The eastern and southern parts of South America are considered by us as part of two tourist mesoregions of the macroregion. One of them is the Brazilian tourist mesoregion, the second is the tourist mesoregion of Temperate South America, which includes four states (Paraguay, Argentina and Chile). Brazil is renowned for its recreational resources, diverse nature and cultural heritage from the colonial era. The countries of Moderate South America amaze, first of all, with the picturesque nature of their virgin nature and the uniqueness of cultural monuments.
The cultural specificity of the Temperate South America is determined by the Catholic religion. In the interior regions of Brazil (in) and local traditional beliefs have been preserved. Indigenous Indian peoples of Chile and belong to the Andean family: Quechua, Aymara, Araucans, etc. The Indians of Brazil and Paraguay belong to two language families: Equatorial-Tucanoan (Arawak, Tupi, Tucano, etc.) and the same Pano-Caribbean (Caribbean, Pano, etc.). The majority of the population is made up of the peoples of the Romance group of the Indo-European family: Chileans, Argentines, Uruguayans, Paraguayans speaking the language, as well as Brazilians speaking Portuguese.
By its name Federative Republic of Brazil(8 million 547.4 thousand sq. Km, 196.3 million people in 2008) owes the brazil tree (from brasa - "heat, hot coals"). So the Portuguese called red sandal - a tree with dense yellow-red wood used at that time in dyeing. Brazil was originally called the Land of the Holy Cross. But brazil wood was the main export item from this country, for which the latter received the name Brasil (the Russian form is Brazil). The consolidation of this name was facilitated by the fact that in Europe from the XIV century. the mythical island of Brasil was known, lying somewhere in and attributed to the number of "wandering", i.e. changing their location.
Name Republic of Paraguay(406.8 thousand sq. Km, 6.8 million people in 2008) comes from the river of the same name, which means “big” or “river-river” in translation from local Indian languages.
It looks like the name happened Uruguay- from the river of the same name, the name of which in the language of the Tupi Indians means "bird, or chicken river". The full name of the state, adopted in 1830, is Eastern Republic Uruguay (176.2 thousand sq. Km, 3.5 million people in 2008), which is associated with the location of the republic on the eastern bank of the Uruguay River. In colonial times, the country's territory was part of the Spanish governorship general as the province of the East Coast, and since 1815 - the Eastern province.
Argentine Republic covers an area of 2 million 780 thousand square meters. km, the population in 2008 was 40.5 million people. The name Argentina appeared after the liberation of the country from Spanish rule in 1826 and means "silver". Prior to this, the territory of Argentina was called La Plata, after the common name of the river and the bay of Rio de la Plata ("the silver river") adopted at that time.
Chile covers an area of 756.6 thousand square meters. km, the population in 2008 was 16.5 million people. The name Chile in the language of the Arawak Indians means "cold, winter", which is associated with their perception of the snowy peaks of the Andes.
In total, in Brazil and Temperate South America, 31 sites are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List, of which 20 are cultural monuments.
First of all, with detailed planning, and according to the principle "do not pass by". But sometimes I organize targeted expeditions to one or several places that deserve special attention of this competent organization. And you don't have to regret it, what you see always lives up to expectations. In total, there are now more than a thousand such objects on the planet that are classified as natural or cultural-historical. The list is flexible, new lines are added to it, but some, unfortunately, are deleted, not all heritage can be preserved.
Brazilian part on this moment consists of 18 elements, I quote them according to the chronology of inclusion, and indicating the number by which you can find detailed description on the UNESCO website (link above):
(1) Historic City of Ouru Preto, 1980, no. 124.
(2) Historic Center of Olinda, 1982, no. 189.
(3) Ruins of the Jesuit Mission Redoubts of San Miguel das Missois, 1984, no. 275.
(4) Historic Center of Salvador di Bahia, 1985, no. 309.
(5) Ecclesiastical complex of Bon Jesus do Congonhas, 1985, number 334.
(6) National park Iguazu, 1986, number 355.
(7) City of Brasilia, 1987, number 445.
(8) Serra da Capivara National Park, 1991, no. 606.
(9) Historic Center of San Luis, pcs. Maranhau, 1997, number 821.
(10) Forest reserves of the southeastern Atlantic coast (State of Sao Paulo - State of Parana, 1999, number 893.
(11) Forest reserves of the east Atlantic coast ("The Coast of Discovery"), 1999, number 892.
(12) The historic center of the city of Diamantina, 1999, no. 890.
(13) Complex of reserves of the Central Amazon, 2000, number 998.
(14) Pantanal Protected Area and Adjacent Protected Areas, 2000, no. 999.
(15) Brazilian Islands in the Atlantic: Fernando de Noronha, 2001, no. 1000.
(16) National parks zones Campos cerrado: Chapada dos Veadeyrus and Emas, 2001, no.1035.
(17) Historic Center of Goyas, 2001, no. 993.
(18) San Francisco Square in the city of San Cristovao, pcs. Sergipe, 2010, number 1272.
Despite the diverse natural resources, including vast expanses of equatorial and tropical jungles and thousands of kilometers of magnificent coastline, as well as the partially deserved fame of the "country of little wild monkeys", nature reserves are in the minority here, there are only 7 of them against 11 cultural and historical monuments. This looks even stranger when you consider that the colonial history of Brazil is quite short, and traces of developed pre-Columbian civilizations have not yet been found on its territory. But such is the systematics of the work of this UNESCO committee, the criteria for inclusion in the list for these two categories are completely different, and these proportions are quite consistent with the general trend.
Continuation: .
Brazil belongs to major countries the world and most of the country is in the tropics.Thus, it contains a huge number of very interesting geological and biological attractions, including the largest rainforest in the world - the Amazon rainforest.
Brazil is full of unexpected discoveries. It is the birthplace of football, coffee, TV series and capoeira. Among Brazilians, there are many personalities known throughout the world: athletes, writers, top models, inventors, architects and religious leaders. Sao Paulo attracts travelers from all over the world. Unique Cathedral this town is decorated using coffee beans. The Karakol National Park will delight you not only with marvelous views, but also with heady smells, because it is buried in blooming hydrangeas. Tourists rush to these parts
to see the amazingly beautiful waterfall.
10 top tourist attractions in Brazil
1. Statue of Christ the Redeemer(Christ the Redeemer)
Christ the Redeemer in Rio de Janeiro is the most famous statue Jesus in the world and the symbol of Rio, as well as the main attraction of Brazil.
The idea of placing a large Christian monument atop Mount Corcovado in Rio dates back to 1850when a local Catholic priest asked Princess Isabella for money to build a monument, but she refused. Construction began only in 1926 and ended in 1931.
Christ the Redeemer counts largest statue in the world in the art deco style. It is the 5th largest statue of Jesus in the world with a height of 30 meters not including the 8 meter pedestal. The arms of the statue are spread 28 meters wide. Christ the Redeemer located at the top of the 700-meter Corcovado mountain.
2. Iguaçu Falls
One of the most impressive sights in Brazil, the Iguazu Falls are simply amazing, with about 275 waterfalls located on a stretch of 3 kilometers. This is a real miracle of nature. The impressive natural power and noise from the cascades of the waterfalls will remain in your memory for a long time, not to mention the jungle that surrounds the waterfalls. In the area of the Iguazu Falls, the borders of 3 states, Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay converge.
The Iguazu Falls are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
3. Amazon River
The Amazon has the world's largest water basin, which covers almost half of South America. The Amazon is the second longest river in the world, formed by the confluence of rivers Marañon and Ucayali. Amazon river basin is home to a variety of Native American cultures, as well as a huge number of wildlife and impenetrable jungle.
4. Rio Carnival
Brazil and carnival are synonymous words, it is difficult to imagine Brazil without a carnival. Carnivals in Brazil are held in every corner,the largest and most famous carnival is undoubtedly the Carnival inRio de Janeiro. Rio Carnival attracts two million people a day to the streets of the city and almost half of them are tourists. Carnival in Rio lasts 4 days.Carnival in Rio these days is everywhere, in the streets and squares, in bars and clubs and in all other corners of Rio.
5. Pantanal
A large tectonic depression in Brazil, which is almost completely swampy, is the Pantanal. The Pantanal is located in the Paraguay River Basin and is one of the world's largest and most diversified freshwater wetland ecosystems.The Pantanal is also one of the main tourist attractions in Brazil. It is believed that the Pantanal in Brazil the best place to see wild animals.
6. Salvador Beaches
The colorful city of El Salvador is a jewel of cultural identity Brazil ... While Rio in the south became a cosmopolitan center, El Salvador retained a strong cultural identity. Founded in 1549, El Salvador was the capital during the heyday of the slave trade.
One of the central beaches of El Salvador, Porto de Barra is perfect for a relaxing break, splashing in the sea and sunbathing. Farol da Barra beach has beautiful view especially during sunset and is also very popular with surfers due to its high waves... Beach Plakaford nature created for family vacation, herecalm waters and soft sandy beaches... TO south of the city, there are many beautiful beaches which include Tinhare and Boipeba beaches.
The historic city center is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
7. Historic Center of Olinda
After being founded in 1535 by the Portuguese navigator Duarte Coelho, Olinda quickly became a thriving city thanks to the sugar trade. Sugar at that time was in great demand on the international market and when the city was at the peak of its participation in the sugar market, several religious orders, including the Jesuit order, settled in Olinda, thanks to which the city has many monasteries and churches, as well as a beautiful historical the center of the city, which is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
8. Fernando de Noronha
Fernando de Noronha is archipelago out of 21 islands and islets vAtlantic Ocean. His clean beaches, landscapes and wildlife attract tourists from all over the world. The island is also home to one of the largest seabird nesting colonies in the South Atlantic. unique ecological clean place listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and most of the archipelago is in the National marine park Brazil.
The archipelago was discovered by Amerigo Vespucci (1454-1512), an Italian merchant and cartographer in 1503.
9. Teatro Amazonas
Teatro Amazonas or opera house, located in the city Manaus , in the heart of the violent rainforest Amazon. The construction of the theater has begunduring the heyday of the rubber trade using materials from all over the world, with furniture from Paris, marble from Italy and steel from England. TOThe upol of the theater was covered with 36,000 small ceramic tiles painted in the colors of the Brazilian flag.
The world famous Italian tenor Enrico Caruso was the first to perform on the stage of the theater on January 7, 1897.
10. Ouro Preto
Founded in the late 17th century, Ouro Preto (Black Gold) was the center of Brazil's gold rush and golden age in the 18th century.With the depletion of gold mines in the 19th century, the city's influence declined, but churches, bridges and fountains remain as a testament to the past prosperity and exceptional talent of the Baroque sculptor. Aleijadinho, who worked in Ouro Preto
UNESCO World Heritage Site in Brazil (19)
Cultural
Brasilia City (1987)
Brasilia, the capital, founded in 1956 on a previously vacant site in the heart of the country, became significant object in the history of urban planning. Urban planner Lucio Costa and architect Oscar Niemeyer believed that every element, from the layout of residential and administrative areas to the symmetrical design of the buildings themselves, should be in harmony with the overall design of the city (its layout resembles a flying bird). The innovative architecture of the capital's official buildings is impressive.
Historic city center of Salvador de Bahia (1985)
The historic center of Salvador di Bahia
The former capital of Brazil in 1549-1763, Salvador di Bahia became a place where European, African and American cultures... Beginning in 1558, the city was the first market in the New World, where slaves were brought in to work on sugar plantations. The city has preserved a large number of outstanding buildings in the Renaissance style. The peculiarity of the old part of the city is the buildings of different colors, which have interesting stucco moldings.
Historic City Center of San Luis (1997)
Historic downtown of San Luis
The core of this historic city, formed in the 17th century, founded by the French, then occupied by the Dutch and finally passed to the Portuguese, has retained intact its original rectangular layout. Due to the economic stagnation at the beginning of the 20th century, most historic buildings survived to this day, making San Luis an outstanding example of a colonial city of the Iberian type.
Historic Center of Diamantina (1999)
The historic center of Diamantina
Diamantina is a colonial settlement surrounded by rugged rocky mountains that recreates the life of the era of diamond seekers in the 18th century. The city is a symbol of the triumph of cultural and artistic activity of a person who lived in unfavorable natural conditions.
Historic city center of Goias (2001)
The city of Goias is a witness of the development and colonization of the central part of Brazil in XVIII-XIX centuries... The layout of the city is an example of the organic development of a mining settlement, well adapted to the local conditions. The public and private architecture of the city is modest but forms a harmonious whole through the use of local materials and traditional construction techniques.
Olinda Historic Center (1982)
The history of this city, founded in the 16th century by the Portuguese, is associated with the production of cane sugar. Urban development, rebuilt after the sacking of the city by the Dutch, refers mainly to XVIII century... The harmonious combination of buildings, gardens, 20 Baroque churches, monasteries and many small passos (chapels) contributes to the special charm of Olinda.
Historic City of Ouro Preto (1980)
Founded at the end of the 17th century, the city of Ouro Preto ("Black Gold") became the main focus of the "gold rush" in the 18th century, which then led to the onset of the "golden age" of Brazil. After the depletion of the gold mines in the 19th century, the city's importance declined, but the many churches, bridges and fountains remain proof of its past prosperity and the exceptional talent of the Baroque sculptor Aleijadinho.
Jesuit missions on the lands of the Guaraní Indians: San Ignacio Mini, Santa Ana, Nuestra Senora de Loreto and Santa Maria la Mayor (Argentina); ruins of Sao Miguel das Misoins (Brazil) (1983)
The ruins of San Miguel das Misoins in Brazil, as well as San Ignacio Mini, Santa Ana, Nuestra Senora de Loreto and Santa Maria la Mayor in Argentina, are located in the thick of the rainforest. These are the impressive remains of five Jesuit missions built on the lands of the Guaraní Indians during the 17th and 18th centuries. Each of them has a specific layout and a different degree of preservation.
Rio de Janeiro (2012)
World heritage sites include coastline Rio de Janeiro with Copacabana Beach, Sugar Loaf Mountain and Christ the Redeemer statue.
Ecclesiastical complex of Bom Jesus do Congonhas (1985)
The Bom Jesus do Congonhas ecclesiastical complex, built in the second half of the 18th century in the state of Minas Gerais south of Belo Horizonte, consists of a church with a luxurious Rococo interior, an external staircase decorated with statues of the prophets, and seven chapels dedicated to stops on the way to the crucifixion of Christ. Their multi-colored sculptures by Aleijadinho are prime examples of the original expressive forms of Baroque art.
San Francisco Square in the city of San Cristovao (2010)
Piazza San Francisco in the city of San Cristovao is a quadrangular open space surrounded by the monumental buildings of the Temple of St. Francis and the Monastery, the Church and Santa Casa da Misericordia, the provincial palace and other buildings from various historical periods. This monumental ensemble and the surrounding houses of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries create an urban landscape that reflects the history of the city since its inception. It is an example of the typical architecture of a religious nature prevailing in northeastern Brazil.
Serra da Capivara National Park (1991)
Among the numerous rock shelters in the Serra da Capivara National Park, there are caves decorated with paintings that are in some cases more than 25 thousand years old. They are outstanding evidence of the existence of one of the most ancient human communities in South America.
Natural
Forest reserves of the southeastern Atlantic coast (1999)
The forest reserves of the southeastern Atlantic coast are the largest and most preserved tracts of Atlantic forests in all of Brazil. The 25 forest reserves with a total area of 470 thousand hectares, lying on the coast of the ocean in the states of Parana and São Paulo, show rich biodiversity and illustrate the evolution of preserved virgin forests. The territory includes a wide range of different ecosystems (mountains covered with dense thickets, wetlands, dune complexes, islands) and is particularly picturesque.
Brazilian Islands in the Atlantic: Fernando de Noronha and Rocas Atoll (2001)
Brazilian Islands in the Atlantic: Fernando de Noronha and Rocas Atoll
The Fernando de Noronha Archipelago and Rocas Atoll, which are the ocean-facing peaks of the underwater South Atlantic Ridge, lie at eastern shores Brazil. These islands are one of the largest in this area of the Atlantic, and their coastal waters are highly bio-productive and play an exceptional role as habitats and breeding grounds for tuna, sharks, sea turtles and marine mammals. The islands have the largest concentrations of tropical seabirds in the Western Atlantic; there is also a large local dolphin population. At low tide, Rokas Atoll offers an impressive sight: shallow lagoons teeming with fish.
Central Amazonian Wildlife Refuge (2000)
Central Amazon Wildlife Refuge - the largest protected complex in the entire Amazon natural areas(6 million hectares) in terms of biodiversity - one of the richest regions on the planet. Lakes and streams form a mosaic and constantly evolving aqua system that is home to the world's largest population of electric eel. Rare and endangered species include the Amazonian manatee, the black caiman, two species of river dolphins, and the giant arapaima fish.
Campos Cerrado National Parks: Chapada dos Veadeyrus and Emas (2001)
Flora and fauna of two national parks that make up this World Heritage Site are typical of the wooded savannah area - Campos Cerrado. This special type of savannah is recognized as one of the richest in biodiversity and one of the oldest ecosystems in its formation. tropical belt... For millennia, these places have served as refuges for different types animals and plants, especially during periods of sharp climate change... It is believed that in the future they will be able to act as hotbeds for maintaining the biodiversity of the campos-cerrado savannahs.
East Atlantic Coast Forest Reserves (1999)
Eight protected natural areas (including three national parks) with a total area of 112 thousand hectares are located in the states of Bahia and Espirito Santo and include the Atlantic moist forests and bushes ("resting"). In terms of biodiversity, this region is one of the richest on the planet. The reserves are inhabited by a number of endemic species, which allows tracing the evolutionary path of living organisms, and this, in turn, is of great importance both from a scientific and environmental point of view.
Iguazu National Park (1986)
On the territory of this park is one of the most grandiose waterfalls world with a front of falling water 2.7 kilometers. A number of rare and endangered plant and animal species are noted here, incl. giant otter and giant anteater. Lush vegetation grows in the area sprayed by the waterfall.
Pantanal Nature Reserve (2000)
Four nature reserve have a total area of 187.8 thousand hectares. They are located in the west of Central Brazil, in the southwestern part of the state of Mato Grosso, and make up 1.3% of the total area of the Pantanal, one of the world's largest wetlands. Here are the origins of two largest rivers of this region - Cuiaba and Paraguay, and the abundance and species diversity of plants and animals is exceptionally great.
At the end of 2008, 120 sites in Latin America were added to the UNESCO List, located in 30 countries of the region. Most of them are in Mexico (28), Brazil (16) and Peru (10).
Of the total number of objects, the vast majority (82) belong to the category of objects cultural heritage... Chronologically, they cover the period from the second millennium BC to the present day. But for the most part, they represent the periods of the Middle Ages and modern times. Accordingly, they can be subdivided into objects of the pre-Columbian and post-Columbian eras.
The objects of the pre-Columbian era include mainly the heritage of the three already mentioned Latin American civilizations. In Meso-America, these are such world-famous monuments of the Maya Indians as the ruins of the cities of Palenque, Chichen Itza, Uxmal in Mexico, on the Yucatan Peninsula, Copan in Honduras, as well as monuments of the time of the Aztecs in Central Mexico(Teotihuacan). They are characterized by such monumental structures as stepped pyramids-teocalli, palaces of rulers, steles, ball courts. Most of them were opened in the 19th century. and now attract numerous tourists. In the Andean region, many objects in Peru belong to the pre-Columbian era (including the famous mysterious geoglyphs of the Nazca desert, fragments of the ancient capital of the Incas of the city of Cuzco), in Colombia (the archaeological parks of San Agustin and Tierradentro), in Bolivia (the archaeological region of Tiwanaku by the lake. Titicaca). With a certain degree of conventionality, another world-famous heritage site can be attributed to the Andean region - the stone statues of Fr. Easter in Pacific described by Thor Heyerdahl and many other travelers and researchers.
The post-Columbian era, associated mainly with the Spanish and Portuguese colonization of Central and South America after the beginning of the Great geographical discoveries(fig. 243). The objects of this era include mainly cities with a rectangular layout characteristic of Spanish architecture of that time, a central square ("plaza major"), numerous Catholic cathedrals and monasteries, and palaces of the nobility. In the West Indies, this is, for example, the city of Santo Domingo in the Dominican Republic, associated with the name of Columbus, old part Havana with its fortifications in Cuba, in Central America - historic centers cities of Mexico City, Puebla and some others in Mexico, as well as cities and fortresses in Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama. Of the Spanish heritage of this era in South America, the most famous are the monuments of Cartagena in Venezuela, Quito in Ecuador, Cuzco in Peru, and the mining town of Potosi in Bolivia. Heritage colonial empire Portugal is widely represented in Brazil (the cities of Salvador, Olinda, Ouro Preto, etc.).
The objects of modern times in the region include the already mentioned new capital Brazil - Brasilia, designed and built by the Brazilian architects Luis Costa and Oscar Niemeyer and has a symbolic shape of an airplane with a "fuselage" and "wings". This is one of the most ambitious and organic urban planning projects of the 20th century in terms of design and execution.
Sites worldwide natural heritage v Latin America 35. These are mainly national parks and reserves. Among them are such famous ones as Iguazu in Brazil and Argentina, Los Glaciares in Argentina, Manu in Peru, Galapagos Islands in Ecuador. The ruins of the Mayan city of Tikal in Guatemala, the Inca mountain fortresses of Machu Picchu and Rio Abisseo in Peru are classified as mixed cultural and natural sites.
