This is the largest natural complex, the surface of the globe, with a nature characteristic of the planet.
A huge number of smaller ones can be distinguished. natural complexes- territories with a similar nature, different from other complexes. Oceans, seas, continents, mountain systems, rivers, lakes, swamps and more are all separate.
Natural areas- very large natural complexes with similar landscapes, flora and fauna. Natural zones are formed due to the distribution of heat and moisture on the planet: heat and low humidity is typical for equatorial deserts, high temperature and high humidity - for equatorial and rainforest etc.
Natural zones are located mainly sublatitudinal, but the relief, distance from the ocean affect the location of the zones and their width. There is also a shift in the mountains natural areas, depending on the altitude, the change of zones occurs in the same order as the change of land zones from the equator to the poles. The lower natural zone corresponds to the natural zone of the territory, the upper one depends on the height of the mountain range.
Natural land areas
Equatorial and tropical forests
This zone is located in the equatorial and tropical zones, and. Rainforests are evergreen, with high temperatures and high humidity. These forests are characterized by a multi-tiered nature: low shrubs, trees of medium height and huge forest giants grow on the same area. Here, red-yellow soils are formed, pale in nutrients. The top layer of the soil is very fertile, but it forms quickly, and just as quickly nutrients are "pulled out" by the numerous.
Deserts and semi-deserts
This zone is formed in the temperate zone with an average amount of precipitation, it is characterized by cold winters and moderate warm summer... In forests, there are usually two or three tiers, the lower ones are formed by shrubs and herbaceous vegetation. Forest ungulates, predators, rodents, insectivorous birds are widespread here. The soils in this zone are brown and gray forest.
This zone is formed in the northern hemisphere in temperate zone with cold winters, short warm summers and a fairly large amount of rainfall. The forests are multi-tiered, there are many conifers. Animal world represented by many predators, including some hibernating. The soils are poor in nutrients, podzolic.
Tundra and forest-tundra
This natural area is located in the subpolar and polar zone where it is low enough. Vegetable world represented mainly by low-growing plants with a poorly developed root system, mosses, lichens, shrubs, dwarf trees. Ungulates, small predators, and many migratory birds live in the tundra. Soils in the tundra are peaty-gley, a large territory is located in the zone.
Arctic deserts
Arctic deserts are found on islands close to the poles. Vegetation includes mosses, lichens, or there is no vegetation at all. Animals found in this zone live most of the time in the water, birds arrive for several months.
Knowledge hypermarket >> Geography >> Geography Grade 6 >> Natural zones of the Earth
Natural areas of the Earth
A comprehensive scientific study of nature allowed V.V.Dokuchaev in 1898 to formulate the law of geographical zoning, according to which climate, waters, soils, relief, vegetation and fauna in a certain area are closely interconnected and should be studied as a whole. He proposed dividing the Earth's surface into zones that regularly repeat in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
Different geographical (natural) zones Of the earth are characterized by a certain combination of heat and moisture, soils, flora and fauna and, as a result, by the peculiarities of the economic activity of their population. These are zones of forests, steppes, deserts, tundra, savannah, as well as transitional zones of forest-tundra, semi-deserts, forest-tundra. The names of natural areas are traditionally given according to the prevailing type of vegetation, reflecting essential features landscape.
The regular change of vegetation is an indicator of the general increase in heat. In the tundra average temperature the warmest month of the year - July - does not exceed + 10 ° С, in the taiga it fluctuates between + 10 ... + 18 ° С in the strip of deciduous and mixed forests + 18 ... + 20 ° С, in the steppe and forest-steppe +22 ... + 24 ° С, in semi-deserts and deserts - above +30 ° С.
Most animal organisms remain active at temperatures from 0 to + 30 ° C. However, temperatures from + 10 ° C and above are considered the best for growth and development. Obviously, such a thermal regime is typical for the equatorial, subequatorial, tropical, subtropical, and also moderate climatic zones Earth. The intensity of vegetation development in natural zones also depends on the amount of precipitation. Compare, for example, their number in the zone of forests and deserts (see map of the atlas).
So, natural areas- These are natural complexes that occupy large areas and are characterized by the dominance of one zonal type of landscape. They are formed mainly under the influence of climate - the features of the distribution of heat and moisture, their ratio. Each natural zone has its own type of soil, flora and fauna.
The appearance of the natural zone is determined by the type of vegetation cover. But the nature of the vegetation depends on climatic conditions - thermal regime, moisture, illumination, soil, etc.
As a rule, natural zones stretch in the form of wide stripes from west to east. There are no clear boundaries between them, they gradually merge into one another. The latitudinal location of natural zones is disturbed by the uneven distribution of land and ocean, relief distance from the ocean.
General characteristics of the main natural zones of the Earth
Let's characterize the main natural zones of the Earth, starting from the equator and moving towards the poles.
Forests are located on all continents of the Earth, except Antarctica. Forest zones have both common features and special features characteristic only of the taiga, mixed and broad-leaved forests or tropical forests.
The general features of the forest zone include: warm or hot summers, a fairly large amount of precipitation (from 600 to 1000 mm or more per year), large deep rivers, the predominance of woody vegetation. The greatest amount of heat and moisture is received by the equatorial forests, which occupy 6% of the land. They rightfully belong to the first place among the forest zones of the Earth in terms of the diversity of plants and animals. It is home to 4/5 of all plant species and 1/2 of all land animal species.
Climate equatorial forests hot and humid. Average annual temperatures +24 ... + 28 ° С. Annual precipitation is over 1000 mm. It is in the equatorial forest that you can find the largest number of ancient species of animals, for example, amphibians: frogs, newts, salamanders, toads or marsupials: possums in America, possums in Australia, tenrecs in Africa, lemurs in Madagascar, lorises in Asia; ancient animals are also such inhabitants of equatorial forests as armadillos, anteaters, lizards.
V equatorial forests The richest vegetation is located in several tiers. Many species of birds live in the crowns of trees: hummingbirds, hornbills, birds of paradise, crowned pigeons, numerous species of parrots: cockatoo, macaw, amazon, gray. These birds have tenacious legs and strong beaks: they not only fly, but also climb trees beautifully. Animals that live in tree crowns also have tenacious legs and tail: sloths, monkeys, howler monkeys, flying foxes, tree kangaroos. The largest animal that lives in the crowns of trees is the gorilla. Such forests are home to many beautiful butterflies and other insects: termites, ants, etc. There are various types of snakes. Anaconda is the largest snake in the world, reaching a length of 10 m or more. The high-water rivers of the equatorial forests are rich in fish.
The largest areas of equatorial forests occupy South America, in the Amazon Basin, and in Africa - in the Congo Basin. Amazon is the most deep river on the ground. She takes out every second Atlantic Ocean 220 thousand m3 of water. Congo is the second largest river in the world. Equatorial forests are also distributed on the islands of the Malaysian archipelago and Oceania, in the southeastern regions of Asia, in the northeast of Australia (see map in the atlas).
Valuable tree species: mahogany, black, yellow - the wealth of equatorial forests. Harvesting of valuable species of wood jeopardizes the preservation of the unique forests of the Earth. Space images have shown that in a number of regions of the Amazon, the destruction of forests is proceeding at a catastrophic pace, many times faster than their restoration. At the same time, many species disappear. unique plants and animals.
Variable wet monsoon forests
Variable wet monsoon forests can also be found on all continents of the Earth, except Antarctica. If in the equatorial forests it is summer all the time, then there are three distinct seasons: dry cool (November-February) - winter monsoon; dry hot (March-May) - transitional season; humid hot (June-October) - summer monsoon. The hottest month is May, when the sun is almost at its zenith, rivers dry up, trees shed their foliage, and the grass turns yellow.
The summer monsoon comes at the end of May with hurricane winds, thunderstorms, and torrential rains. Nature comes to life. Due to the alternation of dry and wet seasons, monsoon forests are called variable wet.
The monsoon forests of India are located in the tropical climatic zone... Here, valuable tree species are grown, distinguished by the strength and durability of wood: teak, sal, sandalwood, satin and iron wood. Teak wood is not afraid of fire and water, it is widely used for the construction of ships. Sal also has a durable and sturdy wood. Sandalwood and satin trees are used in the manufacture of varnishes and paints.
The fauna of the Indian jungle is rich and varied: elephants, bulls, rhinos, monkeys. There are many birds and reptiles.
Monsoon forests of tropical and subtropical regions are also characteristic of South-East Asia, Central and South America, northern and northeastern regions of Australia (see map in the atlas).
Temperate monsoon forests
Temperate monsoon forests are common only in Eurasia. Ussuri taiga is a special place on Far East... This is a real thicket: multi-tiered forests, dense, intertwined with lianas, wild grapes. Cedar, walnut, linden, ash, oak grow here. Lush vegetation is the result of an abundance of seasonal rainfall and a rather mild climate. Here you can meet the Ussuri tiger - the largest representative of its kind.
The rivers of monsoon forests are rained and flood during the summer monsoon rains. The largest of them are Ganges, Indus, Amur.
Monsoon forests are heavily cut down. According to experts, in Eurasia only 5% of the former forest areas have survived. Monsoon forests have suffered not so much from forestry, but also from agriculture. It is known that the largest agricultural civilizations appeared on fertile soils in the valleys of the Ganges, Irrawaddy, Indus and their tributaries. The development of agriculture required new territories - forests were cut down. For centuries, agriculture has adapted to the alternation of wet and dry seasons. The main growing season is the wet monsoon. Sowing of the most important crops - rice, jute, sugar cane - is timed to it. In the dry cool season, barley, legumes, potatoes are planted. In the dry hot season, farming is possible only with artificial irrigation. The monsoon is capricious, its delay leads to severe droughts, the death of crops. Therefore, artificial irrigation is needed.
Temperate forests
Temperate forests occupy significant areas in Eurasia and North America (see map in the atlas).
In the northern regions it is taiga, to the south - mixed and deciduous forests... In the forest zone of the temperate zone, the seasons of the year are pronounced. Average temperatures in January are generally negative, in some places up to -40 ° С, in July + 10 ... + 20 ° С; the amount of precipitation is 300-1000 mm per year. The vegetation of plants in winter ceases, for several months there is a snow cover.
Spruce, fir, pine, larch grow like in the taiga North America, and in the taiga of Eurasia. The fauna also has a lot in common. The bear is the master of the taiga. True, in the Siberian taiga it is called a brown bear, and in the Canadian taiga it is called a grizzly. You can find red lynx, elk, wolf, as well as marten, ermine, wolverine, sable. Flow through the taiga zone largest rivers Siberia - the Ob, Irtysh, Yenisei, Lena, which in terms of runoff are second only to the rivers of the equatorial forest zone.
To the south, the climate becomes milder: mixed and deciduous forests grow here, consisting of such species as birch, oak, maple, linden, among which there are conifers. Typical for the forests of North America are: white oak, sugar maple, yellow birch. Red deer, elk, wild boar, hare; of the predators, the wolf and the fox are known to us representatives of the animal world of this zone.
If the northern taiga belongs to the geographers' zone, the zone has been slightly modified by man, then mixed and broad-leaved forests have been cut down almost everywhere. They were replaced by agricultural areas, for example, the "corn belt" in the United States, in this area are concentrated many cities and transport routes... In Europe and North America, the natural landscapes of these forests are preserved only in mountainous regions.
Savannah
Savannah is a natural zone of low latitudes in the subequatorial, tropical and subtropical belts of the Northern and Southern hemispheres... Occupies about 40% of the territory of Africa (sub-Saharan Africa), distributed in South and Central America, Southeast Asia, Australia (see map in the atlas). The savannah is dominated by herbaceous vegetation with freestanding trees or groups of trees (acacia, eucalyptus, baobab) and shrubs.
The fauna of the African savannah is surprisingly diverse. To adapt to the conditions of endless dry spaces, nature has endowed animals with unique properties. For example, the giraffe is considered the tallest animal on Earth. His height is more than 5 m, he has a long tongue (about 50 cm). All this is necessary for a giraffe in order to reach the tall branches of acacia trees. Crowns of acacias begin at a height of 5 m, and giraffes have practically no competitors, calmly eating tree branches. Typical savannah animals are zebras, elephants, ostriches.
Steppes
Steppes are found on all continents of the Earth, except for Antarctica (in temperate and subtropical zones Northern and Southern Hemispheres). They are distinguished by an abundance of solar heat, a small amount of precipitation (up to 400 mm per year), as well as warm or hot summers. The main vegetation of the steppes is grasses. The steppes are called differently. In South America, tropical steppes are called pampas, which in the language of the Indians means "a large space without a forest." Animals characteristic of the pampa are a llama, an armadillo, a viscaca - a rodent that looks like a rabbit.
In North America, the steppes are called prairies. They are located in both temperate and subtropical climatic zones. Bison have long been the "kings" of the American prairies. TO late XIX century they were almost completely exterminated. Currently, thanks to the efforts of the state and the public, the number of bison is being restored. Another prairie dweller is a coyote, a steppe wolf. On the banks of the rivers in the bushes, you can find a large spotted cat - the jaguar. The peccary is a small wild boar-like animal also typical of the prairie.
The steppes of Eurasia are located in the temperate zone. They are very different from the American prairies and African savannahs. It's drier here, sharply continental climate... It is very cold in winter (average temperatures - 20 ° С), and in summer it is very hot (average temperature + 25 ° С), strong winds... In summer, the steppe vegetation is scarce, but in the spring the steppe is transformed: it blooms with many varieties of lilies and poppies, tulips.
The flowering time does not last long, about 10 days. Then a drought sets in, the steppe dries up, the colors fade, and by autumn everything takes on a yellow-gray color.
The most fertile soils of the Earth are located in the steppes, so they are almost completely plowed up. The treeless areas of the temperate steppe are characterized by strong winds. Wind erosion of soils is very intensive here - dust storms are frequent. To preserve soil fertility, forest belts are planted, organic fertilizers and light agricultural machinery are used.
Deserts
Deserts occupy vast areas - up to 10% of the Earth's land. They are located on all continents and in different climatic zones: temperate, subtropical, tropical and even polar.
There are common features in tropical and temperate desert climates. Firstly, the abundance of solar heat, secondly, a large range of temperatures in winter and summer, day and night, and thirdly, a low amount of precipitation (up to 150 mm per year). However, the latter feature is also typical for polar deserts.
In the deserts of the tropical zone, the average summer temperature is + 30 ° С, winter + 10 ° С. The greatest tropical deserts of the Earth are located in Africa: Sahara, Kalahari, Namib.
Desert plants and animals adapt to dry and hot climates. For example, a giant cactus can store up to 3000 liters of water and "not drink" for up to two years; and the Welwichia plant found in the Namib Desert is capable of absorbing water from the air. The camel is an indispensable helper for man in the desert. He can be without food and water for a long time, storing them in his humps.
The largest desert in Asia, Rub al-Khali, located on the Arabian Peninsula, is also located in the tropical zone. Desert regions of North and South America and Australia are found in tropical and subtropical climatic zones.
The deserts of the temperate zone of Eurasia are also characterized by low precipitation and large amplitude temperatures both annual and daily. However, they are characterized by lower winter temperatures and a pronounced flowering period - in the spring. Such deserts are located in Central Asia east of the Caspian Sea. The fauna is represented here by various types of snakes, rodents, scorpions, turtles, lizards. A typical plant is saxaul.
Polar deserts
Polar deserts are located in the polar regions of the Earth. Registered in Antarctica absolute minimum temperatures - 89.2 ° C.
On average, winter temperatures are -30 ° С, summer temperatures are 0 ° С. Just as in the deserts of the tropical and temperate zones, little precipitation falls in the polar desert, mainly in the form of snow. The polar night lasts almost half a year here, the polar day lasts almost half a year. Antarctica is considered the tallest continent on Earth, given the thickness of its ice shell, 4 km.
The indigenous inhabitants of the polar deserts of Antarctica are emperor penguins. They cannot fly, but they swim beautifully. They can dive to great depths and swim great distances, fleeing from their enemies - seals.
The northern polar region of the Earth - the Arctic - got its name from the ancient Greek arcticos - northern. South, as it were, the opposite polar region - Antarctica (anti - against). The Arctic occupies the island of Greenland, the islands of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, as well as the islands and waters of the Arctic Ocean. This area is covered with snow and ice all year round. The polar bear is rightfully considered the owner of these places.
Tundra
Tundra is a treeless natural area with vegetation of mosses, lichens and creeping shrubs. Tundra is widespread in the subarctic climatic zone only in North America and Eurasia, characterized by severe climatic conditions (little solar heat, low temperatures, short cold summer, low rainfall).
Lichen lichen was called "reindeer moss" because it is the main food for reindeer. Arctic foxes also live in the tundra, lemmings are small rodents. Among the sparse vegetation, there are berry bushes: blueberries, lingonberries, blueberries, as well as dwarf trees: birch, willow.
Permafrost in the soil is a phenomenon characteristic of the tundra and Siberian taiga. As soon as you start digging a hole, a frozen layer of earth several tens of meters thick will be encountered at a depth of about 1 m. This phenomenon must be taken into account in construction, industrial and agricultural development of the territory.
Everything grows very slowly in the tundra. It is with this that the need for an attentive attitude to its nature is connected. For example, pastures poisoned by deer are restored only after 15-20 years.
Altitudinal zonality
Unlike flat areas, climatic zones and natural zones in the mountains are replaced according to the law of vertical zoning, that is, from bottom to top. This is due to the fact that the air temperature decreases with altitude. Consider, as an example, the greatest mountain system the world - the Himalayas. Almost all natural zones of the Earth are represented here: a tropical forest grows at the foot, at an altitude of 1500 m it is replaced by broad-leaved forests, which in turn turn into mixed forests at an altitude of 2000 m.Further, as you climb the mountains, coniferous forests from the Himalayan pine begin to prevail. fir and juniper. In winter, snow lies here for a long time and frosts persist.
Above 3500 m, shrubs and alpine meadows begin, they are called "alpine". In summer, the meadows are covered with a carpet of brightly flowering herbs - poppies, primroses, gentians. Gradually the grasses become lower. Eternal snow and ice lie from about 4500 m. The climatic conditions are very harsh here. Rare species of animals live in the mountains: mountain goat, chamois, argali, snow leopard.
Latitudinal zonation in the ocean
The oceans occupy more than 2/3 of the planet's surface. Physical properties and chemical composition ocean waters are relatively constant and create an environment conducive to life. It is especially important for the life of plants and animals that oxygen and carbon dioxide coming from the air dissolve in water. Photosynthesis of algae occurs mainly in the upper water layer (up to 100 m).
Marine organisms live mainly in the surface layer of water illuminated by the sun. These are the smallest plant and animal organisms - plankton (bacteria, algae, the smallest animals), various fish and marine mammals (dolphins, whales, seals, etc.), squids, sea snakes and turtles.
There is life on the seabed too. These are benthic algae, corals, crustaceans, molluscs. They are called benthos (from the Greek. Benthos - deep). The biomass of the World Ocean is 1000 times less than the biomass of the Earth's land.
Distribution of life in Oceans unevenly and depends on the amount of solar energy received on its surface. Polar waters are poor in plankton due to low temperatures and long polar nights. The largest amount of plankton develops in temperate waters in summer. The abundance of plankton attracts fish here. The temperate zones of the Earth are the most fishy regions of the World Ocean. In the tropical zone, the amount of plankton decreases again due to the high salinity of water and high temperatures.
Formation of natural zones
From today's topic, we learned how diverse the natural complexes of our planet are. The natural zones of the Earth are full of evergreen forests, endless steppes, various mountain ranges, hot and icy deserts.
Every corner of our planet is distinguished by its uniqueness, varied climate, relief, flora and fauna, and therefore different natural zones are formed on the territories of each continent.
Let's try to figure out what natural zones are, how they were formed, and what was the impetus for their formation.
Natural zones include such complexes that have similar soils, vegetation, fauna and similarity temperature regime... The natural zones got their names according to the type of vegetation, and are named such as the zone of taiga or deciduous forests, etc.
Natural zones are diverse due to the uneven redistribution of solar energy on the Earth's surface. This is the main reason for the heterogeneity of the geographic envelope.
After all, if you consider any one of the climatic zones, you will notice that those parts of the belt that are located closer to the ocean are more humid than its continental parts. And this reason lies not so much in the amount of precipitation, but rather in the ratio of heat and moisture. Because of this, on some continents, we observe more humid climate, and on the other - arid.
And with the help of the redistribution of solar heat, we see how the same amount of moisture in some climatic zones leads to excessive moisture, and in others - to their lack.
So, for example, in a hot tropical zone, a lack of moisture can cause drought and the formation of desert areas, while in the subtropics, excess moisture contributes to the formation of swamps.
So you learned that due to the difference in the amount of solar heat and moisture, different natural zones were formed.
Regularities in the placement of natural zones
The natural zones of the Earth have clear patterns of their location, stretching in the latitudinal direction and changing from north to south. Most often, a change in natural zones is observed in the direction from the coast, making its way inland.
In mountainous areas, there is a high-altitude zonation, which changes from one zone to another, starting from the foot and moving towards the mountain peaks.
In the World Ocean, the change of zones occurs from the equator to the poles. Here, changes in natural zones are reflected in the surface composition of waters, as well as differences in flora and fauna.
Features of the natural zones of the continents
Since the planet Earth has a surface in the form of a ball, the Sun also heats it unevenly. Those areas of the surface over which the Sun is high receive the most heat. And where the sun's rays only glide over the Earth, a more severe climate prevails.
And although on different continents vegetation and animals have similar features, they are influenced by climate, relief, geology and man. Therefore, it happened so historically that due to changes in the relief and climate on different continents live and different types plants and animals.
There are continents where endemics are found, on which only a certain type of living creatures and plants live, which are characteristic of these continents. For example, polar bears can be found in nature only in the Arctic, and kangaroos - in Australia. But in African and South American shrouds there are similar species, although they have certain differences.
But human activity contributes to the changes that occur in the geographic envelope, and under such influence natural zones are also changing.
Questions and tasks to prepare for the exam
1. Make a diagram of the interaction of natural components in a natural complex and explain it.
2. How do the concepts of “natural complex”, “ geographic envelope"," Biosphere "," natural zone "? Show with a diagram.
3. Name the zonal soil type for the tundra, taiga, mixed and deciduous forests.
4. Where is the soil cover more difficult to restore: in the steppes of the South of Russia or in the tundra? Why?
5. What is the reason for the difference in the thickness of the fertile soil layer in different natural zones? What determines soil fertility?
6. What types of plants and animals are typical for the tundra and why?
7. What organisms live on the surface of the World Ocean?
8. Which of the following animals can be found in the African savannah: rhino, lion, giraffe, tiger, tapir, baboon, llama, hedgehog, zebra, hyena?
9. In what forests is it impossible to find out its age by the cut of a cut tree?
10. What measures, in your opinion, will help preserve the human habitat?
Maksakovsky V.P., Petrova N.N., Physical and economical geography the world. - M.: Airis-press, 2010 .-- 368s.: Ill.
Lesson topic: Natural zones of the Earth.
geography lesson in the 6th grade MKOU Artyukhovskaya secondary school
Oktyabrsky District Kursk Region
Geography teacher N.N. Manzhosov
Targets and goals:
To give knowledge about the natural zones of the Earth, to deepen knowledge about the interrelationships of natural components in different natural zones.
To consolidate knowledge about the laws of the change of natural zones on the plains.
Promote the development of students' research activities.
To foster curiosity, striving for independent acquisition of knowledge, love for the Motherland.
Equipment: map "Natural zones"; plan of characteristics of natural zones; cards with description of natural areas, presentation "Natural areas".
Lesson type: learning new material.
Methods : research, partial search.
Technology project learning
DURING THE CLASSES
I. Organizational moment
The teacher introduces the students to the goals and objectives of the lesson.
Today we together with you will make an amusing trip... During the trip, you will learn a lot of interesting things about the nature of our land.
Tell me guys, what knowledge will you need on the trip? (correct ability to work with the map, observation, knowledge, which we will also take with us)
Having collected our luggage, we set off on a journey through the natural zones of the Earth.
II. Knowledge update
1. From the suggested words and phrases, make up the definitions of the concepts:
The natural zone is ... (temperature and moisture conditions, a large natural complex, soil, which has a common nature, flora and fauna).
Answer : The natural zone is a large natural complex that has a common temperature and moisture conditions, soils, vegetation and fauna.
Latitudinal zoning – ... change ... (from the equator to the poles, natural, natural zones, due to a decrease, uneven moisture, solar heat, and).
Answer : Latitudinal zoning is a natural change in natural zones from the equator to the poles, due to a decrease in solar heat and uneven moisture.
Task 2. Remember what natural zones are on Earth, and in what sequence they replace each other. (Students name natural areas of the world and show them on the map "Natural areas of the world").
I II. Learning new material
Teacher: Guys, there are spaces on Earth that receive approximately the same amount of heat and light from the Sun, and moisture with precipitation. In these places, the same natural conditions and identical plants and animals that have adapted to them live. We have already found out that these territories are called natural zones.
Traveling, we will study the nature of the zones according to a certain plan: first, we will get acquainted with geographic location and the weather conditions of the natural area. Then with plants and animals. Let's find out how a person uses this zone.
Let's decide on the route: from the north, from the northern polar region - to the very south, to the equator, around the globe. During the trip, we have to fill out a logbook (to enter the features of each natural zone). I think everything organizational issues we have considered our journey, now we can safely go on a journey.
In the previous lesson, you received the task: to be divided into groups (optional), to each group to prepare material for a specific natural zone. To do this, you can use any sources of information: illustrations from magazines, poems, video clips, excerpts from works of art, etc. Today we will take a look at six natural areas.
Natural area description plan:
1. Geographical location
2. Climate
3. Soils
4. Vegetation
5. Animal world
6 Appearance of the zone
7. Human use
Natural areas polar belt
Zone of arctic deserts. The word "Arctic" means a bear. This is the kingdom of the polar bear. Why? Because he does not like heat, thick skin, thick hair, a thick layer of subcutaneous fat allow him to endure severe cold and prolonged hunger strikes. White is the color of the masking, because there is snow in this area all year round. The natural zone is located in the Arctic, the northern polar region of the Earth, lying beyond the Arctic Circle, under the constellations of the Bears - Big and Small. The zone is located in the arctic climatic zone. Harsh climate - very harsh winters, cold summers, average temperature 0, polar night, hurricane winds, aurora borealis, all living things flew south, or went into hibernation. Summer is a polar day. Summer is very short. All nature is changing. Thousands of birds fly to the Arctic. They settle on ice-free rocks. Gaumont is unimaginable. In addition to birds, a huge number of pinnipeds swim in the summer: sea lions, sea lions, walruses, seals.
The soils are arctic, practically devoid of humus, and infertile.
A person in such conditions is limited in economic activities - fishing, hunting for sea animals.
Tundra zone.
The word "tundra" comes from "tunturi", which in translation from the language of the Sami people means "hills" - low peaks that are not covered with forest. This zone is formed along the northern coast of Russia. Arctic and subarctic climatic zones. Polar day and polar night, thin but dense snow cover, strong winds, short cool summer, many lakes and swamps, no trees (dominance of mosses, lichens, shrubs - lingonberry, blueberry, cloudberry, dwarf birch). There are many migratory birds in summer. Typical animals: lemmings, arctic foxes, reindeer, snowy owls.
The tundra is beautiful twice a year. The first time is in August, when cloudberries ripen. The color of the tundra changes from green to red and then to yellow. When ripe, cloudberries turn yellow. The second time is in September, when the leaves of birch and willow turn yellow. Dwarf birch and willows behave in the same way as their "sisters" - birch and willow in the forest zone of Russia.
"Golden Autumn" is also beautiful in the tundra. Tundra is a place for a mushroom picker. The mushrooms are just below the dwarf birches and willows, and are very visible. They say that mushrooms in the tundra grow taller than trees. This is almost true, considering that the “trees” are 15–30 cm high. The most pleasant circumstance for a mushroom picker is that mushrooms are not wormy due to the cool weather.
A real forest also grows in the tundra, but only in river valleys, since this is a depression in the relief and they are protected from the wind. But here, too, the trees are not tall and sparse. Closer to the tundra, the trees have a flag shape (branches grow on the leeward side, which is protected from the wind by the trunk). The trunks of the tree often have a dense undergrowth of branches at the bottom - where in winter snow covers the branches. Above 10–15 cm, the trunk is bare.
The soils are tundra-gley, have a small layer of humus - 5 cm, waterlogged, therefore infertile.
There are a lot of fish in rivers and lakes, therefore local population is engaged in fishing, in winter - hunting for fur animals, reindeer are raised, they graze them on pastures all year round.
Temperate forest zones
Natural area of the taiga.
“Taiga is a word used in the world geographical and botanical literature to designate the coniferous forest zone of the temperate zone of Eurasia. Taiga is characterized by small sums of temperatures for the period with daily temperatures above 10 O C within 1000-1800 O , with annual precipitation in the range of 300–800 mm, phytomass productivity of 260 tons per hectare and its annual productivity of 7 tons per hectare. Dominant tree species: spruce, larch, fir, Siberian cedar. The taiga landscape is characterized by dense thickets, windfall, often excessive moisture, the presence of peat bogs, a lack of light, especially in the dark taiga. "(E.M. Murzaev.
Dictionary of folk geographic terms.)
“… Here the bear is the master. He doesn't care about all these half-rotted stumps upside down. These rotten logs-corpses, from the belly of which young growth rushing victoriously, these heaps of thousands of trees felled by the storm, forming huge creases; it is difficult to overcome them even for the fabulous Sivka-Burke. All this is overgrown with past, thistle, boyarka, buckthorn, fern, and in some places the red-headed fly agaric families are reddening. There is no place for a man here, even birds are not visible - unless a woodpecker is proportioned, - a bear reigns here, while a squirrel reigns supreme on the tops of the trees. " This is how V. Shishkov described the taiga in his novel "Gloomy River".
Forests are the main natural area of Russia. Forests form two natural zones: a) taiga; b) mixed and deciduous forests.
Frost-free period, with temperatures above +10 O C, short, the peasant must quickly sow, harvest hay, the harvest is good weather... Because more often in the forest zone of the Russian Plain, cloudy cyclonic weather. Hence the saying "Summer day feeds the year." But winter gave time for rest and idleness. And hence the habit of laziness, but also of enormous short-term strenuous work.
In the taiga, the soils are podzolic and infertile. In mixed and deciduous forests, brown and gray forest, more fertile.
In the taiga, a person is engaged in trades - fur, picking berries, mushrooms and nuts. Harvested wood.
In the southern part of the forests, where the summer is warmer, many forests have already been cut down. Here in the fields people grow barley, rye, wheat, flax, potatoes. There is a lot of animal feed in the meadows with lush grass, so they are engaged in dairy cattle breeding.
Champions of the forest
1. The most durable tree is larch, which lives for 900 years.
2. The tallest tree is cedar.
3. The most common tree is pine.
4. The most beautiful New Year tree is a herringbone.
5. The most common deciduous "pioneer tree" is birch.
6. The most frost-hardy, fearful, talkative tree is aspen.
7. The most flexible tree, forest ballerina - mountain ash.
Natural steppe zone.
There are no forests in the southern part of Russia. There are treeless zones of steppes and semi-deserts here. Steppe and forest-steppe are located south of the forest zone. The natural zone of the steppes narrows like a wedge to Western Siberia, where it is located south of the taiga, there are no mixed forests here, they were replaced by aspen-birch groves. The climate is characterized average annual temperature from +3 to +10 O S. Precipitation falls from 300 to 500 mm per year. Here, colder winters, low temperatures in winter do not allow the growth of more thermophilic species - oak, maple, linden, ash, etc.
A characteristic feature of the climate is the excess of evaporation over precipitation, which creates a moisture deficit (that is, the moisture coefficient is less than 0.8–0.9, in the north up to 0.6; in the south up to 0.3). Insufficient moisture.
Steppe. An immense plain spreads out like a tablecloth, and where areas of virgin steppe have been preserved on it, it seems at the beginning of summer silver from flowering feather grass and waves like the sea. The feathery steppe is not full of many colors. Only in its more northern part do brightly flowering herb plants grow. The steppe becomes bright, variegated from the variety of colors in spring. Spring in the steppe does not last long - 2-3 weeks. This is the time between the snow cover and dry summer... This is the time when ephemeral plants appear in the steppe: tulips, irises, peonies, etc. A little time will pass and the bright colored carpet will disappear. Only the underground parts of plants will remain - bulbs, rhizomes and will wait in the ground for the next spring, enduring summer drought and winter cold. These are plants - ephemerals - plants with a short growing season.
The steppes have the most fertile soils - chernozems.
Today, the pristine nature of the steppes can be seen only along ravines, river valleys and reserves. The whole steppe is plowed up. She is the granary of Russia. The fields are occupied with crops of wheat, corn, sunflowers, sugar beets, as well as crops of melons: watermelons, pumpkins, melons.
Natural area deserts :
Deserts are the driest areas on Earth. In summer in these areas, the daytime temperature reaches 50 ° C in the shade, and drops sharply at night. Rain here is an extremely rare phenomenon, for example, in the Namib Desert in southwestern Africa, there is no rainfall for years. The most great desert in the world - the Sahara. It occupies over 7 million square meters. km. Dull rocky or sandy spaces, stretching for many kilometers, at first glance look completely lifeless, but this is not so.
The soils are gray desert and brown semi-desert very dry and have little humus.
Therefore, the plants have powerful roots, thorns instead of leaves: saxaul, camel thorn. Plants are very rare, do not form a continuous cover.
The fauna is richer and more diverse: camel, gazelle, monitor lizard, insects.
A person in the desert areas is engaged in animal husbandry, first of all - raising sheep, goats, camels.
Natural area of savannah and woodlands
These are vast flat areas covered with grassy vegetation and rare freestanding trees. In areas where there is a lot of heat, but moisture is not enough for the existence of forests, grassy plains, savannas, are spread. Savannahs are especially extensive in Africa, Asia and South America.
In tropical regions of Africa with a hot climate and alternating rainy and drought seasons, savannahs are located. These are areas with tall grass that burns out in the sun during dry periods, single spreading acacias and huge baobabs. Especially dense thickets of vegetation are formed only along river banks. Hard and sometimes dry grass is eagerly eaten by numerous inhabitants of the savannah. Nowhere in the world are so many different large animals found as in this area. Herds of antelopes, gazelles, zebras and buffaloes graze here., giraffes, kangaroos (Australia). There are many birds - ostriches, secretary birds, marabou, etc.
The soils in savannas are red and brown-red ferralite, rich in iron.
In the savannas, on plowed areas, tropical plants are grown: cotton, rice, jute, sweet potatoes, coffee, cocoa, peanuts. They are engaged in animal husbandry.
Natural area humid tropical forest.
On either side of the equator, between the northern and southern tropics, there is a tropical rainforest.
In this area of the Earth, the average air temperature is + 25 ° С, annual quantity precipitation exceeds 2000mm, and they fall evenly throughout the year. Rainforests are common in the Amazon basin in South America, in Africa on the coast of the Gulf of Guinea and in the basin of the Congo River, as well as in Asia on the islands of the Malay Archipelago.They grow where there is frequent and regular rainfall, the famous tropical showers, when rushing streams and rivers of water rush down from the sky with a loud noise. For one and a half to two hours, more precipitation falls here than, for example, we have in several months. The abundance of warmth and moisture, the dazzling sun, standing directly overhead at midday, the absence of a period of drought - all this creates extremely favorable conditions for vegetation, especially woody.The richest natural area, the forest is always green and very dense.For some 10-15 years tropical trees reach a height of 30-40 m and a thickness of up to 1 m. Trees of our climate reach such sizes only by 150-200 years.
Fortropical rainforest are characteristic:
variety of flora,
the presence of 4-5 tree layers, the absence of shrubs, a large number of vines
prevalence of evergreen trees with large evergreen leaves, poorly developed bark, buds, not protected by kidney scales, in monsoon forests - deciduous trees;
the formation of flowers, and then fruit directly on the trunks and thick branches
In humid rainforests, it rains almost daily. Powerful streams of water flow down the branches and trunks of trees, the water stagnates in the forks of the branches, and this makes it possible for epiphytes to settle here. In addition, the epiphytes themselves, strengthening on the branches, retain water by the stems and roots.
Vines are a characteristic plant in the rainforest. They grow extremely fast and easily climb the tops of the tallest trees. Throwing flexible shoots from tree to tree, lianas capture dozens of trees. From below, only thick trunks of lianas are visible, wriggling like giant boas, and their leaves are lost high among the branches of trees. Climbing into the upper parts of the crown, vines with their leaves and shoots take away part of the light and thereby cause significant harm to trees. Even more dangerous for trees are lianas, which tightly wrap around tree trunks and thus deprive them of the opportunity to thicken. Such vines are called strangler vines.
Most animals live in trees: monkeys, bats, snakes, lizards, sloth. The world of birds is amazingly colorful.
Soils are red-yellow ferralite, humus does not accumulate in them, it is immediately absorbed by plants.
Replacement of wild forests with cultivated plantations, drainage of the soil contribute to the improvement of climatic conditions. This is associated with the destruction of the causative agent of tropical fever - this scourge of hot countries. However, predatory farming, excessive deforestation and uprooting of forests, especially in the foothills and mountains, entail disastrous consequences. Tropical downpours quickly wash away the fertile soil bare from forest vegetation, leaving behind bare rocks. In loose rocks, rainwater breaks through deep ravines and causes floods and landslides. Only the judicious use of tropical areas can prevent the destruction of the valuable soils of this zone.
Physical education:
Now all the children get up,
Raise your hands slowly
Squeeze your fingers, then unclench,
Hands down and stand like that
We all rested a little
And went to the track .
IV ... Anchoring
1. Answer questions.
a) How do plants and animals adapt to their habitat in different natural zones? Give examples.
b) What are the similarities and differences between wet equatorial forest and mixed forest?
d) What are the similarities and differences between savannas and steppes?
e) On the map of natural zones, determine on which continent the deserts occupy the most.
f) Using political map and a map of natural zones, determine in which countries large territories are located in the taiga zone.
2. It is necessary to determine which statements about the prorid zone are correct:
What is a natural area?
This is all nature, living and inanimate.
These are the plots the earth's surface where certain plants and animals grow.
natural area is an area with characteristic nature
these are multi-colored stripes on the map
3. Let's check our skills in working with the map: define which natural zones are indicated on the map by arrows? (They receive cards, they indicate certain natural zones, they must be named correctly)
4. In what natural area is our area located?
5. I will name animals and plants, and you guess which zone they belong to.
Cloudberry (tundra)
Saksaul (desert)
Dwarf birch (tundra)
Birch (Mixed and broadleaf forests)
Gopher (steppe)
Reindeer (tundra)
Camel (desert)
Giraffe (savannah)
V ... Lesson summary
On the globe a huge number of plant and animal species live, the distribution of which depends on many factors, but the most important of them is the distribution of heat and moisture, whichwithcreates different conditions for the life of organisms in different latitudes. Territories with similar climatic conditions, form natural areas.
MMany natural areas of the world have been greatly altered by man: forests are being cut down, meadows and arable lands are being depleted. In all natural zones there are big cities, road routes are being laid, mining is in progress. Human impact on natural areas leads to the fact that many plants and animals are threatened with extinction.
Our journey lesson has come to an end. I want to read you a poem that is a testament to you and me.
Love guys, nature-
Deserts, forests and fields.
After all, this is ours with you
Native land forever.
You and I were born on it,
We live on it.
So let's be, people all together
We are kind to her!
VI ... Homework:
1. Study §47.
Creative tasks (optional - any one)
2. Prepare a report on individual animals or plants of one of the natural zones of the Earth.
3. Compile a crossword puzzle on the topic "Natural zones of the Earth"
4. Prepare projects of commercials for tourists wishing to visit the natural area (optional).
Vii ... Reflection
There is an interesting and instructive parable in the East. Once three blind sages were taken to an elephant and asked: "What is this?" One grabbed the giant's leg and replied: "This is a column!" Another sage, took hold of the trunk, and was frightened: "It's a snake!" The third, feeling the tail, proclaimed: "This is a rope!" None of the sages understood that there was a huge elephant in front of them.
What does this parable teach us if we consider it from the point of view of our lesson and, in general, from the point of view of geography?
Students comment on the parable and talk about the need for a comprehensive study of natural complexes (natural zones).
Let's summarize the lesson, and each of you will evaluate your contribution to the achievement of the goals set at the beginning of the lesson, your activity, the efficiency of the class, the fun and usefulness of the selected forms of work.
1. In the lesson I worked
active / passive
2. By my work in the lesson, I
satisfied / not satisfied
3. The lesson seemed to me
short / long
4. For the lesson I
not tired / tired
5. My mood
got better / got worse
6. The lesson material was
understandable / not understandable
useful / useless
7. Homework seems to me
interesting / boring
easy / difficult
interesting / not interesting
1. List the main natural areas of the Earth.
Tundra, taiga, deciduous forest, grassy plain (savanna), deserts and semi-deserts, steppes and forest-steppe, tropical rainforest.
2. What determines the distribution of natural zones on Earth?
Natural zones are formed due to the distribution of heat and moisture on the planet. Relief, distance from the ocean affect the location of the zones and their width.
3. Give brief description tundra.
This natural zone is located in the polar zone (most of it is in the permafrost zone), where the air temperature is quite low. The flora is represented mainly by low-growing plants with a poorly developed root system: mosses, lichens, shrubs, dwarf trees. Ungulates, small predators, and many migratory birds live in the tundra.
4. What trees form the basis of taiga, mixed and deciduous forests?
The basis of the taiga is coniferous trees (pine, spruce, fir, larch, etc.)
Mixed forests are characterized by a mixture of coniferous and deciduous trees.
Broad-leaved forests consist of deciduous trees (oak, hazel, beech, linden, maple, chestnut, hornbeam, elm, ash, etc.)
5. What do all the grassy plains of our planet have in common?
It is distinguished by a small amount of precipitation and a constantly high air temperature. Savannah is characterized by the presence of a dry period, during which the grasses dry up, and the animals tend to bodies of water. The vegetation here is mostly grassy, trees are rare. The savannah is characterized by an abundance of large herbivores and predators.
6. Give a brief description of the desert.
Deserts are characterized by very low humidity, flora and fauna of deserts adapt to these harsh conditions. Animals have the ability to go without water for a long time, wait out the driest months in hibernation, many are nocturnal. Many plants are able to store moisture, most have reduced evaporation, in addition, they have a branched root system that allows them to collect crumbs of moisture from a large volume. In general, the flora and fauna are very limited. Of plants, leafless thorny shrubs are common, and of animals, reptiles (snakes, lizards) and small rodents.
7. Why are there few trees in the steppes, savannas and deserts?
In savannas, steppes and deserts, there is very little rainfall; trees simply do not have enough water.
8. Why is the rainforest the most species-rich community?
The temperature and humidity are always high here. These conditions are especially favorable for plants and animals. The topsoil is very fertile.
9. Using examples, prove that the distribution of natural zones on Earth depends on the distribution of heat and moisture.
Natural zones are formed as a result of the distribution of heat and moisture on the planet: high temperature and low humidity are typical for equatorial deserts, high temperature and high humidity for equatorial and tropical forests.
Natural zones are stretched from west to east, there are no clear boundaries between them.
For example, savannas are found where moisture is no longer sufficient for growth. wet forests, in the interior of the mainland, as well as far from the equator, where for most of the year, not equatorial, but tropical air mass and the rainy season lasts less than 6 months.
10. Characteristic signs what natural areas are listed?
A) the most big variety species;
Wet tropical forest.
B) the predominance of herbaceous plants;
Savannah.
C) the abundance of mosses, lichens and dwarf trees;
Tundra.
D) many conifers of few species.
Taiga.
11. Analyze the pictures on p. 116-117 textbook. Is there a connection between the color of animals and their habitat (natural area)? What is the reason for this?
Yes, there is a connection. This is called protective paint. Animals thus merge with environment for various purposes. If it is a predator, then for an attack. For example, the striped tiger successfully hides in the yellow grass, preparing for an attack. The polar bear and arctic fox are almost invisible against the background of snow.
To protect against predators, the animals also developed coloration to hide. Examples: jerboa, roe deer, green frog, and more. dr.
12. In what natural areas do these organisms live?
Dwarf birch - tundra.
Sloth is a humid rainforest.
Nutcracker - taiga.
Zebra is a savannah.
Oak is a broadleaf forest.
Jeyran is a desert.
White owl - tundra.
13. Using the map on p. 118-119 of the textbook, name the natural areas found on the territory of our country. Which of them occupy the largest territory?
The territory of Russia has a great length from north to south, the relief is mainly flat. So, on vast plains the following natural zones are presented sequentially: arctic deserts, tundra, forest-tundra, forests, forest-steppe, steppe, semi-desert, desert, subtropics. In the mountains - high-altitude zonation. A large area is occupied by taiga, steppe, mixed forest and tundra.
Natural land areas of the Earth On large territories of the Earth with close
climatic conditions and soils grow
the corresponding plant species and settle
animals of certain species. Such territories
received the name NATURAL ZONES. These zones
to a large extent determine the conditions of a person's life.
Consider carefully the following sweet and
trace the chain of connections in nature.
Look in the table: what is the reason, and
what is the consequence.
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Natural connections of the Earth
Causes of natural phenomenaheat, winds, water
climate
climate, vegetation
vegetation
climate, soil, vegetation, fauna
their consequence
climate
vegetation
soil
animal world
natural area
What is called a natural area?
Natural zone - the territory of the Earth with loved ones
climatic conditions and soils, with
appropriate flora and fauna.
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Natural connections on Earth
The table shows that the soil is a binderlink between animate and inanimate nature. If in
the terrain will change the climate - the soil will change,
and then the flora. Has changed
vegetation - the animal world will also change. Everything
these changes will lead to changes in life
person.
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Natural areas map
Main natural areasTundra.
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Forest zone... Steppe. Desert.
Natural areas on Earth
The features of each natural zone are determinedCLIMATE (heat, moisture), SOILS,
VEGETATION and ANIMAL WORLD.
Natural areas successively change from
equator to poles
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Forest zone
Forests of the temperate zone encircle in a wide circle from the west toeast is the entire Northern Hemisphere of the Earth. The climate is temperate here. Soil
varied in the forest zone, but the most common
podzolic.
Vegetable world.
Animal world.
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The flora of the forests
What kind of Russian forest can youimagine without white-barrel
birch. Birch blooms in early spring.
Its flowers are collected in earrings.
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More demanding tree
is a spruce. She grows more
moist and fertile soils.
The crown of this tree is dense, therefore
spruce forests are dark.
Fauna of forests
ElkBrown bear is the most powerful predator
forests. Bears besides animal food,
eat berries, nuts, green
plants. Lead a solitary lifestyle.
Each male chooses a site for himself and clearly
defines its boundaries.
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Owl
10. Steppes
The steppe is an endless plain covered with grassyvegetation. Summers are dry and hot, and winters are cold and snowy.
Fertile soils, they are called chernozems.
Vegetable world.
Animal world.
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11. The flora of the steppes
On the wide expanses of the steppesagitated silvery sea
blooming feather grass. Feather grass seed
has a long, feather-like
the tail is an awn.
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As soon as the snow melts, steppe
turns into a sea of fragrant
plants. Bright spots
flash among the green
flowering grass cover
tulips.
12. Fauna of the steppes
Saiga is a large herbivoreanimal. Leads the herd image
life, moves on
long distances.
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Gophers dig holes consisting of
long passages and chambers. When
the sun will dry the grass, animals
hibernate.
13. Deserts
The desert is a place with sparse and poor vegetation, hot and.
arid climate. The soils are highly saline
Vegetable world.
Animal world.
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14. The flora of the desert
In the desert, you can find smallsaxaul grove, which grows in the form
shrubs or short trees.
By building canals, watering the plants
water, people grow cotton,
grape.
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15. Fauna of deserts
Of all the petswho live in the desert, the most
hardy - camel. He's easy
tolerates heat, maybe for a long time
do without water. From him
get meat, skin, from which
make leather for shoes, wool,
thick and fatty milk. Camel
can make long jumps along
the sands scorched by the sun,
carry heavy things.
The torso of the steppe turtle is enclosed
into the bony armor, covered on top
horny shields. Leads daytime
lifestyle, feeds on plants, but
when they dry up and wither,
plunges into summer daze
which then turns into winter.
Lays eggs covered with white
dense shell.
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16. Tundra
Tundra is a land of permafrost and cold. Winter starts atSeptember and lasts 6-8 months. The soil thaws to a depth of 35-40 cm.
Vegetable world.
Animal world.
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17. The flora of the tundra
There are no tall plants in the tundra. Theremany undersized mosses and
lichens. In the swamps grow
cranberries, blueberries. There is in the tundra and
trees, but they are very small.
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18. Fauna of the tundra
Arctic foxReindeer is the largest
animal of the tundra. Its fur is very thick
warm, long. Most part of time
these animals have to roam.
Deer hooves are wide and strong
move apart. It helps not
fall through the swampy
soil.
Lemming
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19. Arctic desert
Arctic desert occupies islands in the Arctic Ocean andpartly enters the mainland. Most of the year covered with snow and
frozen in ice.
Animal world.
Vegetable world.
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20. Flora of the Arctic
The vegetation of these placesextremely poor. On stone
lumps, like rough cakes,
black, brown,
dark green and yellow lichens
and mosses.
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21. Fauna of the Arctic
contentYou can name these
animals?
22. The relationship of climatic zones and natural zones
Climatic zonesEquatorial
Tropical
Moderate
Polar:
arctic
Antarctic
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Natural areas
humid equatorial forests
variable humid tropical
forests, savannas (steppes), hot
deserts
hot deserts, steppes, forests
(deciduous, coniferous, mixed)
tundra, icy desert
icy desert
23. Think….
One scholar said that if he was taken away fromblindfolded to any area of the Earth,
lowered into a hole and untie their eyes, then by sight
the soil, he will determine where it is, what are
there is a climate, vegetation and fauna.
What relationships did the scientist know about?
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