The global iron ore market in the 2000s was one of the fastest growing commodity markets in both physical and value terms. In the crisis year of 2009, the world trade in iron ore, in contrast to most commodities, maintained its progressive development, the growth continued in 2010. In value terms, the market volume in 2009 decreased due to a strong decline in prices, but in 2010 it significantly exceeded pre-crisis indicators.
The former secretary of state should be remembered for his foresight and all those who put forward utopian data, given by the Minister of Mauritania, Ahmed Salem Ould El Behir, for all Mauritanian ore exports, the contribution to the state budget amounted to only $ 377 million.
Since the costs in this sector are very high at least 40%, the net profit will be $ 180 million. In terms of iron, Mauritania lags far behind many countries with technology and know-how, with world iron reserves estimated international organizations at the level of 000 million tons.
World trade in iron ore in 2010 in physical terms increased by 13% (in 2009 - by 5.5%), and in value terms - by about 80% (in 2009 it decreased by 17%). The physical volume of world trade in iron ore in 2010 exceeded 1.1 billion tons, and the value (for export) 105 billion dollars.
The growth in trade in 2009 was facilitated by the sharply increased demand from the PRC, which overlapped its decline from other leading buyers - the EU, Japan, the Republic of Korea, etc.
For the production of iron world production iron was 3.32 billion tonnes and China is the leading producer, followed by Australia and Brazil. In short, it is only about being objective and, as prescribed by the President of the Republic, telling the truth without falling into the anger or self-gratification that is the source of collective neurosis. So watch out for media drift. Former Secretary of State for Forecasting: Check the data before making hasty statements that mislead both public opinion and national decision-makers.
In 2010, Chinese demand remained stable, while in the rest of the iron ore importing countries, the recovery of metallurgical production led to a significant increase in purchases on the world market.
Largest exporter of iron ore in last years is Australia, whose supplies have been growing continuously since 2002. In 2010, its exports amounted to 403 million tons, which is 11% higher than in 2009. In the 2000s, Australian exports began to go almost entirely to East Asia, while supplies to Europe decreased to an insignificant value, and shipments to the Middle East and North America stopped. China has been the main buyer of Australian iron ore since the middle of the first decade of the new century; in 2010, it accounted for 68% of exports. The share of Japan in 2010 was 19%, the Republic of Korea - 9.5%, Taiwan - 3%, EU countries - 0.5%.
And this is true for all managers. Dr. Abderahmane Mebtul, International Analyst. Greenland-Tahiti, main strengths Today, China provides about 95% of the production of rare earths, which is an important political weapon for Beijing: pressure on export quotas on its Korean, Japanese and American competitors.However, against this giant, Europe has two trump cards to end the Chinese monopolies: Greenland and French Polynesia.
However, if the Chinese strategy leaves a good counter-chance in Denmark, for Paris it is not the same as suffering from its inability to govern its overseas territories. Now, respectively, the reserves of rare earths of the second and third worlds, let's make a parallel Greenland-Polynesia here.
The second largest iron ore exporter is occupied by Brazil, which was leading along with Australia until 2007. In 2010, after a decrease in the previous year, Brazilian supplies increased by 17% and reached a new all-time high of -311 million tons. Brazil's exports are traditionally characterized by broad geographic diversification through high quality ores and more profitable geographic location compared to major competitors. It is this country that should be considered the most competitive supplier of iron ore on a global scale.
Denmark-Greenland: Big Brother Strategy. Greenland's interest is not related to the melting Arctic. In this context, Denmark creates the image of a benevolent overlord, an experienced guarantor of development. Accompanying the island's self-sufficiency process and is widely known in the international arena, Copenhagen wants to give an obvious answer to the question that all the political leaders of Greenland during the legislative campaign in February-March last year: to finance independence, too little for the development of the extractive industry, from whom should Greenland be an annuity?
The main market for Brazilian iron ore raw materials in the 2000s was East Asia ahead of Europe. In addition, exports to the Middle East are significant, in Latin America, NAFTA countries, North Africa, Southeast Asia. China became the largest importer of iron ore from Brazil at the beginning of the new century - in 2010 its share was 49%. Other major buyers in 2010 were Japan (12%), Germany (about 7%), Republic of Korea (about 4%), Argentina, Great Britain, Italy, France (2.5% each), the Netherlands (more than 2%) , Bahrain, Saudi Arabia (2% each), Taiwan (1.5%).
Thus, new Prime Minister Alec Hammond during the campaign defended the idea of "Danish preference, if possible" for mining, that is, through political investment to avoid counterproductive confrontation, Denmark can count on economic and geostrategic benefits by the end of the decade.
France-Polynesia: armwrestling strategy? Who pays for control! Said Michel Rocard de Matignon. Today, as an ambassador to the poles, he can observe, following the example of Greenland, that in the period of political constructivism, control gains more through diagonal cooperation than outdated vertical collegiateism. Capital control is only artificial, as fiscal infusion supports widespread corruption, which itself generates economic, political and social instability.
India is the third largest exporter of iron ore. In the first half of the 2000s, its supplies grew rapidly, but then the pace slowed down, which was associated with a significant increase in domestic consumption, which resulted in more high prices on Indian ore compared to major competitors; and export restrictions periodically imposed by Indian authorities. In 2010, deliveries from India decreased by 9% compared to the previous year, amounting to 104 million tons. Since the mid-2000s, China has become the dominant export destination for India, and in 2010 its share was 93%. Japan remained a major buyer (in 2010 - 5%). In 2010, significant deliveries were also made to the Republic of Korea and the EU countries.
This is a question that the Strategic Metals Committee is not answering. Its article 14 states that state authorities "alone are competent in the field of strategic raw materials." In the first phase, Paris organizes exploitation without sharing its colony. in Greenland, there is no direct benefit or self-government potential to reconnect locally with growth.
Glossy hope in the endless debate between independence, autonomy and decentralization? Overall, on Polynesian rare earths like Guyanese oil, Saint Pierre and shale, while it may become a world leader and say goodbye to the crisis, France, unlike Denmark, seems unable to develop its assets.
South Africa sharply increased supplies of iron ore in 2009, thus consolidating its fourth position in the list of the leading exporters of this raw material. In 2010, its exports grew by almost 8%, reaching a new maximum of 48.5 million tons. East Asia remained the main sales market, with the EU countries still of great importance. The largest buyer of iron ore from South Africa was the PRC, whose share in 2010 was 63%. Germany and Japan were also major importers (12.5% each). Significant shipments were made to such states as (%): DPRK (4), Italy (2.5), Great Britain (about 2), Slovenia (1.5), Republic of Korea (1).
Gold is one of the rarest items in the world. It occurs as a vein in some cracks in the earth's crust, or as flakes or nuggets in a placer. Share of gold in earth crust is about 4 milligrams per tonne. To obtain a few grams of gold, stones of a gigantic rock mass must be extracted, crushed and sifted. For one ton of gold, three million tons of rock must be moved.
Today, gold is usually mined in huge quarries. Gold Ore is a chemical plant in the middle of nature. The extraction process is as follows: first, the stone is destroyed by dynamite, and then crushed. The stone from the stone then accumulates on the outside on a plastic wrap and is sprayed with a cyanide solution for several weeks, extracting tiny particles of gold. They often represent only one to two grams per tonne. This low gold content is due to the use of large amounts of cyanide, which is estimated at over 000 tonnes annually in gold mines around the world.
Ukraine, after a rather long period of export stagnation, has been dynamically increasing supplies of iron ore since 2008. In 2010, its exports grew by 18.5%, reaching a record 32.7 million tons. of Eastern Europe where railroad deliveries were made, but a sharp rise in prices for iron ore in the mid-2000s made large-scale sea shipments to China profitable. In recent years, it was the PRC that was the leading importer of Ukrainian iron ore, and in 2010 its share was 39%. Major buyers remained (%): Poland (14), Czech Republic (13), Austria (11) and Slovakia (9). Other export destinations in 2010 were Serbia (5.5), Romania (3), Turkey (2.5) and Hungary (2).
Some mines are removed in closed vats. This method is preferred for outdoor applications where highly toxic fluids are stored in uncovered pools and dams may break. However, even with the "closed" method, huge amounts of waste are generated and collected in storage facilities, or worse, in countries like Indonesia, they are simply dumped into streams and oceans. Implications for environment and human livelihoods are also the same: the modern extraction method also violates human rights and leaves lifeless lunar landscapes, persistent environmental damage and social problems.
Exports of iron ore from Canada in 2010 increased by 4.5% and amounted to 32.6 million tons, which was the highest figure since 1998. The main sales markets for it in recent years have been Western Europe (traditional) and East Asia ( new), while the value of the United States has greatly decreased. The largest volume of supplies in 2010 was made to Germany and China (22% each), as well as (%): to the USA (13.5), France (11), Trinidad and Tobago (5.5), Great Britain (3 , 5), Belgium (3), Japan (2.5), Taiwan (about 2.5), Italy, the Republic of Korea (2% each).
In addition, gold mining triggers a time bomb: on contact with air, the cyanide-treated rock emits acidity, which eventually seeps into the basements. Thus, more or less unavoidable pollution threatens groundwater. Another method is to extract the gold contained in the river sand, mainly using mercury. This heavy metal is combined with gold dust and is therefore an alloy. To obtain pure gold, these agglomerates are heated to vaporize the mercury.
Russia in 2010 increased its export of iron ore by 11% - to 22.8 million tons (including trade within the Customs Union), which is significantly lower than the maximum in 2007. Traditionally, Russian ore was supplied mainly to Eastern European states, as well as to Finland and Ukraine, occasionally large deliveries were made to Western Europe and Turkey, since the mid-2000s, significant shipments were made towards China. The main counterparties of iron ore exports from Russia in 2010 were such states as (%): China (32), Slovakia (12), Ukraine (11.5), Netherlands (11), Italy, Czech Republic (6 each), as well as Kazakhstan (4.5), Hungary (4), Poland (3.5), the United States and Turkey (2.5 each).
Unfiltered toxic vapors are released into the atmosphere and pollute the air and streams. Mercury and other metals - arsenic, lead, cadmium - are also directly dumped into nature. In the Amazon alone, the amount of mercury is estimated at 100 tons annually.
What is the connection between gold and rainforest?
To meet the growing demand for this precious metal, gold prospectors are now entering the most remote areas. The price of gold is so high that even mining ore with a gram of gold per tonne is a profitable endeavor. Most of the gold is mined in South Africa, Australia, the United States, Russia and China, but gold mining tends to expand to other countries. Therefore, many forests in Venezuela, Ecuador, Guatemala, Peru, Indonesia, Ghana and other tropical countries are also threatened by gold mining.
Exports of iron ore from Sweden in 2010 increased by 29% and reached their maximum over the past 30 years at 20.7 million tons. deliveries were made to North Africa and the Middle East. In 2010, the largest volumes of exports were directed to Germany (25%), as well as (%): to Finland (18), Saudi Arabia (14), the Netherlands (10), Turkey (8), China (7), Egypt (5), Great Britain (4), Qatar (3), Libya (more than 2) and Hungary (about 2%).
The Grasberg mine in Indonesia is today largest deposit gold and the third largest copper ore in the world. The territories in which the mining industry is located are often the areas of the world in which the indigenous peoples who live there live. More than 70 states have already changed their mining legislation to attract foreign companies. From Ghana to the Philippines, taxes have been cut and environmental requirements have been lifted.
In ten years, the price of gold has multiplied by six. In the same year, 78% of gold went to the jewelry sector in accordance with the World Gold Council. Over the past 30 years, the amount of gold used to make necklaces and rings has quadrupled. Only 15% of products are used in the electronics industry and dental technology.
Kazakhstan in 2010 increased its export of iron ore by 12.5% - to about 16.5 million tons (including trade within the Customs Union), significantly surpassing the maximum in 2006-2007. For a long time, the overwhelming part of supplies from Kazakhstan was sent to Russia within the framework of the formed back in the 1960s. technological links with metallurgical plants Urals, primarily the Magnitogorsk Combine. In the 2000s, a significant increase in demand in neighboring China made supplies to this country attractive. In 2010, Russia accounted for 62% of Kazakhstan's iron ore exports, and China for 37%.
Is it true that a person can get sick and even die as a result of mountain activities?
The modern exploitation of gold is a disaster for humans and the environment. The polluting gold industry is far from the romantic image of a beating gold digger, and gold mining is effectively destroying many people's livelihoods. Human poisoning is no exception, but the rule is: toxic fumes are inhaled by humans and animals, pollutants are poured into lakes, streams and oceans and, ultimately, are introduced into the chain. In open mines, ores are processed with highly toxic chemicals, mainly cyanide and cyanides, also known as hydrocyanic acid salts, prevent oxygen transfer in the blood and are fatal. even if they come in a very small dose.
Iranian iron ore exports doubled in 2010, reaching 15 million tons. This made the country one of the ten largest exporters for the first time. The vast majority of Iran's exports (over 95%) went to China.
Chile showed strong growth in iron ore exports for the second year in a row; in 2010, it increased by 27% to the maximum level in the last 30 years of 10.7 million tons, with the PRC being the main direction of supplies (in 2010 - 73%). Other important destinations were (%): Japan (12), Indonesia (7) and Malaysia (4).
Who is responsible for mining gold mines?
Mercury is a heavy metal that mainly affects the central nervous system and kidney function. The gold mining industry is dominated by several multinationals from South Africa, Canada, USA and Australia. Several states have opened their doors to multinational gold mining companies, mainly under pressure from the Bank. Most of the victims are natives, peasants or fishermen who are usually not consulted and often not even informed about the proposed mine on their territory.
The supply of iron ore from Mauritania to the world market in the first decade of the new century was quite stable. In 2010, they remained at the level of the previous year, amounting to 10.5 million tons, which is slightly below the maximum indicators of previous years. The export of Mauritania has traditionally been directed mainly to the Western European market, however, during the crisis, the importance of the Chinese market has grown sharply. In 2010, the share of China was 40%, France -18%, Italy - 13%, the Netherlands -10%, Belgium, Germany, Spain - 4-5% each.
The USA exported 10 million tons of iron ore in 2010, increasing shipments 2.6 times compared to the previous year. Historically, the overwhelming majority of American supplies were directed to Canada (81%), from other countries of destination, China (7%), Germany (3.5%), France (2.5%) and Mexico (2%) can be distinguished.
Doesn't gold mining bring jobs and precious currencies to poor countries?
The shrines and places of worship of these populations are not counted in the plans of the multinationals. Existing mines with a length of more than a few square kilometers tend to have few employees. While mines are often indeed beneficial, the profits do not extend to either the natives or the country of implantation. Poor working conditions in mines and very low wage complete the picture. A study in Venezuela showed that the state of Bolivar made just $ 2 million in gold mining in four years.
The export of iron ore by Indonesia in 2010 increased by 1.5 times, reaching a record 8.7 million tons. Almost all goods were supplied to the Chinese market, the share of other countries was about 1%.
Iron ore supplies from Peru in 2010 increased 21% to 8.2 million tons, which became a new record for the country. Almost 95% of exports were directed to the PRC, about 4% to Japan.
Venezuela exported 7.5 million tons of iron ore in 2010, almost 2 times more than a year earlier. The largest volumes of deliveries were made to China (70%), Belgium (15%), France (7%) and the USA (3.5%).
Since 2003, the PRC has been the world's largest importer of iron ore, ahead of the previous leader, Japan. In the 2000s, it was the explosive growth of Chinese demand that became the main reason for the sustained expansion of international iron ore trade. The PRC's share in world imports has quadrupled over the past 10 years, amounting to more than 55% in 2010 (in the crisis year of 2009, against the background of low demand in other countries, this figure was about 65%).
The rapid growth in demand from the PRC led to a significant rise in the price of iron ore raw materials, which stimulated the development of export-oriented mining in many countries of the world, including those that had not previously been exported or even mined. iron ore(Iran, Indonesia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Thailand, etc.). Of the approximately 50 countries currently engaged in competitive export of iron ore (i.e., excluding resale, practiced primarily by a number of European importers within the EU), only Bosnia and Herzegovina and Albania do not supply their goods to the PRC. At the same time, out of the 20 leading exporters of iron ore, only four (Sweden, Kazakhstan, the United States and the Philippines) have China as their largest buyer.
China's iron ore imports in 2010 for the first time in 10 years of the new century decreased by 1.5% - to 619 million tons, however, the analysis of monthly data on purchases does not give grounds to conclude that the trend is breaking, and by the end of 2011 it is more likely imports seem to be increasing rather than decreasing. The main suppliers of iron ore to the PRC were Australia, Brazil and India, which together provide 80-85% of Chinese imports; in 2010, their shares were 43%, 21% and 15.5%, respectively. South Africa (about 5%), Iran (about 2.5%), Ukraine (2%), Indonesia, Peru, Chile, Russia, Kazakhstan (about 1% each), Venezuela (about 1 %). In total, in 2010, the PRC imported more than 1 million tons of iron ore from 23 countries.
The total imports of iron ore by the EU countries in 2010 amounted to 165 million tons, which is almost 1.5 times more than in 2009, but significantly lower than the pre-crisis indicators. Of this volume, more than 125 million tons were imported from outside the region, and 25 million tons were re-exported by the Netherlands (mainly to Germany), about 15 million tons were other intraregional trade (mainly supplies from Sweden) ... Brazil has traditionally been the leading supplier of iron ore to the EU; in 2010, its share was 50%. Important EU import partners were countries such as (%): Ukraine (15), Canada (13), Russia (7.5), South Africa (5), Mauritania (4.5), as well as Venezuela (2), Australia (about 1.5) and Norway (over 1).
In 2010, Germany has traditionally been the largest importer among the EU countries (43 million tons), the second place belongs to the Netherlands (34 million tons), thanks to re-export operations. Outstanding among the rest of the EU countries (million tons): France (15.3), Italy (12.1), Great Britain (10.6), Austria (8), Belgium (7.6) and Poland (6.5) ... The geographic structure of imports of individual countries was characterized by similar features: for the Eastern European states, the main partners were Ukraine and Russia, for the rest of the countries - Brazil, Canada, Sweden, South Africa, Mauritania.
Japan's imports of iron ore in 2010 increased by 27% after falling by 25% in the previous year, but remained below the pre-crisis indicators, amounting to 134 million tons. the place was occupied by Brazil (30%). South Africa (4.5%) and India (4%) were quite large suppliers.
The Republic of Korea retained its position as the third largest iron ore importing country, ahead of Germany. In 2010, it increased imports by a record 34% or more than 14 million tons, reaching a new all-time high of 56.3 million tons.Australia (69%) has traditionally been its main supplier, followed by Brazil (23 %). In 2010, purchases were made in significant volumes in South Africa (4.5%), India (1.5%) and Canada (1%).
Taiwan's imports of iron ore in 2010 increased by almost 60% to 18.9 million tons, which was a new all-time high. Almost all imports came from Australia (67%) and Brazil (27%); significant purchases are regularly carried out in Canada (in 2010 - 5%).
In 2010, Russia increased imports of iron ore by 18% - up to 10.5 million tons (including trade within the Customs Union), which was significantly lower than the pre-crisis indicators. In the new century, almost all ore was traditionally imported from Kazakhstan, up to 2% in some years was imported from Ukraine.
Iron ore imports Saudi Arabia in 2010, it grew by 55% - to 8.2 million tons, which was the second result in its history after the maximum in 2005. The largest volumes of iron ore were imported from Brazil (about 65%) and Sweden (30%).
Canada in 2010 increased the import of iron ore 2.6 times - up to 8.1 million tons, which is significantly lower than the pre-crisis maximum. Almost the entire volume is historically imported from the United States.
Argentina's iron ore imports in 2010 increased 2.2 times, reaching a record 7.7 million tons. Traditionally, purchases are almost entirely carried out in Brazil.
Turkey in 2010 became one of the few buyers who reduced the import of iron ore by 7.5% compared to the same indicator in 2009, while imports amounted to 7.2 million tons. The main suppliers to the Turkish market in 2010 were Brazil (48%), Sweden (26%), Ukraine (12%) and Russia (9%).
Purchases of US iron ore in 2010 increased by 64% - to 6.4 million tons, which is significantly less than the previous indicators; the largest part of import demand was traditionally provided by Canada (70%). In that year, Russia (9.5%), Brazil (8%) and Venezuela (4%) also had a significant weight.
The material was prepared by A.V. Khokhlov
