Even a child is familiar with the term "black gold" today. Possession of high oil reserves and supplied oil production have allowed many countries to literally step out of poverty into a new life. Thus, the well-being of such countries as Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia.

10.UAE (960 million barrels per year)

The Emirates are systematically reducing the volume of oil production and the share of the oil sector in the country's economy. The state is actively developing trade, re-export and tourism. However, the share of the oil and gas industry in the UAE's GDP is just under 25%.

9. Kuwait (1 billion barrels)

In the 1960s, it was oil that gave Kuwait freedom from British influence. About 9% of the world's oil reserves are located in the country. The share of the oil sector in GDP exceeds 50%, and 95% of exports are crude oil and refined products.

8. Mexico (1.1 billion barrels)

Mexico accounts for approximately 3% of global oil production. Due to its underdeveloped refining industry, Mexico exports crude oil while importing petroleum products from the United States.

7.Iran (1.1 billion barrels)

About 45% of the country's budget revenues come from oil sales. The main buyers of Iranian oil are China, India, Japan, Turkey, South Korea and Italy.

6. Iraq (1.1 billion barrels)

The development of the oil field in the country is carried out by two state-owned companies - North Oil and South Oil Company. Oil exports provide 98% of Iraqi budget revenues. In comparison with last year's rating, Iraq has moved up 2 lines, increasing the rate of oil production.

5. Canada (1.4 billion barrels)

Canada accounts for almost 5% of world oil production. The developed processing industry allows Canada to completely abandon the import of petroleum products, providing its own needs on its own.

4. China (1.5 billion barrels)

Despite the fact that the growth of the Chinese oil industry is almost 3% per year, the country imports oil, purchasing it mainly from countries such as Iran and Iraq. China accounts for 5.1% of the world oil production market.

3. Saudi Arabia (3.6 billion barrels)

The share of Saudi Arabia in world oil production is almost 12%. The growth rate is over 5% per year, which is an impressive figure. Meanwhile, from the second line of last year's rating, Saudi Arabia was ousted by the United States.

2. USA (3.7 billion barrels)

The states are showing the most impressive growth in the oil industry - almost 11% in a year. Today, the country accounts for 12.2% of the global production of "black gold".

Russia ranks first in the world in terms of proven coal reserves. The best quality coals are found in the Kuznetsk and Pechora basins. Coal resources are distributed unevenly across the territory of Russia. Over 94% of all coal reserves are in the eastern regions of the country, while its main consumers are in the European part. Coal production in 2004 amounted to 282 million tons.
The most important coal basin in Russia is the Kuznetsky one. It accounts for 40% of all production. Its balance reserves are 600 billion tons; the thickness of the seams is from 6-14 m, and in some places it reaches 20-25 m. Coals of Kuzbass are distinguished by the highest ash content, high calorific value - up to 8.6 thousand kcal; significant resources of coking coal. Kuzbass holds one of the first places in the world in terms of reserves, quality of coal and thickness of seams.
The second large coal base is the Pechora Basin with reserves of 210 billion tons. Its coals differ high quality, have a calorific value of 4-7.6 thousand kcal, about a third of the Pechora coals are well coked.
To the coal basins republican significance belongs to the Kansk-Achinsk brown coal basin, the reserves of which are 600 billion tons. It is located within the Krasnoyarsk Territory and Kemerovo region... Coal seams come to the surface and create conditions for open pit mining. The pool coals have a relatively low ash content - up to 8-16%, their calorific value is 2.8-4.6 thousand kcal; the thickness of the seams is enormous - from 14 to 70 m. The Kansk-Achinsk coals have the lowest production costs in Russia. They are used as energy fuel. Here the Kansk-Achinsk fuel and energy complex (KA-TEK) is being created with large thermal power plants already operating and under construction.
Other regions of Russia also have coal resources. So, the Center is located near Moscow coal basin, in the Urals - Kizelovsky, Chelyabinsk, South Ural, in Siberia - Minusinsky, Cheremkhovsky, Ulughemsky, Tungusky. In the Far East - the South Yakutsk basin with high-quality coals, on the basis of which the TPK is formed, as well as the Bureinsky, Suchansky, Lensky basins. Sakhalin is also rich in coal. The eastern regions of Russia have great prospects for the development of the coal industry. However, coal mining is still underdeveloped here.
Coal in Russia is mined by open-pit and mine methods. Open pit mining now accounts for over 60% of total production.
Subsequently, coal production will decline, primarily in European regions. In the Kuzbass and the Kansk-Achinsk basins, a slight increase in coal production is expected due to the open method.
Prospective levels of coal production in Russia are primarily determined by the demand for it in the domestic market of the country, due to the level of technological and price competitiveness of coal with alternative energy resources in the context of market saturation with fuel.
Under favorable conditions for development, coal production in Russia may reach 300-335 million tons in 2010.
The coal industry has a sufficient volume of geological coal reserves and production potential to solve the set tasks, therefore, specific production volumes will be specified depending on the economic demand for solid fuels. Although the projected coal production levels are provided with proven reserves, this does not exclude the need for certain additional geological exploration work.
It is necessary to increase coal production, first of all in the Kuznetsk and Kansk-Achinsk basins, which have the most favorable conditions for providing the country with high-quality and economical coal fuel, and also to maintain the value of coal mining at the deposits. Eastern Siberia, Buryatia, Yakutia, Of the Far East, and in the European part of Russia - in the fields of the Eastern Donbass and Pechora as important factor energy supply of fuel-deficient western regions country.

More on the Coal Industry:

1. Lecture 42. Gas industry of the world. Coal industry of the world
2. 2.2. Interaction of moisture and carbon in a coal particle 2.2.1. General scheme of the interaction of moisture and carbon in the coal part

It is no secret that oil production is a key industry that forms the budget of the Russian Federation. Revenues from the sale of oil and gas, even after falling prices for raw materials, allow the state to fulfill all its social obligations. The country continues to increase the volume of raw materials extracted from the subsoil and then sold on the domestic and foreign markets. In this article, we will tell you about where Russia is in oil production in the current rating.

Raw material extraction volumes

Oil production in Russia

Russia is one of the leading countries in terms of production. There are two countries in the world that produce comparable amounts of oil - the United States and Saudi Arabia. At the same time, the United States is only in last years entered the top three in terms of production. The British Petroleum rating in 2014 put the United States in first place in terms of the amount of oil produced. However, the leadership soon returned to the usual players in the market - Russia and the Saudis.

According to OPEC for 2016 Russian Federation produces 10,111.7 thousand barrels of oil per day. 1 barrel - 159 liters of raw material. Around the world, 84,951 thousand barrels are produced daily. Thus, the share of the Russian Federation accounts for 14.05% of the oil produced on the planet.

At the same time, despite the agreements on production cuts reached between the OPEC countries, Russia and Iran, the volume of oil production remains a record for modern history Russia.

Russia's place in the ranking of oil-producing countries

OPEC meeting (click to enlarge image)

In recent decades, the Russian Federation has always been in the top three countries in terms of production. Today Russia occupies the first line in this rating. It is easy to agree with this, knowing how much oil production in Russia is carried out every day.

The second place is occupied by Saudi Arabia, producing 13% of global production. The third place is given to the USA. Their production is 12% of the global level. Thus, the difference in production between the leaders is minimal. It is not surprising that these countries often change places in the ranking. Canada and China, which together produce 10% of the global volume, compete for the 4th and 5th lines.

In recent years, Iran has been seriously increasing production. The country has long been under international sanctions that prohibited the country from trading in oil. Following the 2015 agreements, the country re-entered the hydrocarbon market, which triggered significant growth in the industry. Today Iran produces 3% of the global level.

Gross industry, branch fuel industry, including mining and processing (beneficiation and briquetting) fossil coal. In terms of coal production, the USSR ranks first in the world (for coal production in the USSR, see Table 1).

The primitive mining of fossil coal has been known since ancient times (China, Greece). Coal began to play a significant role as a fuel in England in the 17th century. The formation of the U.P. is associated with the use of coal as coke in the smelting of pig iron (second half of the 18th century). Since the 19th century. a major consumer of coal is transport. The main coal basins in Russia were discovered at the beginning of the 18th century. - Donetsk (1721), Moscow region (1722), Kuznetsk (1722). The first mines appeared in the Kizel region in the Urals and in the Tula region, and then in the Ukraine, in the Lisichansk region. Coal production in the country (before 1917) accounted for 2.5% of the world and was mainly in the hands of foreign entrepreneurs. The maximum production was in 1916 (34.6 mln. T, over 80% of them are in Donbass). The main production tools were a pick, an obushok, a shovel, and a sled.

Tab. 1. - Coal mining in the USSR,

million T

	Total	Underground way	Open way

As a result Civil war 1918-20 coal production in the country decreased to 8.7 million tons (1920). The Communist Party and the Soviet government devoted exclusive attention to the development of coal mining. Plan GOELRO (1920), it was envisaged to increase coal production to 62.5 mln. T. In 1929 the production of coal exceeded the level of 1913, and by the end of the 1st five-year plan (1932) the annual production of coal reached 64.4 million. T. During this period, in the Kuznetsk, Moscow region and Karaganda coal basins, in the fields of Eastern Siberia, the Far East and Central Asia 138 new mines with a total capacity of 53 mln. T coal per year. There have been major advances in the mechanization of coal mining. By the end of the five-year plan, a base for domestic coal engineering was created: the Gorlovsky plant named after S. M. Kirov, the plant "Pnevmatika" in Leningrad, the Konotop and Tomsk plants, the plant "Light of the Miner" in Kharkov, etc. In the USSR was invented (1932) the first in the world mining harvester. During the years of the 2nd five-year plan (1933-37), coal production doubled and amounted to 128 mln. T in year; 146 new mines were built. The introduction of advanced technology required a new organization of labor, a revision of outdated norms, and a sharp increase in labor productivity. In 1932, on the initiative of the miner N.A. Izotova competition was unfolding for training new cadres of workers and transferring advanced experience to them. The miner of the Tsentralnaya-Irmino mine A.G. Stakhanov on the night from 30 to 31 August 1935 he chopped with a jackhammer per shift 102 T coal, exceeding the norm by 14 times. This record marked the beginning of a massive the Stakhanov movement.

In the third five-year plan (1938-42) the task was to increase coal production by 90% and by 1942 to bring it to 242 million tons. T. This was prevented by the attack of Nazi Germany on the USSR. At the end of 1941, the Nazis occupied the Donetsk and Moscow region coal basins, almost all coal enterprises were destroyed. During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45, coals were intensively mined in the Kuznetsk and Karaganda basins and in the regions of the Urals, and the development of the Pechora basin began.

Even during the war, the U. p. Of the Moscow Region basin was restored, and in the late 40s - early 50s. - Donbass. In 1955, almost 400 million cubic meters were mined. T coal.

In 1975, the following was mined in the USSR: coal- 537.6 million T, including for coking - 181 mln. T, anthracites - 83.9 mln. T. The largest amount of coal (over 30%) comes from Donbass (Table 2). Coal production is increasing in the eastern regions of the country, where the general geological reserves of coal only in Eastern Siberia (Kansko-Achinsky, Tunguska, South Yakutsk, Lensky and Minusinsky basins) account for 80% of the reserves in the USSR.

Tab. 2. - Placement of balance
out reserves and coal mining

in the USSR, mln. T

Pool, field	Explored nye spare sy (on
Donetsk Pechora Podmoskovny Deposits of the Urals Pools and fields denia of Siberia, Kazakh- stana, Wed Asia and Of the Far East Including: Kuznetsky Karaganda Kansko-Achinsky

Complex mechanization and automation of production processes is being introduced in the industrial sector. By the volume of coal mining with the help of mechanized complexes of coal (rice. 1 ) and the scale of their application, the USSR ranks first in the world. The number of faces equipped with this technique reaches 1000 (1975). The average annual growth rate of labor productivity of a coal mining worker in the 9th five-year plan has doubled in comparison with the 8th. The concentration of production has increased, the load on the face has increased. In 1970, an average of 331 T, in 1975-454 T. The total number of longwall faces decreased from 4101 to 3115; more than half of them are equipped with progressive narrow-grip equipment (coal miners and plows, hydraulic support and conveyors), as well as mechanized complexes. Coal mining in mines acquired a continuous flow character. The share of coal mining by progressive methods (mechanized complexes, hydraulic mining, open pit mining) was 60.7% (1975). Many mines are permanently equipped the current system gas protection. The main method of developing coal deposits by the mid-70s. remained underground. (Cm. Underground mining, (See Coal mining.)

Open pit coal mining is developing at an outstripping pace. In open pit mines, powerful high-performance stripping, mining and transport equipment is used. In 1975, there were over 1,500 different excavators in the coal mines, including walking draglines with a bucket capacity of up to 100 m 3, rotary units with a capacity of 3000-5000 m 3 / h (rice. 2 ). Most of the locomotives are powerful electric locomotives and self-powered traction units. In the road transport facilities of the mines, there were over 40 thousand trucks and special vehicles. In 1975, the average monthly labor productivity of a coal mining worker in open pit mines was 417 T, and at the Sofronovsky and Azeisky open-pit mines (Irkutsk Oblast) and Bogatyr in the Ekibastuz basin, it exceeded 1000 T (33 t / day).

The construction of new large mines and open-pit mines, the reconstruction of existing enterprises ensured an increase in the load on one mine and open-pit mine (Table 3).

Tab. 3. - Condition of the mine

fund

Years	dey- st- wav- shih mines	Middle- bringing to- bull on one check that, thous. T	action- fallen cuts	Middle- bringing to- bull on once- cut, thous. T
1960 1965 1970 1975

In the 9th five-year plan (1971-75), the largest mines "Raspadskaya" (Kuzbass) with a capacity of 6.0 mln. T per year (final - 7.5 million. T), Vorgashorskaya (Pechora Basin) with a capacity of 4.5 mln. T, the Bogatyr open-pit mine - 30 mln. T per year with a design capacity of 50 mln. T in year.

In the USSR, the average depth of underground mining is 410 m, a 86 mines operate at a depth of over 700 m; they extract about 15% of underground mining. A particularly large number of deep mines in the Donetsk basin - 79 mines with a depth of over 700 m(of which 5 mines at a depth of over 1000 m).

About 36% of all mined coal in the USSR is used to generate electricity, 20% to the coke-chemical industry, 14% to domestic needs, 30% is used by other consumers (agriculture, production of building materials, etc.).

The main directions of development of the coal industry in the USSR envisage an increase in the volume and rate of coal production on the basis of improving equipment and technology, improving the quality of mined coal, increasing the efficiency of the industry, reconstructing and modernizing enterprises, and expanding opencast coal mining in the eastern regions of the country. The South Yakutsk coal basin is developing at an accelerated pace, and the Kansk-Achinsk fuel and energy complex is being created. The production of mechanized mining complexes, roadheaders, loading machines and other equipment is expanding, and labor safety measures are being introduced.

The explored world reserves of coal at the beginning of 1975 were estimated at 1,075 billion. T(categories A + B + C 1); of them in the socialist countries 410 billion. T, or 38%. The reliable reserves of the USSR amount to 277 billion. T(26% of all world reserves), other socialist countries 134 billion. tons, including(bln. T): China - 70; Yugoslavia - 18; Poland - 15.5; GDR - 7.5; Czechoslovakia - 6.6; Hungary - 3.5; Mongolia - 1.7; Bulgaria - 4.5; Romania - 4.1. The share of the socialist countries in world coal production exceeded 50% (1975).

Of the total reserves of capitalist and developing countries, the share of coal accounts for 522 billion. T, brown - 142 billion T. Coal reserves are concentrated (bln. T) mainly in the USA (215), Germany (132), Great Britain (127), Australia (50.4), India (25.2), Canada (54.5), South Africa (25.4), Japan (6 , 0) and France (2,1). With the overall growth of world coal production, the level of which is about 3 billion. T per year (tab. 4), in countries Western Europe there is a downward trend in coal production. The share of the EEC countries in world production over the past 15 years has dropped from 20.5 to 14.2%. Such large coal-mining countries as the USA, Australia, Canada, India and South Africa have increased their production volumes. The increase in coal production in the world is mainly due to the development of an open pit mine, the share of which in the total volume exceeds 40%.

Tab. 4. - Coal mining in the main
coal mining countries

(mln. T commercial coal)

World mining Including: the USSR USA United Kingdom Australia

Note. China is the third largest coal producer in the world, where, according to various estimates, about 400 mln. T coal. Official figures have not been published since 1960.

Lit .: The coal industry of the USSR. 1917-1967, M., 1969; Polyakov VF, On the way of progress, M., 1970; Melnikov N. V., Fuel and energy resources of the USSR, M., 1971; Bratchenko B.F., Khorin V.N., Coal Industry of the USA, M., 1971; The coal industry of Great Britain and France, M., 1971; Bratchenko B.F., On the Steps of Progress, M., 1976.