets (Pavlovo), embroidery, supplied largely on an industrial basis.
Food industry district, along with light in 1995, ranked second after mechanical engineering. The production of food products in VVER as a whole does not fully meet the demand; per capita it is below the average level in Russia. Federation. The food industry is located throughout the region throughout the region, it includes meat, butter, cereals, mushroom and forest berry harvesting. The food industry is based mainly on its own agricultural production.
Fuel and energy balance The Volgo-Vyatka economic region is in dire shortage. Significant needs of the region for electric and thermal energy are far from being met by local peat resources. The fuel and energy economy is formed mainly on imported fuel and energy resources (FER): coal from the Pechora, Moscow region, Kuznetsk basins (coal is delivered by rail) and natural gas and oil coming from the Volga and West Siberian regions through the main pipeline transport arteries... Gas is supplied from Urengoy, Yamburg (via the Urengoy - Center, Urengoy - Pomory - Uzhgorod, Urengoy - Punga - Kirov, Yamburg - Punga - Kirov, Yamburg - Punga - Nizhny Novgorod gas pipelines); oil comes from Western Siberia (via the Sredny Ob'ye - Izhevsk - Nizhny Novgorod, Omsk - Chelyabinsk - Ufa - Kstovo oil pipelines) and from the Volga region (Almetyevsk - Kstovo). Thermal power plants run on coal, gas and fuel oil obtained from oil refineries in Nizhny Novgorod and Kstovo. The largest thermal power plants and combined heat and power plants are Balakhninskaya, Gorkovskaya, Dzerzhinskaya, Kirovo-Chepetskaya, hydroelectric power plants - Gorkovskaya, Cheboksarskaya, and a nuclear heating station - Gorkovskaya AST.
So, along with the industries of specialization in VVER, the service industries also developed: fuel and energy, ferrous metallurgy (at waste disposal sites of scrap metal and machine-building plants - Nizhny Novgorod, Vyksa, Kulebaki, Kirov region), building materials industry (Alekseevsky cement factory in Mordovia, the production of wall materials in all republics and regions of the region, alabaster - in the Nizhny Novgorod region, technical glass in the town of Bor), food industry, handicrafts, artistic processing of wood (Semenov in the Volga region).
Agriculture Volgo-Vyatka economic region does not fully provide local population food and food and light industry raw materials.
The total land area of the district is 13.6 million hectares, of which agricultural land is 10.2 million hectares (4.7% of the total Russian). Arable land accounts for 75.9% of the total agricultural land of the region, the share of pastures is 15%, hayfields - 8%.
The leading branch of agriculture - crop production - is represented by grain crops. More than half of the cultivated areas of the region are occupied by cereals, crops of rye, wheat, barley, oats prevail, in the forest-steppe zone, mainly cereals - buckwheat, millet.
The main industrial crop is fiber flax (Nizhny Novgorod, Kirov regions), hemp, sugar beets, hops (Chuvashia) are also grown; potato growing and suburban vegetable growing are located everywhere in the region. There are corn crops in the southern part of the region.
VVER livestock breeding is represented by cattle breeding (meat and dairy and milk and meat production throughout the territory), sheep breeding, pig breeding, as well as rabbit breeding, poultry farming and beekeeping. The fodder base of animal husbandry is the grasses of floodplain meadows, forest meadows, fodder crops, and sown grasses.
In recent years, the structure of agricultural production in the Volgo-Vyatka economic region has undergone changes associated with the implementation of reforms in the country. By the end of 1995, in the Volgo-Vyatka economic region, there were 8.2 thousand farms with an average size of 26 hectares (in Russia, respectively, 270 thousand farms with 43 hectares), which amounted to less than 1% of all farms in the region (in Russia about 2%). The share of agricultural production by farms in VVER in 1995 was equal to 2% for grain, 1.5% for sugar beet, 0.4% for meat, 0.5% for milk (in Russia, respectively, 4.7; 3.5; 1.5; 1.5%).
The Volgo-Vyatka region has all types of modern transport. Railway transport occupies more than half of the total volume of interregional traffic (along three transit latitudinal and one meridional railway line, which are approached by local railways with high traffic density). North and southern territories the area is less covered by railways. The density of highways on other roads in the region is higher than the national average.
River transport provides external and internal communications of the region along such navigable rivers, how Volga, Oka, Vyatka, Vetlu ha. The major river ports of the region and the country are Nizhniy Novgorod, Cheboksary. By the rivers carry timber, coal, metal, salt, engineering products, building materials, vegetables, grain cargo.
Pipeline transport is represented by several gas and oil pipelines that provide the flow (import) of fuel and energy resources from the Volga, Ural and West Siberian regions. The import of goods - fuel, raw materials, metal, grain - significantly exceeds the export of finished products (cars, machine tools, diesel engines, river boats, tractors, handicrafts, leather and fur products, timber, wood products, paper, cardboard, light industry products) ... The Volgo-Vyatka economic region, importing products, has close economic ties with the Urals and the Central Black Earth regions (metal), the South (coal from the eastern wing of the Donbass), the North (apatites), the Volga region (oil, bread, fish, salt), the Center (engineering products from allied enterprises), Western Siberia(fuel). In addition, it has connections with the Southern Economic Regions, where mainly timber and products of the woodworking industry and mechanical engineering are sent from VVER.
TERRITORIAL FARM ORGANIZATION
Placement analysis productive forces Volga-Vyatka economic region, it allows you to divide the territory of the region into three subdistricts (zones): Nizhny Novgorod, Kirov regions and the territory of the republics. The most economically developed area is the Nizhny Novgorod zone (30% - the territory of the district, 44% of the population, 52.4% - industrial products), which determines the specialization of VVER (automotive, shipbuilding, machine-tool construction, production of diesel engines, motors, instruments, tools, paper, cardboard , chemical products). The main industrial hub is Nizhny Novgorod and the important industrial cities around it - Pavlovo, Dzerzhinsk, Balakhna, Kstovo, Bor, specializing in metalworking, chemistry, forestry, woodworking, pulp and paper, oil refining, petrochemical, glass, light industry... In the Trans-Volga part, a timber industry with forest chemistry is developed. Agriculture specializes in grain production, vegetable and potato growing, and the cultivation of fiber flax. Livestock industries - cattle breeding (dairy and meat production), pig breeding.
The territory of the Kirov region (about 20% of the population) makes up 50% of the entire area of the region. In 1995, it provided about 20% of all industrial production. Branches of specialization: mechanical engineering and metalworking, forestry, chemical, light industry with the main industrial centers in Kirov, Slobodskoy, Kirovo-Che-peck, Novovyatsk, Agriculture is represented by flax growing, grain growing. The Mari-Chuvash-Mordovian zone is more than 20% in area, about 25% in population, and about 30% in industrial production. The main industries: labor-intensive machine building, timber industry, pulp and paper, wood chemical industry, production of building materials, glass, leather (Mari El, Chuvashia), light (Cheboksary, Yoshkar-Ola, Saransk, small and medium-sized cities), food ... The leading branches of agriculture are grain growing, potato, vegetable growing, industrial crops (Chuvashia, Mordovia), animal husbandry, vegetable growing.
MAIN AREAS OF DEVELOPMENT
The socio-economic development of the Volgo-Vyatka region is influenced by both favorable factors (geographically advantageous location, transport network, labor resources, accumulated production potential, scientific, design and experimental raw materials, insufficient rational use of the accumulated production potential, labor resources, lack of capacity of construction organizations, poor condition of highways, tense environmental situation).
Transition to the market, reform National economy countries make it possible to make a choice of priority sectors of the economy in order to ensure an increase in the contribution of the region to the Russian economy. The main attention should be paid to scientific and technological progress, entrepreneurial activity, new effective forms of labor organization, the creation of prerequisites, first for stabilizing the economy, and then for achieving previously lost production development guidelines, the development of denationalization and privatization processes, taking into account the interests of workers and the state. An important role belongs to the development of an appropriate mechanism for corporatization, reinvestment of income, capital transfer to highly profitable industries focused on consumer demand, reliable thoughtful re-profiling of defense enterprises through conversion and focusing on the production of goods. popular consumption... Increasing the complexity of the use of low-value hardwoods is urgent; waste from the timber industry.
Strengthening the local energy base by increasing the capacity of thermal power plants and large boiler houses using environmentally friendly fuel - natural gas - will help alleviate the shortage of fuel and energy resources in the region. At it is necessary to bring the capacity of construction organizations in line with the volume of construction and installation work, to accelerate the production of building materials based on involvement in the economic turnover local resources raw materials. The technical re-equipment of the processing industries of the AP K, the creation of guaranteed production volumes of agricultural products (grain, potatoes, vegetables, flax, livestock products) on the basis of new progressive forms of management, the improvement of the use and redistribution of labor resources, the implementation of measures for employment and professional retraining will create opportunities to improve the socio-economic living conditions of people.
Part Volga-Vyatka regions includes the Republic of Mari El, the Mordovian Republic, the Chuvash Republic, the Kirov and Nizhny Novgorod regions.
THE REPUBLIC OF MARIY EL is located on the left bank of the middle Volga between its tributaries, the Ts Vetluga and Ilet'u. Area C 23.2 thousand km. It was formed as the Mari Autonomous Region on November 4, 1920, on December 5, 1936, it was transformed into the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, in 1991 it adopted its modern name. The capital of C is Yoshkar-Ola (formerly Tsarevokokshaisk, then until 1927, C Krasnokokshaisk), with a population of 249 thousand inhabitants.
The population of the republic is 766 thousand people. The Mari Ts are one of the most ancient peoples living on the coast of the middle Volga - 43.3%. From other peoples: Russians, C 47.5%, Tatars C 5.9%. The share of the urban population is 61.7% (there are 4 cities, of which 3 are of republican subordination).
Apart from peat, no mineral resources have been found in the republic.
Industry (%): mechanical engineering and metalworking C 25.5; food grade C 17.3; forestry and woodworking C 10.2; light C 4.4; chemical C 5.9; production of building materials C 7.4; electric power industry C 20.4. Industrial enterprises concentrated mainly in the capital of the republic (production of tools, semiconductor devices, electronic potentiometers, bicycles and other non-metal-intensive products, artificial leather) and in Volzhsk (62.5 thousand inhabitants): a pulp and paper mill, production of refrigeration equipment for trade, gear reducers ); less significant centers C Kozmodemyansk (25.3): production of devices and radioelements and Zvenigovo (14.8): shipbuilding and repair.
Agriculture. Sowings of grain and fodder crops, potatoes and vegetables, from industrial flax, prevail. Livestock breeding has a dairy and meat direction.
Transport. Length railways is only 148 km. An important role is played by road transport (roads with a hard surface C 1081 km) and shipping along the Volga.
In Russia, the role of the republic in the production of technological equipment for the food industry and trade (16%), bicycles and mopeds (16%) is noticeable.
The MORDOV REPUBLIC is located at the border of the East European Plain and the Volga Upland. Area C 26.2 thousand sq. km.
Saransk with a population of 322 thousand people. It was formed as an autonomous region on January 10, 1930, transformed into the ASSR on December 20, 1934, in the republic of C in 1991. The population has been systematically decreasing for the last 30 years. Today C 959 thousand people. The republic is home to only 27% of the Mordovians of the total number in the CIS countries. Other peoples are represented by Russians C 60.8%, Ukrainians C 0.7%, Belarusians C 0.2%. The urban population is 57.7% (7 cities, of which 3 are republican subordination).
From minerals C dolomites, limestones, chalk, marl, clay, sandstone, peat, mineral dyes, phosphorites.
Industry (%): mechanical engineering and metalworking C 10.8 (Mordovia C is the largest center of technical production); food grade C 16.3; production of building materials C 7.5; production of cement C 3.6; electric power industry C 12.4. Industry is concentrated in Saransk and is located 25 km from it in Ruzayevka. The capital produces lighting products and assemblies (Research Institute is the largest light source C in Russia), electric rectifiers, television equipment, cables; excavators and dump trucks, forestry equipment; medical preparations; production of light bicycles is planned. In Ruzayevka (52.3 thousand inhabitants), the production of electric vacuum machines, chemical equipment, automatic sheet-stamping lines, plastics, and ceramic wall materials is developed. There are small electrical plants in Temnikov (9.5) C small lamps, in Krasnoslabotsk (11.7) C rectifiers for rural automatic telephone exchanges, under Ordatov C a lighting plant, in Kovylkino C an electrical plant. Food and light industry enterprises are scattered over small towns and villages; the settlement of Komsomolskiy Ts cement plant and Kondrovo Ts paper mill stand out.
Agriculture. More than half of the cultivated area is under grain crops (60%), followed by fodder (32%), industrial (flax, sugar beet), potatoes (supplied to neighboring regions) and vegetables; makhorka and sunflower are also cultivated. In animal husbandry, the main direction is dairy and meat; poultry, pig, sheep and horse breeding are well developed.
Transport. The length of railways C is 539 km, the republic is crossed by the highways Moscow C Samara (electrified) and Nizhny Novgorod C Kharkov (a large Ruzaevka junction). The length of paved roads C is 1.5 thousand km. Major airport in Saransk.
In Russia, Mordovia plays a significant role in the production of excavators (30%), dump trucks (6%), linen knitwear (6%), as well as lamps and other lighting products.
THE CHUVASH (CHUVASH) REPUBLIC is located on the Volga coast between its tributaries Ts Sura and Sviyaga. Area C 18.3 thousand sq. km.
Population C 1361 thousand people. The urban population is 60%. There are 9 cities (5 of them are under republican subordination). The capital of C is Cheboksary with a population of 444 thousand inhabitants. Ethnic composition: Chuvash C 67.8%, Russians C 26.7%, Tatars C 2.7%, Mordovians C 1.4%.
Until 1917, this region was part of the Kazan and partly of the Simbirsk province. On June 24, 1920, the Chuvash Autonomous Region was formed, on April 21, 1925, the region was transformed into an Autonomous Republic. At the beginning of 1991, the status of the republic was raised to the level of the union (Chuvash SSR), at the end of the same year, the Chuvash (Chuvash) republic was proclaimed within Russia.
Natural resources. Peat reserves in the Volga region and energy resources of the Volga are the main natural resources of the republic. There are deposits of shale, glass sand, dolomite, phosphorite, mineral dyes.
The republic's industry is quite developed (%): mechanical engineering C 34.4; food grade 15.5; light C 9.7; chemical C 12.2; production of building materials C 6.8; power industry C 13.4; forestry and woodworking C 2.7. The most important industrial centers: Cheboksary (production of tractors and bulldozers, electrical devices and measuring instruments, cable plant; cotton mill, hosiery and knitwear factory, food enterprises), Novocheboksarsk (Cheboksarskaya HPP, chemical industry enterprises, construction industry), Kanash (production of electric forklifts, polymer products, building materials), Alatyr (production of electrical appliances, pianos, footwear, butter and cheese products), Shumerlya (production of special vehicles, leather goods, food enterprises).
Agriculture. Sowings of spring wheat, barley, rye, buckwheat, peas prevail; from technical C crops makhorka. Livestock raising for meat and dairy products, poultry farming and beekeeping are well developed.
Transport. The length of railways is 429 km (the largest junction is C Kanash), roads with hard surface C 2.1 thousand km; shipping is carried out along the Volga (the largest port of Cheboksary) and Sura. The territory of the republic is crossed by oil and gas pipelines C from Siberia to the Center.
In Russia, the region is distinguished by the production of herbicides (11%), bulldozers (10%), equipment for light industry (shuttleless machines 10%), caustic soda (8%).
KIROV REGION is located in the Vyatka basin, between the Volga and the foothills of the Urals. Area C 120.8 thousand sq. km. Formed on December 7, 1934, the regional center C Kirov with a population of 491 thousand inhabitants (1993), until 1934 C Vyatka. From 1796 to the revolution there was the Vyatka province, which in 1929 became part of the Nizhny Novgorod Territory, from December 5, 1936 it became a region.
Population C 1645 thousand people. The share of the urban population is C 70.4%. There are 6 cities of regional, 13 - district subordination. Ethnic composition: Russians C 94%, Tatars C 2.7%, Mari C 2.6%.
The most important minerals are phosphorites and peat.
Industry (%): mechanical engineering and metalworking C 19.8; light C 5.8; food grade C 25.5; chemical C 12.0; forestry and woodworking C 12.9 (the region gives 4% of lumber, 5% of plywood and 12% of matches of the Federation). Electricity Ts 13.2; production of building materials C 3.0; non-ferrous metallurgy Ts 2.0; ferrous metallurgy C 1.1 (steel smelting). The enterprises are concentrated in the regional center, where machines, tools, physical and electrical appliances, tillage machines, washing machines, construction equipment, synthetic building materials, artificial leather, tires, C matches and, of course, the famous Vyatka motor scooters, known throughout the country, are produced. Satellite regional center C Kirovo-Chepetsk with a population of 100 thousand people C provides the agglomeration with heat and electricity, construction parts. The rest of the cities have less than 50 thousand inhabitants: Vyatskiye Polyany(46) Ts motorized carriages and trailers; Slabodskoy (39.2) C plywood, matches and fur products; Kotelnich (38) Linen fabrics, knitwear, furniture; Novovyatsk (29) C is famous for its skiing; Nolinsk (10.7) C with "matryoshka" souvenirs; stand out Omutninsk (29.6) with its metallurgical plant and Sosnovka (15.3), where hovercraft are released.
Agriculture. The main industry is dairy and beef cattle breeding, therefore the share of fodder crops is high in the sown area (42%). Grain accounts for 54% (rye, oats, barley, spring wheat, buckwheat and peas); the main industrial crop is Ts flax (4% of the Russian crop). Pig and poultry farming is well developed.
Transport. The length of railways is 1,049 km, of which 416 km are electrified, roads with hard surface C are 6,400 km. The length of the navigable rivers C is 2,125 km, the floatable routes are over 7 thousand km. Major airport in Kirov.
In Russia, the region stands out for the extraction of peat (17%), the production of tires (8%), washing machines (7%), plywood (4%).
NIZHNEGORODSKAYA REGION is located on both sides of the Volga at the confluence of the Oka River. Area C is 76.6 thousand square meters. km. Center C Nizhny Novgorod (in 1932-1991 Gorky) C was founded in 1221. One of the Russian "millionaires" with a subway. The region was formed on January 14, 1929. Before the revolution, there was the Nizhny Novgorod province (1719-1779 and from 1802 to 1929).
Population - 3741 thousand people. The share of the urban population is 77.4%. There are 11 cities of regional, 14 regional subordination. Ethnic composition: Russians C 94.7%, Tatars C 1.6%, Mordovians C 1.0%, Ukrainians C 0.9%.
Of the minerals, C is peat, the reserves of which the region occupies one of the first places in the European part of Russia; there are deposits of limestone, dolomite, sand, gypsum, ordinary and refractory clays. The most important factor development of the C region, its advantageous geographical position on the main river artery of European Russia, crossed by land transport routes linking central areas with the Urals and Siberia.
Industry. The region is industrial and agricultural. The structure of products by industry is as follows (%): mechanical engineering and metalworking C 42.7 (first place in Russia in the production of cars and ships of the "river-sea" class); food grade C 7.7; light C 2.4; chemical and petrochemical C 8.9; forestry and woodworking C 3.4 (the region produces 10% of paper and 4% of the country's cardboard); fuel Ts15.5; ferrous metallurgy C 4.3; production of building materials C 3.6; electric power industry C 8.8. The industrial "heart" of the region is, of course, Nizhny Novgorod; This is the C main unit of the auto-building complex, linking together a motor plant in the Volga region, auto glass from Bor, auto equipment from Lyskov, a utility vehicle plant in Arzamas, and a bus and driver's tool factories in Pavlov-on-Oka. The oldest plant "Krasnoe Sormovo" "supervises" a large circle of shipbuilding enterprises (Gorodets, Vetluga, Navashino). The Sokol plant produces ultra-modern MiG-31 fighters and Dingo multipurpose aircraft. Other major industrial centers: Dzerzhinsk (286.6) C organic synthesis products (caprolactam), basic chemistry, chemical engineering; Arzamas (112.4) C engines; Pavlovo (72.2) C old metalworking center of the Okrug (including Vorsma, Tumbotino, Gorbatov) C knives, scissors, tools, metal souvenirs; Kstovo (65.7) C refined products, especially high-octane gasolines; Bor (64.3) C ship, port, trade equipment; glass of the "securit" type; Kulebaki (45.5) C ferrous metals, tools, radio equipment; Bogorodsk (38) C is the center of the leather industry; Balakhna (31) C cardboard, furniture, a pulp and paper mill (in neighboring Pravdinsk), which produces 1/3 of newsprint in Russia; Sergach (25.5) C center of the compactly living Tatar community C sugar factory, Semenov (26.6) C center of ancient art craft Khokhloma painting.
In the region is the city of Sarov (formerly Arzamas-16), the "capital" of the constellation of 10 "nuclear" cities, until recently closed.
Agriculture. The crops are dominated by such crops as cereals and legumes, fodder, potatoes (3rd place in Russia in collection), vegetables, melons (the area around Arzamas is famous for onions), from the technical Ts fiber flax; horticulture is developed in the Lyskovsky and Vorotynsky districts. Livestock raising for dairy and meat and dairy products; a red gorbatovskaya breed of cattle was bred, in sheep breeding Ts gorkovskaya breed of semi-fine wool sheep.
Transport. The total length of roads is 1.3 thousand km, of highways with hard surface C - 4 thousand km. Navigation is carried out along the Volga, its left-bank tributaries are used for timber rafting. The region is crossed by a number of trunk pipelines and power lines.
In Russia, the share of the region is quite impressive: it produces 31% of trucks, 7% of cars, 24% of buses; 13% steel pipes, 13% tape recorders, 12% televisions, 11% washing machines and 12% caustic soda.
