Countries are a set of natural and man-made wealth that are used to ensure life and improve the conditions for its existence.
The farm consists of many businesses. An enterprise is an independent unit that performs certain types of economic activity. Currently, there are more than 3 million different enterprises in Russia, which in turn can be grouped by industry.
Significance of a complex of industries
Among the former are dairy products and the preparation of concentrates for soft drinks. The dairy sector was not unfamiliar with the boom that the agricultural sector has experienced over the past decade, driven by good international prices, and attracted important early-stage investments that increased the availability of raw materials in the industrial sector. In the second half of last year, global prices fell sharply, but in the past few weeks they have begun to slowly recover. This can affect your future performance.
An industry sector is a group of enterprises (institutions) that produce homogeneous products and have similar production processes (or similar raw materials). Industries can be combined into intersectoral complexes.
Interindustry complex (IOC) is a system of enterprises of various industries, united by the release of certain products. The most important IOC of Russia are: fuel and energy, construction materials and chemical substances, engineering, scientific, agro-industrial, infrastructural and military-industrial.
Along with these dynamic activities, there are others whose work has not been so favorable. The most known case is the refrigeration industry, since, depending on the mass of industrial survey, this is most relevant. Graph No. 2 shows that in last years the level of industry activity did not increase.
General characteristics of the basic branches of heavy industry
The lack of the raw fruits of transformation in the agricultural sector has been one of the bottlenecks faced by this industry, one of the most competitive in the world and accessible to a large number of overseas markets. Reconstruction of livestock and good prices actually predict good future performance for this industry. In fact, he has already started to grow from the second semester.
All industries are divided into two spheres of production - material (production) and non-material (non-production).
The branches of the first sphere produce material values. These include industry, agriculture, communications, construction, trade. The non-productive sphere includes management, science, culture, education, health care, consumer services and utilities.
But there are other sectors as well that face significant challenges. The textile clothing chain continues to fall, and a number of events closely related to the region are suffering from the consequences of the crisis that the neighboring economy is experiencing. Other challenging activities relate to construction, which was discontinued following the completion of the Conchillas pulp mill.
Poor overall manufacturing productivity in recent years has had an impact on employment. Chart 3 shows that it was falling and almost all positions that were gained after recovering from the crisis at the beginning of the century were lost. This appears to be one of the sector's responses to higher domestic costs, in particular wages, that encourage it to embrace capital-intensive technologies as much as possible.
Industry structure farms - the composition, ratio and connections between sectors. The industry structure is constantly changing. At different stages historical development the role of individual industries is changing. For example, at the pre-industrial stage of the development of society, the leading role was played by agriculture. In the industrial - industry. At the post-industrial stage, into which all the developed countries of the world have entered, the service sector plays the main role.
Fuel and energy industry
If you use the didactic materials posted on this site, and you would like to evaluate my work - vote for me in the plebiscite under the patronage of the Marshal of the Mazovian Voivodeship. "Medal teacher". Industry is the production department in which mining natural resources and their adaptation to the needs of people occurs on a large scale through the division of labor and the use of machines. This largely determines the level and rate of economic growth, since it is the only sector of the economy that generates labor resources... The Department of Economics is mainly engaged in the production of machinery and semi-finished products. He usually does not produce for the needs of consumers, but only in other industries. This kind of industry is not environmentally friendly - it emits a lot of pollution. It is a branch of the economy that extracts energy resources such as coal, oil and natural gas and processes them in power plants and refineries.
At present, in Russia the main role belongs to the production sphere, and in it industry. It is followed by trade, agriculture, construction and transport. In the structure of the industry, the extractive industries (fuel, mining,) play a leading role, which is a consequence of the extensive development of the economy. But in recent years, the role of the non-production sphere has begun to increase quite intensively.
Most refineries are set up in oil-bearing regions, but the development of modern means of transportation has made it possible to establish refineries in locations remote from mountainous regions. Branches of this industry: energy, fuel and coal industries.
It is a branch of the fuel and energy industry based on the mining industry - encompassing all activities aimed at the extraction of minerals and their preparation in the beneficiation process for use in various industries or direct use in daily life. Silesia is the most developed mining region in Poland.
The territorial structure of the economy is called the proportion of individual parts of the country, their share in the total production of the country.
The leading role in the economy of the country belongs to the western economic zone, 85% of the industrial and production of the country is produced here, 90% of scientific research is carried out, the bulk of the banking capital is concentrated. Having a more favorable EGP, this region carries out foreign economic relations with countries and. However, the main natural resource potential concentrated in the eastern economic zone. In the future, it will remain raw material base country. Only 22% of the country's population lives on its vast territory, due to the poorly developed, poorly carried out relations with the Asian countries.
It is both a branch of the fuel and energy industry and a branch of science and technology, the task of which is to process the available types of energy. It includes the supply of energy in two forms - electricity and heat. It consists of two parts: power plants, heating plants, combined heat and power plants and factories, and electricity transmission networks. Energy belongs to the sectors of the economy that have the most harmful impact on the environment.
It is one of the most important manufacturing industries. He is engaged in the preparation of ores extracted from the earth, for obtaining pure metal from them, processing metals, their thermal and chemical-thermal treatment, casting to obtain specific forms and the production of alloys. We can distinguish two sections metallurgical industry: metallurgy of metallurgical and non-ferrous metallurgy. Raw materials that are produced by the metallurgical industry are then used in the machinery or metallurgical industries.
Problems economic development country. Indicators characterizing the level of economic development of the country.
After the collapse of the USSR and the rupture economic ties, the economy of Russia, like that of other CIS countries, found itself in a state of deep crisis. There are many reasons: violation of traditional ties with allied enterprises now located outside of Russia; a sharp rise in raw material prices for many industries; low competitive ability of the products of a number of enterprises in the world market, etc.
Branches of the national economy as the basis of the economic system
The iron industry is well developed in Poland - the Upper Silesian industrial region and separate centers: Krakow, Czestochowa, Stalow Wola, Warsaw, Ostrovets więtokrzyski. A subsidiary of the metallurgical industry includes foundries, fittings, tin products, tools and utensils. This is a branch of the metallurgical industry. It is characterized by the production of large-sized products and the supply of mainly plants rather than individual recipients. It is the most dynamically developing industry in highly developed countries.
Release industrial products decreased by 20%, and agricultural by 1/3.
Largest GDP per capita Russian Federation ranks 115th in the world. Now about 1000 dollars are produced for each inhabitant of the country, while this figure is 34 thousand dollars.
Another important indicator of the level of a country's development is labor productivity. In Russia, for each worker, it is about $ 700, in developed countries it is hundreds of times higher, for example, in -70 thousand, in Japan - 54 thousand dollars.
It requires a lot of capital, modern technical thought and highly developed employees. It is also an indicator of the country's economic development. Some countries specialize in the production of various devices, for example, in Japan - the production of electronic equipment and cars, Swiss precision devices, watches. Branches of the electromechanical industry: machinery, precision, transport, electrical and electronic. The most important products of the electromechanical industry are: vehicles, electric motors, mining, construction, textile and electronic devices.
As a result of various natural, historical and economic prerequisites for the development of production on the territory of Russia.
Geographic (territorial) division of labor is a spatial form of social division of labor, expressed in the specialization of the territory in the production of certain types of products and services, exchange of them.
The potentials in the electromechanical industry are the USA, Japan, Germany, China, UK, France, Italy, Canada, Russia, Spain, South Korea, Taiwan, Malaysia, Thailand. He manufactures heavy machinery and equipment, usually for the needs of other industries. This is a branch of heavy industry. Examples of mechanical engineering products: mining, textiles, metallurgy, construction, paper and printing machines, machine tools and motors.
Examples of products include: scales, mechanical watches, lenses, telescopes, telescopes. The precision industry requires highly trained personnel. Its development allows progress in the automation of industrial production and contributes to the progress of scientific research, improving the quality of production of various products and improving production processes. Unfortunately, it is underdeveloped in Poland. The main centers are Krakow and Jelenia Gora.
The formation of the geographical division of labor is a long historical process. Different parts of the country have different natural and economic development conditions. Some are rich, others are poor. Some are densely populated, others are deserted. Thus, the conditions of each territory are conducive to the development of "their" industries. Naturally, in each region those industries will develop conditions for the development of which there are most favorable. Production there begins to be produced in larger volumes than is necessary for local needs. Different parts of the country begin to specialize in the production of certain types of products and exchange them with other territories. The factors in the formation of the geographical division are: historical, natural resource, socio-economic.
It is a subsidiary of the electromechanical industry, which accounts for about 10% of the world's industrial output. It is an industry in the transportation industry, encompassing the production of passenger cars and special vehicles, buses, trucks and road tractors.
Transport complex of the economic region
Transport industry, which includes the production of aircraft, helicopters, gliders, balloons, rockets. Transport industry, engaged in the production of ships for the carriage of goods, ferry ships, passenger ships, tugs, yachts, motor boats, hulls. It is one of the fastest growing industries. This is due to the fact that 90% of world trade is in maritime trade. The main manufacturers are Japan, South Korea, Germany, Taiwan, Denmark, Spain, Italy, China, Poland.
So, even in pre-revolutionary Russia, the Central and North-Western regions specialized in metalworking and textile industry... At present, these are areas where complex industrial products are produced. And the specialization in production and gas is determined by the presence in this region largest deposits these minerals, or - one of the main areas of grain farming, due to its natural conditions.
Motorcycle and bicycle
Branch of the electromechanical industry, a department of economics producing electrical, electronic and electrical equipment. It includes organic chemistry and inorganic chemistry. Often it is also divided due to the tonnage of production: the so-called excellent chemistry - the production of cheap products and chemical intermediates on a large scale, for example, fuels, plastics, industrial gases or artificial fertilizers, small-scale chemicals - the production of small expensive chemicals, cosmetics, cosmetics and chemical treatment - converts chemicals into finished products, For example, by mixing, technical or mechanical treatment.
The socio-economic factor determines the profitability of production in terms of its technical and economic indicators. Less costs for transportation of raw materials, profitability of EGP, etc.
Territory specialization may vary. For example, due to favorable natural conditions initially there was specialization in grain farming, but after the discovery of oil fields there, the construction of new transport highways the area has become a supplier of products and. Specialization can also change due to the depletion of natural resources.
Due to the fact that most of the operations in chemical industry can be easily automated, it is characterized by low labor intensity, but it absorbs a lot of capital. The chemical industry can be divided according to the type of product it produces: coke industry, petrochemical industry, sodium, sulfuric acid, artificial fertilizers, plastics, plastics processing, artificial and synthetic fibers, paints and varnishes, pharmaceuticals, cleaning agents and plant protection products.
Each district not only manufactures products, but also leads an active profitable exchange goods and services, creating interdistrict and interregional ties. The wider the specialization of the area, the more favorable conditions it is.
34. General characteristics of the basic branches of heavy industry
The rating of any state in the international arena is determined by the level of development of its economy. And the very concept of the economy is very multifaceted, but its basis is precisely industry, that is, a set of various enterprises. These are factories and plants, power plants, mines and mines. They extract raw materials, produce tools, fuel, materials, harvest timber, generate energy and process products that were produced in industry or agriculture. That is, this area of human activity has a decisive impact on his well-being.
It is a manufacturing industry that deals with the extraction of minerals, the creation and processing of mineral raw materials. The most important products mineral industry are: building materials, binders and ceramic products. Branches of the mineral industry. A branch of the mineral industry, covering such industries as: agglomerate and mineral raw materials, as well as construction, cement, lime, gypsum, etc. The glass industry is a branch of the mineral industry. This industry division is dedicated to the production of household glass, flat glass, glass building materials and glass packaging. It belongs to the mineral or chemical industries. It is a branch of the mineral industry engaged in the production of ceramic products, including industries such as: the porcelain industry or the ceramic industry. It was created as a result of the gradual transformation of crafts into industrial production... Department of Economics, a group of three industries, the main task of which is the production of apparel, footwear and semi-finished products for the production of these products. This is the industry light industry, engaged in the processing of raw materials for fibers, including fabrics, knitwear. Includes spinning, weaving, knitting and, in the case of bast fiber processing, agriculture. After the war, the largest textile enterprises in Poland were: industrial area Lodz and Bielsko industrial area. It is engaged in the production of garments from fabrics and knitwear, mainly cotton, wool and silk.
As you can see, there are many branches of the national economy engaged in production activities. And a significant part of them was conventionally united under one general definition - heavy industry. This is the group of industries that mainly produce the means of production. This includes almost the entire mining industry and some part of the manufacturing industry. These are such industries as the electric power industry, non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy, the fuel industry, metalworking and mechanical engineering. This list also includes the forestry, woodworking, petrochemical, chemical and pulp and paper industries, and other similar industries.
The post-war years are also characterized by high rates of development of these industries. At that time, new industries began to appear and successfully develop, such as electronics, radio engineering, instrument making, rocketry and others like that. The Soviet Union managed to take first place in the world in the production of oil, pig iron, steel, coke, iron ore, mineral fertilizers, electric and diesel locomotives, tractors, cement and lumber. The heavy industry of the USSR at that time reached the level of other developed countries.
And now the countries of the former Soviet Union use the base created at that time. For example, more than 20 metallurgical enterprises are currently operating in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. These are such as Mariupol Azovstal, Amurmetal in Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Almetyevsky pipe in Tatarstan, Beloretsk metallurgical plant in Bashkortostan, Belarusian metallurgical plant in the city of Zhlobin and others, scattered throughout the CIS.
Heavy industry also includes such an important industry as the oil industry. This is the exploration of oil and gas fields, drilling of wells, the extraction of these natural resources, as well as the entire pipeline transport. And now there are three large oil bases on the territory of the Russian Federation: Timan-Pechersk, Volga-Ural and West Siberian. Moreover, the latter base is the largest in Russia. It is located on the territory of nine regions and has an area of 3.5 million square kilometers. And now 70% of all Russian oil is produced from the wells of this base. And although the level of oil production is declining every year, this branch of heavy industry still remains one of the most important and profitable for Russia.
35. Branches of the national economy as the basis of the economic system
Otrasli bunkOdnogo hozI amystva(classification), qualitatively homogeneous groups of economic units, characterized by special conditions of production in the system of social division of labor and playing a specific role in the process of expanded reproduction. The theoretical basis for O.'s classification of N. NS. USSR is the Marxist-Leninist doctrine of the social division of labor and its forms. On the basis of the classification, the structure of the national economy is analyzed, the social product and the national income are calculated, the levels and growth rates of industries producing means of production and consumer goods are determined; relations are established between the sphere of material production (see. Production) and the non-production sphere. Compiled in the context of separate O. n. NS. labor balances make it possible to systematically redistribute labor resources according to the spheres of labor application with the aim of their fullest and most efficient use. O.'s classification of N. NS. and industries helps to monitor the formation and development of new industries, including progressive ones that determine the rate of scientific and technological progress and have a decisive impact on the entire course of economic development. It makes it possible to judge the most general and significant general economic proportions and, on this basis, establish stable production ties in the national economy, plan the optimal structure of social production. The national economy is primarily subdivided into the sphere of material production and the non-production sphere. The totality of all types of production activities, as a result of which material goods are created in the form of products, energy and in the form of movement of goods, storage of products, sorting, packaging, packaging and other functions that are a continuation of production in the sphere of circulation, forms the sphere of material production. The rest of the activities that do not create material wealth constitute the non-productive sphere. O. of N is distinguished inside each of them. x., formed on the basis of a grouping of economic units performing the same type of economic functions or social activities.
In the statistics of the USSR, the sphere of material production includes industry, agriculture, forestry, transport (freight), communications (for servicing industrial enterprises), construction, trade and public catering, material and technical supply and sales, procurement of agricultural products, and other spheres of material production. The non-production sphere includes housing and communal services and consumer services for the population; passenger transport, communications (for servicing organizations in the non-production sphere of activity and the population); health care, physical education and social security; education; culture; art; science and scientific services; lending and government insurance; control; public organizations. Each O. n. h., in turn, is divided into the so-called enlarged industries, industries and types of production. The most difficult O. of N. NS. is the industry. It includes 16 enlarged industries: electric power, fuel industry, ferrous metallurgy, non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical industry, mechanical engineering and metalworking, forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries, building materials industry, glass and porcelain and faience, light, food , microbiological, animal feed, medical, printing, etc. Each of these complex industries includes homogeneous industries that are specialized in the production of certain types of products. So, the food industry includes 24 branches, which, in turn, are subdivided into separate industries. When referring an enterprise, types of production and services to one or another O. n. NS. the purpose of the product or services, the type of main raw material or material, the nature of the technological process are taken into account. In a number of cases, difficulties arise when attributing a specific section of the economy to a particular industry. This is due to the fact that as a result of specialization, products that are homogeneous in purpose are often made using different technologies, from a variety of raw materials, for example, the production of artificial fabrics and fabrics from agricultural raw materials. In addition, there is a process of penetration of techniques and methods from one industry to another. Products for a wide variety of purposes are produced from the same raw materials. For the analysis of the reproduction process, the division of social production into the production of means of production (Division I) and the production of consumer goods (Division II) is important (see. Reproduction). The industry is accordingly subdivided into 2 groups: group "A" and group "B". This grouping of industries in the USSR is carried out both according to the predominant purpose of the product and according to its actual use. Each production is characterized by a certain nomenclature of manufactured products. Differentiated classification, which is based on the type of product and type of production, followed by their unification into industries, enlarged industries and O. n. x., facilitates the continuity of classifications in the context of the developing social division of labor. Broad foreign economic cooperation with socialist and developing countries and trade with capitalist countries require further unification of the classification of industries and types of production in order to promote the development of standardization in the field of foreign trade and other types of economic ties. O.'s classification of N. NS. - part of a unified system of classification and coding of all technical and economic information.
