Industrial branch of the economy. Summary: Branches of the Russian economy, a detailed description of the agro-industrial complex and a detailed study of the Vostichno-Siberian economic region. Brief description of labor resources

Introduction

The sectoral structure of the economy studies natural resource potential Russia and its regions, population, labor resources and modern demographic problems, analyzes the starting level of the economy of Russia and its regions during the formation and development of market relations, determines the main factors of location productive forces in transition to the market, studies the structure of the economy and determines the ways of its rationalization, the direction of restructuring the economy of Russia and its regions, the place of Russia in the world economic system.

The modern economic complex of Russia has a complex sectoral structure, which is now undergoing a radical restructuring in the direction of sociologization. But even with the priority development of industries producing goods for the population, the most important links in the sectoral structure are the electric power industry, the fuel industry, metallurgy, chemistry, mechanical engineering, agro-industrial complex, construction and transport.

1. a brief description of complexes of branches of the Russian economy.

1. 1 Natural resource potential of Russia and its economic assessment.

All mineral resources can be classified according to various criteria. So, for example, by the nature of industrial and industrial use, minerals are conventionally divided into a number of groups. These are fuel and energy raw materials, ferrous and non-ferrous, noble, rare and rare-earth metals, chemical and agrochemical raw materials, technical and refractory raw materials, construction materials, precious and ornamental stones, underground waters and mineral mud.

Fuel and energy raw materials include oil, natural gas, bituminous and brown coal, oil shale and nuclear fuel (uranium and thorium). These are the main sources of energy for most types of transport, heat and nuclear power plants, blast furnaces, etc. All of them, except for nuclear fuel, are used in the chemical industry.

Of great importance in the world economy of metals, primarily ferrous. This group includes iron and iron alloys (steel, cast iron, ferroalloys), which form the basis for the development of modern mechanical engineering and construction.

The group of non-ferrous metals includes copper, lead, zinc, aluminum, titanium, chromium, nickel, cobalt, magnesium, tin. Copper is the second most important metal. Its main production is electrical wires. Lead is widely used in the production of antiknock additives to improve the quality of gasoline.

Of the noble metals, platinum, gold, and silver are of the greatest importance; smaller - metals of the platinum group (palladium, iridium, rhodium, ruthenium, osmium). Metals of this group have a beautiful appearance in products; hence their name - "noble".

Gold, silver, copper, platinum, graphite, diamonds, sulfur, etc. are found as native elements. Sulfides (Latin “sulfur” - sulfur) include compounds of various elements with sulfur or salts of hydrogen sulfide acid. Among them, minerals are important, which are ores of lead (galena), zinc (sphalerite), copper (chalcopyrite), etc. Haloids (Greek "gals" - salt) are salts of holoid-hydrogen acids HCI and HF. Among them, the most common are chloride and fluoride compounds: NaCI (halite), KCI (sylvite) and fluorspar.

Various minerals usually form stable natural associations called rocks. These are mineral aggregates of a certain composition and structure, formed as a result of the manifestation of certain geological processes. Depending on the conditions of origin, rocks are subdivided into igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic.

According to the degree of exploration and study, mineral reserves are divided into four categories - A, B, C1, C2. Category A reserves have been studied and explored in detail, B and C1 reserves have been explored with relatively less detail. C2 - preliminary estimated. In addition, forecast reserves are allocated for the assessment of new deposits, basins and promising territories. Explored and probable reserves are combined into general geological reserves.

Russia is fully provided with all types of mineral raw materials and, in terms of their explored reserves, takes a leading place among largest countries the world.

More than half of the world's coal and peat reserves are concentrated in Russia, 1/3 of oil and gas, 2/5 iron ore, 2/5 of potassium salts, 1/4 of phosphorites and apatites, 1/15 of hydropower resources and half of the world's timber reserves.

1.2 Fuel and energy complex

The fuel and energy complex is the most important structural component of the Russian economy, one of the key factors in ensuring the country's life. It produces more than a quarter of Russia's industrial products, has a significant impact on the formation of the country's budget, and provides more than half of its export potential.

Russia is fully self-sufficient in fuel and energy resources and is considered a major exporter of fuel and energy among the countries of the world. The fuel and energy complex includes oil, gas, coal, shale, peat and power industries. The branches of the fuel and energy complex are closely related to all branches of the Russian economy.

Currently, a serious problem of the fuel and energy complex is the aggravated financial crisis in the country and related non-payments for fuel and energy. The decline in production continues. So, in 1993, compared to the maximum levels reached in 1988, oil production was 61%, coal - 72%, gas - 96%, electricity production - 88%. These negative transformations took place in the fuel and energy complex in connection with the collapse of the USSR and the general economic crisis.

The fuel and energy complex is of great regional importance, it creates the preconditions for the development of fuel-intensive industries and serves as the basis for the formation of industrial complexes, including electric power, petrochemical, coal-chemical, gas industry. The state and technical level of the operating capacities of the fuel and energy complex are now becoming critical. More than half of the equipment in the coal industry, 30% of gas pumping units, have exhausted their design life, half of the equipment in the oil production and more than 1/3 in the gas industry has more than 30% wear. Deterioration of equipment in oil refining and power engineering is especially great.

The most important task for the further development of fuel and energy industry in the conditions of the formation and development of market relations is the implementation of measures for the protection of nature and rational use of natural resources. So, one of the main tasks in the oil and gas industry is to increase oil recovery, more complete extraction of oil from the depths, utilization of associated gases. Because oil industry is a large consumer of water, then the task is to reduce the consumption of clean fresh water, introduce recycling water supply, and stop the discharge of polluted water into water bodies. It is necessary to solve the problems of more economical use land resources for oil and gas production and oil refineries. V coal industry The most important environmental task is land reclamation, since with open-pit mining, which will increase in the future, significant areas of land are disturbed. As a result of mining, the soil layer above the mines and adits is deformed. When burning coal, a prerequisite is the creation of powerful filters to clean the air from polluting emissions.

Environmental policy in the fuel and energy complex should be aimed at reducing the technogenic impact on the environment. At present, it accounts for about 48% of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere, 36% of wastewater and over 30% of solid waste from all pollutants.

Anti-crisis measures have been outlined in the sectors of the fuel and energy complex: by 1995-1996. restore the pre-crisis level and increase gas production in the developed regions, expand the throughput of gas pipelines and build a new export gas pipeline through Belarus, Poland - in Central Europe, slow down the decline in oil and condensate production, carry out work on the reconstruction of the oil refining industry with an increase in the depth of oil refining up to 67%, stop the decline in coal production at the level of 200-270 million tons per year, increase open pit mining in the eastern regions of the country.

It is planned to increase oil production in 2000 - up to 305 million tons, gas - 660 billion cubic meters, coal - 270 million tons.

At the same time, the task of forming a fuel and energy market controlled by the state with the help of a chain and tax policy, as well as creating a competitive environment and attracting foreign investment is especially important.

The regional strategy of Russia in the fuel and energy complex is aimed at the development of market relations and at maximum energy supply to each region. Thus, the prospects for the development of the branches of the fuel and energy complex are aimed at pursuing an energy-saving policy, accelerating scientific and technological progress, accelerating the development of the gas industry, a consistently high level of oil and gas production, an increase in the production of motor fuels, primarily as a result of an increase in production and deep oil refining.

With the transition to a market economy, purchase and retail prices for all types of fuel will rise to world prices, which will contribute to the development of all branches of the fuel and energy complex.

1.3 Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy

The metallurgical complex includes ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, covering all stages of technological processes: from the extraction and enrichment of raw materials to the production of finished products in the form of ferrous and non-ferrous metals and their alloys. The metallurgical complex is an interdependent combination of the following technological processes:

Extraction and preparation of raw materials for processing (extraction, enrichment, agglomeration, obtaining the necessary concentrates, etc.);

Metallurgical redistribution - the main technological process with the production of cast iron, steel, rolled ferrous and non-ferrous metals, pipes, etc .; production of alloys;

Disposal of waste from the main production and the receipt of secondary products from them.

Depending on the combination of these technological processes, the following types of production in the metallurgical complex are distinguished:

Production full cycle , which are represented, as a rule, by factories in which the named stages of the technological process operate simultaneously.

Partial cycle production- these are enterprises in which not all stages of the technological process are carried out, for example, in ferrous metallurgy only steel and rolled products are produced, but there is no production of pig iron, or only rolled products are produced. The incomplete cycle also includes the electrothermy of ferroalloys, electrometallurgy, etc.

Partial-cycle enterprises, or "small-scale metallurgy", are called piece-work, represented as separate subdivisions for the production of foundry iron, steel or rolled products as part of large machine-building enterprises of the country.

The metallurgical complex is the backbone of the industry. It is the foundation of mechanical engineering, which, together with the electric power industry and the chemical industry, ensures the development of scientific and technological progress in all links of the country's national economy. Metallurgy is one of the basic sectors of the national economy and is distinguished by high material and capital intensity of production. Ferrous and non-ferrous metals account for more than 90% of the total volume of construction materials used in mechanical engineering in Russia. In general, the volume of transport Russian Federation metallurgical cargo accounts for over 35% of the total cargo turnover. Metallurgy needs 14% of fuel and 16% of electricity, i.e. 25% of these resources are spent in industry.

Condition and development metallurgical industry ultimately determine the level of scientific and technological progress in all sectors of the national economy. The metallurgical complex is characterized by concentration and combination of production.

Specificity metallurgical complex the scale of production and the complexity of the technological cycle are incomparable with other industries. For the production of many types of products, 15-18 redistributions are required, starting from the extraction of ore and other types of raw materials. At the same time, the processing enterprises have close ties with each other not only within Russia, but also on the scale of the Commonwealth countries. Thus, in the production of titanium and titanium rolled products, a stable interstate cooperation of enterprises from Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan has developed.

The complex-forming and regional-forming importance of the metallurgical complex in the territorial structure of the national economy of Russia is exceptionally great. Modern large enterprises of the metallurgical complex, by the nature of their internal technological links, are metallurgical and energy-chemical plants. In addition to the main production, as part of metallurgical enterprises, production is created based on the utilization of various kinds of secondary resources of raw materials and materials (sulfuric acid production, heavy organic synthesis for the production of benzene, ammonia and other chemical products, production of building materials - cement, block products, as well as phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers, etc.) The most common companions of metallurgical enterprises are: thermal power engineering, metal-intensive machine building (metallurgical and mining equipment, heavy machine tools), production of metal structures, hardware.

1.4 Machine-building complex.

Mechanical engineering is one of the leading branches of the heavy industry in Russia. By creating the most active part of fixed assets - tools of labor - the machine-building industry has a significant impact on the rates and directions of scientific and technological progress in various sectors of the national economy, on the growth of labor productivity and other economic indicators. determining the effectiveness of the development of social production. The share of mechanical engineering accounts for more than 1/3 of the production volume of commercial products of the Russian industry, about 2/5 of the industrial production personnel and almost 1/4 of the basic industrial production assets.

The range of products manufactured by the Russian mechanical engineering industry is very diverse, which leads to a deep differentiation of its industries and affects the placement of certain types of products.

In the structure of mechanical engineering, there are 19 large complex industries, more than 100 specialized subsectors and industries.

Complex industries, similar in technological processes and raw materials used, include: heavy, energy and transport engineering; electrical industry; chemical and petroleum engineering; machine-tool and tool industry; tractor and agricultural engineering; mechanical engineering for light and Food Industry.

For a long time, the pace of development of mechanical engineering outstripped the development of industry and in general. The industries that determine scientific and technical progress, and primarily machine tool building, instrument making, the electrical and electronic industry, and the production of computer technology, developed at a high rate.

The achievements of the machine-building complex were characterized not only by an increase in the volume of its production, but also by the creation and release of progressive types of products, the introduction of more modern technologies. Thus, the serial production of new flexible production modules, automatic lines for machining and forging and stamping industries, a front-wheel drive small car was started. Among the figuratively created new types of machines, instruments, automation equipment, a significant part of the products meets the necessary technical requirements, the level of the best domestic and foreign samples, and some of them even exceed this level.

However, despite certain shifts in the development of mechanical engineering, its scientific, technical and production base is not adequate to the requirements for the intensification of social production. The share of equipment that has been in operation for ten, fifteen or more years is large, while the turnover of equipment at Japanese enterprises is six to eight years, and in European states- ten to twelve years. Therefore, for the technical re-equipment of all sectors of the national economy and the acceleration of socio-economic development, extensive reconstruction of enterprises is necessary. machine-building complex.

The collapse of the USSR as a unified state and education independent states contributed to the exacerbation of the collapse and the economy. Violation of contractual obligations for the supply of products, naturalization of exchange, the emergence of large-scale barter transactions have given greater intensity to the development of economic separatism in the republics and individual regions. The well-established relations are changing, but the supply of final and component products of mechanical engineering. The high level of territorial division of labor, as well as the monopoly inherent in the machine-building complex of the Union, led to the absence in Russia of a number of industries necessary for the normal functioning of both machine building itself and the entire national economy. Ukraine occupies a special place in these relations.

Since 1991, there has been a growing trend towards a reduction in interregional exchange of industrial and technical products. The disruption of vertical and the absence of stable horizontal ties contributed to a decrease in the production of products of the basic industries, primarily mechanical engineering. Crisis processes in mechanical engineering were aggravated by a high level of concentration and monopolization of production. Among 2/3 of mechanical engineering enterprises, each produces over 75% of a certain type of product, i.e. is its monopoly producer. The end of the 80s, and especially the beginning of the 90s, were accompanied by the collapse of foreign economic relations in the field of trade in machinery and equipment, which took shape over several decades and contributed to a certain balance and provision of the needs of industries. economic complex Russia with modern technology. At the same time, the restructuring taking place in the machine-building complex made it possible to establish the production of 4000 types of new products. However, structural changes are taking place slowly, not only due to poor adaptation of machine-building enterprises to work in new economic conditions, but also due to the lack of working capital at enterprises.

At present, almost all civil engineering enterprises have become joint stock companies. At most of the privatized enterprises, there have not yet been significant changes in the structure, nomenclature and production volumes. Therefore, the economic effect as a result of denationalization of enterprises is not achieved.

Mechanical engineering occupies an important place in the economy of large economic regions of Russia. In structure industrial production of marketable products in most regions, the share of mechanical engineering accounts for 20 to 30%. The level of its development is especially high in the Central, Ural, Volga economic regions.

Over the past decades, significant changes have taken place in the structure of mechanical engineering. Scientific and technological progress contributed to the separation of such independent industries as electronics, the production of computer technology, etc.

Unlike other industries, the location of mechanical engineering is least influenced by natural factors (the availability of minerals, the availability of water resources) and the impact of economic factors, such as the availability of labor resources, the presence of stable transport links, specialization and cooperation of production, is very significant. The specialization of production involves the concentration of the main production activity on the manufacture of one product, part of the product, or on the performance of only certain operations during its production. Specialization in mechanical engineering is subdivided into subject, technological and detailed.

Specialization is the most important direction for intensifying the production of mechanical engineering. It provides more opportunities for the use of high-performance equipment, automation and robotization of production processes, which ensures an increase in labor productivity and increases the efficiency of production development. For example, the Kama Automobile Complex includes six largest specialized factories: repair and tooling, foundry, diesel, press and frame, forge and press and car assembly. They are equipped with equipment and technological means that allow relatively quickly, without additional costs, to switch from the production of some types of cars to others.

The specialization of industrial production has led to wide ties in cooperative supplies between enterprises of various sectors of the national economy: chemical, textile, etc. Cooperation means the participation in the production of a finished product of several enterprises, each of which performs a certain technological operation. For example, the Volzhsky Automobile Plant is connected by cooperative deliveries with more than 300 subcontractors, supplying it with over 100 components and 500 types of materials. They account for more than 55% of the cost of car production.

The production and technical potential of the industry is characterized by three main indicators: the volume of manufactured products (in rubles or in physical terms), the size of the main industrial production assets (in rubles), and the number of industrial production personnel (people). The specific weight of these indicators for a particular industry in the general indicators of mechanical engineering makes it possible to determine its direction. So, if the share of fixed industrial production assets (OPPF) in a given industry significantly exceeds the share of those employed in it, then such an industry belongs to capital-intensive, but labor-saving (heavy engineering). If the specific weight of the number of industrial and production personnel significantly exceeds the share of OPPF in the industry, then this industry belongs to the labor-intensive, but fund-saving (instrument making, electronic industry).

Depending on the peculiarities of the interaction of such factors as material consumption and labor intensity, heavy engineering, general engineering and medium engineering are distinguished.

One of the main tasks of the development of the machine-building complex is the radical reconstruction and outstripping growth of such industries as machine-tool building, instrument-making, electrical and electronic industry, production of computers, which will allow Russia to gain momentum to approach the world level of the economy.

1.5 Chemical-forestry complex

The importance of the chemical-forestry complex in the national economy of Russia is enormous. It plays an important role in expanding the range of production of goods popular consumption... Its industries are linked to all other industries. The chemicalization of the economy makes it possible to successfully solve major technical and economic problems, to constantly increase the production of new types of chemical materials to meet the needs of the national economy. The chemical complex has a complex structure, including various branches of basic chemistry and organic synthesis.

Sulfuric acid industry Is one of the most important industries. Sulfuric acid is widely used in the production of mineral fertilizers, in the metallurgical, oil refining, textile and food industries and in many other industries. The raw materials for the production of sulfuric acid are pyrite (pyrite) and sulfur. Sulfuric acid is also produced from sulphurous gas captured during the smelting of sulphide ores, the processing of sulphurous oil, and the desulfurization of coke oven and natural gas. Sulfuric acid plants are located mainly in areas where sulfuric acid is consumed. The main raw material for its production (pyrite) has to be transported over long distances. This is due to the fact that sulfuric acid is a poorly transportable cargo. In a number of regions, the production of sulfuric acid is combined with the main industries based on the use of their waste: for example, sulfuric acid is produced at the Sredneuralsk copper-smelting, Chelyabinsk zinc, Volkhov aluminum and other non-ferrous metallurgy plants.

The sulfuric acid industry is developed in almost all economic regions. The most important enterprises for the production of sulfuric acid are located in the central regions: Voskresensky, Shchelkovsky, Novomoskovsky, Chernorechensky (Dzerzhinsk) plants; in the Urals: Bereznikovsky, Perm plants.

Soda industry , whose products are used in glass and chemical, as well as in non-ferrous metallurgy, pulp and paper industry, textile and household, are located in the Perm region - Bereznikovsky plant: in Bashkortostan - Sterlitamak; in the Altai Territory - the Mikhailovsky Soda Plant.

An important branch of the chemical industry is production of mineral fertilizers - phosphorus, potash and nitrogen. The main raw materials for superphosphate production are apatites and phosphorites. The largest enterprises in the superphosphate industry are chemical plants and plants: Voskresensky (Moscow Region), Nevsky (St. Petersburg). The largest is the Apatit plant at Kola Peninsula... Much attention is paid to the production of superphosphate in granular form (i.e. in the form of small grains), the production of concentrated phosphorus fertilizers. A feature in the location of the superphosphate industry is that most of the superphosphate plants in Russia operate on the Khibiny apatite. This leads to the transportation of huge quantities of raw materials over long distances. However, it should be borne in mind that Khibiny apatites, even in Siberia, are cheaper raw materials than local phosphorites.

The production of potash fertilizers is represented by the Solikamsk and Berezniki plants in the Urals.

The most important branches of organic synthesis chemistry are production of synthetic rubber and rubber products, plastics and chemical fibers. The enterprises for the production of synthetic rubber and rubber are located: in St. Petersburg - "Red Triangle", in Moscow - "Kauchuk" and "Red Bogatyr"; a number of new largest factories were built in Voronezh, Omsk, Krasnoyarsk and other cities. A rubber-asbestos plant was created in Yaroslavl; there are tire factories in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Voronezh, Kirov, Omsk and other cities. The creation of a domestic base for the production of synthetic rubber was of great importance for the rapid development of the rubber industry. Hydrocarbons of oil and gas, sawmilling and woodworking waste, liquor waste from sulfite-cellulose plants, acetylene (from calcium carbide) and some other types of raw materials are used as feedstock for the production of inedible alcohol. The use of non-food raw materials for the production of synthetic rubber brings enormous benefits to the national economy. For example, to obtain 1 ton of synthetic rubber, about 3 tons of liquid gases are consumed instead of 9 tons of grain or 22 tons of potatoes.

Since the production of 1 ton of synthetic rubber requires about 2 tons of alcohol, synthetic rubber factories have always been located near the alcohol production. In the pre-war period, distilleries (based on food raw materials) and synthetic rubber factories were located mainly in the central regions (Voronezh, Efremov, Yaroslavl). With the transition of the synthetic rubber industry to new types of raw materials (non-food), great opportunities have appeared for the development of this industry in oil and gas regions (Povolzhie, North Caucasus and others), where synthetic rubber is obtained from hydrocarbon raw materials. The production of synthetic rubber and synthetic materials is also organized in the regions of the oil refining industry (Western and Eastern Siberia). Omsk, Krasnoyarsk, Sterlitamak, Volzhsky, Nizhnekamsk, Perm and other synthetic rubber plants have been commissioned. In the future, this industry will increase its capacity in the eastern regions of the country, which are well supplied with water and cheap fuel.

Plastics are widely used in a wide variety of industries as substitutes for metals (especially scarce non-ferrous metals - copper, nickel, etc.), as well as glass, wood and other materials. For the production of plastics, various hydrocarbon raw materials are used, obtained in the oil and gas production and processing industry, coke production, gas shale and wood chemical industries. Large plastics factories have been built in the Center (Moscow, Vladimir, Orekhovo-Zuevo) and in the North-West (St. Petersburg). New large bases for the plastics industry were organized in the Volga region (Kazan, Volgograd), in the Urals (Nizhniy Tagil, Ufa, Salavat, Yekaterinburg), in Western Siberia (Tyumen, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk), in the North Caucasus (Grozny) and other regions of the country.

Fiber production includes rayon and acetate fibers. Viscose fiber is produced by chemical processing of wood pulp. Cotton linters are used as raw materials for acetate fiber. In terms of strength, these fibers are superior to cotton yarn and are widely used. Synthetic fibers (nylon, nylon, lavsan, anid, etc.) have a very high tensile strength and bulk elasticity. These fibers are widely used in the manufacture of various high quality fabrics and furs, knitwear and carpets, tire cord, parachute silk, fishing nets, leather goods and many other types of products.

In the production of artificial and synthetic fibers, a large amount of raw materials and materials, fuel, and water are consumed. For the production of 1 ton of viscose fiber, for example, 1.1 tons of cellulose is required, for the processing of which, in turn, a significant amount of chemicals is needed - about 2.5-3 tons (caustic soda, sulfuric acid, carbon disulfide) and 7-15 tons of standard fuel ... For the manufacture of 1 ton of nylon, more than 1 ton of benzene and a large amount of sulfuric acid, ammonia and other auxiliary materials are consumed. That is why the main factor in the location of the production of chemical fibers is the proximity to the sources of fuel and water.

In the conditions of the emergence of market relations, the structural restructuring of the Russian economy should include the priority development of the chemical industry to solve social problems, scientific and technological progress in construction, mechanical engineering, and the agro-industrial complex. It is planned to build large chemical complexes in regions with rich resources of hydrocarbon and mining chemical raw materials, fuel, water, primarily in Western and Eastern Siberia, creation of a large export potential of polymer materials for import-substituting industries. Much attention is paid to the development of the Tomsk and Tobolsk petrochemical complexes, the expansion of the production of high-pressure polyethylene, isobutylene and butyl rubber. The Krasnoyarsk Production Association "Khimvolokno" is expanding the production of nylon yarns for cord fabrics and technical products. Particular attention is paid to the development of polymer chemistry.

Russia is the largest timber industry country in the world, which has a powerful timber-chemical complex, including harvesting, mechanical processing and chemical processing of wood.

Russia holds the first place in wooded area, amounting to more than 750 million hectares. It surpasses the forested area of ​​such large forest countries as Canada, USA, Sweden, Norway and Finland combined. More than half of the world's most valuable coniferous species are concentrated in the forests of Russia. The total industrial timber reserves reach 30 billion cubic meters, which is more than three times the reserves of the USA and Canada. About 1,500 species of trees and shrubs grow in the forests of Russia, valuable conifers dominate, which make up 9/10 of all reserves. When harvesting wood, first of all, ripe and overmature plantations are used (the age of ripe species is from 80 to 100 years, overmature - over 100 years). Ripe and overmature forests currently occupy more than 65% of the total forested area and over 95% of them are concentrated in Siberia and the Far East.

The largest amount of wood in Russia is provided by pine, spruce, and larch. Softwood is used to a large extent in construction and in the pulp and paper industry. Hardwood - oak, beech, birch, aspen, linden, etc. is widely used as an ornamental material.

1.6 Light industry

Light industry unites a group of industries that provide the population with fabrics, clothing, footwear and other consumer goods. In recent years, the situation in this industry has become very serious. Its share in the industrial structure of the Russian Federation has noticeably decreased (to 6%). The production of goods has decreased (in comparison with 1991 - four times), the import of consumer goods, including from Western European countries, has increased.

Light industry has close contact with agriculture, especially at the stage of primary processing of raw materials. The location of enterprises is influenced by consumer and raw material factors, as well as the presence labor resources.

In addition to agriculture, a raw material base for light industry The Russian Federation is served by chemistry (organic synthesis) - the production of artificial and synthetic materials (artificial silk and leather, chemical fiber, synthetic rubber).

In light industry, there are: textile (including cotton, silk, woolen, linen, knitted), sewing, footwear, fur, carpet and other industries.

All branches of light industry by their attraction to sources of raw materials and areas of consumption of products can be divided into the following groups. The raw material-oriented industries include the linen industry; consumer-oriented - shoe and sewing; with a simultaneous focus on both factors - cotton, silk, knitted.

Within the light industry, the largest in terms of output and the number of employees is textile industry... Historically developed in Central area and in the Northwest, and then developed in other regions of Russia.

Only in the Central Region in the early 90s, up to 70% of all cotton fabrics were produced (main centers: Ivanovo, Moscow, Yaroslavl, Tver, etc.), up to 80% of linen (Kostroma, Vyazinki), about 30% of silk (Moscow, Narofominsk, etc.), up to 60% woolen (Moscow, etc.). Using imported raw materials, the Central Region exported most of the finished products to other regions of the Russian Federation.

At present, due to competition with imported goods widely imported into Russia, as well as due to a sharp reduction in the supply of raw materials from the Central Asian republics (which supplied cotton), the cotton industry is experiencing very great difficulties. In some cities, production is almost completely stopped.

1.7 Agro industrial complex

Agro-industrial complex of the Russian Federation (AIC) includes industries with close economic and industrial | relationships, specializing in the production of agricultural products, their processing and storage, as well as providing agriculture and the processing industry with the means of production.

In the structure of the agro-industrial complex, three areas are distinguished: the first is the industries that produce means of production for agriculture, - tractor and agricultural machine building, machine building for animal husbandry and fodder production, the production of reclamation equipment, mineral fertilizers, agricultural industrial construction, the feed and microbiological industry serving agriculture. and etc.; the second is agriculture (agriculture and animal husbandry) and forestry; the third - industries processing agricultural raw materials - food, light industries associated with the primary processing of flax, wool, etc., as well as industries that provide procurement, storage, transportation and sale of products of the agro-industrial complex.

The structure of the Russian agro-industrial complex is far from perfect. Agriculture is the main link in it: it produces over 48% of the agricultural sector's output, has 68% of the industrial fixed assets of the complex, and employs almost 67% of those employed in the industrial sectors of the agro-industrial complex. In developed countries, in the creation of the final product, the main role belongs to the third sphere of the agro-industrial complex (for example, in the USA, the processing and marketing industries account for 73% of the agro-industrial complex products, agriculture provides only 13%).

The balanced development of all spheres of the agro-industrial complex is a necessary condition for solving the problem of providing the country with food and agricultural raw materials. At present, the weak development of the processing branches of the agro-industrial complex and the industrial infrastructure of the complex lead to huge losses of agricultural products. For example, losses amount to 30% of harvested grain, 40-45% of potatoes and vegetables. The need for equipment for industries processing agricultural raw materials is satisfied only by 55-60%, the degree of equipment wear is 76%.

An important problem that hinders the normal, balanced development of the entire agro-industrial complex is the underdevelopment of the market for means of production. Until recently, there was a system of stock distribution of resources in supply, which should be replaced by the market. In the conditions of market relations, supplies of the necessary material and technical means are carried out through direct relations with manufacturers, through wholesale intermediaries, as well as through procurement through an organized market infrastructure (commodity exchanges, auctions, fairs, etc.). The formation of a market for means of production, an increase in the quality of products of the branches of the first sphere of the agro-industrial complex is necessary for the creation of highly efficient agricultural production in Russia.

Agriculture is a very special sphere of production, the main feature of which is the presence of land as the main means of production. Land, unlike other means of production, is not a product of human labor, its size cannot be increased; with its correct use in agriculture, the land not only does not lose its qualities, but even improves them, while all other means of production are gradually becoming obsolete morally and physically, being replaced by others. The land, being a means of production, acts both as a means of labor and as an object of labor.

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Introduction

Section 1. Branch in the system of the national economy

Section 2. Industrial resources

Chapter 3. Fixed assets of industry and the efficiency of their use

3.1 The economic essence of fixed assets and the importance of increasing the efficiency of their use

3.2 Composition, structure and classification of fixed assets

3.3 Economic valuation of fixed assets

3.4 Depreciation and amortization of fixed assets

3.5 Reproduction of fixed assets. The problem of technical re-equipment of industry and ways to solve it

3.6 Indicators, reserves, factors and ways to improve the efficiency of the use of industrial fixed assets

Chapter 4. Working capital and working capital of industry, and the efficiency of their use

4.1 The economic essence of working capital and working capital and the importance of increasing the efficiency of their use

4.2 Composition, structure and classification of working capital and working capital

4.3 Basic principles of rationing of working capital and working capital. Formation and optimization of the size of working capital in industries

4.4 Indicators and ways to improve the efficiency of the use of working capital and working capital in industries

Chapter 5. Raw materials and material resources of industry and increasing the efficiency of their use

5.1 Raw materials and material resources: concept and classification. The value of increasing the efficiency of their use

5.2 Raw material zones of industries

5.3 Main directions of expansion raw material base industries. Ways to save raw materials and materials

Chapter 6. Labor resources of industry and the efficiency of their use

6.1 Industrial labor resources and the importance of increasing the efficiency of their use

6.2 Essence, indicators, reserves and ways to increase labor productivity in industry

6.3 Economic assessment of the increase in labor productivity by factors

Section 3. Re Resource results

Chapter 7. The cost of industrial products and ways to reduce it

7.1 The essence of the cost of production and the value of its reduction

7.2 Composition and structure of production costs

7.3 Classification of production costs

7.4 Factors, sources and ways of reducing the cost of production in industry

7.5 Economic assessment of reducing the cost of industrial products and methods of its calculation

Section 4. The efficiency of the industry

Chapter 8. Profit, profitability and price

8.1 Profit and ways of its growth

8.2 Profitability of production and ways to improve it

8.3 Price and pricing as a factor in the efficient functioning of industries

Section 5. Factors of increasing the economic efficiency of industrial production

Chapter 9. Concentration of production

9.1 Forms of organization of social production as a factor in the effective functioning of industry

9.2 The economic essence, indicators and forms of concentration of production. Features of concentration of production in industry

9.3 Economic advantages of large enterprises. Optimum sizes of industrial plants

Chapter 10. Specialization and cooperation of production

10.1 Production specialization and its economic efficiency

10.2 Cooperation of production and its economic efficiency

Chapter 11. Combination of production and its economic efficiency

11.1 The essence, characteristics, forms and indicators of the combination of production

11.2 Prerequisites for the combination of production in industries

11.3 Cost-effectiveness of combination production

Chapter 12. Scientific and technological progress as a factor in the effective functioning of industry

12.1 The essence and significance of scientific and technological progress in the functioning of industry

12.2 The main directions of scientific and technological progress

12.3 Sources of funding for the implementation of scientific and technological progress

Chapter 13. Placement as a Factor of the Effective Functioning of Industry

13.1 Rational placement as a factor in the efficient functioning of industry. Regularities and principles of industrial location

13.2 Rationalization of the placement of industries. Economic justification for the location of industries

Introduction

Subject, object, content and objectives of the course of industrial economics and its place in the cycle of economic disciplines

Economics is translated from Greek as the art of housekeeping. Obviously, in modern conditions of large-scale production, the functioning of a complex national economic complex, consisting of numerous enterprises of various industries and diversified formations, the economy can be defined as the science of the rational management of the national economy.

It is well known that the economy is the real basis, the basis of the life of society. Everything else is just a superstructure in terms of living conditions. The economy determines the level and dynamics of all the main indicators of the life of society from any angle.

This, obviously, also determines today and in the future the craving for economic science, various economic specialties, as well as the reorientation of the entire capable and active stratum of society in the sphere of economic life - be it the financial and banking system, commerce, foreign economic activity, be it the sphere of production or management. Moreover, the higher the management hierarchy, the more economic activity in it.

Thus, economics should be known to everyone who, in one way or another, is connected with these spheres of human activity. And future specialists in the field of economics should know deeply professionally, fully accumulating the achievements of economic theory and practice. To achieve this, there is only one real way - a thorough study of the subject of economics with a rational application of the acquired knowledge in the future to the object of practice. Here Plato's dictum that the greatest evil is not ignorance, but poorly assimilated knowledge, is quite appropriate.

Poorly assimilated knowledge gives rise to the illusion of all possibilities that a sailor can manage the State Bank, a teacher can manage an agro-industrial complex, and a field commander or a middle-class politician can manage the entire economy of the country. A simplistic approach, generated by poorly mastered knowledge, lies at the heart of all the troubles of the last century of Russian society and Russian economy in particular.

The course of the economics of industrial production is one of the fundamental, shaping future economists.

The course is mainly theoretical, providing fundamental knowledge of a specific economy - industrial economics. At the same time, the course provides the necessary practical skills to solve the main, key problems of the sectoral economy - the ability to reveal the development reserves of the industry as a whole, to use sectoral and intersectoral factors for these purposes, to calculate economic efficiency in various aspects, etc. and the categorical apparatus for this branch of knowledge, corresponding terminology, teaches the correspondence of the main technical and economic indicators, their formalization with the help of the economic and mathematical apparatus.

The economy of the industry also provides the necessary supply of information material for the industry as a whole, groups of industries and a specific industry at the level of modern parameters for the main economic indicators in statics and dynamics. Moreover, the study of economics focuses on the industry as a whole and, especially, on those sections that subsequently drop out of the cycle of specific economic disciplines (characteristics of the industry, identifying its specifics, development trends, resources and the efficiency of their use, factors for the development of the industry and increasing its efficiency - - concentration, specialization, cooperation, combination of production, intersectoral integration, placement, economic problems of scientific and technological progress).

The economics of the industry, as it were, gives the economic anatomy from the industry perspective.

The course is structured taking into account the transfer of branches of the national economy to intensive development in the conditions of a market economic mechanism with saturation with industry-specific material.

All this makes it necessary to deeply and meaningfully study the course of the economics of the industry with the involvement of fundamental, which have become classical, works of domestic economists in separate sections, new and latest publications on various aspects of the course content, materials from periodicals and, of course, government and regulatory industry documents.

The economy operates according to its own laws. Economic laws are just as objective, implacable and precise as the laws of mathematics, physics, chemistry, biochemistry, etc. These economic laws determine the nature of the functioning of the national economy, the national economic complex and its individual links-industries or groups of interrelated industries.

Thus, the laws of the functioning of the national economy, the national economy as a whole, its large branches - industry, agriculture, construction, transport, communications, as well as their more specialized branches and sub-branches - mechanical engineering, food, light industry, plant growing, animal husbandry - - same. However, the specificity of each industry, manifested in the characteristics of the processed (mined) raw materials, the finished product obtained and the material and technical base, equipment, technology, personnel used, makes the manifestation of general economic laws peculiar. It is this peculiarity, through which the general laws of the functioning of the national economic complex are refracted, and forms the economy of the industry as an independent scientific discipline.

Moreover, the industry as the most important link in the national economy, as a rule, closes the production of a certain final homogeneous product and functions independently according to its own laws, inherent only in this particular industry.

The presence of these patterns makes the economy of the industry an independent economic science, studying and revealing these patterns, the nature of their manifestation in the specific conditions of the functioning and development of the industry.

The economy of the industry, thus, an independent economic science that studies a specific industry and at the same time is part of the general economic science... Two important conclusions follow from this.

1. The economics of the industry, as a part of general economic science, makes full use of all economic categories. The concepts of labor productivity, capital productivity, profit, production cost, etc. are united in their essence in the economy, including in the economy of any industry - industry, agriculture, construction, transport, as well as in more specialized industries - food, light, mechanical engineering, etc.

2.On the other hand, due to the specifics of a particular industry, factors, reserves, ways to increase labor productivity, profits, profitability of production, etc. will be different. The values ​​of the indicators of these economic categories, both in terms of level and dynamics, will also be different. They are determined by the specifics of a particular industry. This circumstance makes it necessary to study the economy of each industry or complex of homogeneous or interrelated industries.

The industry is the most important link in the national economic complex and the national economy within a given state. Attempts to liquidate, break apart industries in individual regions of the country or large intersectoral economic formations such as conglomerates, apart from harm, did nothing to the national economy. Ignoring the industry is, first of all, the denial of a unified technical policy at homogeneous enterprises, the rupture of the existing ties between them and other specific factors that significantly affect the development of similar enterprises, the totality of which, with a certain commonality, represents the industry.

The conditions for the functioning of each industry are unique and specific. Like nowhere else, the philosophical credo "truth is concrete" is true in relation to the industry. Therefore, the industry must be studied independently in the specific conditions of its functioning.

The subject of the study of the economy of the industry is the economic aspects of the functioning of the industry. These are, first of all, the laws governing the development of productive forces and production relations in the specific conditions of a given industry.

The object of studying the economy of the industry is the industry itself as a whole as a single organism, as the most important link in the national economic complex, the national economy.

The purpose of studying the economy of the industry is to improve the efficiency of the industry by uncovering reserves and factors of a resource and organizational nature and developing measures and ways to implement them.

The purpose, subject and object of the course determine the tasks and content of the industry economy as a scientific discipline.

The objectives of the course of the economics of the industry can be summarized as follows.

1. Strong mastery of the categorical and conceptual apparatus of the cycle of specific economic sciences and disciplines.

2. Mastering the economic logic of the relationship of these complex economic categories and concepts and specifically the correspondence of economic indicators, taking into account the technical and technological parameters of the industry.

3. Obtaining a known amount of information about the economy of a given industry based on a set of values ​​of technical and economic indicators, such as production, sales, profit, labor productivity, production costs, capital productivity, working capital turnover, etc. and active use of it in further training and professional activities.

4. Studying the specifics of the industry, which significantly determines the nature and conditions of the industry, the level and dynamics of indicators of its economic efficiency.

All this should be mastered by the student when studying the course of the economics of the industry - the economics of industrial production.

The purpose and objectives of the course accordingly form the content of the economy of the industry, in this case the economy of industrial production

The course is structured in the following logical sequence:

Formation and characteristics of the industry (the concept of the industry and the sectoral structure, structural policy, characteristics of the industry and its place in the national economic complex, the main stages and economic prerequisites for the further development of the industry, its role, significance and place in the national economic complex and the national economy);

Industry resources (fixed assets, working capital, personnel, etc.);

Result of using resources (cost of production, production costs, production and sales);

Production efficiency in the industry (profit, production profitability);

Factors of increasing the efficiency and functioning of the industry (forms of organization of social production - concentration, specialization, cooperation and combination of production, location of enterprises in the industry, scientific and technological progress).

All this determines the content of the course.

The specific object of the course is industrial production.

The methodology for studying the course is a systematic, dialectical approach, the essence of which, in a non-ideologized way, consists in the perception and consideration of complex economic processes in interrelation, interdependence, in dynamics, orientation in time, space and taking into account the specifics of a particular industry.

Industry is known to be studied in many technical disciplines. The economics of the industry relies on these technical disciplines, gives their technical solutions an economic assessment and itself uses technical and technological parameters.

The economics of industrial production is closely related to all general economic and specific economic disciplines. She uses the general economic theory as a theoretical foundation for many components of the course, and herself in relation to other specific economic disciplines acts as a theoretical basis and at the same time independently performs the functions of studying the economic aspects of this industry - the most important independent link of the national economic complex, the national economy.

Industry economics, in particular, is a fully theoretical and methodological basis for an enterprise economics course.

Enterprises in the new conditions as independent subjects of the market, as economic entities objectively need a certain regulation of constantly emerging relationships, regardless of the presence or absence of state and regional authorities. And the industry as a set of similar enterprises objectively plays this role. At the same time, the presence of an enterprise economics course is quite legitimate, bearing in mind that the main economic entity and the primary link of production, where the product and its value are formed, is the enterprise.

However, the economy of an enterprise has its own subject, object, goal and objectives, and, accordingly, the content, outlined by the nature of the functioning of the enterprise at the micro level.

When studying the course, materials are widely used for the development of the national economy, its large industries, complexes of interrelated industries, but focuses on its object - industrial production.

Section 1. Branch in the system of the national economy

Chapter 1. Industry and sectoral structure

1.1 The concept of the industry and the laws of its formation and functioning

1.2 Characteristics of the industry. The place of the industry in the system of the national economy

1.3 Sectoral structure and main directions of its improvement. Structural policy at the present stage and in the future

Chapter 2. The main stages and results of the development of industrial production

2.1 The main stages and results of the development of the national economy

2.2 The main stages and results of industrial development

2.3 The main stages and results of the development of the agro-industrial complex and agriculture - the raw material base of individual industries

2.4 Economic prerequisites for the further development of industry

Chapter 1. Industry and sectoral structure

industry industrial production cost price

1.1 The concept of the industry and the laws of its formation and functioning

One of the economic laws of the development of social production is the law of the division and socialization of labor.

The law of the division and socialization of labor systematically generates new industries and integrates them to the extent of economic feasibility. It is economic expediency that determines the level and rate of division and socialization of labor. The measure of economic feasibility in the very general view there are opportunities to accelerate production growth, reduce the cost of goods and services, and improve their quality. All this is nothing more than the greatest satisfaction of the needs of society at the lowest cost with known resource constraints for a given period of time.

Specific factors driving the constantly ongoing complex process of division and socialization of labor, expressed in its highest manifestation by the emergence of new industries and their integration, are scientific and technological progress, forms of organization of social production, the needs of the national economy, its capabilities, etc.

Studying social production for the entire historical period of its development, the largest authorities of economic science determined that it went through three stages, which correspond to three types of division of labor.

Figure 1. Division of labor in social production

At the first - the general stage of the division of labor - large branches of the national economy were formed: industry, agriculture, construction, transport, communications.

At the second, private stage of the division of labor, specialized branches of industry, agriculture, construction, transport, and communications were formed from large sectors of the national economy. The level of specialization of these industries is completely different and is, to a certain extent, conditional and relative, which in practice necessitates their systematization into separate groups, complexes, etc.

So, mechanical engineering as a branch of industry has more than 70 more or less specialized branches, grouped according to various criteria and is itself a whole industrial complex - mechanical engineering. Likewise, in the food industry group, there are more than 40 specialized industries, which, together with the corresponding sectors of agriculture, form mainly the agro-industrial complex.

The third - a single stage, or rather a type of division of labor - occurs at the enterprise itself with the potential for the emergence of new industries, which in the future may, under certain conditions, form an industry.

Having emerged, the industry can function autonomously, independently with the presence of organizational and managerial structures, as part of more complex intersectoral formations with the corresponding general organizational and managerial structures and outside them. From this, the essence of the industry, as an objectively existing specific sphere of material production, represented by a set of homogeneous primary production cells - enterprises, market entities, business entities, does not change. This only changes the operating conditions of the industry - favorable or unfavorable, attractive or not, which ultimately determine the performance indicators of the industry. The economic efficiency of the industry, rigidly assessed by the competitive market, the competitiveness of the products and services of the industry, determines the nature of the organizational and management structure of the industry as its outer shell, superstructure.

What is the industry, in particular, the industry?

An industry is a set of homogeneous enterprises characterized by the unity of the consumer or economic purpose of the products produced, the commonality of the processed raw materials, the material and technical base used and the professional composition of the personnel.

Thus, the essential features of the industry are as follows.

1. The presence of a certain number of independent homogeneous enterprises.

2. The unity of the consumer or economic purpose of the product produced in the industry (food product, machinery, in the aggregate, a product of group "A" or "B").

3. A certain homogeneity of the processed feedstock.

4. A single, specific for a given industry, material and technical base, specialized in the form of a specific system of machines and capable of implementing a given technology for manufacturing a specific product of the industry.

5. A peculiar composition of personnel, personnel formed by the requirements of the above characteristics - personnel of food workers, machine builders, metallurgists, etc.

The concept of production differs from the industry only in the absence of the first feature, in the absence of a set of homogeneous enterprises. Thus, the concept of production is broader than the concept of an industry, for all industries grew out of production, forming sooner or later a certain number of independent homogeneous enterprises. There are industries that, in the long term, when certain economic conditions are created, will form new specialized industries, as, say, at one time mechanical engineering grew out of metalworking, and from mechanical engineering, in turn, machine-tool and tool-building. A number of industries are at the stage of formation, with more than a dozen independent enterprises (refined sugar, etc.). However, there are industries such as steam production that can never grow into an industry. Such industries cannot be independent and have enterprises, but will be auxiliary at any enterprise.

1.2 Characteristics of the industry. The place of the industry in the system of the national economy

The object of the economy of this industry is industry. It was formed on the first, i.e. general stage of the division of labor.

Branches of industry produce both means of production (group "A") and consumer goods (group "B"). In the marketable industrial output, Group A accounted for about three quarters, and Group B accounted for one fourth. Such a ratio of groups "A" and "B" was formed before the beginning of the reforms, before the transition period to the market. Of course, the ultimate goal of industry is the production of consumer goods (group "B"), and the means of production (group "A") are intended for this. This ratio is different in each industry.

Each branch of industry is formed in its own way, taking into account its specifics. Based on the foregoing, the food industry, for example, can be defined as a set of industries and individual industries specialized in the production of food. The food industry is a part of the entire industry, combining a set of homogeneous food and processing enterprises, characterized by the unity of the consumer purpose of the manufactured end product food purpose, which processes, as a rule, raw materials of agricultural origin and has a specific material and technical base in the form of a system of machines and apparatus and the corresponding composition of food workers. The food industry includes more than 40 specialized industries, subsectors and individual industries. All of them are united, first of all, by the unity of the consumer purpose of the produced specific product - food, which, in turn, determines the specific requirements for the feedstock, the technology used, the machine system and the entire material and technical base, and, of course, for the personnel.

In the same way, you can formulate the concept of machine-building, metallurgical, light industry and other industries and give them an appropriate description.

Industries are classified in different areas depending on characteristic features underlying the formation of the industry - from the purpose of the product, the nature of the raw materials used, the technology used, etc.

The industry includes mining, processing and manufacturing industries.

Depending on the specifics of the organization of production, seasonal and non-seasonal industries are distinguished. As a rule, seasonal industries include most of the processing industries of the agro-industrial complex, that is, industries specialized in the primary processing of seasonal agricultural raw materials and a number of other industries of the extractive and manufacturing industries.

According to the method of processing raw materials and intermediate products, that is, depending on the technology used and, accordingly, the system of machines and apparatus used, the industry is divided into sectors with a predominance of biochemical, microbiological and chemical bases and industries with a prevailing mechanical basis for processing objects of labor. The first, using instrumental processes, typically include - chemical, microbiological, certain branches of the food industry. The second, using the system of machines, are machine-building, light, part of the food industry.

Industry is closely linked with all sectors of the national economy. Its share accounts for a significant part of the cargo transported by various modes of transport. Industries are the largest construction customers. Very close ties between industry, agriculture, construction, transport. It is precisely the objectively established close relationships between these major industries that have formed the agro-industrial complex, the fuel and energy complex, house-building, etc.

The leading role of industry in the system of the national economic complex and the entire national economy is generally known and obvious.

It is industry that technically equips and re-equips the entire national economy, generates and supplies advanced industrial technologies to other sectors. Finally, it produces more than half of the gross domestic product and national income.

1.3 Sectoral structure and main directions of its improvement. Structural policy at the present stage and in the future

The sectoral structure is the ratio of individual sectors to each other, expressed as a percentage.

The sectoral structure is expressed by the list of sectors and their shares in the total volume of production or in the elements of production (the cost of fixed assets, the number of personnel, etc.). When characterizing the sectoral structure, as a rule, the indicator of the share of the sector in the total volume of commercial output is used.

The existing sectoral structure does not meet the needs of the national economy of Russia and its population.

In the structure of all industrial production, the share of means of production (group A) before the reform of the 90s fell by three quarters, and only one quarter were consumer goods (group “B”). Meanwhile, society needs final consumer products, and the means of production speak for themselves. They are really only means for the subsequent production of consumer goods. On a national scale, means of production are costs, while commodities are results. Therefore, it is natural that the lower the costs of producing the final consumer product, the more efficient the national economy. Otherwise, production itself becomes an end in itself, and the nature of its functioning on a national scale becomes Samoyed. This is exactly what has happened with the economy of our country since the 30s, from the era of industrialization. The misunderstood Marxist proposition on proportions in expanded reproduction and the extreme distortion of the falsely understood theory in practice, further exacerbated by the corporate interests of certain groups of industries, led to such an extremely negative industry structure. Indeed, in 1913 in Russia the share of production of means of production accounted for 1/3, and the share of production of consumer goods - 2/3 of industrial products. Consequently, from this point of view, the sectoral structure of Russian industry in that distant period was more progressive and more efficient. After all, then one ruble of means of production ensured the release of three rubles of consumer goods, while in the 1980s, three rubles of means of production could barely cope with the production of one ruble of consumer goods.

This situation needs to be changed. Then there will be a simultaneous redistribution of resources, the necessary funds will be freed up to ensure the competitiveness of domestic consumer goods and services in the domestic and foreign markets.

There was an unjustified disproportion between the industries involved in the production of military and civilian products. About three quarters of the resources of the national economy, including industry, were directly or indirectly involved in the 1980s in the military-industrial complex.

There are also discrepancies of a private nature in each sector of the national economy and groups of interconnected industries, complexes, sub-complexes, and sub-sectors.

The deep, protracted crisis of the Russian national economy was not least associated with the need for restructuring. Doing this requires a clear, evidence-based structural policy on a national scale. In the complex of measures recommended in the stabilization program of the Russian economy, the development and implementation of the structural policy are highlighted.

The main directions for improving structural policy in the transition period and for the future are as follows.

1. A dynamic change in the ratio of groups of industries producing means of production ("A") and consumer goods ("B") in favor of the latter. In the next 5-7 years, their share should be leveled, and subsequently brought to a ratio of 1: 2, 1: 3 at the level of countries with developed commodity production.

2. A significant decrease in the share of branches of the military-industrial complex (MIC) to the level of minimum sufficiency, but not more than 10% of the gross domestic product (GDP). In developed and prosperous Japan, for example, this share does not exceed one percent, which is enshrined in the constitutional norm. In the USA, European countries and NATO, this figure is also at the level of 6-8% and never exceeds 10%.

3. Change in the ratio of products of the extractive and processing industries in favor of the latter.

4. Elimination of economically ineffective industries not in demand by the market and the corresponding development of industries necessary for the economy and the population of the country.

5. Priority development of new and newest industries and industries that ensure scientific and technological progress in the national economy, and hence the competitiveness of the national economy.

6. Provision of predominantly high rates of development of the agro-industrial complex to a level that allows the supply of the population with good-quality basic domestic food products according to physiological norms of consumption. Achievement of food security of the country.

7. Proportional development of the machine-building complex - the main designer of the material and technical base of other sectors of the national economy and industry.

Deep changes in the sectoral structure are long overdue and need to be implemented, no matter how difficult it may be in social and other terms. The well-known drop in production due to progressive structural changes in the economy is justified and inevitable. Subsequently, all this will be replenished at a qualitatively new level and, most importantly, by an increase in the products necessary for the population in the country.

Structural changes are carried out in each group of industries in a peculiar way under the influence of general and specific factors. The ways of their implementation are also specific. In the branches of the military-industrial complex, for example, conversion is used to create high-tech industries for other industries demanded by the market.

The creation of a new effective resource-saving, high-tech and economically viable model for the development of the entire social production determines the essence of the structural policy and the ways of its implementation. Increasing entry into the world economic system requires careful consideration in structural policy international division labor and especially in countries the former USSR... For a number of food products, for example, sugar, Russia does not have to and is not advisable to increase the capacity of the sugar beet industry to the level of full provision of the population with sugar. It is much cheaper to purchase 30-50% of the required amount of sugar (2-3.5 million tons) from Ukraine, Cuba, Angola, Brazil, and European countries.

Structural shifts and, on this basis, the optimization of the structure of industrial production are carried out in each complex, subcomplex and group of interrelated industries. The nature of the restructuring is determined by the needs of the country, determined by the requirements of the market and the characteristics of the industry.

Chapter 2. The main stages and results of the development of industrial production

2.1 The main stages and results of the development of the national economy

The results of the development of the national economy are traditionally assessed in accordance with the historically established main stages of the country's life and the functioning of its national economy.

Modern Russia - the Russian Federation - is part of the former USSR within the borders of the RSFSR. The Russian Federation is the legal successor of the USSR, which means the former Russian Empire.

Consequently, in accordance with the tasks set in this scientific discipline, the starting point can be taken from 1913, the year of the greatest achievements of the Russian Empire, and then summed up for continuity according to the known main stages of development of the USSR and the modern Russian Federation (Russia).

These main stages, according to which the results of the development of the national economy of the country and the national economy are traditionally evaluated, include the following.

1913 is the year of the highest level of development of the economy of the Russian Empire.

1920 - the year with the lowest level of economic indicators caused by many years of wars - the Second World War and the Civil.

1921-1927 is a period of recovery, when the USSR basically reached the economic level of the Russian Empire in 1913. In essence, the natural development of the national economy was interrupted for 14 years.

1928-1932 - the years of the first five-year plan of the USSR.

1933-1937 - the years of the second five-year plan.

1938-1940 - the years of the third five-year plan, interrupted by the Patriotic War.

1941-1945 - the period of the Great Patriotic War, the years of the war economy.

1946--1950 years --h the fourth five-year plan, the years of the restoration of the national economy destroyed by the war, when the level of 1940 was basically reached. Thus, again, the war interrupted the natural development of the national economy for 10 years.

1951-1955 - the years of the fifth five-year plan.

1956-1960 - the years of the sixth five-year plan interrupted by the leadership of the USSR, and since 1959 - the beginning of the seven-year plan for the development of the country.

1959-1965 - the years of the only seven-year plan for the development of the country in the practice of the USSR.

In general, the period 1959-1965 was subsequently regarded as the years of the sixth and seventh five-year plans.

1966-1970 - the years of the eighth five-year plan.

1971-1975 - the years of the ninth five-year plan.

1976-1980 - the years of the tenth five-year plan.

1981-1985 - the years of the eleventh, last five-year plan. This five-year cycle completed the development of the national economy as a long-term and centrally planned one in the form of a single national economic complex.

1986-1990 - the failed twelfth five-year plan, interrupted by the perestroika process.

1991 - the collapse of the USSR, the formation of the Russian Federation and the CIS - the Commonwealth of Independent States from a number of former Soviet republics.

1992 - the beginning of the transition period to the market.

The economy of the Russian Empire was comparatively backward. The defeat from Japan, the unrest of the population from socio-economic troubles pushed for a number of reforms during the period of P.A. Stolypin. During this period, the pace of economic development accelerated in various sectors of the national economy, but mainly in agricultural sector... However, in 1913, on the eve of World War, the year of the highest achievement in economic development, Russian empire characterized by comparative backwardness, weak development of manufacturing industries, complete absence of modern industries. No political situation can significantly change this objective assessment.

Economic backwardness, giving rise to insoluble social contradictions, in the end, and ruined the Russian Empire.

The legacy of Soviet Russia, and then of the USSR, inherited this economic backwardness, to the extreme weighed down by the devastation during the world and civil wars.

After graduation civil war in 1920, the level of the Russian economy by many important indicators was thrown back to Peter's Russia.

During the period 1921-1927, the pre-war (1913) level of the economy was restored in the USSR. In addition to the end of hostilities, one of the decisive factors of the successes achieved in the development of the national economy was the introduction of elements of a market economy with the state regulation skillfully at that time and the talented monetary reform with the introduction of a new Soviet currency - the gold duct.

Starting from 1928 and up to 1988, for 60 years in the USSR, a new, hitherto unseen model of management, based on a rigidly centralized and comprehensive planning, command-administrative and distribution system, was firmly dominated in the USSR.

The economic advantages of this system - a huge concentration of resources in the hands of the state, their purposeful use to create a powerful state for the implementation of its model of a socialist society - made it possible to carry out industrialization in a short time and create large-scale agricultural production. By the beginning of World War II, 1939), in terms of industrial production, the USSR took second place in the world. The country has created all the main industries, including new and newest of the time.

The economic power created at the cost of tremendous pressure from the people, paid meagerly, at the level of minimal physiological sufficiency, made it possible to win the Patriotic War against German fascism, which had at its disposal virtually the entire economic potential of Europe.

The same system, based on the same principles of management, in a short five-year period restored the almost half-destroyed national economy. By the way, this confirms that this model of management has indisputable advantages in extreme conditions.

However, society generally lives in normal conditions, when economic progress is achieved through interest, free labor, competition won through scientific and technological progress, and better organization. It is all this that was absent in the practiced economic model, and therefore it has outlived itself practically from the 50s, starting with the fifth five-year plan.

The model required a quantitative increase in production volumes. And it grew by hook or by crook, with or without taking into account the needs of society.

The absence of competition between producers of common state property and any serious mechanism of susceptibility to the achievements of scientific and technological progress, the extreme cheapness of labor force inevitably determined the extensive nature of the country's economic development. As a result, by the 1980s, with a huge volume of resources involved in production, the result in the form of consumer goods and services turned out to be extremely low, and the market was empty. In terms of capital intensity, the domestic product was two times lower than the world level, material intensity - one and a half times, labor intensity - more than five times. The quality of consumer goods, and of all products of the national economy, is relatively low. The product of the national economy - goods and services - are not competitive either in price or in quality. Domestic production was extremely ineffective. Hence, the correspondingly low level for all the most important socio-economic indicators of the life of the country's population - life expectancy, health of the population, quality of life, income, etc.

The structure of the economy is extremely distorted. The structure of the national economy was dominated by a mass of industries unnecessary for the population, very ineffective, and therefore unclaimed either on the domestic or even more so on the foreign market.

The enormous economic potential of the country in the form of the wealthy natural resources, fixed assets in the passive part, the skilled labor force by the mid-80s ran into an insolvent, ineffective economic model.

Restructuring, including primarily in the economy, has become inevitable. And it began in the second half of the 80s and was unjustifiably delayed in search, countless experiments to improve an unsuitable business model, concepts and programs for the transition to various modifications of the market. As a result, since the 90s, there has been a significant drop in production for objective and subjective reasons. And without the dynamic development of material production, it is impossible to meet the country's needs with competitive goods and services.

2.2 The main stages and results of industrial development

As mentioned above, industry is the leading sector of the national economy. Industry produces more than half of the output of the entire national economy, technically equips the rest of the sectors and thereby determines the level and pace of development of the national economy. Thus, the trend and results of industrial development determine the level and dynamics of development of the entire national economic complex of the country.

The trend in the development of the country's industry for the period under review is shown in Figure 2.

V production

1917 1927 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1998 2000

1913 1920 1932 1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 1999

Figure 2. Dynamics of industrial production

Characterizing the main results of the development of industry, it should be noted first of all that during the years of the first pre-war five-year plans, the industrialization of the country was carried out. All branches of industry have been created, which ensured the independent existence of the country, its economic potential and defense capability have been laid.

Analysis of data from official industry statistics allows us to draw several indisputable conclusions.

1. Industry has increased production volumes throughout the years of peaceful development of the country up to the restructured processes.

2. The volume of industrial production grew during this period at a relatively high rate until the 70s annually. The growth rate of industrial production reached 10-12%, which is significantly higher than the average indicators of the rest of the world.

Starting from the 70s, the growth rates of industrial production began to decline, which is mainly associated with a decrease in the efficiency of the economic model in the new conditions.

3. Perestroika, which directly affected the national economy, starting in 1992, unsuccessful experiments and searches for an optimal model of the economy in transition, had a negative impact on the state of industry. Since 1991, a decline in industrial production began for various reasons of an objective and subjective nature.

Industry by 1985 reached a peak volumetric growth. According to official statistics, in 1985, over 160 million tons of steel were produced throughout the USSR, more than 600 million tons of oil and 700 million tons of coal were produced, which is 1.5-2 times more than in the United States. However, from these resources, 2 times less products were obtained than in the same America.

The industry developed mainly in an extensive way.

The results of the scientific and technological revolution, carried out by great efforts and means in the 70s in countries with developed market economies, are practically not used by domestic industry (excluding the military-industrial complex). This led to a technical lag in all basic industries and, as a consequence, in all industrial production.

The technical backwardness, the costly model of management, the extensive nature of the functioning of industry have become the reasons for the relatively low efficiency of industrial production, its non-competitiveness.

In terms of the aggregate of the most important economic indicators of the efficiency of resource use - capital intensity, material intensity and labor intensity - by the end of the 20th century, our industry was inferior to the industry of countries with developed commodity production by more than three times. This determined the uncompetitiveness of the domestic industry in terms of the price factor.

The low technical level of production, due primarily to unacceptably large physical wear and tear (more than half) and even greater obsolescence (more than 90%), did not allow the production of high-quality products. The relatively low quality of industrial products was the second reason for their lack of competitiveness.

Patriotic industrial products in the period under review, it was more than 90% uncompetitive in the world market. It became more and more uncompetitive in the domestic market. In some years of the current transition period, for example, in Moscow and a number of industrial regions, three quarters of industrial consumer goods and more than half of food products sold to the population were imported.

The structure of industrial production turned out to be far out of touch with market demands, i.e. ultimately from consumers.

Until the mid-1980s, the economic model and the industry clearly oriented towards it systematically increased the volume of production, regardless of the needs of the market and the competitiveness of goods. The distribution system of the existing economic mechanism "distributed" everything produced. Losses from unnecessarily produced and centrally distributed product were also compensated centrally through the state budget. As a result, production has become an end in itself, production for the sake of production, production at any cost.

All this led to an unjustified distortion of the structure of industrial production itself. The industry functioned and developed, as journalists-economists aptly noted, self-defeatingly, without taking into account the needs of the population, the market, and also disproportionately with its competitiveness capabilities, despite the introduced multivariate self-supporting models. There are more inefficient and unnecessary industries in industry than necessary and competitive ones. The industry did not meet the needs of the country with the required quantity, quality, or efficiency. Here is an extremely disappointing result of the development of domestic industry by the end of the second millennium.

The current stage of the functioning of industry is characterized by a painful restructuring of the structure in the face of strict requirements of a competitive external market, the curtailment of inefficient industries and industries, an unfavorable economic environment in the form of high taxes and lending rates, a financial deficit due to arrears collected and the inevitable in these cases extremely negative impacts of negative social factors.

For a decisive restructuring of industry and dynamic efficient growth of production, an attractive economic environment, political and social stability, investments, modern technologies, technical re-equipment, etc. are required.

...

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