1) In general, in the temperate zone, the continental climate has strong annual and daily temperature fluctuations compared to the sea, a lower average annual temperature, less precipitation, lower cloudiness (especially lower), slightly lower relative humidity, sometimes higher dustiness of the air, winter is much colder, summer is a little cooler.
Continental climate of temperate latitudes
home beach weather in summer and 60-degree days in winter. Who wouldn't want to live there? But how exactly are Californians so lucky? Why is their weather so wonderful? The answer to this question has to do with the beautiful Pacific Ocean nearby. The California coast has a so-called maritime climate... In other words, its climate is influenced by oceanic air structures. The maritime climate tends to have cool summers, warm winters and the minimum change in temperature throughout the year.
Compare this to the continental climate. The continental climate does not have the stabilizing influence of the neighboring large volume of water. Thus, their summers are hotter, winters are more severe, and temperatures change more dramatically throughout the year. Okay, but that still doesn't tell us why the sea climate is more temperate than continental. To understand this, we need to discuss heat capacity.
2) Protects the Earth from sudden temperature changes, such as on Mercury, protects from asteroids, etc., distributes heat, and even corny contains the oxygen we need, life would be impossible without it.
3) In general, the temperature decreases with altitude by 6 degrees Celsius per 1000m, therefore, in your case, at an altitude of 1500 it will be 11 degrees, and at 14 it will be at an altitude of 1000m.
The heat output of an object is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature by one degree Celsius. Water has twice the thermal capacity as earth. This means that it takes much more sunlight to raise the temperature of the water than to raise the temperature of the earth, and conversely, it takes much longer to lower the temperature of the water. In this way, the earth heats up and cools down quickly, allowing rapid and extreme temperature changes.
Influence of wind currents
If you live in an area close to the ocean or big lake, this difference in heat capacity works in your favor. The ocean tends to trap the surrounding air and therefore environment at a more stable temperature. Okay, but New York has an ocean too. It's softer than Omaha, but not as cuddly as San Diego.
4) I hope this is not about global warming, but about the weather. Firstly, the seasons change due to the tilt of the earth's axis and, consequently, the different length of daylight hours, The atmospheric circulation has a great influence, cold and warm fronts, which bring correspondingly cold and warm weather, as well as cyclones and anticyclones, Cyclones in winter usually bring passive warm weather, up to thaws, and the anticyclone, on the contrary, is clear and frosty, in summer the cyclone brings coolness and rains, and the anticyclone brings heat. Cyconice and anticyclonic activity at this point depends on its position near the sea or in the depths of the mainland, as well as the direction of the prevailing winds.
This is the result of prevailing winds or the main direction of the wind in a specific area. If you look at the map, the prevailing winds over the United States are Westerly. Thus, milder temperatures in the Pacific exploded across California, while heavier temperatures in the Midwest exploded in New York. This leads to a less temperate climate on East coast than on West coast.
So let's sum it up: marine climates, like those on the West Coast of the United States, are influenced by ocean air patterns. They tend to have cool summers, warm winters, and minimal temperature variation throughout the year. Compare this to the continental climate, which is not stabilized by the nearby large amounts of water. This climate has hot summers, cold winters and dramatic temperature changes throughout the year.
5) There are different classifications, but I will consider Alisov:
Polar climate(Arctic and Antarctic)
It is characterized by a predominance of (ant-) arctic masses throughout the year, winter is cold -24 ---- 30 average, summer is very cold below 10 degrees. Little precipitation less than 200mm
Subpolar (subarctic and subantarctic)
Transitional type from Arctic to Moderate climate, in winter prevail moderate masses, depending on their origin (maritime or continental), winters can be both unusually mild for such high latitudes (for example, Wed January -0.5 in Reykjavik, -3 in Tromso) and extremely harsh (for example Wed January -42 in Verkhoyansk). In summer, the Arctic masses dominate here, so it is cool from 10 to 15 degrees in July on average, precipitation is a little 200-450 mm.
The difference in these two climates is the result of water having twice the heat capacity as land. Specific heat is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a substance by one degree Celsius. Water takes much longer to warm up and cool down. Thus, the ambient air remains at a more stable temperature.
The main climate-forming factor
The prevailing winds or the primary wind direction in the area also affect the climate. Despite the fact that the climate of New York is stabilized Atlantic Ocean, it is still not as mild as the climate in San Diego. This is because the prevailing United States winds cause extreme Midwest temperatures in the city.
A temperate climate, a climate in which masses of temperate latitudes prevail all year round. Here, as a rule, 4 times of the year are well expressed, cf. The warmest month is more than 15 degrees, the coldest month is below 0, in winter there is a stable snow cover, the only exception is the region of the temperate sea climate. This type of climate is the most contrasting in terms of temperature regime and therefore it is divided into 5 regions according to the degree of continental growth: Marine, Moderate continental, Continental, Sharp continental. It is also worth highlighting the Moderate Monsoon characteristic of the Far East, where winter is dominated by continental masses, and in the summer sea.
After completing this tutorial, you will be able to.
- Describe maritime climates and continental climates.
- Explain the role of heat capacity in making the difference in the two climates.
- Remember the influence of the prevailing winds on the climate.
Subtropical climate. The climate is transitional from tropical to temperate, where tropical air masses dominate in summer and temperate in winter. The average annual temperature is above 12 degrees, the temperature of the coldest month is above 0, Summer lasts most of the year. There are 3 areas of this climate: Mediterranean with a maximum precipitation in winter, continental dry (deserts are often formed here), and monsoon with a maximum in summer. The subtopic climate is the cradle of human civilizations.
See what "Continental climate" is in other dictionaries
Please note that the thermometer is placed at approximately head height. If it were in a different location, for example, at ground level, the maximum and minimum temperatures would be different, although the overall average would be approximately the same. Temperature reading from different places are collected in continuous maps, as shown in the global temperature map below. On the map, lines of equal temperature are called isotherms; similar to the lines of equal atmospheric pressure, called isobars, or lines of equal precipitation, called isogiettes.
Trinity climate. all year round, tropical masses Small amplitude of annual temperature fluctuations, all months the temperature is kept above 18 degrees, monsoons bring once a year the rainy season with a huge amount of precipitation, the rest is all drought. In the continental zone of this climate, the rainy season is not pronounced and deserts are formed.
Subequatorial, the same as the tropical monsoon.
Significant differences in air temperature from place to place depend on the energy balance and proximity to large bodies of water. Globally, the energy from sunlight causes most of the temperature differences from place to place. The annual differences in sunlight due to the Earth's orbit around the Sun cause seasonal changes, and differences in latitude explain the north-south patterns that are evident in global temperature maps.
The intensity of sunlight changes seasonally in a predictable manner. In simple terms, a place receives maximum solar energy at the summer solstice, when daylight hours are at their longest and the sun's rays are most perpendicular to the earth. The energy from sunlight is more concentrated with larger angles between the beam and the surface, which causes more superficial heating.
Equatorial climate(5 degrees north and south of the equator) - climate wet forests equatorial belt with weak winds, very small annual temperature fluctuations (24-28 ° C at sea level) and abundant precipitation (from 1.5 thousand to 5 thousand
Abstract on the topic:
The angle of sunlight to the surface also depends on latitude. In general, at higher latitudes, the sun on the horizon decreases the intensity of sunlight and creates colder temperatures. The change in sunlight intensity with latitude determines the most obvious pattern in annual temperature maps: the tropics are warm and the high latitudes are cool. This should sound familiar as we discussed the same topic in the previous section, Planetary Energy Balance. Compare the diagram in this section with the map below.
Continental climate
Plan:
- Introduction
- 1 Continental climate of temperate latitudes
- 2 Climate of Omsk
- 3 Continental climate of the tropics
- 4 Continental climate of polar latitudes
- 5 Relationship with other types of climate
Introduction
Continental climate- a type of climate characterized by stably hot summers, stably frosty winters and low rainfall. The continental climate is formed as a result of the prevailing impact on the atmosphere of large land masses. This type of climate is typical for the interior regions of the continents. The continental climate is dominant in a significant part of the territory of Russia, Ukraine, countries Central Asia(e.g. Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan), Mongolia and the interior regions of the United States and Canada. The continent with the greatest continental climate is Eurasia. The continental climate leads to the formation of steppes and deserts, since most of the moisture of the seas and oceans does not reach the inland regions.
These are different ways of looking at the same phenomenon: The planetary energy balance shows why the polar regions are cold and the tropics are warm, and the map below shows the actual temperature distribution. However, the air temperature map provides much more detailed information, since it shows the entire surface of the Earth. Remember the solar water heater analogy used to explain heat transfer in the balance section? Look at southern part The Pacific between Australia and South America.
On the Australia side, warmer water flows across the field, while on the South American side, colder water moves north towards the equator. The South Pacific has a huge circular ocean current that directs warm water to higher latitudes on the Australian side and returns cold water that will overheat in the tropics on the South American side. The end result is the transfer of heat from tropical regions to polar regions via ocean currents.
1. Continental climate of temperate latitudes
Steppe in Kazakhstan.
V temperate latitudes the continental climate is characterized by a large annual amplitude air temperature (hot summers and cold winters), as well as significant temperature changes during the day. The continental climate differs from the maritime climate by a lower average annual temperature and humidity, in some cases by increased dustiness of the air. The continental climate is characterized by rather low clouds and low annual quantity precipitation, the maximum of which occurs in the summer. The average wind speed is also usually low. The weather in regions with a continental climate is more variable than in regions with a maritime climate.
Also note that the temperature variation between the equator and the Poles is fairly uniform across the oceans, but varies greatly across continents. The reason for this is discussed below. Large bodies of water contain enormous amounts of heat, much more than land surfaces. With very high heat capacities, ocean surfaces heat up and cool down slowly, while land surfaces heat up and cool down much faster. As a result, air temperatures above or near oceans or large lakes remain fairly stable, and inland areas tend to have large temperature ranges.
2. Climate of Omsk
3. Continental climate of the tropics
In the continental climate of the tropics, annual fluctuations in air temperature are not as great as in temperate latitudes, and there is little or very little precipitation. Continental climate in tropical latitudes usually results in deserts and semi-deserts. Summer in the deserts is extremely hot (up to 58 degrees Celsius), in winter there are sometimes frosts.
This stabilizing affect can be seen on all timescales, from annual temperature ranges to daily temperature cycles. It is believed that places where temperatures are greatly mitigated by nearby water are characterized by a maritime climate, while areas located far from the water have a continental climate. In addition to affecting temperature, maritime climates tend to be humid because evaporation from the ocean surface adds water to the air, while continental climates tend to be dry because they lack significant sources of evaporation.
4. Continental climate of polar latitudes
V polar latitudes, the continental climate is characterized by large annual fluctuations in air temperature and warm, but short summers, as well as very cold and long winters.
5. Relationship with other types of climate
The continental climate can, in a weakened form, spread to the parts of the oceans closest to the continents, upon receipt air masses from the mainland to the area above the ocean throughout the year. The continental climate is different from monsoon climate, formed due to the predominant influence of continental air masses in winter and sea air masses in summer. There are gradual transitions between maritime and continental climates, e.g. climate Western Europe mainly marine, European part of Russia - moderate continental, Eastern Siberia- sharply continental, Of the Far East- monsoon.
The difference between maritime and continental climates is most evident on a world map showing the average annual temperature range. Range refers to the warmest months minus the coldest monthly temperatures. Notice how quickly the influence of the maritime climate diminishes as you move inland through the main continental regions outside the tropics.
Also note that there is little change in annual temperature in the tropics and polar regions, but in mid-latitudes, where heat transfer occurs from the tropics to the polar regions. In the mid-longitude zone, temperatures can vary widely and quickly, creating the most chaotic weather in the world.
This abstract is based on an article from the Russian Wikipedia. Synchronization completed 07/09/11 11:51:44 AM
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