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FGOU STO "Pugachev Hydromilearological Technical School named after Chapaev"
abstract
By discipline: "Chemistry"
Is done by a student
18 "I" groups
Semyonov Sergey
Introduction
1. The role of chemistry in modern world
The chemical industry produces tens of thousands of product names, many of which, in terms of technological and economic characteristics, successfully compete with traditional materials, and some of them are unique in their parameters. Chemistry produces materials with predetermined properties, including those that do not occur in nature. Such materials allow technological processes to be carried out at high speeds, temperatures, pressures, in aggressive environments. For industry, chemistry supplies products such as acids and alkalis, paints, synthetic fibers, etc. For agriculture, the chemical industry produces mineral fertilizers, pest control products, chemical additives and preservatives for animal feed. For the household and everyday life, chemistry supplies detergents, paints, aerosols and other products.
Chemistry is characterized not only by the fact that it provides the production of many necessary products, materials, drugs. In many branches of industry and agricultural production, chemical processing methods are also widely used: bleaching, dyeing, printing in the textile industry; degreasing, pickling, cyanidation in mechanical engineering; oxygen blast in metallurgy; conservation, synthesis of vitamins and amino acids - in the food and pharmaceutical industries, etc. The introduction of chemical methods leads to an intensification of technological processes, an increase in the yield of useful substances, a decrease in waste, and an increase in product quality.
Thus, chemicalization, as the process of introducing chemical methods into social production and everyday life, allowed a person to solve many technical, economic and social problems. However, the scale, and often the uncontrollability of this process turned out to be the “second side of the coin”. Chemistry directly or indirectly affected almost all components environment- land, atmosphere, water of the World Ocean, has penetrated into the natural cycles of substances. As a result, the balance of natural processes on the planet that had developed over millions of years was disrupted, and chemicalization began to noticeably affect the health of the person himself. The result is a situation that scientists reasonably call a chemical war against the population of the earth. Over the past 30-40 years, hundreds of millions of the world's inhabitants have suffered in this war. An independent branch of environmental science emerged - chemical ecology.
The main sources that pollute the environment, except for the actual chemical industry are metallurgy, road transport, thermal power plants. They produce a large volume of gaseous waste, pollute the reservoirs of rivers and lakes with wastewater used for technological purposes. Gaseous waste contains oxides of carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, compounds of lead, mercury, benzopyrene, hydrogen sulfide and other harmful substances. In connection with the combustion of fuel in large volumes, the problem of reducing the concentration of oxygen and ozone in the atmosphere, called "oxygen starvation", arose.
Solid waste includes waste from the mining industry, construction and household waste. Wastewater contains many inorganic compounds - ions of mercury, zinc, cadmium, copper, nickel, etc. One-fifth of the world's oceans are polluted with oil and oil products. Significant damage to water bodies due to leaching of fertilizers from the soil is caused by pollution associated with agricultural production. Harmful substances from the air and water enter the soil, in which heavy metals and radioactive elements accumulate.
Harmful substances enter the human body through air, water and food. Thus, at the beginning of the 21st century, mankind, having gone through a series of stages of development - from a bonfire to a thermonuclear bomb, found itself in conditions where the question of its survival once again arose. The threat of an ecological catastrophe requires a decisive revision of the relations between the modern "chemical" civilization and nature in the direction of optimizing these relations. The task is to harmonize relations "society - nature" through new technologies in such a way that the compensatory capabilities of the environment are sufficient to neutralize anthropogenic impacts on it.
New technologies in their parameters should be close to natural processes, differ from industrial ones in their wastelessness or low waste. In waste-free production, the technological cycle "raw materials - production - use of a finished product - secondary raw materials" fits into the environment without disturbing economic development... At present, the following ways of solving complex environmental problems have been outlined: complex processing of raw materials; revision of traditional processes and schemes for obtaining known products; introduction of closed and closed water consumption schemes; purification of emitted gases; the use of industrial complexes with a closed structure of material and energy flows.
Conclusion
Above, the basic ideas about chemistry, its laws, place in human civilization were outlined.
In conclusion, it should be emphasized once again that chemistry is a "double-edged sword". On the one hand, this is a blessing for a person, without which the further development of society is unthinkable, on the other, a disaster for the environment.
Obviously, the ideal of conquering nature, which accompanied the scientific and technological revolution in the 19th century, must be radically revised, which implies the formation of environmental consciousness in all people, the young generation in the first place.
Young people will have to solve the difficult tasks of protecting nature from the negative impact of humans - in order to avoid a global environmental catastrophe.
Chemical technology is an applied scientific discipline about the processes, methods and means of processing raw materials into a final chemical product.
The main task of chemical technology is the optimal combination in a single technological system of various chemical transformations with physicochemical and mechanical processes such as grinding solid materials, filtration, exposure to high or low temperatures, electric fields, etc.
To solve the problems of chemical technology, the achievements of all branches of chemistry, physics, biology, cybernetics, and economics are used. Chemical technologies are classified by raw materials (technology of oil, plastics), by type of product (technology of fertilizers, dyes, etc.).
By groups of elements (technology of alkali metals, technology of heavy metals, etc.), by types of chemical processes (technology of chlorination, etc.).
Bibliography
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2. Vernadsky V.I. Biosphere. M., 1997.
3. Volkov Yu.G. Humanistic future. M., 1998.
4. Goodall J. In nature. M., 2002.
5. Selye G. Sdrodmshg life / Cit. Quoted from: D. Halley, The Secret of Health. M., 2000.
6. Chardin P.T. her. The human phenomenon. M., 1997.
7. Chauvin R. Animal behavior. M., 2002.
8. Efroimson R. Pedigree of altruism // New world. 1999. No. 11.
9. Yuzhnykh S.I. Chemistry. M. 1993.
10. Yakovlev I.A. The world of chemistry. M., 2001 Introduction
The purpose of this essay is to consider the specifics of chemical knowledge and the problems of modern chemistry. The relevance of this topic is due to the fact that over the course of a long development, mankind has repeatedly faced a large number of problems, on which its very existence often depended. To survive, our ancestor learned to make and use the simplest tools, thereby compensating for his natural shortcomings. Subsequently, primitive man, faced with the problem of providing food, mastered hunting, and then agriculture and cattle breeding. The mastery of more and more complex tools and objects of labor caused an energy problem, required a transition from natural sources of energy to more advanced ones. The energy problem has consistently led a person to the development of the energy of steam, thermal, electrical energy, and finally, the energy of the atom.
1 The need to increase labor productivity and production efficiency, increase the rate of production and processing of a huge volume mineral resources, along with the need to solve many vital problems, gave rise to the use of chemical technology, general chemicalization, and then the computerization of social production and everyday life.
Summing up, we can say that the leitmotif, the axis of the development of human civilization was and is the problem of the survival of human society in the environment, nature as a whole. The motive of survival seems to be the leading motive of all transformative human activity on earth. For his expression, a person will always be forced to solve the eternal problems of mastering matter, energy and information.
Human progress in solving large and small problems of survival has been largely achieved thanks to the development of chemistry, the emergence of various chemical technologies. The successes of many branches of human activity, such as energy, metallurgy, mechanical engineering, light and food industries and others, largely depend on the state and development of chemistry. Chemistry is of great importance for the successful operation of agricultural production, the pharmaceutical industry, and ensuring human life.
Pugachev - 2011
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The role of chemistry in modern society.
Environmental and social aspects of chemistry
Environmentalists warn of mass extinction of wildlife species. According to the Red Book of the International Union for Conservation of Nature, every fifth species of animal and plant life on Earth is in some way endangered. The greatest damage to the animal and flora put in South-East Asia: here as a result of clearing forests for agriculture, incl. for biofuel production, habitats of various species are melting very quickly. At the same time, thanks to the work of ecologists, the number of animals on the planet in the natural habitat began to grow again.
Recycling of secondary resources
Humanity in its life forms a large amount of waste, which can be subdivided into industrial and household waste. To meet the needs of one person, 20-30 tons of mineral raw materials are extracted annually from the Earth, of which no more than 3% goes into the final product. Accordingly, over 100 billion industrial waste appears on the planet every year. These are rocks, dumps of ferrous and non-ferrous metals production, slag domain, thermal stations, waste chemical production and etc.
Waste occupies an area of fertile land, enters the atmosphere in the form of dust and, dissolving, penetrates into the water. Waste from many industries contains valuable components. So, in the dumps of ferrous metal production
there are titanium, nickel, cobalt, copper, gold, platinum and other metals. There is also a lot of value in the ashes of coal and oil shale. Hence, it is obvious that a large amount of valuable components can be obtained by processing this waste.
Wastes from many industries are used as raw materials for obtaining building materials. At the same time, a more radical way of solving the problem is the creation of waste-free production facilities.
Household waste is approximately 1 kg per person per day and includes paper (30-40%), food waste (approximately 30%), metals (4-9%), polymers (2-3%). There are several technologies for processing household waste. For example, with the help of special mechanisms, metals, polymers, glass, waste paper, food waste, and combustible components are selected. This allows you to get valuable metals, plastics and plastic films, livestock feed͵ as well as heat from incineration of garbage.
Chemistry and environmental protection. Air pollution
Identifying the degree of environmental impact is a prerequisite for choosing best option construction project. Taking into account the requirements of rational environmental management at the design stage of facilities allows the costs of combating pollution as a result of the construction of new enterprises to be reduced by about four times.
The table summarizes the initial data for the development of the obligatory section of the project "Environmental protection" for industrial facilities and the decisions taken at the same time.
| Initial data | Environmental solutions |
| Protection of atmospheric air from pollution | |
| Characteristics of geographic and climatic conditions construction area. Information about the existing background concentrations of pollutants in the atmosphere. Sources of emissions. Name and quantitative characteristics of the emitted pollutants. Emission Limit Proposals | Solutions for the prevention (reduction) of the formation and emission of air pollutants and the choice of equipment for cleaning emissions into the atmosphere. Solutions for reducing industrial noise and vibration. Determination of the estimated cost of construction of facilities and production of work related to the protection of air purity |
| Protection of reservoirs from wastewater pollution | |
| Information about the natural state of reservoirs. Information about the amount of wastewater (by shops and industries) and their characteristics. Balance of water consumption and wastewater disposal | Solutions for the purification of consumed natural waters. Solutions for wastewater treatment and disposal of neutralized elements. Determination of the cost of construction of facilities and production of work related to the protection of the purity of water bodies |
| Restoration (reclamation) of lands | |
| Data on the volume of solid production waste. Information on the planned measures for the protection of subsoil and the preservation of the habitat of animals | Substantiation of methods for removing and storing the fertile soil layer. Recovery solutions land plot with the device of engineering networks, communications and planning. Determination of the cost of costs associated with the restoration of a land plot, protection of subsoil and wildlife |
Soil contamination with heavy metals and pesticides. The role of chemistry in solving the food problem (increasing yields, chemical protection of crops, etc.)
There are thousands of species of organisms that are active enemies of cultivated plants. No less harm is done to plants by diseases caused by fungi, bacteria and viruses. Statistics say that one in four people in agriculture works for pests. The following methods are used to protect plants:
1. Agrotechnical (selection of the most productive and resistant to pests and diseases varieties, timely weeding, loosening, watering, etc.)
2. Biological (protection of beneficial insects, attraction of insectivorous birds, etc.)
3. Mechanical (equipment of various belts and barriers, shaking off and destruction of insects, collection of sick and fallen fruits, etc.)
4. Chemical (spraying and pollination of plants and soil with chemicals, the creation of various smokes and mists, the use of pesticides, etc.).
The value of knowledge in the field of chemistry in the daily life of a person (household chemicals, medicines, etc.)
The rapid development of the chemical industry has led to the emergence of a huge number of household chemicals and medicines. If we turn to household chemicals, their assortment exceeds a thousand. Without being able to list everything, we will name only a number of cases of the use of chemical products in the daily life of a person:
Washing fabrics with detergents;
Removing stains from clothing;
Dyeing clothes and fabrics;
Leather goods care;
Floor and furniture maintenance;
Washing and cleaning dishes and plumbing fixtures;
External and internal decoration of premises;
Car cosmetics;
Putties, adhesives and sealants;
Plant protection chemicals;
Personal hygiene products.
All household chemicals and all medicines, before they go on sale, undergo lengthy and comprehensive tests in medical institutions. Only if the test results are positive will the Ministry of Health give permission to sell them. Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, if you follow the handling rules specified in the instructions (and each package is supplied with it), then any, even a poisonous drug, for example, household chemicals, will be safe. At the same time, today this requirement is not observed by many.
The role of chemistry in modern society. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "The role of chemistry in modern society." 2014, 2015.
The great scientist MV Lomonosov spoke about the fact that chemistry is important and is used by people consciously and unconsciously in a wide variety of areas. It was in the 18th century, but today, when technology has made a huge leap forward, it is impossible to imagine the life of mankind without this complex and multifaceted science.
Chemistry in the life of society
In fact, chemistry is everywhere around us. Every day we observe and carry out chemical reactions, often without knowing it. To do this, you do not need to remember your school chemistry synopsis, you just need to look around carefully. The dissolution of sugar in tea is the simplest visual example. Around you can see a huge number of objects created using chemistry. Cosmetics and perfumes on women's dressing tables, plastic, rubber, metals and all kinds of polymers from which furniture and appliances are made, tablets and vaccines used by doctors and pharmacists. The role of chemistry can hardly be overestimated. Such industries as agriculture, food, as well as heavy and light industry... There is even a version that the feeling of love experienced by people is nothing more than a set of peculiar chemical reactions occurring in our body.
Chemistry at school
The modern school curriculum is designed in such a way that there is a gradual assimilation of the material included in it by students and its strong consolidation. However, even the most diligent students sometimes have difficulty learning the subject. If in grades 7-8 they pass such relatively easy chemistry topics as valence, atomic mass, molar mass and others, then in the senior grades the material becomes more complicated, and many have to solve problems involving their parents. Some teachers take this problem seriously and use visual aids, diagrams, tables, slides, and so on when teaching lessons.
Practical laboratory work also helps to better understand the subject - observing the color change of reagents, the appearance of sediment at the bottom of the retort, the combustion of alkaline earth metals in contact with water and other interesting reactions. It reinforces the information received better than dry formulas from a textbook. Electronic chemistry synopsis... On the Internet, you can now find any materials that correspond to the current school curriculum. If you still can't figure out the jumble of complex definitions and formulas, then it makes sense to turn to a competent tutor. He will deal with all the difficult moments with your child, answer questions in an accessible language and help you understand difficult topics in chemistry.
Chemical science is now developing by leaps and bounds and its study should be taken responsibly. Regardless of whether your child wishes to enter a university with an in-depth study of chemical sciences, it is necessary to know chemistry and the best thing you can do for this is to interest your child.
