Ministry of Education and Science
Russian Federation
Federal Agency for Education
Federal state budgetary educational institution
Higher professional education
"Chuvash State University named after I.N. Ulyanov "
Faculty of History and Geography
Department of Physical Geography and Geomorphology named after E.A. Archikova
Hailing is less common, but equally simple. He always relies on the temperature difference between the layer and another atmosphere. If they have a layer of cold, moist air underneath it falls in the form of rain, if instead they are below the layer of hot air itself evaporates after a short fall. But if they encounter a new updraft, they are pushed where, due to more low temperatures they freeze and become grains of ice when every time the phenomenon repeats, the volume increases.
This is why hailstones are spherical in shape and consist of many concentric rings. In other words, all elevators become larger and heavier if they can no longer be suspended due to too much weight and falling to the ground. If, to further reduce the temperature, the cloud becomes very cold, then the g drop of water that form turns into tiny crystals that fall to the ground in the form of snow-white and fluffy snowflakes. Each snowflake has its own physiognomy, but What is common to all flakes is the presence of six arms of the same length.
Course work
"Precipitation and their chemical composition "
Performed
student gr. IGF 22-12
Grigorieva O.V.
Supervisor:
Art. avenue Shlemp OA
Cheboksary 2012
Introduction
1.1 Types of precipitation
2.1 Precipitation falling on the earth's surface
Conclusion
Why is it that sometimes small flakes fall out, and sometimes large flakes? It depends on different conditions environment, temperature, wealth q water, snow grain growth rate. Each staple then transmits and reflects light in its own way, which leads to a diffusion phenomenon, of the achromatic type, i.e. only color. That is, in the sunlight, snow appears as white as milk.
Why a transparent plate? If the snow is compressed, for example, with his hands, the gaps that exist between the flakes disappear and the crystals tend to coalesce, the environment becomes more homogeneous and regains transparency. If the snow crystals are compact enough to form a layer of ice, it appearance returns to being very similar to water, that is, colorless and capable of a dramatic way of transferring images of various objects.
Bibliography
Application
Introduction
The relevance of the study atmospheric precipitation, lies in the fact that - the main water-balance component of all types of natural waters and the main source natural resources groundwater is precipitation. Atmospheric fallout constantly affects all components of the environment, is an unavoidable factor, and therefore, in the theory of risk, it belongs to the highest category.
In particular, halavernet requires small droplets of water, low temperature, low or no ventilation, growth Slow and fast dissipation of latent melting. Galavernet distinguishes itself from frost, because it does not participate in the process of cognition. Water precipitates and is formed to evaporate on cooled surfaces due to the loss of heat at night. Ice formations like halavernia, which form in the absence of fog at temperatures below -8 ° C and relative humidity of more than 90%, are more accurately referred to as brinone, with different formation processes.
Atmospheric precipitation as products of condensation and sublimation of water vapor in the atmosphere is an important climatic parameter that determines the mode of humidification of the territory. For the occurrence of atmospheric precipitation, it is necessary to have a moist air mass, ascending movements and condensation nuclei.
Therefore, by the amount and intensity of precipitation it is possible to indirectly judge the nature of vertical movements in the atmosphere, which are most difficult to assess in the energy cycle of the atmosphere.
Rain rains. V Central Europe 60mm per square meter can be found hourly, if the shower is particularly persistent, a nozzle situation may occur. Regarding what happens without heat exchange outside. Thermodynamic transformation, in which a physical system changes volume and pressure without heat exchange with the external environment. An example is the phenomenon of descent and ascent of air masses. As the air mass rises, since atmospheric pressure tends to decrease with increasing altitude, it expands and cools.
If the air does not mix with the surrounding air due to turbulence, heat exchanges between the air masses occur and therefore the expansion is adiabatic. If the air falls due to increased atmospheric pressure, it is heated when compressed.
The aim of the work is to study atmospheric precipitation and their chemical composition.
To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:
.Consider the concept of atmospheric precipitation; 2.Explain the distribution of daily and annual precipitation; .Consider the classification of atmospheric precipitation; .Find out what chemical components are in the composition of atmospheric precipitation Work structure. The course work consists of an introduction, six chapters, a conclusion, a bibliography and an application. The relationship between the amount of energy dissipated by a surface and the total amount deposited by it from infinity or a very long distance. Winds move from 30 ° to ecstatic extinguishing in disaster areas that form part of the return arm of the winds in the Hadley cage. A light reddish circle that sometimes appears around stars, especially the Sun and Moon, due to special physical conditions earth's atmosphere... The vertical distance of a point from mean sea level. A light, sometimes gray, layered cloud, consisting of lamellas, globular masses, more or less welded together and arranged in groups, lines or waves. precipitation chemical composition 1. Precipitation and their types
Precipitation refers to moisture that has fallen to the surface from the atmosphere in the form of rain, drizzle, cereal, snow, hail. Precipitation falls from clouds, but not every cloud gives precipitation. The formation of precipitation from the cloud is due to the enlargement of the droplets to a size that can overcome the upward currents and air resistance. The enlargement of droplets occurs due to the merging of droplets, evaporation of moisture from the surface of droplets (crystals) and condensation of water vapor on others. Precipitation is one of the links in the moisture cycle on Earth. Gray or bluish, single-layered stratus clouds, fibrous species that sometimes cover the entire sky. A tool for measuring wind intensity. Anemometer with chronological device for measuring wind intensity. An instrument that indicates the direction of the wind, consisting of a winding rotating about a vertical axis and connected to a specific moving scale on a scale. Originally said from a rolled metal barometer. They talk about any metal barometer. It is an anhydride formed by a carbon atom bonded to two oxygen atoms. It is a fundamental substance in the life processes of plants and animals. It is also the main greenhouse gas in the Earth's atmosphere. The main condition for the formation of atmospheric precipitation is the cooling of warm air, leading to condensation of the vapor contained in it. .1 Types of precipitation
Overburden precipitation - uniform, long-lasting, falling from stratus clouds; Heavy rainfall - characterized by a rapid change in intensity and short duration. They fall from cumulonimbus clouds as rain, often with hail. At room temperature and pressure, it is a colorless and odorless gas. High pressure area with winds per hour. Optical phenomenon atmosphere created by the refraction of sunlight that strikes away from the area exposed to precipitation. The colors of the spectrum range from red to violet, and their intensity depends on the size of the water droplets. A gaseous, tasteless, tasteless, combustible mixture, consisting mainly of nitrogen and oxygen, which creates an irreplaceable atmosphere for the life of animals and vegetables. The phenomenon that part of the energy of the incident radiation on the body turns into heat, and is not transmitted or reflected. Drizzle - in the form of drizzle falls from stratus and stratocumulus clouds. By origin, they are distinguished: Convective precipitation is typical for the hot zone, where heating and evaporation are intense, but in summer they often occur in the temperate zone. Frontal precipitation is formed when two air masses with different temperatures and other physical properties meet, fall out of the warmer air, forming cyclonic vortices, are typical for temperate and cold zones. A unit of measurement for gas or vapor pressure, equal to. 1.33 kg per square centimeter. A gaseous enclosure surrounding the Earth to an indeterminate height, with a decrease in density upward. The Earth's atmosphere is divided into: troposphere, tropopause, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and exosphere. The brightening of the Earth's atmosphere, which precedes sunrise, due to the last twilight of the morning. The aurora is the luminescence of the night sky that appears near the polar circles and is called southern or boreal depending on the corresponding pole. Orographic precipitation falls on the windward slopes of mountains, especially high ones. They are plentiful if the air comes from the side warm sea and has a high absolute and relative humidity. (see Appendix 4) 2. Classification of atmospheric precipitation
.1 Precipitation falling on the earth's surface
They are characterized by monotonicity of dropout without significant fluctuations in intensity. They start and stop gradually. The duration of continuous precipitation is usually several hours (and sometimes 1-2 days), but in some cases light precipitation can last half an hour or an hour. They usually fall out of stratus or altostratus clouds; moreover, in most cases the cloudiness is continuous (10 points) and only occasionally significant (7-9 points, usually at the beginning or end of the precipitation period). Sometimes weak short-term (half an hour - an hour) heavy precipitation is noted from stratus, stratocumulus, altocumulus clouds, while the amount of clouds is 7-10 points. In frosty weather (the air temperature is below -10 ... -15 °), light snow can fall from the cloudy sky. And the part of planet Earth that is south of the equator. Movement, horizontal air Transport... Induction of warm air or cold air. Pressure unit. In meteorology, the millisecond of the bar was used, called the millibar, has now been replaced by the hepopascal. Barometer with chronological recorder for changing atmospheric pressure. A tool for measuring atmospheric pressure. Mercury barometer: in which atmospheric pressure is balanced by the hydrostatic pressure of a mercury column contained in a glass cane. Rain - liquid precipitation in the form of drops with a diameter of 0.5 to 5 mm. Individual raindrops leave a trail on the surface of the water in the form of a diverging circle, and on the surface of dry objects - in the form of a wet spot. Supercooled rain - liquid precipitation in the form of drops with a diameter of 0.5 to 5 mm, falling out at negative air temperatures (most often 0 ... -10 °, sometimes up to -15 °) - falling on objects, the drops freeze and ice forms. Aneroid or metal barometer: the sensing element of which consists of one or more metal capsules that deform when exposed to atmospheric pressure. Comparison solar radiation coming to the radiation of the Earth and the Earth, coming out of the radiation. Over the course of a year, the earth loses the same amount of energy that it receives from the sun. In the system of the earth's atmosphere, there is no energy balance due to the uneven distribution of solar energy due to the geometrical shape of the earth and all the tilt of its axis of rotation. Freezing rain- solid precipitation, falling out at negative air temperatures (most often 0 ... -10 °, sometimes up to -15 °) in the form of solid transparent ice balls with a diameter of 1-3 mm. There is unfrozen water inside the balls - falling on objects, the balls break into shells, water flows out and ice forms. Snow- solid precipitation, falling (most often at negative air temperatures) in the form of snow crystals (snowflakes) or flakes. In light snow, horizontal visibility (if there are no other phenomena - haze, fog, etc.) is 4-10 km, with moderate 1-3 km, with heavy snow - less than 1000 m (while the snowfall increases gradually, so that visibility values of 1-2 km or less are observed no earlier than an hour after the beginning of the snowfall). In frosty weather (the air temperature is below -10 ... -15 °), light snow can fall from the cloudy sky. Separately, the phenomenon of wet snow is noted - mixed precipitation falling during positive temperature air in the form of flakes of melting snow. Rain with snow- mixed precipitation, falling (most often at positive air temperatures) in the form of a mixture of drops and snowflakes. If rain and snow falls at a negative air temperature, precipitation particles freeze onto objects and ice forms. Drizzling precipitation
Branca studies the effects of weather and climate on humans. The wind is strong and cold, coming from the northeast, which crashes into the Adriatic regions after crossing the Julian, Illyrian and Dinaric Alps. And the part of planet Earth that is north of the Equator. The remarkable cooling of the soil on winter nights, especially with clear skies, causes water vapor in the air to freeze at ground level, thereby creating frost. The suspension of dry microscopic particles in the air, which gives the landscape an opalescent appearance. They are characterized by low intensity, monotony of loss without changing the intensity; start and stop gradually. The duration of continuous shedding is usually several hours (and sometimes 1-2 days). Fall out of stratus clouds or fog; moreover, in most cases the cloudiness is continuous (10 points) and only occasionally significant (7-9 points, usually at the beginning or end of the precipitation period). Often accompanied by reduced visibility (haze, fog). The energy of a substance depends on the kinetic energy of the disordered movement of particles that form the material itself. And the amount of heat that a substance like water gives off or absorbs when it changes, while keeping its temperature unchanged. Reported in grams of weight. In meteorology, the term "latent heat of condensation" is used when the water vapor contained in air mass, condenses the release of heat into the atmosphere. The warmest summer in the boreal hemisphere usually coincides with the period between July and August and a constant high pressure situation, therefore good weather. Drizzle- liquid precipitation in the form of very small droplets (less than 0.5 mm in diameter), as if floating in the air. The dry surface gets wet slowly and evenly. Having settled on the surface of the water, it does not form diverging circles on it. Supercooled drizzle- liquid precipitation in the form of very small drops (with a diameter of less than 0.5 mm), as if floating in the air, falling out at negative air temperatures (most often 0 ... -10 °, sometimes up to -15 °) - settling on objects, the drops freeze , and ice forms. Snow grains- solid sediments in the form of small opaque white particles (sticks, grains, grains) with a diameter of less than 2 mm, falling out at negative air temperatures. Heavy rainfall
Cage with 4 legs, raised ground shutters with the tools needed to read and write temperature, relative humidity, dew point temperature, etc. at modern detection stations, the hut has been replaced by a screen against direct exposure to sunlight. Self-ventilation screens are available for more accurate temperature measurements. A map that describes the weather conditions of a particular location for a given time interval. Meteorological station for determining temperature and all other elements of the atmosphere. The devices are fixed on the pole, and some are shielded from radiation, for example, from a temperature sensor. Data can come in real time through a modem or radio stations, or have internal memory that is periodically discharged. modern control units do not require wooden tiles. They are characterized by the suddenness of the beginning and end of the loss, a sharp change in intensity. The duration of continuous shedding is usually from several minutes to 1-2 hours (sometimes several hours, in the tropics - up to 1-2 days). They are often accompanied by a thunderstorm and a short-term increase in wind (squall). Fall out of cumulonimbus clouds, while the amount of clouds can be both significant (7-10 points) and small (4-6 points, and in some cases even 2-3 points). The main sign of heavy rainfall is not their high intensity (heavy rainfall can be weak), but the very fact of falling from convective (most often cumulonimbus) clouds, which determines the fluctuations in precipitation intensity. In hot weather, light rain showers can fall from powerful cumulus clouds, and sometimes (very weak rain showers) even from medium cumulus clouds. The set of streams that carry water from one place of residence to another and transforms from one physical state to another is called a hydrological cycle, or more often a water cycle. Low pressure areas with clockwise circulation. An isolated cloud in the form of filaments, stripes or spots of white color, fibrous appearance and silky sheen composed of ice crystals. A stratified cloud consisting of small white flakes or small globules without shadows, located in groups or files, or forming ripples. A layered cloud composed of ice crystals that resembles a thin, whitish, transparent, fibrous veil that allows you to see the contours of the Sun and Moon and often gives rise to an alien phenomenon. Heavy rain- heavy rain. Heavy snow- heavy snow. It is characterized by sharp fluctuations in horizontal visibility from 6-10 km to 2-4 km (and sometimes up to 500-1000 m, in some cases even 100-200 m) over a period of time from several minutes to half an hour (snow "charges"). Heavy rain with snow- mixed rainfall of a torrential nature, falling (most often at a positive air temperature) in the form of a mixture of drops and snowflakes. If a heavy rain with snow falls at a negative air temperature, precipitation particles freeze onto objects and ice forms. Ice croup- solid rainfall precipitation, falling at an air temperature from -5 to + 10 ° in the form of transparent (or translucent) ice grains with a diameter of 1-3 mm; in the center of the grains there is an opaque core. The grains are quite hard (they are crushed by fingers with some effort), when they fall on a hard surface, they bounce off. In some cases, the grains can be covered with a water film (or fall out together with water droplets), and if the air temperature is below 0 °, then falling on objects, the grains freeze and ice forms. Hail- solid precipitation that falls in the warm season (at air temperatures above + 10 °) in the form of pieces of ice of various shapes and sizes: usually the diameter of the hailstones is 2-5 mm, but in some cases, individual hailstones reach the size of a pigeon's and even a chicken's egg ( then the hail causes significant damage to vegetation, car surfaces, breaks window panes, etc.). The duration of the hail is usually short - from 1 to 20 minutes. In most cases, hail is accompanied by heavy rain and thunderstorms. Unclassified precipitation
A set of meteorological conditions occurring at a site over a period of time. Koppen, who considers 5 grades. Wet or humid tropical humid climate... Mesothermal or hot temperate climate... The phenomenon in which dispersed colloidal solution particles or emulsion droplets are combined becomes larger and larger. The transition of the state of vapor into a liquid substance, which occurs during heat transfer. In meteorology, this phenomenon occurs when the air is saturated, i.e. when in a given volume of air there is the maximum amount of vapor that can be contained at this temperature, and there is a drop in temperature or the addition of additional vapor.Since the air cannot contain water vapor in an unlimited amount, excess vapor undergoes condensation, turning into droplets that form clouds, fog, fog or other hydrometeor. Ice needles- solid precipitation in the form of the smallest ice crystals floating in the air, formed in frosty weather (the air temperature is below -10 ... -15 °). During the day they sparkle in the light of the rays of the sun, at night - in the rays of the moon or in the light of lanterns. Quite often, ice needles form beautiful luminous "pillars" at night, extending from the lanterns up into the sky. They are most often observed with a clear or slightly cloudy sky, sometimes falling out of cirrostratus or cirrus clouds. Zolation- precipitation in the form of rare and large (up to 3 cm) water bubbles. A rare event that occurs during weak thunderstorms. Precipitation formed on the surface of the earth and on objects
Dew -water droplets formed on the surface of the earth, plants, objects, roofs of buildings and cars as a result of condensation of water vapor contained in the air at positive air and soil temperatures, little cloudy skies and weak winds. Most often observed at night and early morning hours, may be accompanied by haze or fog. Abundant dew can cause a measurable amount of precipitation (up to 0.5 mm per night), water runoff from roofs to the ground. Frost- white crystalline sediment formed on the surface of the earth, grass, objects, roofs of buildings and cars, snow cover as a result of desublimation of water vapor contained in the air at negative soil temperatures, little cloudy skies and weak winds. Observed in the evening, night and morning hours, may be accompanied by haze or fog. In fact, this is an analogue of dew, which forms at negative temperatures. Frost is deposited weakly on tree branches, wires (unlike rime) - on the wire of an ice machine (diameter 5 mm), the thickness of frost deposits does not exceed 3 mm. Crystal rime- a white crystalline precipitate, consisting of small fine-structured shiny ice particles, formed as a result of desublimation of water vapor contained in the air on tree branches and wires in the form of fluffy garlands (easily crumbling when shaken). It is observed in low-cloud (clear, or clouds of the upper and middle tier, or broken-layered) frosty weather (air temperature below -10 ... -15 °), with haze or fog (and sometimes without them) with weak wind or calm. Rime deposition occurs, as a rule, for several hours at night, during the day it gradually crumbles under the influence of sunlight, but in cloudy weather and in the shade it can persist throughout the day. On the surface of objects, roofs of buildings and cars, frost is deposited very little (unlike frost). However, frost is often accompanied by frost. Grainy rime- white loose snow-like precipitate formed as a result of the settling of small droplets of supercooled fog on tree branches and wires in cloudy foggy weather (at any time of the day) at an air temperature from 0 to -10 ° and moderate or strong wind... With the enlargement of fog droplets, it can turn into ice, and with a decrease in air temperature, combined with a weakening of the wind and a decrease in the amount of cloudiness at night, into crystalline frost. The growth of granular hoarfrost lasts as long as fog and wind lasts (usually several hours, and sometimes several days). Preservation of the deposited granular hoarfrost can last for several days. Ice- a layer of dense glassy ice (smooth or slightly bumpy), formed on plants, wires, objects, the surface of the earth, as a result of freezing of precipitation particles (supercooled drizzle, supercooled rain, freezing rain, ice grains, sometimes rain and snow) in contact with the surface having a negative temperature. It is observed at an air temperature most often from 0 to -10 ° (sometimes to -15 °), and with a sharp warming (when the earth and objects still maintain a negative temperature) - at an air temperature of 0 ... + 3 °. It greatly impedes the movement of people, animals, transport, can lead to wire breaks and breaking off tree branches (and sometimes to a massive fall of trees and masts of power lines). The accumulation of ice lasts as long as supercooled precipitation lasts (usually several hours, and sometimes with drizzle and fog - several days). Preservation of the deposited ice can last for several days. Ice- a layer of lumpy ice or icy snow formed on the surface of the earth due to the freezing of melt water, when, after a thaw, the temperature of the air and soil decreases (transition to negative temperatures). Unlike ice, ice is observed only on earth surface, most often on roads, sidewalks and paths. The preservation of the formed ice cover can last for many days in a row until it is covered from above with freshly fallen snow cover or melts completely as a result of an intense increase in air and soil temperature. 3. Chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation
Prevailing in atmospheric precipitation: НСО3-, SO42-, Cl-, Ca2 +, Mg2 +, Na +. They enter the sediments due to the dissolution of air gases, bringing salt from the sea with the wind, dissolution of salts and dust of continental origin, volcanic exhalations and other sources. The total amount of dissolved substances, as a rule, does not exceed 100 mg / l, often it is less than 50 mg / l. These are ultra-fresh waters, but in some places the mineralization of sediments rises to 500 mg / l and more. The pH of rainwater is usually 5-7. Rainwater also contains some hydrogen peroxide. As a result of physical evaporation of salts, as well as splashing sea water with waves in the surf zone and subsequent evaporation of water droplets sea air enriched with elements of sea water, and the winds blowing from the sea bring sea salts to the land. Most of the Cl, Li, Na, Rв, Cs, B, I in river waters are probably of marine origin. These are the so-called "cyclic salts", which fall on land with atmospheric precipitation and then again enter the ocean with runoff. According to V.D. Korzh and V.S. Sayenko, on average, up to 15% of river runoff salts are brought into rivers from the ocean through the atmosphere. In atmospheric precipitation of the sea coasts, the Cl - content can exceed 100 mg / l (in the inland regions, 2-3 mg / l). However, already at a distance of several tens of kilometers from the coast, the content of sea salts in atmospheric precipitation sharply decreases to 1-3 mg / l. In the atmospheric precipitation of the inland regions, not Cl - and Na +, but - SO42-, Ca2 + prevail. In the humid inland areas, the mineralization of sediments is low, about 20-30 mg / l, they are dominated by HCO3 - and Ca2 + ions of continental origin. 4. Regularities of distribution of atmospheric precipitation
The following regularities in the distribution of atmospheric precipitation are noted. Most often, precipitation falls over the ocean. Over continents, the degree of sediment mineralization is determined by the climatic factor. Maximum sediment mineralization is typical for desert landscapes. Technogenic processes increase the mineralization of sediments over large industrial centers and change the properties of atmospheric water. However, it is not always possible to determine the content of incoming salts by the amount of precipitation. In wet rainforest where there is little dust in the air, atmospheric precipitation has a lower mineralization, precipitation in the taiga zone is higher. However, the total amount of salts supplied with atmospheric precipitation will be higher in the humid tropics than in the taiga, since the amount of precipitation is 2-3 times greater. Inside the continent by natural areas Salt deposition depends on the amount of precipitation, air humidity, and dustiness of the atmosphere. In each landscape zone, the mineralization of atmospheric precipitation depends on the seasons: in winter, spring and in the humid summer period, the mineralization of precipitation is lower than in dry one. The movement of the air mass formed over the ocean deep into the continent leads to its gradual depletion. chemical elements as precipitation falls. With precipitation on the sea coasts, 47 mg / l of salts fall out; within the continent, at a distance of 200 km from the coast, the amount of precipitated salts decreases to 28 mg / l. M.A. Glazovskaya proposed two coefficients for characterizing atmospheric migration: the coefficient of atmogeochemical activity (CA) and the coefficient of hydrogeochemical activity (CA). CA is the ratio of the amount of an element supplied with precipitation per year to their amount consumed by plants per year. KI is the ratio of the number of elements carried out by the ionic runoff per year to their amount arriving with atmospheric precipitation. 5. Distribution of daily and annual precipitation
The daily course of precipitation coincides with the daily course of cloudiness. There are two types of daily variation of precipitation - continental and marine (coastal). Continental type has two highs (in the morning and afternoon) and two lows (at night and before noon). Marine type - one maximum (at night) and one minimum (during the day). The annual course of precipitation is different at different latitudes and even within the same zone. It depends on the amount of heat, thermal regime, air circulation, distance from the coast, the nature of the relief. (see appendix 1) The most abundant precipitation in equatorial latitudes ah, where their annual number (T-bills) exceeds 1000-2000 mm. On the equatorial islands The Pacific drops 4000-5000 mm, and on the leeward slopes of tropical islands up to 10,000 mm. Heavy rainfall is caused by powerful ascending currents of very humid air. To the north and south of the equatorial latitudes, precipitation decreases, reaching a minimum by 25-35º, where annual average does not exceed 500 mm and decreases in the inland regions to 100 mm or less. V temperate latitudes ah, the amount of precipitation increases slightly (800 mm). At high latitudes, GKO is insignificant. The maximum annual precipitation was recorded in Cherrapunji (India) - 26461 mm. Minimum marked annual quantity precipitation - in Aswan (Egypt), Iquique (Chile), where in some years there is no precipitation at all. (see appendix 2) The annual course of precipitation, i.e. change in their number by months, in different places The earth is not the same. Several basic types of annual precipitation can be outlined and expressed in the form of bar graphs. · Equatorial type - precipitation falls fairly evenly throughout the year, there are no dry months, only after the equinox days there are two small maxima - in April and October - and after the solstice days there are two small minimums - in July and January. · Monsoon type - maximum precipitation in summer, minimum in winter. Inherent in subequatorial latitudes, as well as east coasts continents in subtropical and temperate latitudes. At the same time, the total amount of precipitation gradually decreases from the subequatorial to the temperate zone. · Mediterranean type - maximum precipitation in winter, minimum in summer. Observed in subtropical latitudes at west coasts and inside the continents. Annual precipitation gradually decreases towards the center of the continents. · Continental type of precipitation in temperate latitudes - in the warm period, precipitation is two to three times more than in the cold one. As the continentality of the climate in the central regions of the continents increases, the total amount of precipitation decreases, and the difference between summer and winter precipitation increases. · Marine type of temperate latitudes - precipitation is distributed evenly throughout the year with a small maximum in autumn-winter. Their number is greater than that observed for this type. (see appendix 3) Conclusion
Atmospheric precipitation is one of the main factors in the formation of surface and ground waters. Atmospheric waters are the least studied chemically, which is associated with the difficulty of taking sufficient samples for chemical analysis and insufficient attention to atmospheric precipitation as a factor in the formation of the chemical composition of surface and underground. The chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation and dry fallout is an integral characteristic of the content of pollutants in the cloudy and subcloud layers of the atmosphere. The processes of wet deposition of substances can lead to a change in the chemical composition of soils, water of rivers and reservoirs, and this, in turn, affects the vital activity of their inhabitants. Chemical substances in atmospheric precipitation, depending on the composition, they have a stimulating or depressing effect on the development of plants. Therefore, knowledge of the quantitative chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation is necessary to assess the state and forecast the consequences of environmental pollution. Bibliography
1.Precipitation [Electronic resource] - Access mode: # "center"> Application
Annex 1
Rice. 1. Distribution of annual precipitation (mm) Appendix 2
Table 1. Distribution of precipitation by continents as a percentage (%) of the total amount EuropeAsiaAfricaAustraliaSouth AmericaNorth America Below 500 mm476754665216500-1000 mm49181822308 Above 1000 mm41528121876 Appendix 3
Rice. 2 Types of annual precipitation: Equatorial, 2 - monsoon, 3 - Mediterranean, 4 - continental temperate latitudes, 5 - maritime temperate latitudes Appendix 4
Sediment types by origin: - convective, II - frontal, III - orographic; TV - warm air, HV - cold air.
Precipitation is measured by the thickness of the precipitated water layer in millimeters. On average the globe about 1000 mm of precipitation falls per year, and in deserts and in high latitudes - less than 250 mm per year.
At meteorological stations, precipitation is measured by rain gauges (rain gauges were used until the 1950s), and the intensity liquid precipitation measured by pluviographs. For large areas, the intensity of precipitation is estimated approximately using meteorological radars.
Long-term, average monthly, seasonal, annual precipitation, their distribution over the earth's surface, annual and daily variation, frequency, intensity are the defining characteristics of the climate that are of significant importance for agriculture and many other sectors of the national economy.
Precipitation classification
Precipitation falling on the earth's surface
Overhead precipitation
They are characterized by monotonicity of dropout without significant fluctuations in intensity. They start and stop gradually. The duration of continuous precipitation is usually several hours (and sometimes 1-2 days), but in some cases light precipitation can last half an hour or an hour. They usually fall out of stratus or altostratus clouds; moreover, in most cases the cloudiness is continuous (10 points) and only occasionally significant (7-9 points, usually at the beginning or end of the precipitation period). Sometimes weak short-term (half an hour-hour) overburden precipitation is noted from stratus, stratocumulus, altocumulus clouds, while the number of clouds is 7-10 points. In frosty weather (the air temperature is below -10 ... -15 °), light snow can fall from the cloudy sky.
Rain- liquid precipitation in the form of drops with a diameter of 0.5 to 5 mm. Individual raindrops leave a trail on the surface of the water in the form of a diverging circle, and on the surface of dry objects - in the form of a wet spot.
Hypothermic rain- liquid precipitation in the form of drops with a diameter of 0.5 to 5 mm, falling out at a negative air temperature (most often 0 ... -10 °, sometimes up to -15 °) - falling on objects, the drops freeze and ice forms.
Freezing rain- solid precipitation, falling out at negative air temperatures (most often 0 ... -10 °, sometimes up to -15 °) in the form of solid transparent ice balls with a diameter of 1-3 mm. There is unfrozen water inside the balls - falling on objects, the balls break into shells, water flows out and ice forms.
Snow- solid precipitation, falling (most often at negative air temperatures) in the form of snow crystals (snowflakes) or flakes. In light snow, horizontal visibility (if there are no other phenomena - haze, fog, etc.) is 4-10 km, with moderate 1-3 km, with heavy snow - less than 1000 m (while the snowfall increases gradually, so that visibility values of 1-2 km or less are observed no earlier than an hour after the beginning of the snowfall). In frosty weather (the air temperature is below -10 ... -15 °), light snow can fall from the cloudy sky. Separately, the phenomenon of wet snow is noted - mixed precipitation falling at a positive air temperature in the form of flakes of melting snow.
Rain with snow- mixed precipitation, falling (most often at positive air temperatures) in the form of a mixture of drops and snowflakes. If rain and snow falls at a negative air temperature, precipitation particles freeze onto objects and ice forms.
Drizzling precipitation
They are characterized by low intensity, monotony of loss without changing the intensity; start and stop gradually. The duration of continuous shedding is usually several hours (and sometimes 1-2 days). Fall out of stratus clouds or fog; moreover, in most cases the cloudiness is continuous (10 points) and only occasionally significant (7-9 points, usually at the beginning or end of the precipitation period). Often accompanied by reduced visibility (haze, fog).
The energy of a substance depends on the kinetic energy of the disordered movement of particles that form the material itself. And the amount of heat that a substance like water gives off or absorbs when it changes, while keeping its temperature unchanged. Reported in grams of weight.
In meteorology, the term "latent heat of condensation" is used when water vapor in an air mass condenses the release of heat into the atmosphere. The warmest summer in the boreal hemisphere usually coincides with the period between July and August and a constant high pressure situation, so the weather is good.
Drizzle- liquid precipitation in the form of very small droplets (less than 0.5 mm in diameter), as if floating in the air. The dry surface gets wet slowly and evenly. When settling on the surface of the water, it does not form diverging circles on it.
Supercooled drizzle- liquid precipitation in the form of very small drops (with a diameter of less than 0.5 mm), as if floating in the air, falling out at a negative air temperature (most often 0 ... -10 °, sometimes up to -15 °) - settling on objects, the drops freeze and ice forms.
Snow grains- solid sediments in the form of small opaque white particles (sticks, grains, grains) with a diameter of less than 2 mm, falling out at negative air temperatures.
Heavy rainfall
They are characterized by the suddenness of the beginning and end of the loss, a sharp change in intensity. The duration of continuous shedding is usually from several minutes to 1-2 hours (sometimes several hours, in the tropics - up to 1-2 days). They are often accompanied by a thunderstorm and a short-term increase in wind (squall). Fall out of cumulonimbus clouds, while the amount of clouds can be both significant (7-10 points) and small (4-6 points, and in some cases even 2-3 points). The main sign of heavy rainfall is not their high intensity (heavy rainfall can be weak), but the very fact of falling from convective (most often cumulonimbus) clouds, which determines the fluctuations in precipitation intensity. In hot weather, light rain showers can fall from powerful cumulus clouds, and sometimes (very weak rain showers) even from medium cumulus clouds.
The set of streams that carry water from one place of residence to another and transforms from one physical state to another is called a hydrological cycle, or more often a water cycle. Low pressure areas with clockwise circulation. An isolated cloud in the form of filaments, stripes or spots of white color, fibrous appearance and silky sheen composed of ice crystals.
A stratified cloud consisting of small white flakes or small globules without shadows, located in groups or files, or forming ripples. A layered cloud composed of ice crystals that resembles a thin, whitish, transparent, fibrous veil that allows you to see the contours of the Sun and Moon and often gives rise to an alien phenomenon.
Heavy rain- heavy rain.
Heavy snow- heavy snow. It is characterized by sharp fluctuations in horizontal visibility from 6-10 km to 2-4 km (and sometimes up to 500-1000 m, in some cases even 100-200 m) for a period of time from several minutes to half an hour (snow "charges").
Heavy rain with snow- mixed rainfall of a torrential nature, falling (most often at a positive air temperature) in the form of a mixture of drops and snowflakes. If a heavy rain with snow falls at a negative air temperature, precipitation particles freeze onto objects and ice forms.
Snow groats- solid rainfall precipitation, falling at an air temperature of about zero ° and having the appearance of opaque white grains with a diameter of 2-5 mm; grains are fragile, easily crushed with fingers. Often falls before or simultaneously with heavy snow.
Ice croup- solid rainfall precipitation, falling at an air temperature from -5 to + 10 ° in the form of transparent (or translucent) ice grains with a diameter of 1-3 mm; in the center of the grains there is an opaque core. The grains are quite hard (they are crushed by fingers with some effort), when they fall on a hard surface, they bounce off. In some cases, the grains can be covered with a water film (or fall out together with water droplets), and if the air temperature is below zero °, then falling on objects, the grains freeze and ice forms.
Hail- solid precipitation that falls in the warm season (at air temperatures above + 10 °) in the form of pieces of ice of various shapes and sizes: usually the diameter of the hailstones is 2-5 mm, but in some cases, individual hailstones reach the size of a pigeon's and even a chicken's egg ( then the hail causes significant damage to vegetation, car surfaces, breaks window panes, etc.). The duration of the hail is usually short - from 1-2 to 10-20 minutes. In most cases, hail is accompanied by heavy rain and thunderstorms.
Unclassified precipitation
Ice needles- solid precipitation in the form of the smallest ice crystals floating in the air, formed in frosty weather (the air temperature is below -10 ... -15 °). During the day they sparkle in the light of the rays of the sun, at night - in the rays of the moon or in the light of lanterns. Quite often, ice needles form beautiful luminous “pillars” at night, extending from the lanterns up into the sky. They are most often observed with a clear or slightly cloudy sky, sometimes falling out of cirrostratus or cirrus clouds.
