Chemical industry is a complex industry that determines the level of scientific and technological progress along with mechanical engineering, as well as supplies for all industries National economy materials and technologies.
The chemical industry of the world is one of the main branches of heavy industry, and represents the material, scientific and technical base for the chemicalization of all branches of the national economy. This sector of the economy plays a key role in strengthening the defense capability, building up to support the vital needs of any society. The chemical industry of the world is a complex of industries, the basic technologies in which are chemical methods of processing materials or raw materials. Thanks to the development of the chemical industry, complex production of valuable industrial products appears and develops; replacement of expensive raw materials with cheaper and more affordable ones is made; industrial waste is disposed of; going on complex use raw materials... The chemical industry of the world forms a complex and multifunctional system of relations with other sectors of the national economy, for example, with the gas and oil refining industry, with the coal mining, with metallurgical industry, as well as forest and light. Combinations of various with chemical make it possible to create entire industrial complexes.
Precursor chemicals are not manufactured in Thailand, but the government imports chemicals in bulk for legitimate medical and industrial purposes. To control the leak chemical substances- precursors from the legitimate industry, a Precursor Chemical Control Committee was established. In this committee, he is responsible for developing a national precursor control strategy, overseeing control measures and integrating the activities of diversion prevention agencies. The Narcotics Control Board is the main Thai law enforcement agency responsible for enforcing laws against the illegal diversion of illicit chemicals.
Statistics show that the world's chemical industry had the highest development rates up to the mid-70s. The energy crisis of this period somewhat slowed down the rate of development of this industry, since to restore the structural and technological restructuring in the chemical industry it took certain time... Further development of the chemical industry has shown stable results, and at present this industry is only ahead of electronics in terms of the cost of manufactured products. In the share of developed countries, the chemical industry is second only to mechanical engineering.
A limited number of certain chemicals, such as acetic anhydride and ephedrine, are in transit Thailand destined for clandestine laboratories in Burma. Acetic anhydride is produced in Indonesia, while other chemicals are carried through Indonesian chemical houses and transported via Malaysia to Thailand.
Possession of more than five grams of pseudoephedrine carries a penalty of 5 to 20 years in prison and heavier fines. The import, export and storage of these substances is strictly prohibited. Thailand provides pre-export notifications as a means of preventing the diversion of precursors and essential chemicals in the illicit manufacture of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.
The petrochemical industry of Russia is a single complex of the national economy engaged in the extraction and refining of oil and its derivatives. According to statistics, in the last decade of the 20th century, petrochemical products accounted for more than a third of all products of the chemical industry, and more than half of the production of organic components on a global scale. The same proportions were maintained in petrochemical industry Russia.
However, attempts to import and move precursor chemicals throughout Iraq continue, with the majority destined for Saudi Arabia. The most common chemicals traded through Iraq are ephedrine, pseudoephedrine and acetic anhydride, and Iraq requires import licenses. There is no active commercial sector in Iraq producing or trading in precursor chemicals. These estimates have remained unchanged over the past several years.
The chemical industry is complex in its structure and includes more than 200 sub-sectors, while the chemical industry produces up to 1 million. Chemical, like the world chemical industry, groups sub-sectors into the mining and chemical industry, the main chemical and industry polymer materials.
Border guards and law enforcement officials are becoming aware of the trade in precursor chemicals and are showing an interest in preventing their diversion. However, Iraq needs to update its drug legislation to combat precursor chemicals and stop their diversion for illicit use. The rules are regularly updated and the Commission currently has two legislative proposals that are being discussed by the Council and Parliament. Only a few aspects require further implementation through national legislation, such as law enforcement powers and sanctions.
The mining and chemical industry is associated with the extraction, processing and enrichment of phosphorites, potassium salts, and sulfur. The main chemical industry is represented by the production of mineral fertilizers, salts, alkalis, acids. And the polymer industry is based on organic synthesis and includes the production of synthetic plastics and resins, chemical fibers and rubber, dyes, etc. The same branch of the petrochemical industry provides the consumer needs of society and serves for the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, photochemistry, detergents, cosmetics and perfumery.
The agreement calls for an annual meeting of the Joint Chemical Working Group to review the implementation of the agreement and coordinate positions in other areas. Many states are involved in voluntary initiatives such as project cohesion and project prism.
Germany and the Netherlands, with a large chemical manufacturing or trading sector and significant trade with drug-producing areas, are considered to be the main European source countries and entry points for exported precursor chemicals. Other European countries have important chemical industries, but the level of trade in chemicals with drug-producing areas is not as large and widespread as these countries. Belgium and the United Kingdom are also included this year due to their large exports of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine.
The chemical industry is one of the most important sectors of the world economy and, along with mechanical engineering, is the most dynamic branch of the modern industry. At present, there is practically no such branch of the economy, wherever chemistry has penetrated. Chemicalization of the economy is one of the main directions of modern scientific and technological progress.
In the structure of the chemical industry, four major groups of industries are distinguished: basic chemistry, organic synthesis chemistry, polymer chemistry, and fine chemistry.
In the modern world chemical industry, there is a clear tendency for the concentration of the release of high-tech science-intensive products of the "upper floors" in the United States, Western Europe and Japan, and less complex, material-intensive and environmentally dirty industries - in developing and former socialist countries.
There are four main regions in the global chemical industry: the USA, foreign Europe, East Asia and the CIS.
Of the basic chemical products, the production of acids, soda and mineral fertilizers plays the most important role.
The production of sulfuric acid has a pronounced consumer factor of placement. The total world production is about 150 million tons, and the largest producers of sulfuric acid are: USA (40 million tons); China (12 million tons); Russia (8.5 million tons).
The group of leaders also includes Japan, Ukraine, France, Germany, Canada, Spain and Brazil.
Soda ash and caustic soda is produced from rock salts, it is distinguished by a large material consumption and concentration of production in countries of large economic potential.
The world production of mineral fertilizers is about 150 million tons. The largest producers of mineral fertilizers are highly developed countries and individual developing countries with a large agricultural potential: China (over 30 million tons); USA (about 20 million tons); India (about 15 million tons).
This is followed by Canada, Russia, Germany, Belarus, Indonesia, France, Ukraine, Pakistan and Israel.
Belgium is not the main producer or recipient of chemical precursors used to manufacture illicit drugs, and the country produces methamphetamine precursors for licit products only to a very limited extent. However, in last years Belgium has become the starting point for ephedrine and other methamphetamine precursors. Belgium requires and enforces strong reporting requirements for the import and export of precursor chemicals, and the Belgian federal police play a leading role in enforcing these controls.
Figure 76. The largest producing countries
The raw materials for the production of phosphate fertilizers are phosphorites and apatites. Morocco, the USA, Tunisia, Kazakhstan, China, etc. are allocated with reserves and production of phosphorites, and Russia, Brazil and Vietnam - for apatites. The production of fertilizers from phosphorites mainly has a raw material distribution factor, and from apatites - a consumer one. The annual production of phosphate fertilizers is about 35 million tons, and the leaders in their production in the world are: USA (8 million tons); China (about 8 million tons); India (about 4 million tons).
Largest manufacturers
mineral fertilizers in 2006
Table 74
However, the supply of pharmaceutical preparations containing pseudoephedrine and ephedrine is only regulated at a regulatory level by the Belgian Ministry of Security and Public Health. Drug traffickers are increasingly turning to pharmaceutical preparations that contain pseudoephedrine or ephedrine as a way to circumvent the control of these substances in their raw product form. The pseudoephedrine and ephedrine in these drugs can be extracted and used in the manufacture of methamphetamine.
Because ephedrine is highly regulated in the United States and other countries in the Western Hemisphere, Belgium and other Western European countries have been used as trans-shipment points for ephedrine and other methamphetamine precursors. The illicit ephedrine diversion market is largely controlled by Mexican drug trafficking organizations, who acquire both legal and illicit bulk ephedrine and ship it to Mexico, where it is used to manufacture methamphetamine for distribution in the United States.
| Phosphate fertilizer production | Production of nitrogen fertilizers | Potash fertilizer production |
|||
| | Prod- | | Prod- | | Prod- |
| Country | management (million tons) | Country | WATER (million tons) | Country | WATER (million tons) |
| 1. USA | 8,0 | 1. China | 23,6 | 1. Canada | 10,2 |
| 2. China | 7,9 | 2. India | 10,6 | 2. Russia | 5,3 |
| 3. India | 3,9 | 3. USA | 9,4 | 3. Belarus | 4,0 |
| 4. Russia | 2,5 | 4. Russia | 6,0 | 4. Germany | 3,7 |
| 5. Brazil | 1,5 | 5. Canada | 3,8 | 5. Israel | 2,1 |
| 6.Morocco | 1,2 | 6. Indonesia | 2,9 | 6. Jordan | 1,2 |
| 7. Tunisia | 1,0 | 7.Ukraine | 2,3 | 7. USA | 1,2 |
| 8. Australia | 0,7 | 8. Pakistan | 2,2 | 8. China | 0,7 |
| 9.Poland | 0,4 | 9. Egypt | 1,5 | 9. Great | 0,6 0,5 |
| 10. Spain | 0,4 | 10. Saudi Arabia | 1,3 | Britain 10. Spain |
|
| The whole world | 34,5 | The whole world | 88,3 | The whole world | 30,0 |
The production of nitrogen fertilizers tends, as a rule, to metallurgical centers, since the feedstock for them is ammonia obtained from coke oven gases, or the main oil and gas pipelines, therefore, the production of nitrogen fertilizers has a consumer factor of placement. The annual world production of nitrogen fertilizers is about 90 million tons, and the three world leaders are: China (over 20 million tons); India (over 10 million tons); USA (about 10 million tons).
The production of potash fertilizers is concentrated in countries with large reserves of potash salts. The world produces 30 million tons of potash fertilizers. Most large production in 2006 were distinguished by: Canada (more than 10 million tons); Russia (over 5 million tons); Belarus (4 million tons).
However, the chemistry of organic synthesis and the chemistry of polymers play a decisive role in modern chemical production. These industries are distinguished by high water and energy consumption, and therefore highly developed countries clearly prevail among the leading countries.
Table 75
Largest polymer producing countries in 2005
| The country | Production of synthetic resins and plastics (million tons) | The country | Chemical fiber production (million tons) | The country | Synthetic rubber production (million tons) |
| USA Japan Germany South Korea Taiwan China France Netherlands United Kingdom Belgium | 14,8 11,2 8,3 6,2 6.0 4.5 3,5 | China USA Taiwan South Korea India Japan Indonesia Germany Turkey Thailand | 15,0 4.2 3.3 2.3 2,2 1,2 1,2 1,1 U 0,9 | USA Japan Russia France Germany China South Korea Taiwan Great Britain FIL Brazil | 2.5 0,8 0,6 0.6 0,55 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,3 |
| The whole world | 130,0 | The whole world | 41,1 | The whole world | 9,8 |
The world production of synthetic resins and plastics is 130 million tons, and among largest manufacturers allocated: USA (31 million tons); Japan (about 15 million tons); Germany (over 11 million tons).
The total world production of man-made fibers has already exceeded 35 million tons. The largest countries- manufacturers of this type of product are: China (over 10 million tons); USA (4 million tons); Taiwan (over 3 million tons).
The production of synthetic rubber in the world is about 10 million tons, and the main producing countries are: the USA (about 2.5 million tons); Japan (over 1.5 million tons); Russia (about 1 million tons).
Great strides in the development of organic chemistry and polymer chemistry have been achieved by Great Britain, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, India, Canada, Taiwan, Brazil, Mexico and Russia.
Due to the environmental hazard, many developed countries are withdrawing dirty chemical industries to developing countries. Large petrochemical complexes have emerged in the Gulf countries and North Africa, in Mexico, Venezuela and Bahamas.
The importance of fine chemistry is growing more and more, which produces about 25% of the value of all products of the world chemical industry. This "low-tonnage", but extremely knowledge-intensive industry is not comparable in terms of the number of products received with the majority chemical production, however, the cost of 1 ton of its products is the highest in the chemical industry.
More than 75% of medicines and perfumes are produced in economically developed countries of the West, 20% in developing countries and less than 5% in the CIS. Thus, at the end of the 20th century, fine chemistry in the world is practically represented by only three regions - the USA, foreign Europe and overseas Asia.
The most powerful industry for the production of medicines has developed in the United States, where in some years from% to 1/3 of all medicines are produced. Among European countries, the development of the pharmaceutical industry in Germany (1/12 of world production), Switzerland, France, Poland, Hungary should be highlighted, and among Asian countries - Japan (about 1/6 of production), China and India. Japan has the highest per capita consumption of drugs in the world, and this predetermines a threefold predominance of drug imports over exports. The main suppliers of pharmaceutical products to the world market are the United States and countries overseas Europe, and the main importers are Japan, Russia (more than 2/3 of needs) and developing countries.
The largest producers of the perfumery industry are the countries of foreign Europe (especially France and Germany), the USA, Japan and Russia.
Questions and tasks Describe the composition, meaning, main factors of placement and specific traits development and placement of the world's chemical industry. Using table 74, build a chart of the largest producers of mineral fertilizers. Using Table 75, build a chart of the largest polymer manufacturers. Give a description of the main types of chemical industry in the world: basic chemistry, polymer chemistry, fine chemistry. Describe the problems of the development of the global chemical industry.
In cases where precursors were suspected of being diverted for drug production purposes, the Belgian authorities cooperated by making international controlled shipments to destinations or by seizing consignments when controlled shipments were not possible. The United States continues to coordinate with the Belgian authorities to identify and investigate both suppliers and shippers of precursor chemicals.
Germany continues to be the leading manufacturer of legal pharmaceuticals and chemicals. Cooperation between the chemical and pharmaceutical industries, traders and the German authorities is a key element in Germany's chemical control strategy. The United States is working closely with the German Chemicals Regulatory Agency, the Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, on chemical control issues and bilateral information exchange to facilitate transnational chemical control initiatives.
