The formation of agro-industrial complexes in modern conditions involves the organic combination of industry and agriculture based on the convergence and interaction of enterprises for the production, procurement, processing, storage of agricultural raw materials and the sale of finished products, as well as the industries serving them.
The main feature of the modern agro-industrial complex is the presence of constant and direct links between highly specialized agriculture and industry, both in the production and processing of raw materials, and in the integrated processing of waste from the main production up to the release of finished products. Also important is high level sectoral and territorial interconnection and proportionality of the development of all enterprises of the complex. However, such territorial unity should not be understood as the placement of all components of the agro-industrial complex within a single platform. Subdivisions that form the agro-industrial complex (production, storage, transportation, processing and marketing of agricultural products) can be located at a considerable distance from each other, provided that production and economic unity is preserved. So, agro-industrial complex- This is a form of organization of production of interconnected industries, which is considered as a production-territorial system in which the corresponding agricultural and industrial enterprises are organically united within a certain territory into a single production cycle from obtaining raw materials to the production of finished products. The close relationship between the agricultural and processing links within the agro-industrial complex is evidence that they cannot function normally without each other. Any agro-industrial complex is characterized by internal unity and integrity as a result of the division of labor between the sectors of agriculture and industry. It is characteristic that most of the agro-industrial complex is developing on the basis of joint use labor resources, auxiliary and service facilities, energy, repair facilities, water supply, communal services, community of the territory, natural and historical conditions, methods of organization and management.
The process of convergence and interaction of industry with agriculture is called agro-industrial integration, which is an important regularity in the development of scientific and technological progress.
Agro-industrial integration is an objective basis for the development of the agro-industrial complex.
It is achieved due to a high level of concentration and specialization of production, the introduction of industrial methods and multi-stage technologies for the development of agriculture, as well as an increase in the economic efficiency of food production through a combination of agricultural and industrial functions. In a market economy, agro-industrial integration acquires new features, since integration processes are associated with changes in the organizational structure of production based on combination and cooperation. Various forms of management are developing, such as agro-industrial associations and combines, agricultural firms, agro-consortia, etc. The development of agro-industrial integration and certain forms of management is based on the law of social division of labor, which manifests itself in a gradual deepening of specialization, cooperation and concentration of production.
Two main forms of agro-industrial complex integration are considered - horizontal and vertical.
Combination highly specialized agricultural enterprises that produce homogeneous products based on the performance of a single function are called horizontal integration, its development leads to the transformation into a single whole of agricultural enterprises engaged in the production of homogeneous products (highly specialized feed, seed farms, etc.). Vertical agro-industrial integration is a combination into a single whole of interrelated stages of the production process, which includes production, industrial processing and sale of finished products. its result is the formation of agro-industrial cycles of stable sets of production processes, which are consistently developing on the basis of the production and processing of certain types of agricultural raw materials. Within Ukraine, for example, there are well-developed cereal, sugar beet, fruit and ovochemical, oil and fat, essential oil, lonopromislovy, meat, milk and ptahopromislovy cycles.
The organic combination of industry and agriculture into the agro-industrial complex is the result of the development productive forces, the highest form of division and socialization of production. The combination of these industries within a certain territory (administrative region, economic region, country) is predetermined by a number of factors, of which the main ones are a decrease in production and transport costs during the production and delivery of raw materials and semi-finished products for processing, significant savings in fuel and electricity, control over the quality of raw materials. and etc.
Agro-industrial integration predetermines significant changes in rural areas, since as a result of the process of economic and technological combination of enterprises for the production of products, there is a need for new blue-collar professions, certain types of settlements are formed, and the service sector is expanding. It should also be noted that the patterns of formation of agro-industrial complexes are based on close interrelationships between the industry operating on agricultural raw materials and agriculture itself. After all, the development and placement of complex-formal enterprises processing agricultural raw materials are always directly related to those branches of agriculture that are their raw material base... However, the presence of links between agriculture and the processing industry leads to the formation of agro-industrial complexes only under the condition of their constant development between different links (production units). The development of permanent and direct economic, technological, organizational, administrative ties between certain agricultural and industrial enterprises creates conditions for the organic combination of agriculture and industry in one production cycle from the production of agricultural raw materials to its industrial processing, contributes to the combination of production processes. Opportunities are being created for the joint use by several industries of a complex of energy, transport, utilities, means of mechanization and automation, repair shops, service facilities, work force, and most importantly - the most complete processing of raw materials. The combination of agricultural production and its industrial processing on the basis of combination leads to an additional effect of production activities due to the maximum use of the territory's resources (natural, labor, material, etc.). Consequently, the combination presupposes close technological ties between the elements of the production process, due to which a high economic efficiency of production in the agro-industrial complex is achieved.
An important feature of agro-industrial integration is the coordinated proportional development of all divisions of the agro-industrial complex under a single program. On the basis of the technological and economic unity of enterprises and organizations, intersectoral and territorial proportionality of the functioning of all links of the agro-industrial complex, the maximum economy of social labor is achieved, the level of socio-economic development of the territory improves. Agro-industrial integration affects the growth of the production, scientific and technical potential of the territory, increases the efficiency of using natural, material and labor resources, contributes to the development of industrial and social infrastructure, a significant reduction in the transportation of raw materials and semi-finished products.
Agrarian and industrial complex as a concrete form territorial organization production is characterized by a certain structure that develops in the specific conditions of the respective territory, forming various forms of agro-industrial integration. Analysis of the agro-industrial process indicates that the following main directions of agro-industrial integration have developed in the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine:
1) organization of industrial processing of raw materials (vegetables, fruits) within the territory of agricultural enterprises, which provides an economic effect and contributes to a uniform employment of resources throughout the year;
2) the formation of inter-farm agro-industrial enterprises (associations) for the processing of agricultural raw materials on a cooperative basis (ovcheconserving and feed mills, hatchery and poultry stations);
3) the conclusion of long-term contractual agreements of agricultural enterprises with enterprises for the processing of agricultural raw materials within their raw material zones, as well as with procurement, transport and trade organizations. The most effective are direct links between producers of raw materials, processing enterprises and consumers of agricultural products;
4) the creation of agro-industrial complexes, which unite several different industries and enterprises, closely related to each other geographically, technologically and organizationally. The advantages of the combination are in obtaining an additional effect of production activities due to the maximum use of the resources of the territory, the technological and economic unity of enterprises and organizations, the intersectoral and territorial proportionality of the functioning of all links of the agro-industrial complex.
The idea of agro-industrial combination creates an opportunity to combine the principles of territorial integration with vertical integration in a new way, to meet the needs of the population of a particular territory and other regions with the products of the combine in the process of exchange, taking into account the development of market relations.
On the basis of agro-industrial integration, specialized and integral agro-industrial complexes of various territorial ranks (country, economic region, administrative region and intra-regional sub-regions) are formed. The most successful agro-industrial integration in the form of agro-industrial complex develops on the basis of those branches of agriculture, whose products require rapid processing or sale (vegetables, fruits, milk, etc.). Agro-industrial complexes are characterized by territorial unity and a certain spatial limitation of their subdivisions. The boundaries of agro-industrial complexes are established on the basis of identifying permanent resource zones with a rational production structure, deep specialization, taking into account natural and economic conditions.
Introduction
1. Structure and goals of functioning
agro-industrial complex of Russia
2. Placement of branches of agriculture
3. The main tasks of animal husbandry
4. Main directions of development
agro-industrial complex
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
Agriculture is one of the most important sectors of the economy of any state. It provides a vital product for a person: basic foodstuffs and raw materials for the production of consumer goods. Agriculture produces over 12% of the gross social product and more than 15% of the national income of Russia, concentrates 15.7% of production fixed assets. Eighty industries supply their products to agriculture, which in turn supplies their products to sixty industries.
Agro-industrial complex Russian Federation includes industries with close economic and industrial | relationships, specializing in the production of agricultural products, their processing and storage, as well as providing agriculture and the processing industry with the means of production.
1. Structure and goals of functioning
agro-industrial complex of Russia
The agro-industrial complex (AIC) is an important component of the country's economy, including the branches for the production of agricultural products, their processing and delivery to the consumer, as well as providing agriculture and the processing industry with the means of production. In the structure of the agro-industrial complex, there are three main areas, or groups of industries and industries:
1. Agriculture (agriculture and animal husbandry), forestry and fisheries.
2. Industries processing agricultural raw materials ( food industry, light industry branches associated with the primary processing of flax, cotton, wool, leather, etc.).
3. Branches of industry producing means of production for agriculture and processing agricultural products (agricultural engineering, tractor engineering, mechanical engineering, producing equipment for the food and light industries, reclamation equipment, mineral fertilizers, etc.). This area includes service industries that provide procurement, storage, transportation and sale of agricultural products.
The structure of the Russian agro-industrial complex is far from perfect. Agriculture is the main link in it: it produces over 48% of the complex's output, has 68% of the industrial fixed assets of the complex, and employs almost 67% of those working in the industrial sectors of the agro-industrial complex. In developed countries, in the creation of the final product, the main role belongs to the third sphere of the agro-industrial complex (for example, in the USA, the processing and marketing industries account for 73% of the agricultural products produced, agriculture provides only 13%).
The urgent task of the modern development of the agro-industrial complex is the balance of all its links. The lag in the development of processing industries leads to large losses of agricultural products, reaching 30% of the harvested grain, 40% of the harvested potatoes and vegetables.
An acute development problem that arose in the context of economic reforms and a prolonged crisis in the development of the agro-industrial complex is the underdevelopment of the market for means of production. This contributed to the progressive deterioration of equipment (in the processing industries it reaches 75%), a decrease in the use of mineral fertilizers (in the 1990s, their application per hectare of arable land decreased by more than 10 times), a reduction in the fleet of automobiles, tractors and agricultural equipment (for the specified period - almost three times).
The agro-industrial complex, being a complex socio-economic system, must be recognized essential element of the national economy, the main objectives of which, in our opinion, will be:
Meeting the needs of the population at the level of scientifically grounded standards in food and consumer goods from agricultural raw materials;
Production of such a quantity of agricultural products of appropriate quality to create a food reserve that will ensure the country's food security, i.e., independence from imports of basic consumer products, especially grain, meat, sugar, vegetable oil, etc .;
Ensuring an appropriate level of efficiency of the agro-industrial system;
Meeting the economic and social needs and interests of agricultural workers.
Agriculture is the main link in the agro-industrial complex. It provides more than half of all agricultural products, concentrating about 70% of its production fixed assets. Agriculture consists of two groups of industries - plant growing (farming) and animal husbandry with such subsectors as grain farming, forage production, industrial crops production, horticulture, vegetable growing, cattle breeding (cattle breeding), pig breeding, sheep breeding, poultry farming, fur farming, pond fish farming and dr.
Crop production produces more than half of all agricultural products in the country, being the leading branch of agriculture, since the level of animal husbandry largely depends on its development.
More than half of the country's sown area is occupied by cereals. Over the years economic crisis the area under grain crops was reduced. This, as well as a decrease in the application of mineral fertilizers and a decrease in the fleet of agricultural machinery, contributed to a decrease in grain harvests (at the end of the 1990s, the annual harvest was 60 - 70 million tons), and a drop in their yield.
The leading grain crop in Russia is winter and spring wheat. Winter wheat is more productive, but also demanding on warmth and soil quality. Its crops are concentrated in the North Caucasus and in the Central Black Earth Region. Spring wheat prevails in the Volga region, in the Urals, in Siberia, in the center of the country. Rye is less demanding on growing conditions, therefore it is cultivated in the regions of the Non-Black Earth Zone of the Russian Federation.
Almost everywhere in the agricultural regions of the country, barley is grown, and oats, as a moisture-loving and not demanding crop, are placed in the forest zone. The heat-loving grain corn crop is grown in the North Caucasus, in the Central Black Earth Region and in the southern Volga Region (the so-called "corn belt").
The main cereal crops in Russia are millet, buckwheat and rice. Millet is cultivated in the steppe regions of the North Caucasus, Central Black Earth Region, the Volga Region and the Urals. Buckwheat, on the contrary, is demanding on moisture and does not tolerate high air temperatures, and therefore it is grown mainly in forest areas. Rice crops are concentrated on the irrigated lands of the North Caucasus, the Volga - Akhtubinskaya floodplain (Astrakhan region) and Primorye (Far East).
The most common industrial crops in the country are fiber flax, sugar beets, sunflowers, soybeans, mustard, and hemp. Flax is picky about moisture and not picky about soils, therefore it is cultivated in the Non-Chernozem zone of the Russian Federation. Sugar beet mainly grows in the Central Black Earth Region and the North Caucasus. The main oilseed crop - sunflower - is grown in the North Caucasus, in the Volga region, in the Central Black Earth region, in southern regions Urals and Western Siberia. Mainly in the same areas, there are crops of other oilseeds - soybeans (cultivated in the south Of the Far East) and mustard. Hemp is cultivated in the Non-Black Earth Region and in the North Caucasus.
Potatoes are cultivated practically everywhere in the agricultural zone of the country. Vegetable growing as a commodity industry is distinguished in the North Caucasus, in the Central Black Earth region, the Volga region, and some other regions, fruit growing - mainly in the southern regions of the country.
Among the branches of animal husbandry, cattle breeding is of leading importance. Dairy and dairy - beef cattle breeding is located, firstly, in suburban areas, gravitating towards the consumer, and secondly, in areas where juicy green fodder is grown, contributing to the growth of milk productivity. The main areas of the named specialization of cattle breeding are the Non-Black Earth Region, the Middle Volga Region, the Middle Urals, and Siberia. Meat and meat - dairy cattle breeding is represented mainly in arid steppe and semi-desert regions - North Caucasus, Southern Urals and Lower Volga region, southern Siberia.
Sheep breeding uses natural pastures, which, as a rule, are unsuitable for other types of livestock. The most valuable fine-wool sheep breeding was developed in the steppe regions of the North Caucasus, the Lower Volga region and Siberia. Semi-fine fleece sheep breeding is represented in the Center and the Middle Volga region, fur coat - in the north and northwest of the Non-Black Earth Region.
Pig breeding, widespread throughout the country, is the most productive branch of animal husbandry. It received the greatest development, firstly, in the zones of grain farming and potato growing (the North Caucasus, the Volga region, Central areas), secondly, in suburban areas, where it uses waste from the food industry and public catering.
Poultry farming is located almost everywhere - one of the most early maturing branches of animal husbandry. Goat breeding as a commodity industry is represented in the southeast of the European part of the country and in the mountainous steppe regions of Siberia. V mountainous areas In the Northern Caucasus and southern Siberia (Altai, Sayany), maral breeding has developed, in the tundra and northern taiga zones, the main branch of animal husbandry is reindeer breeding.
The territorial division of labor in agriculture and in the agro-industrial complex of Russia is less developed than in industry. Three main agricultural zones in the country can be distinguished, which almost completely provide themselves with agricultural products and supply them in a large assortment to the all-Russian market. These include the North Caucasian economic region, where the main commercial agricultural products are grain (wheat, rice, millet, corn), sugar beets, vegetables, essential oils, fruits and berries, grapes, tea, meat, wool, tobacco; Central Black Earth Region - grain (wheat, buckwheat, millet, corn, rye, oats, barley), legumes, sunflowers, sugar beets, vegetables, essential oil crops, tobacco, fruits and berries, milk, meat; Povolzhsky economic region - grain (wheat, rye, rice, millet, buckwheat), sunflower, mustard, melons, fruits and berries, vegetables, meat, milk, wool.
The rest of the economic regions are specialized in the production of a limited number of agricultural products. So, the Uralskiy region exports grain, wool, milk; West Siberian - grain, meat, milk, potatoes, products of cellular fur farming and reindeer husbandry; Central and Volgo-Vyatka - potatoes and flax; North and North-West - flax; East Siberian - wool, products of cellular fur farming and antler reindeer breeding; Far East - soybeans, rice, products of cellular fur farming, antler and reindeer breeding.
The food industry - one of the constituent parts of the agro-industrial complex - includes three main groups of industries: food-flavoring (flour-cereals, sugar, bakery, butter and fat, confectionery, wine, fruit and vegetable, tea, etc.), meat - dairy and fish.
The main factors determining the location of enterprises in this industry are raw materials and consumer. Depending on the degree of influence of these factors, the food industry is divided into three groups of industries:
1. Industries focused on the sources of raw materials - sugar, alcohol, butter, milk canning, butter, fruit and vegetable canning, etc.
2. Industries, mainly gravitating towards places of consumption of finished products - bakery, confectionery, dairy, pasta, etc.
3. Industries located at the same time in raw materials and consumer areas - meat, flour - cereals, tobacco, etc.
2. Placement of branches of agriculture
The location and specialization of agricultural sectors is influenced by natural and socio - economic factors, while the first group of factors has a predominant influence. Agricultural crops for their cultivation require certain natural conditions. The duration of the growing season, the requirements for heat, light and soil quality in agricultural crops are different, and therefore the boundaries of their distribution are not the same. The influence of natural factors on the location of livestock industries is manifested through the fodder base.
The main natural factors in the location of agricultural sectors are soil quality, the duration of the frost-free period, the sum of active temperatures (heat supply), the total solar radiation(provision of light), moisture conditions, amount of precipitation, provision of water resources, relief conditions of the area, etc.
Natural factors have the greatest influence on the location of crop growing industries.
From livestock industries from natural conditions the most dependent is grazing (some areas of sheep breeding, cattle breeding, as well as reindeer breeding, horse breeding, etc.). The development of its industries depends on the availability of pastures, their size, vegetation composition and the duration of their use.
An important feature of agricultural production is seasonality, which leads to uneven use of labor throughout the year, makes agriculture dependent on natural production conditions, and causes uneven flow of products and cash incomes throughout the year. The peculiarity of agriculture is that it is biological in nature, i.e. plants and animals are used as means of production.
The most important natural factors in the location and specialization of agriculture are the following: soil quality; the duration of the frost-free period, the sum of active temperatures (heat supply); total solar radiation (provision with light); moisture conditions, amount of precipitation; the probability of recurrence of unfavorable meteorological conditions (drought, frost, wind and water erosion); provision of water resources; topographic conditions of the area, etc. To a greater extent, natural factors affect the location of plant growing industries, and to an unequal extent, determining the areas of their cultivation. For a number of crops (mainly thermophilic), these areas are extremely limited, for example, grapes, tea, citrus fruits, etc .; for others, it is much broader (barley, spring wheat, potatoes, etc.). Natural factors have a less significant impact on the location of livestock breeding, manifesting themselves through the fodder base. The most dependent on natural and climatic conditions is pasture animal husbandry (some areas of sheep breeding, cattle breeding; reindeer breeding, horse breeding, etc.). Here one can distinguish such factors as the presence of pastures, their size, the composition of vegetation and the duration of the period of their use.
Socio-demographic factors are also extremely important for the location of agriculture. The population is the main consumer of agricultural products, therefore there are regional features the structure of consumption of this product. The specialization of agriculture is influenced by the ratio between urban and rural populations. In addition, the population ensures the reproduction of labor resources for the industry. Depending on the availability of labor resources (taking into account the labor skills of the population), one or another production of agricultural products, characterized by unequal labor intensity, develops. The most labor-intensive industries are considered to be: vegetables, potatoes, sugar beets and other industrial crops, and some branches of animal husbandry. The use of specialized qualified personnel contributes to the growth of labor productivity, reducing labor costs for the production of these products. Increased migration of the population in a number of regions is currently limiting the production of labor-intensive types of products. An important factor placement and specialization are also interests local population, which in the past were not sufficiently taken into account and which in a number of cases significantly limit the possibility of production for the export of many types of products, previously determined by the planned volumes of supplies to the all-Union fund.
The most significant economic factors in the location and specialization of agriculture include:
1. Location of farms in relation to markets. The position of agricultural enterprises in relation to sales markets. The production of low-transportable agricultural products is concentrated near the mass consumer (areas where the population is concentrated). Large cities, agglomerations and urbanized areas contribute to the development of the suburban direction of specialization of agriculture (production of perishable and mass agricultural products).
2. Location of processing enterprises, which often determines the nature of specialization and the level of concentration of agricultural production. Thus, enterprises of the canning industry concentrate nearby vegetable growing, fruit growing, cattle breeding for dairy or meat production, and sugar factories concentrate crops for sugar beets, etc.
3. The nature of the development of transport, first of all, automobile, the provision of the territory with hard-surface roads.
The nature and condition of the means of communication also have a direct impact. Manufacturing products that are easy to transport can be concentrated in places where they are most efficient. The ability to transport products in large volumes also causes cheaper transportation.
4. The already created production potential of agriculture: the availability of reclaimed land, the number of productive livestock, agricultural structures, industrial buildings, etc.
5. Area of agricultural land, their structure: the size of arable land and farmland per capita.
6. Economic efficiency of agricultural production, determined by a system of indicators, the main of which are: agricultural output and gross income per unit of land area and unit of material and labor costs, profitability of production. It should be noted that economic efficiency is influenced by the totality of all considered factors of the location and specialization of agriculture.
7. Features and stability of interregional ties in agricultural products. The possibility of purchasing agricultural products, their guarantee creates the basis for the development in certain regions of only those branches of agriculture for which there are the most favorable conditions. Of course, this takes into account the costs of purchasing the necessary agricultural products, their transportation in comparison with the costs of their production in the region.
8. Saturation of the territory with basic production assets, consisting of technical (machinery, agricultural machinery, etc.) and infrastructural (storage, industrial buildings, agricultural structures, energy and water supply systems, etc.) elements.
7. Provision of labor force. As you know, many sectors of agriculture are quite labor-intensive, therefore, the possibility of developing a number of industries, primarily in crop production, depends on the availability of a labor force in the region.
3. The main tasks of animal husbandry
The main task in the livestock industry is to create conditions for the production of products in terms of volume and quality, corresponding to the population of the country, food standards and at prices that ensure both the profitability of its production and commensurate with the size of the income of the majority of the population. If earlier the main task was to get as much production as possible, at almost any cost, now the main criterion has become the competitiveness and break-even of the industry. To successfully complete this task, along with solving other problems, it is necessary to ensure a high level of herd reproduction.
Happening in last years the reduction in the number of cattle does not indicate the curtailment of the livestock industry. Culling of livestock, including cows, takes place in agricultural enterprises with low animal productivity and unprofitable livestock production. Therefore, special attention in animal husbandry is paid to the creation of a highly productive dairy herd using decades of accumulated domestic and foreign breeding resources.
Poultry products are of particular social importance for stabilizing the food market.
In animal husbandry and other agricultural enterprises, advanced domestic and foreign technologies, machinery and equipment are being introduced into production, which make it possible to obtain competitive profitable products. In order to realize the genetic potential of animals and efficient production of products, work is underway to strengthen the feed base, change the structure of feed and their rational use. In animal husbandry, long-term cultivated pastures with the use of portable electric fences serve this purpose. They allow you to get products with minimal costs.
4. Main directions of development
agro-industrial complex
There are two possible ways to increase the production of agricultural products - extensive (i.e., as a result of the expansion of cultivated areas, an increase in the number of livestock, etc. without renewing the material and technical basis) and intensive, providing for an increase in the yield per unit area as a result of the use of more efficient means of production, the use of the achievements of scientific and technological progress.
The possibilities for extensive development have already been almost exhausted, therefore intensification (i.e., an increase in material and labor costs per unit of land area in order to increase the yield of agricultural products from each hectare, improve its quality, increase labor productivity, reduce the cost of a unit of production) is the most effective and the only possible way to develop production.
The main directions of intensification are: complex mechanization, chemicalization of agriculture, land reclamation, increase in the power-to-labor ratio in agriculture, improvement of the used production technologies. Intensification is carried out on the basis of deepening the specialization of agricultural production, further development of agro-industrial integration.
Many agricultural enterprises do not have a real opportunity to cultivate the land assigned to them due to a lack of labor resources, material and technical equipment. On the other hand, there is not enough land to allocate to farmers and other newly created agricultural enterprises on the basis of new forms of farming, plots for maintaining personal subsidiary plots, where the land can be used effectively. Land reform is aimed at improving land fertility and maintaining ecological balance in agriculture.
The creation of an economic mechanism for regulating land relations and stimulating the rational use and protection of land is underway. It is important to take into account the principle of socially fair land redistribution and the creation of equal conditions for all forms of management. The land reform provides for the introduction of private ownership of land plots and the formation of a land market. When making the transition to private ownership of land, it is important that land does not become a means of profit, speculation, therefore, a mechanism for state regulation of this process has been developed. It includes strictly targeted use of land, limitation of their size, temporary restriction on their sale, etc. New land management schemes are developed on the basis of a balance between the availability of land and the need for them, on the basis of an objective assessment of the state, distribution of land and the ability of land users to process them.
The economy of agricultural enterprises is negatively affected by the monopoly of enterprises of the processing industry and the sphere of agricultural services, which is increasing with the process of denationalization. As part of the ongoing agrarian reform, in opposition to monopoly, it is proposed to corporatize these enterprises with the transfer of a controlling stake to agricultural producers. To this end, it is advisable on the part of the state to financially and organizationally help agricultural enterprises in acquiring shares through a system of tax incentives and preferential loans.
One of the most important reasons for the decline in agricultural production is the inequality of exchange between agriculture and industries that produce the means of production for agriculture. Agrarian reform involves the implementation of measures to maintain parity in prices for agricultural industrial products through indexation, direct compensation to enterprises of costs associated with an increase in wholesale prices for material and technical resources, and the abolition of all types of taxes, except for the land tax.
A market infrastructure is being created in the agro-industrial complex. Agrarian exchanges, banks, trading houses, auctions, etc. are being created and functioning, effective marketing information systems for collecting, storing and processing information, and insurance systems for agricultural enterprises are being developed.
For the successful implementation of the agrarian reform, first of all, it is necessary to ensure social transformations in the village (housing construction, construction of cultural, health care, education, road construction, gasification, electrification, communications), that is, to create conditions for the resettlement of citizens to abandoned villages, sparsely populated regions.
Conclusion
Agriculture is a very special sphere of production, the main feature of which is the presence of land as the main means of production. Land, unlike other means of production, is not a product of human labor, its size cannot be increased; with its correct use in agriculture, the land not only does not lose its qualities, but even improves them, while all other means of production are gradually becoming obsolete morally and physically, being replaced by others. The land, being a means of production, acts both as a means of labor and as an object of labor.
The agro-industrial complex is actively developing new forms of management. At present, they are represented by peasant farms, associations of peasant farms, agro-cooperatives, agricultural enterprises, agro-consortia, and agricultural firms. The choice of one form or another depends on the specific conditions of the area, is carried out on a strictly voluntary basis, and the criterion of advantage can only be economic efficiency. In the coming years, three-quarters of agricultural products will be produced by large agricultural enterprises: associations of peasant farms, joint-stock enterprises, agricultural cooperatives created on the basis of collective and state farms. Peasant farms will give about 1% of total production, since even with serious state support (road construction, gasification, electricity supply, supply Maintenance, acceptance of products) they need long-term loans and at least 3-5 years to get on their feet.
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Agroindustrial complex and its structure
Definition 1
Agroindustrial complex (agro-industrial complex) - this is the whole set of enterprises and industries engaged in cultivation, production of agricultural products, their processing and bringing them to the consumer.
The economic effect is achieved due to the favorable location and interaction of enterprises.
The main link in the agro-industrial complex is agriculture. Plants and factories of the food and light industries operate on the basis of the products of agricultural enterprises. In turn, agricultural enterprises receive means of production from enterprises of agricultural engineering and agricultural chemistry. Energy and infrastructure enterprises are an important and obligatory component of the agro-industrial complex.
Distinguish elementary agro-industrial complex, specialized agro-industrial complex and integral agro-industrial complex. Elementary agro-industrial complex consists of an agricultural enterprise and a nearby agricultural processing enterprise. Specialized agro-industrial complex includes agricultural enterprises and processing enterprises of the region of a certain specialization. Integral agroindustrial complex Is a set of elementary and specialized agro-industrial complex in a certain territory.
General characteristics of the agro-industrial complex of Russia
As already mentioned, the agro-industrial complex has four main components (spheres), the basis of which is agriculture.
- First sphere- these are those industries that produce the means of production for agriculture and enterprises that process agricultural products. Such industries include: tractor and agricultural engineering, mechanical engineering for the production of equipment for animal husbandry, forage production, food and light industry, production of reclamation equipment, mineral fertilizers, rural industrial construction, feed and microbiological industries serving the agro-industrial complex.
- Second sphere- this is actually agriculture.
- Third sphere includes enterprises that process agricultural products and "bring" it to the consumer.
- Fourth sphere unites service enterprises of production and non-production infrastructure, institutions for training personnel for the agro-industrial complex.
The structure and composition of the agro-industrial complex in Russia is distinguished by the imbalance in the development of production and service areas. The second area - agriculture - is the main link. It produces over $ 50% of all agricultural products, concentrates about $ 70% of all production fixed assets of the complex, it employs more than 65% of those working in the industrial sectors of the agro-industrial complex. In the economically developed countries of the world, the leading role belongs to the third sphere. The agro-industrial complex of Russia needs reforms and subsequent development. The problems of development of the agro-industrial complex are associated with the imperfection of the market for agricultural production means, high production costs and relatively low competitiveness in the world market.
Agriculture is the basis of the agro-industrial complex. Its development and specialization largely depend on natural conditions. On a large territory of Russia, permafrost, climate, relief complicate agricultural activities, require additional measures to obtain products.
Historically, in the structure of Russian agriculture, crop production prevails (about $ 56% of production) over livestock (about $ 44%). But, in spite of the large volumes of the harvested crop and the received livestock products, the country's agriculture is distinguished by low crop yields, insufficiently high livestock productivity and low labor productivity. Therefore, now Russia is one of the largest importers of agricultural products.
For a long time, the country's agriculture developed according to extensive paths. This means that the volume of production increased due to the plowing of more and more new areas and an increase in the number of livestock. Currently, it is necessary to rebuild the economy on the path intensification ... It is necessary to increase the volume of production at the expense of additional investment in the introduction of high-yielding crops and highly productive breeds of livestock, the introduction of modern equipment and technologies.
V crop production the cultivation of cereals prevails (wheat, rye, barley, corn). Arable land is occupied by about $ 60% of the land. Most of them are occupied by wheat crops. The main agricultural regions are the center and south of the European part of Russia, the Volga region, the North Caucasus, the south of Western Siberia, Altai. There are favorable conditions for the cultivation of legumes, oilseeds, beets, for the development of horticulture, vegetable growing and melon growing. Of industrial crops, flax, sunflower, soybeans, mustard, sugar beets, and tobacco are widespread. In the seaside part Krasnodar Territory grow tea and citrus fruits.
Low level of development animal husbandry due to the unsatisfactory supply of forage. The leading branch of animal husbandry is cattle breeding. In cattle breeding, meat and dairy and dairy trends prevail. The main cattle-breeding regions are the Urals, the Volga region, Western Siberia, North Caucasus. In the North, in the tundra, reindeer husbandry is developed. Sheep and goat breeding are developed in the mountainous regions of the country (North Caucasus, Altai). Yaks are raised in the mountains of Buryatia and Tuva. The most productive livestock sector is pig breeding. It is developed in almost all regions of the country, focusing on the consumer. Therefore, it is necessarily present in the suburban agro-industrial complex.
Theme: general characteristics economy of Russia
Lesson: Agro-industrial complex: composition, meaning. Agriculture
Agro-industrial complex (AIC) is a set of interconnected sectors of the economy that produce, process agricultural products and bring them to the consumer
The main task of the agro-industrial complex is to provide the country's population with food. The basis of the agro-industrial complex is agriculture, but it alone cannot cope with such an important task, since it requires machinery, combines, tractors, potato harvesters, pesticides, fertilizers, new varieties of plants and the best breeds of livestock. Therefore, the agro-industrial complex consists of three links, or three stages of production.
Rice. 1. Links of the agro-industrial complex
1st link includes industries serving, for example, agricultural engineering (Rostov-on-Don, Taganrog, Ryazan, Omsk), basic chemistry, breeding, reclamation.
Rice. 2. Centers for agricultural engineering
The 2nd link includes agriculture, namely: agriculture and animal husbandry. Examples of industries are crop production, viticulture, fishing, sheep breeding, beekeeping.
The 3rd link includes industries that process agricultural products, for example, the food industry, the sugar industry, light, or textile industry, trade.
The basis of the agro-industrial complex is agriculture, represented by plant growing and animal husbandry. Agriculture has its own distinctive features:
1. Agricultural production is seasonal;
2. Land is a means and subject of production;
3. Agriculture is dependent on natural conditions;
4. Agricultural enterprises usually occupy large areas.
The lands that are used in agriculture are called agricultural land... In Russia, 13% of land is agricultural land. Of these, 59% are arable lands, about 10% are hayfields, 30% are pastures and less than 1% are orchards and vineyards.
Rice. 3. The structure of agricultural land in Russia
Land resources in Russia are limited. In addition, agricultural land is shrinking. About 20% of agricultural land is swampy, 18% saline and 23% eroded.
Agriculture is subdivided into crop and livestock production. Grain crops form the basis of crop production. These include rye, wheat, barley, corn, rice and others. Industrial crops are distinguished: sugar beets, sunflowers, fiber flax. Vegetable crops: potatoes, onions, carrots and others. Sometimes, a group of melons is distinguished: melons, watermelons. The second area of agriculture is represented by animal husbandry. Here, the variety of animal species makes it possible to distinguish cattle breeding, sheep breeding, poultry farming, horse breeding, fishing, beekeeping, fur farming.
- V.P. Dronov, V. Ya. Rum. Geography of Russia: population and economy. Grade 9
- V.P. Dronov, I.I. Barinov, V. Ya. Rom, A.A. Lobzhanidze. Geography of Russia: nature, population. 8th grade
- A single collection of digital educational resources (). Agro-industrial complex of Russia
Agro-industrial production technologies
The agro-industrial complex (AIC) is the largest intersectoral subdivision in the country's economy. Its constituent industries account for about a third of the gross social product and production fixed assets.
Agro-industrial complex (AIC)
The set of branches of the national economy, interconnected technologically, economically and organizationally. The main goal of their joint activity is to provide the population with food products and goods produced from agricultural raw materials.
The activity of the agro-industrial complex is provided by the production infrastructure - transport, communications, material and technical supply, energy and water supply, in total about 80 industries.
The agro-industrial complex is based on 3 areas of activity:
fund-forming industries
directly agriculture;
branches for the processing of agricultural raw materials.
The structure of the agro-industrial complex is shown in the diagram.
With the development of scientific, technical and social progress, the role of fund-forming and processing industries is gradually increasing. This is due to an increase in food consumption. Modern technological capabilities make it possible to process the main types of agricultural raw materials as much as possible.
The efficiency of the agro-industrial complex enterprises depends on the internal balance of industries in terms of areas of activity. Unfortunately, at present, the development of the agro-industrial complex is characterized by a number of imbalances. So, agricultural sector is still insufficiently provided with the means of production. In agricultural production, the share of manual labor is still high, about 70% of technological operations are performed manually, tractors and agricultural machines are not provided with a sufficient set of trailed and mounted implements, and there is not enough small-sized equipment. This situation is deteriorating due to the transition to market relations, a reduction in production volumes, and delayed financing of agriculture.
The development of the processing industry is constrained by the lack of modern packaging, refrigeration equipment, and a network of storage facilities. All this leads to huge losses of agricultural products.
In order to balance the work of agricultural enterprises, it is necessary to increase the return on fund-forming industries and industries for the processing of agricultural products. In addition, it is necessary to develop an optimal organizational structure for managing agro-industrial production.
The main interrelated stages of agro-industrial production technology are presented in the diagram.
Scheme. Agro-industrial production technology
At each stage of agro-industrial production, specific technologies are used. So, in the production of agricultural products, intensive technologies of farming and animal husbandry are used, which make it possible to consistently obtain high results with the help of selection work, mechanization and automation of labor, the use of organic and mineral fertilizers.
Plant protection technology includes a set of measures:
agrotechnical (pre-sowing, post-sowing, post-harvest tillage);
chemical (seed dressing, spraying of crops with pesticides, disinfection of storage facilities);
biological (use of biological preparations, bacterial baits, beneficial insects).
Depending on the characteristics of an agricultural product, the following processing industries (technologies) are distinguished as independent:
flour and elevator;
bakery;
macaroni and cereal;
dairy, meat and cheese making;
production of meat products;
production of fish products;
sugar production;
confectionery;
microbiological, etc.
The sale of agricultural products can also be carried out in various ways (sale to the state, sale on the market, barter exchange, etc.).
In a market economy, along with collective farms (collective farms, state farms), farmers and peasant farms, limited liability companies, closed and open joint stock companies, etc. are beginning to actively participate. All of them produce products in conditions of intense competition.
Specific features of agriculture
In agriculture, the same general economic laws apply as in other sectors. National economy... However, they manifest themselves taking into account the specific features of the industry.
Specific features of agriculture
The land is the main means of production. The earth does not wear out, and if used correctly, it improves its quality parameters.
Living organisms, such as animals and plants, which develop on the basis of biological laws, act as means of production.
The production of agricultural products is carried out on huge areas and is dispersed in various climatic zones... The end results are highly dependent on the conditions in which the production takes place.
The territorial distribution of agricultural production is associated with a large volume of transportation of manufactured products, equipment and material resources.
Products created in agriculture take part in the further production process as means of production (seeds, planting material, feed, livestock for the restoration and expansion of the herd of animals).
The working period does not coincide with the period of agricultural production. The period of production consists of the time when it is performed under the influence of human labor and when it is carried out directly under the influence of natural factors
Seasonality of agricultural production
Division of labor and specialization of production are manifested in a different way,
than in industry and other sectors of the national economy. For the rational use of resources, it is necessary to achieve an optimal combination of crop growing industries with livestock industries and the development of subsidiary industries and crafts.
The implements of production (machines, combines, agricultural machinery) are moving, and the objects of labor (plants) are in one place. The need for energy resources is much higher than in industry.
The employee does not have a permanent job
Links between agriculture and other branches of the agro-industrial complex (AIC). Food subcomplexes
At present, agriculture cannot be considered in isolation from other industries that make up the agro-industrial complex (AIC). The latter is a set of sectors of the national economy associated with the development of agriculture, servicing its production and bringing agricultural products to the consumer. As part of the agro-industrial complex, it is usually customary to distinguish 4 main areas:
The first is the production of means of production for the entire agro-industrial complex.
The second is agriculture itself.
The third is the industrial processing of agricultural products, as well as their procurement and sale.
The fourth is production and social infrastructure.
The effective functioning of the entire agro-industrial complex depends not only on the activities of agriculture, but also on the quality of work of all links involved in bringing the final product to the consumer. The cost of the final product of the agro-industrial complex (CK) consists of the mass of the net product created in agriculture (NPV) and a part of the net product of the food (light) industry (PE), as well as the branches of the sphere of circulation, transport and communications (NPT):
Ck = Chp + Chp + Chp
The result of cross-sectoral integration in the agro-industrial complex is the formation of product sub-complexes. The totality of product sub-complexes forms a vertical cut of the organizational structure of the agro-industrial complex, in which its overall goal is differentiated according to the main leading verticals. Allocation of food sub-complexes in the structure of the agro-industrial complex makes it possible to identify imbalances, apply a program-targeted approach to investment policy and management, based on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the final product of each sub-complex.
Any product sub-complex is a set of enterprises and organizations, both for the production of raw materials and the receipt of finished products, and the industries serving the sub-complex. That is, the grocery subcomplex includes industries for the production of appropriate agricultural products (including selection and seed production, breeding of highly productive livestock breeds, etc.), production of equipment and other means of production, technology development, scientific research, procurement, storage, transportation, processing and sale of products of a specific industry.
In accordance with the product structure, the formation of food sub-complexes is carried out, the main of which are: grain products, potato products, fruits and vegetables, meat products, dairy products. Let's consider them in more detail.
Grain product subcomplex
In modern conditions, the Russian Federation is one of the largest grain-producing countries, ranking sixth in terms of population and fourth in the world in terms of grain production. The sown area for grain crops is more than 50% of all sown areas.
Grain is a universal food raw material and basic agricultural product. Increasing grain production is of decisive importance for the advancement of all branches of agriculture. This is determined by the multilateral ties of the grain product sub-complex with adjacent sectors of agriculture and industry.
Potato product subcomplex
Potatoes are an everyday and affordable food product for the majority of the population, a source of relatively cheap carbohydrates in the diet, a widespread feed for animals, and an irreplaceable raw material for the food and processing industry. Potatoes are an important technical raw material for the production of starch and alcohol. Potato processing products are used in food, meat and dairy, pharmaceutical, textile, leather and other industries.
Potatoes are grown everywhere, mainly in suburban areas, as they are not easily portable crops and require well-equipped special storage facilities. Largest areas potato planting is concentrated in the Central, Central Black Earth, Volgo-Vyatka, Ural economic regions... Potato shortage is observed in the northern, eastern and southern regions of the country, which are regions with limited opportunities for the development of potato growing. Providing the population of these regions with potatoes requires additional expenditures of material and monetary funds for the transportation, storage and procurement of these products.
The main directions for increasing the efficiency of potato production are increasing the yield of tubers, the introduction of high-yielding varieties, the use of comprehensive mechanization of cultivation and harvesting, the improvement of storage technology and the sale of products, the choice of ways and channels for the sale of products.
Vegetable and vegetable canning subcomplex
If products from grain and potatoes are of the most important energy value for the nutrition of the population, then vegetables and fruits are indispensable dietary products containing vitamins, useful minerals and easily digestible carbohydrates. An increase in the production of fruits and vegetables has been achieved at the present time at the expense of personal subsidiary plots of the population, collective gardening and horticulture. In the future, it is planned to increase the production of fruits and vegetables in open and protected ground, mainly due to large specialized farms of various forms of ownership (by the example of the Moscow and Leningrad regions). It is advisable to import into Russia only those vegetables, the production of which is impossible in the country.
The development of the vegetable and vegetable canning subcomplex takes place taking into account its organizational and production structure and technological ties. These ties are provided by contractual relations between enterprises and organizations that purchase products, form consignments and flows, and also ensure the promotion of products from manufacturer to consumer. For a year-round supply of fruits and vegetables to the population, it is necessary to develop a marketing infrastructure that ensures effective promotion of goods from producer to consumer, create conditions for the integration of agriculture with industry and trade.
Fruit and vegetable products are perishable and hardly transportable, which is associated with the peculiarities of the biochemical structure of vegetable and fruit crops, the presence of a large amount of water in their composition. For this reason, the transportation of fresh produce over long distances is very difficult and the processing of vegetables should be developed in places where they are grown. The main vegetable crop is cabbage, and tomatoes, cucumbers, peppers are consumed mainly in canned form. The largest processing capacities for fruits and vegetables are concentrated in the Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories, and the Volgograd Region. Almost all fruit and vegetable products are used for personal consumption fresh, and only 7-8% are processed.
Dairy subcomplex
The task of the subcomplex is to provide the population of the country with milk and its processed products; without them, it is impossible to provide a high level of nutrition. The dairy subcomplex includes: dairy cattle breeding, fodder production, primary milk processing, milk processing in industrial conditions, transportation and sale of products.
By its structure, the dairy subcomplex consists of two main interrelated elements - livestock farms and processing enterprises, which are directly dependent on the country's food market (demand for dairy products and their supply).
Meat subcomplex
Meat is the main source of essential protein in the diet of the population. Livestock raising provides valuable raw materials for industry, and the development of livestock industries makes it possible to productively use labor and material resources in agriculture throughout the year.
The modern production process of bringing meat and meat products to the end consumer is ensured by the interaction of several economically isolated links - agriculture, procurement, storage and processing, wholesale and retail trade. The unity of these links and the integrity of the production process are realized through economic relationships.
