Metallurgical complex is a set of industries covering all stages of technological processes: from the extraction and processing of raw materials to the production of products in the form of ferrous and non-ferrous metals and their alloys. It includes ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. 90% of all metals used in modern production are ferrous metals, i.e. iron and alloys obtained on its basis. However, the total number of non-ferrous metals is much larger (there are more than 70 types), they have more valuable properties. Non-ferrous metallurgy is of great importance for industries that ensure the development of scientific and technological progress in the national economy.
The metallurgical complex is an interdependent combination of the following technological processes:
Extraction and preparation of raw materials for processing (extraction, enrichment, agglomeration, obtaining the necessary concentrates, etc.);
Metallurgical redistribution - the main technological process with the production of cast iron, steel, rolled ferrous and non-ferrous metals, pipes, etc .;
Alloy production;
Disposal of waste from the main production and the receipt of secondary products from them.
Depending on the combination of these technological processes, the following types of production in the metallurgical complex are distinguished:
1) production of a full cycle, which are represented, as a rule, by factories, in which all the named stages of the technological process operate simultaneously;
2) production of an incomplete cycle - these are enterprises in which not all stages of the technological process are carried out, for example, in ferrous metallurgy only steel or rolled products are produced, but there is no production of pig iron, or only rolled products are produced. The incomplete cycle also includes the electrothermy of ferroalloys, electrometallurgy, etc.
Partial-cycle enterprises, or "small-scale metallurgy", are called processing plants, represented as separate subdivisions for the production of foundry iron, steel or rolled products as part of large machine-building enterprises of the country.
The location of metallurgical plants is greatly influenced by:
Features of the used raw materials (ore);
The type of energy used to obtain metal;
Geography of raw materials and energy sources;
Provision of the territory with transport routes.
There are some differences in the location of enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. Non-ferrous metal ores have a lower metal content; therefore, non-ferrous metallurgy, especially the production of heavy metals, focuses mainly on raw materials. The production of light metals requires a lot of electricity and water. Therefore, the enterprises that smelt them, as a rule, are concentrated near large hydroelectric power plants.
V territorial structure National economy In Russia, the metallurgical complex is of regional and complex-forming importance. Modern large metallurgical enterprises, by the nature of their internal technological ties, are metallurgical and energy-chemical plants. Combination - it is a combination in one enterprise of several interconnected in the technological process of production, sometimes belonging to different industries.
In addition to the main production, metallurgical enterprises create production based on the utilization of various kinds of secondary resources, raw materials and materials (sulfuric acid production, heavy organic synthesis for the production of benzene, ammonia and other chemical products, production of building materials - cement, block products, as well as phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers, etc.).
Ferrous metallurgy... The ferrous metallurgy of Russia includes enterprises and organizations for the extraction and processing of ore and non-metallic materials; the production of cast iron, steel, rolled products, pipes, hardware, ferroalloys, refractories, coke, a number of types of chemical products; procurement and processing of scrap and waste of ferrous metals; repair of mechanical and power equipment; transportation of intra-plant cargo, as well as scientific and design organizations.
The peculiarity of the industry is the relatively tight binding of enterprises with a full metallurgical cycle to sources of raw materials or metal consumption centers. Industry enterprises are located in 20 regions Russian Federation, of which the top ten includes Vologda, Chelyabinsk, Lipetsk, Sverdlovsk, Belgorod, Kemerovo, Kursk, etc. More than 70% of enterprises are city-forming and significantly affect the economy and social stability of the regions.
The basis of ferrous metallurgy is metallurgical redistribution: cast iron - steel - rolled products. The rest of the production is related, accompanying: the extraction and processing of ores (iron, manganese, chromite), coal coking (almost entirely carried out at metallurgical plants), the extraction of auxiliary materials (flux limestone, magnesite), the production of refractories, the production of metal products for industrial purposes (hardware ).
The raw material base of the industry consists of: iron ore products, nonmetallic materials and refractories, coking coal, scrap and waste of ferrous metals. Russia - largest manufacturer and consumer of commodity iron ore.
Ferrous metallurgy has the following features of the raw material base:
The raw material is characterized by a relatively high content of the useful component from 17% in siderite ores to 53-55% in magnetite iron ores;
A variety of raw materials in terms of species, which makes it possible to use a variety of technology and obtain metal with a wide variety of properties;
Various mining conditions (both mine and open-pit, which account for up to 80% of all raw materials mined in ferrous metallurgy);
Use of complex ores.
More than 70% of the proven reserves and about 80% of the inferred resources of iron ores are concentrated in the European part of the country. The metallurgical enterprises of the Urals, Siberia and the Far East, which have 65% of all production capacities, experience an acute shortage of local commercial iron ores.
The enterprises of the Belgorod and Kursk regions provide more than 50% of ore production in the country, and the iron ore deposits of the northern region - enterprises of the Murmansk region and the Republic of Karelia - up to 25%. The main volume of consumption falls on the regions of the Urals and Siberia.
There are three options for the placement of full-cycle ferrous metallurgy enterprises, gravitating either to sources of raw materials (Ural, Center), or to sources of fuel (Kuzbass), or located between them (Cherepovets). These options determine the choice of the area and place of construction, the availability of water supply sources and auxiliary materials.
Currently, the main method of steel smelting is open-hearth furnace. BOF and electric arc furnaces account for about 30% of total production.
Electro Iron and Steel Works for the production of steel from metallized pellets obtained by the method of direct reduction of iron, the Oskol electrometallurgical plant operates in Stary Oskol.
A group of metallurgical enterprises using common ore or fuel resources and providing the basic needs of the country's economy in metal is called metallurgical base. There are three main metallurgical bases on the territory of Russia: Central, Ural and Siberian. Each of them has its own characteristics in terms of supply of raw materials, fuel, electricity, set and capacity of production; they differ in the structure and specialization of production, the capacity of its organization.
Metallurgical bases of Russia. One of the peculiarities of the location of metallurgical enterprises is unevenness, as a result of which metallurgical complexes are located in "bunches".
Ural metallurgical base is the largest in Russia and is second only to the southern metallurgical base of Ukraine within the CIS in terms of ferrous metals production. On the scale of Russia, it also ranks first in the production of non-ferrous metals. The share of the Ural metallurgy accounts for 52% of pig iron, 56% of steel and more than 52% of rolled ferrous metals from the volumes produced on the scale of the former USSR. She is the oldest in Russia. The Urals uses imported coal from Kuznetsk. Our own iron ore base is depleted, so a significant part of the raw materials is imported from Kazakhstan (Sokolovsko-Sarbaiskoe deposit), from the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA) and Karelia. The development of its own iron ore base was associated with the development of the Kachkanar deposit of titanomagnetites ( Sverdlovsk region) and the Bakal siderite deposit ( Chelyabinsk region), which account for more than half of the region's iron ore reserves. The largest enterprises for their extraction are the Kachkanar Mining and Processing Plant (GOK) and the Bakalskoye Ore Administration. The largest centers of ferrous metallurgy were formed in the Urals: Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Nizhniy Tagil, Yekaterinburg, Serov, Zlatoust, etc. At present, 2/3 of iron and steel smelting falls on the Chelyabinsk and Orenburg regions. The metallurgy of the Urals is characterized by a high level of concentration of production; a special place is occupied by the Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Combine. It is the largest iron and steel smelter not only in Russia, but also in Europe.
The Urals is one of the main regions for the production of steel pipes for oil and gas pipelines; the largest enterprises are located in Chelyabinsk, Pervouralsk, Kamensk-Uralsk.
Central metallurgical base - an area of intensive development of ferrous metallurgy, where the largest reserves of iron ore are concentrated. The development of ferrous metallurgy is based on the use largest deposits iron ores of KMA, as well as metallurgical scrap and imported coking coals - Donetsk, Pechora and Kuznetsk.
The intensive development of metallurgy in the Center is associated with the relatively cheap extraction of iron ores. Almost all of the ore is mined in the open pit. Large explored and exploited deposits of the KMA are located in the Kursk and Belgorod regions (Mikhailovskoye, Lebedinskoye, Stoilenskoye, Yakovlevskoye, etc.). The cost per 1 ton of iron in commercial ore is almost half lower than in Kryvyi Rih ore (Ukraine), and lower than in Karelian and Kazakhstani ores. In general, the extraction of crude ore is about 80 million tons, i.e. 40% of Russian production.
The central metallurgical base includes large enterprises of the complete metallurgical cycle: Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant (Lipetsk) and Novotulsky Plant (Tula), Svobodny Sokol Metallurgical Plant (Lipetsk), Elektrostal near Moscow (high-quality conversion metallurgy). Small-scale metallurgy is developed at large machine-building enterprises. The Oskol electrometallurgical plant for direct reduction of iron (Belgorod region) operates. Lebedinsky, Stoilensky and Mikhailovsky mining and processing plants (GOKi) are located on the territory of the Central Black Earth Economic Region.
The zone of influence and territorial ties of the Center also includes metallurgy of the North of the European part of Russia, which accounts for more than 5% of the balance reserves of iron ores of the Russian Federation and over 21% of iron ore production. Quite large enterprises operate here: the Cherepovets metallurgical plant (Vologda region), the Olenegorsk and Kovdor mining and processing plants ( Murmansk region), Kostomuksha GOK (Karelia). The ores of the North, with a low iron content (28-32%), are well enriched, have almost no harmful impurities, which makes it possible to obtain high-quality metal.
Metallurgical base of Siberia is in the process of formation. Siberia and the Far East account for about a fifth of pig iron and finished rolled products produced in Russia and 15% of steel. Siberia and the Far East account for 21% of all-Russian reserves. The basis for the formation of the Siberian metallurgical base is the iron ore of Gornaya Shoria, Khakassia, the Angara-Ilim iron ore basin, and the fuel base is the Kuznetsk coal basin. Modern production is represented by two large enterprises of ferrous metallurgy: the Kuznetsk metallurgical plant (with full-cycle production) and the West Siberian plant, as well as a ferroalloy plant (Novokuznetsk). Converting metallurgy was also developed, represented by several conversion plants (Novosibirsk, Guryevsk, Krasnoyarsk, Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky, Komsomolsk-on-Amur). The mining industry is carried out by several mining and processing enterprises located on the territory of Kuzbass, in Gornaya Shoria, Khakassia (Western Siberia) and Korshunovsky GOK in Eastern Siberia.
The ferrous metallurgy of Siberia and the Far East has not yet completed its formation. Therefore, on the basis of effective raw materials and fuel resources, it is possible in the future to create new centers, in particular the Taishet plant on Kuznetsk coals and Angara-Ilimsk ores, as well as Barnaul ( Altai region) a metallurgical plant. On Far East The prospects for the development of ferrous metallurgy are associated with the formation of the South Yakutsk TPK, which will include the creation of full-cycle enterprises.
90% in the production of finished rolled products belongs to the following metallurgical companies: OJSC MMK (Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Plant), OJSC Severstal (Cherepovets), OJSC NLMK (Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant), OJSC Nizhny Tagil Metallurgical Plant, OJSC Nosta, OJSC Novokuznetsk metallurgical plant», JSC ZSMK, JSC OEMK.
The iron ore base of the country is represented by the following enterprises. In the north-west of the country: Olenegorskiy GOK OJSC, Kovodorskiy GOK OJSC and Karelsky Okatysh OJSC. They fully meet the needs of JSC Severstal in iron ore raw materials.
Mining and processing plants of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly operate in the Central District: JSC Lebedinsky GOK, JSC Stoilensky GOK, JSC Mikhailovsky GOK and JSC KMA-ruda. They meet the needs of Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant OJSC, Oskol Electrometallurgical Plant OJSC, and partially the Ural and Siberian metallurgical plants. Due to the lack of iron ore raw materials in the Urals and Siberia, to cover the deficit, the development of the Yakovlevskoye deposit in the Belgorod region is being carried out.
In the Urals, the largest is OJSC Kachkanarsky GOK, whose iron ore products are mainly used by the Nizhniy Tagil Metallurgical Plant. The rest of the local mines - Bogoslovsky, Magnitorsky, Vysokogorsky, Bakalsky, Goroblagodsky, Beloretsky, Pervouralsky and Zlatoustovsky - have a small capacity.
OJSC "Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Plant" is supplied with iron ore products from the Sokolovsko-Sarbaisky iron ore deposit (Kazakhstan). By purchasing products in the central region, MMK reduces the profitability of its products.
Mechel OAO (Chelyabinsk) is partially supplied with local raw materials (Bakalskoye deposit), the rest of the raw materials are imported from the Central District. A similar situation is at the Orsk-Khalilovskiy metallurgical plant (OJSC “Nosta”).
A tense balance of iron ore raw materials has developed in Siberia (for the Kuznetsk and West Siberian metallurgical plants). The local base - OJSC Korshunovskiy GOK and OJSC Sibruda - has limited capacities and practically does not develop due to lack of funding.
Non-ferrous metallurgy... Non-ferrous metals, according to their physical properties and purpose, are divided into several groups:
Heavy - copper, lead, zinc, tin, nickel;
Lungs - aluminum, magnesium, titanium, lithium, etc.;
Small ones - bismuth, cadmium, antimony, arsenic, cobalt, mercury;
Alloying - tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum, niobium, vanadium;
Noble ones - gold, silver, platinum and platinoids;
Rare and scattered - zirconium, gallium, indium, thallium, germanium, selenium, etc.
Non-ferrous metallurgy in Russia produces about 70 different types of metals. Such full set three countries of the world have production facilities - the USA, Germany, Japan.
Features of the raw material base of non-ferrous metallurgy:
The content of useful components in raw materials is extremely low in quantitative terms (copper - from 1 to 5%, lead-zinc - from 1.5 to 5.5%, etc.). That is, to obtain 1 ton of copper, at least 100 tons of ore must be processed;
Exceptional multicomponent raw materials (for example, the Ural pyrites contain copper, iron, sulfur, gold, cadmium, silver, etc., up to 30 elements in total);
High fuel and energy consumption of raw materials during their processing.
A feature of non-ferrous metallurgy is the high energy consumption of raw materials in the process of their preparation for metallurgical redistribution and processing. In this regard, a distinction is made between fuel and electricity-intensive production. High fuel capacity is typical, for example, for the production of nickel, alumina from nepheline, blister copper. The production of aluminum, magnesium, calcium, titanium, etc. is distinguished by an increased electrical capacity. In general, the share of fuel and energy costs in the industry is from 10 to 50-65% of the total costs per 1 ton of manufactured products. This feature of production determines the location of non-ferrous metallurgy industries in regions with the highest electricity supply.
The Urals are the oldest regions in Russia for the production of non-ferrous metals, especially copper, aluminum, zinc, nickel, cobalt, lead, gold and many rare metals. Currently, there are 11 copper industry enterprises in the Urals. Among these enterprises, the largest ones should be distinguished: the Bashkir and Uchalinsky mining and processing plants and the Buribaevsky mining administration (Bashkortostan), the Kyshtym copper electrolytic plant (Chelyabinsk region), the Krasnouralsky and Kirovograd copper smelting plants, the Degtyarskoe mining administration, the Sredneuralny plant region), Gaysky GOK and Mednogorsky copper-sulfuric plant (Orenburg region).
The Ural enterprises produce almost 43% of refined copper, about 65% of zinc in concentrate from their total production in Russia, as well as a significant amount of gold, silver, rare and trace metals.
Nonferrous metallurgy is developed in the Northern and North-Western regions, where nepheline, bauxite, titanium and copper-nickel ores are mined and enriched. Aluminum plants are located in Kandalaksha, Nadvoitsy, Boksitogorsk, copper smelter - in Monchegorsk, nickel - in Nickel.
Eastern Siberia and especially the Far East are distinguished by a high level of development of non-ferrous metallurgy. It is one of the most important industries in the Far East. The economic region produces the bulk of the all-Russian mining of tin ores, gold, lead-zinc ores, tungsten, and mercury. The aluminum industry is developing especially rapidly in the eastern regions of Russia. The most important centers: Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Bratsk, Sayansk, Shelikhovskiy aluminum plants, where the production of alumina, metallic aluminum, non-ferrous and light aluminum is carried out. Alumina production is being set up in Achinsk.
A lead-zinc industry has been created with a focus on the raw material and fuel base: Kuzbass - Salair, Transbaikalia - Nerchinsk, the Far East - Dalnegorsk, etc. The tin industry is developed: Sherlovogorsk, Khrustalnensky, Solnechny GOK.
The Norilsk Mining and Metallurgical Combine is a major center of metallurgy.
Problems and prospects for the development of the metallurgical complex. With the collapse of the USSR, the unified system of interacting metallurgical bases ceased to exist. The rupture of the existing ties in terms of raw materials, metal assortment led to the fact that in a number of regions of Russia, primarily in Siberia and the Far East, the metal deficit has increased significantly. The main problem of the domestic metallurgy today is technical re-equipment. Its solution requires replacing the old open-hearth method of steel production with new ones - oxygen-converter and electric smelting. On the basis of their application, the quality of the produced metal is dramatically improved. The use of huge stocks of scrap metal requires the construction of new types of metallurgical enterprises (mini-factories). They serve small areas, use modern technology to produce metal High Quality with minimal negative impacts on environment... According to statistics, annually the metallurgical complex emits into the atmosphere up to 10 million tons of harmful substances, including 80% of all emissions are lead. Blast-furnace and open-hearth production, as well as coke chemistry, are considered especially harmful.
Chemical forestry complex.
The chemical complex includes: chemical, petrochemical and microbiological industries. Chemical and petrochemical industry has a close relationship with many sectors of the ENHK RF, receiving from various sectors of the country primary and secondary raw materials, and in return they supply finished products.
As part of the chemical industry, there are: 1) the mining and chemical industry (extraction of chemical raw materials), 2) basic chemistry (production of salts, acids, alkalis, mineral fertilizers), 3) organic synthesis chemistry (production of the initial products of organic synthesis: acids, alcohols), 4 ) production polymer materials(synthetic resins and plastics, chemical fibers, synthetic rubber, etc.). When processing polymeric materials, tires, rubber-technical products and so on are obtained. The chemical industry also includes 5) the industry of chemical reagents and highly pure substances, 6) varnishes and paints, 7) household chemicals.
However, a number of industries and industries in our country are not classified as the chemical industry (in comparison with the classification of chemical industries in foreign countries). For example, by-product coke production is a part of metallurgical industry; the oil shale chemical industry - into the fuel industry; wood chemical production - in the pulp and paper industry. In the classification of industries, prom. as separate industries are petrochemistry, microbiology, pharmaceutical and perfumery and cosmetic industries
The concentration of chem. prom. has a significant impact: the low prevalence of some types of raw materials, their complex use, the combination of production and the development of technology.
Placement principles - bringing production closer to sources of raw materials, fuel and energy resources and areas of consumption; rational division of labor and integrated development of regional economies.
Factors - the prevailing placement of chemical. industry; the level of development of scientific and technological progress; economic development district; placement of raw materials and fuel and energy base; transport support; labor resources; consumer factor; environmental factor.
Sulfuric acid industry.
Sulfuric acid is one of the most important chemicals. products that are used in the production of mineral fertilizers, in metallurgy, textile, food and oil refining industries, factories for its production are located only in consumption areas, since sulfuric acid is not easily transportable. Often, its production is combined with the main production of other products based on the use of metallurgical waste (at the Sredneuralsk copper smelter (Revda, Sverdlovsk region), Chelyabinsk zinc, Volkhov aluminum plants (Leningrad region), etc.) The most important enterprises of this industry are also in the Central region: Shelkovo, Novomoskovsk, Voskresensk, in Volgo-Vyatka region: Dzerzhinsk (Chernorechensky plant), in the Urals - in Berezniki and Perm. Most of the sulfuric acid produced is used in the production of mineral fertilizers (mainly phosphoric and complex).
Soda industry. In our country there is natural deposits rock (table) salt. Salt is a raw material for the production of soda (drinking, soda ash, caustic) and chlorine, which are widely used both in the chemical and other industries. (glass, pulp and paper, textile, metallurgical, etc.). The deposit of natural (natural) soda in Russia (Mikhailovskoye) is located in the Altai Territory. The most important enterprises of the soda industry. are located in the Perm region (Bereznikovsky plant), in Bashkiria (Sterlitamak plant), in the Altai Territory (Mikhailovsky soda plant).
Production of mineral fertilizers(phosphate, potash and nitrogen) is an important chemical industry. prom. our country.
For production phosphate (phosphorus) fertilizers(single and double superphosphate) two types of natural raw materials are used - phosphorites and apatites. The latter are of better quality raw materials. Most of the factories in Russia producing phosphate fertilizers, works on the Khibiny apatites of the Kola Peninsula. This leads to the transportation of a huge amount of raw materials, but these apatites, even for Siberia, are a better raw material than local phosphorites. Enterprises that use phosphorites as raw materials and produce phosphorite flour are located in places where this type of mineral is mined. The largest enterprises in the superphosphate industry. there are factories in Voskresensk (Moscow Region), St. Petersburg, Kingisepp (Leningrad Region).
Production potash fertilizers(95% - potassium chloride, as well as potassium magnesia and potassium sulfate) is usually located near the deposits of potassium salts, since it does not require large consumption of fuel and electricity. Thus, the plants in Solikamsk and Berezniki operate on the potassium salts of the Verkhnekamskoye deposit (Perm region).
The main raw material for production nitrogen fertilizers(ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, urea or carbamide) has now become natural gas, which serves as the main source of the starting material for their production - ammonia. This type of fertilizer is most needed by plants. In Russia, enterprises for the production nitrogen fertilizers are located near gas fields or combined with full-cycle coke-chemical and ferrous metallurgy enterprises. New enterprises for the production of nitrogen fertilizers are also located along the routes of the main gas pipelines. The largest enterprises in the industry are located in Dzerzhinsk (near Nizhny Novgorod), Berezniki, Novomoskovsk (Tula Region), Nevinnomyssk (Stavropol Territory), Kemerovo.
Also produce complex fertilizers: complex (which are obtained as a result of chemical interaction of raw materials and reagents) and mixed (which are obtained by mechanical mixing of different types of fertilizers). The most famous of them are ammophos, nitrophos, carboammophos.
In recent years, an increasing role has begun to play chem. organic synthesis. It produces a huge amount of organic compounds from raw materials containing hydrocarbons (oil, natural gas, coal) by synthesizing them.
Basic organic synthesis includes the production of alcohols, organic acids, solvents. Followed by production of organic synthesis products: plastics, resins, chem. fibers, etc. and processing of polymeric materials(production of rubber, synthetic rubber, tires).
Specificity organic synthesis emphasizes the expediency of placing all its stages - from the extraction of hydrocarbons to the production of finished products on the same territory. And only the final stages of organic synthesis gravitate towards the consumer - the centers of mechanical engineering (this is the production of plastics, synthetic rubber, rubber) and the main centers of the textile industry. (production of chemical fibers).
Factories for the production of plastics built in P. (Kazan, Volgograd), at U (Nizhny Tagil, Ufa, Salavat, Yekaterinburg), in Western Siberia(Tyumen, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk), in the NC (Grozny), in the CER (Moscow, Vladimir, Orekhovo-Zuevo), in the NW (St. Petersburg). When working out artificial and synthetic fibers a large amount of raw materials and supplies, fuel and water are consumed. These factors determine the location of enterprises in the industry. Chemical plants are located in Tver, Ryazan, Balakovo ( Saratov region.), Barnaul, Kursk, Engels, Volzhsky, Krasnoyarsk and other cities
Synthetic rubber and rubber products find wide application in all sectors of the national economy. There are complexes of interdependent industries: oil refining - synthetic rubber - tire production (Omsk, Yaroslavl); hydrolysis of wood - synthetic rubber - tire production (Krasnoyarsk). The enterprises of the industry are located in Severny (Arkhangelsk), Central (Yaroslavl, Efremov, Tula region), Central Chernozem (Voronezh), Povolzhsky (Volgograd, Saratov, Samara, Tolyatti), Uralsky (Sterlitamak, Ufa, Orsk, Perm), Zapadno Siberian (Omsk), East Siberian (Krasnoyarsk), etc. In the future, this industry has the potential for further development, increasing capacity in the eastern regions of Russia.
You can give a list of reasons that had a negative impact on the work of chemical. complex of Russia in recent years This is a significant decrease in demand for the industry's products in the main consumer sectors - in mechanical engineering, light, pulp and paper and other industries, as well as in agriculture. The rupture of production and technological ties between chemical enterprises also affected. prom. in rep. former USSR... But the main reason is the forced transition to market relations without the necessary preparation, regardless of the economic and social consequences.
Meaning timber industry determine colossal timber reserves and a wide territorial distribution of forest resources. Forest areas in Russia amount to 766 million hectares, more than in the USA, Canada, Sweden and Norway combined. Wood stocks are also huge. More than half of the world's coniferous species, which are more valuable than deciduous species, are concentrated in forests.
When placing branches of the forestry industry. it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of forestry production, the principles and factors of location, the types of timber-processing regions, the qualitative aspect of the base, its prospects, the tasks facing the complex. Accommodation factors: raw, geographical position district, presence labor resources, trans. network, consumer. Accommodation principles: complexity, approach to logging areas, continuity and inexhaustibility of forest resources, rational use.
Forest resources are rather unevenly distributed over the territory. our country. Commercial forests are located mainly in Siberia, in the Far East and in the north of the European part of the Russian Federation (in remote areas, often far from communication routes). In the European part of the Russian Federation, about 75% of all timber is consumed. Therefore, meeting the needs for wood material depends to a very large extent on the eastern regions. There has been a shift in logging towards multi-forest (forest surplus) areas. The northern region, the Urals and Siberia currently provide 75% of commercial timber (forest resources of the European part of Russia are also exploited very intensively).
The main consumer of industrial timber is sawmill, which serves as a base for further processing of wood raw materials. Since the areas of timber harvesting are remote from the main areas of consumption, the transportation is carried out along railroad over ever greater distances. In addition to the railroad, river transport plays an important role in the transportation of timber cargo.
When harvesting wood, it is necessary to take into account such a feature of the forest industry as the high specific costs of raw materials for the manufacture of products and large industrial waste (up to 20% at the logging stage, up to 40% at the sawmilling stage and further, in the process of subsequent processing in furniture, match and other production).
In the regions of the country rich in forest resources, enterprises for the mechanical processing of wood are confined to the places where the railway approaches the timber floating tracks: Kotlas (Arkhangelsk region), Omsk, Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, etc .; are located in the lower reaches and estuaries of large floating rivers with access to the sea: Arkhangelsk, Mezen (Arkhangelsk Region), Naryan-Map, Igarka (Yenisei River, Krasnoyarsk Territory), etc., and are also located along the railway tracks along which it is transported forest (along the highways Murmansk - St. Petersburg, Arkhangelsk - Vologda, etc.). When locating sawmilling facilities far from raw material bases, points at the junctions of timber floating routes (rivers) and railways (for example, Samara, Saratov, Volgograd) also occupy the most advantageous position.
The role of the raw material factor is also great in the location of the pulp and paper industry. Historically, paper production originated in the Ts region of Russia. Later, as the transition to wood raw materials, it moved to other areas. Pulp and paper production differs, in addition to high material consumption, also in water capacity, that is, it is oriented towards the river as a route for transporting products and sources of water supply. Currently, the main central areas of this industry are located in the North. region - Kondopoga (Karelia), Arkhangelsk, Kotlas, Syktyvkar; in the Urals - Krasnokamsk, Krasnovishersk, Solikamsk (all in the Perm region); in the Volga-Vyatka region - Balakhna (Nizhny Novgorod region), Volzhsk (Mari El); in Pravdinsk, Kaliningrad region. Powerful factories have been created in Siberia and the Far East - Krasnoyarsk, Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Baikalsk (all three in the Irkutsk Region), Selenginsk (Buryatia).
In general, the further development of the logging industry. in Russia should be associated with the task of more complete use of forest resources with minimal damage to the environment.
Building complex
The construction complex includes the building materials industry and a wide network of various construction and design and survey organizations.
The building materials industry includes: the cement industry; precast concrete industry; lime production; gypsum; window glass; asbestos and others.
Location factors: natural and climatic conditions; availability of a raw material base; the amount of capital investment; the level of economic development of the region; availability of our own construction base and facilities in the region, etc.
Features of the complex affecting the location and development: availability of its own specialized material and technical base; complexity of development; isolation of industries within the complex; targeting to ensure the integrity of the complex; maneuverability of its individual types.
The building materials industry gravitates towards raw materials and consumer factors.
Mainly raw material orientation - cement, production of bricks, asbestos and slate products, glass, gypsum, lime, etc. Mainly consumer orientation: reinforced concrete products and concrete, soft roofing. The construction complex is a link in any TPK.
The main producers of cement at present. are (million tons): Belgorod and Bryansk regions. (the smallest reduction in production in the 90s - 88%) - 3.5-3, Sverdlovsk - 2.4, Moscow, Krasnodar, Volgograd, Leningradskaya, Mordovia, Saratov, Chelyabinsk - 2-1.5. Samara region - 0.2 million tons, 26th out of 35 regions.
Mechanical engineering.
Mechanical engineering is one of the leading sectors of the economy of our country, which consists of a large number of sub-sectors and industries. Enterprises in this sector are linked with each other and with enterprises in other sectors of the national economy.
The range of products manufactured by the Russian engineering industry is very diverse, which leads to a deep differentiation of its industries and significantly affects the location of production of certain types of products.
In Russia, mechanical engineering is one of the most widespread branches of industry in the territorial respect. However, in some regions it has a profiling significance, while in others its functions are limited mainly to meeting internal needs.
By the nature of the technological process, many branches of mechanical engineering tend to areas of high technical culture. At the same time, these regions are usually quite capacious consumers of finished products.
The coincidence of sources of raw materials with places of consumption of finished products is the best option for locating machine-building enterprises. In this case, transport costs for the transportation of metal, machinery and equipment are significantly reduced, conditions arise for establishing links between machine building and ferrous metallurgy. Machine-building plants are exempted from certain operations that are more characteristic of metallurgy, and metallurgical plants are given the opportunity to use machine-building waste and specialize in accordance with its needs.
With the territorial disunity of raw material bases and the main consumers of machinery and equipment, the regions of consumption have advantages. The fact is that in mechanical engineering, the consumption of raw materials per 1 ton of finished products is on average 1.3-1.5 tons, while the cost of transporting any machine is much higher than the cost of transporting the metal that was used for its production. Therefore, even metal-intensive industries that provide low-transportable products often gravitate towards the areas of consumption.
An analysis of the research carried out on the problems of the placement of individual branches of mechanical engineering showed that in solving their problems territorial organization there is still no unity either in the formulation of the problem, or in the methods of calculation and evaluation of efficiency, which complicates the search for a rational option for the location of machine building as a whole.
Economic science has many techniques for calculating the relative effectiveness of accommodation options. The main ones are:
Calculation for an analogous enterprise (the placed enterprise is taken as an analogue for all economic regions; this method is used to calculate the costs associated with the placement of an analogous enterprise for each economic region);
Calculation for a conditional representative (as a conditional representative, choose the type of product, the production of which prevails in the industry);
Calculation based on the actual technical and economic indicators of production (with this method, calculations are carried out for specific industries, and when assessing the effectiveness of their placement, more reliable results are obtained);
Determination based on optimization calculations (this method with the use of mathematical modeling allows you to simultaneously solve many problems of the territorial organization of production).
Among the factors influencing the location of engineering industries, a significant role belongs to the specialization and cooperation of production.
Specialization provides great opportunities for the use of highly efficient production equipment, as well as automation of production processes.
Specialization can be of the following types:
Detailed or detailed, which implies the release of individual parts or parts of a finished product;
Subject, i.e. responsible for the release of certain final types of products;
Technological - the production of semi-finished products (casting, various types of blanks) or the implementation of a separate operation and technological process.
Specialization is closely related to cooperation, which involves the participation of several enterprises in the production process of the finished product.
Mechanical engineering differs from other industries in a number of features that affect its geography.
Science intensity. The production of the most advanced and sophisticated equipment is concentrated in districts and centers with a highly developed scientific base: large research institutes, design bureaus, pilot plants in Moscow, St. Petersburg and Novosibirsk. An orientation towards scientific potential is a leading factor in the location of machine-building enterprises.
Labor intensity - these are high costs and high qualifications of the labor used. The production of machines is very time consuming. Therefore, many branches of mechanical engineering gravitate towards areas with a high concentration of the population. To develop new types of technology, not just human resources are needed, but highly qualified workers and engineering and technical personnel. High labor intensity is inherent in machine tool industry (Moscow), | aviation industry(Kazan, Samara), the production of devices and electronic equipment (Ulyanovsk, Novosibirsk).
Metal consumption. The machine-building complex consumes a significant part of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. In this regard, machine-building plants producing metal-intensive products (metallurgical, energy, mining equipment) are guided by metallurgical bases. Large heavy engineering plants are located in the Urals (Yekaterinburg).
Many branches of mechanical engineering are developing in areas with favorable economic and geographical location for organizing cooperation. For example, the automotive industry is in the European Center and the Volga region. Since the transportation of machines is usually carried out over long distances and in different directions, machine-building plants are located on major transport routes.
Some machine-building enterprises focus on consumers of their products, since their products are difficult to transport due to their heavy weight and large size. It is more profitable to produce them directly in the areas of consumption. For example, tractors for transporting timber are produced in Karelia (Petrozavodsk), combines for harvesting grain - in the North Caucasus (Rostov-on-Don, Taganrog).
Depending on the peculiarities of the interaction of such factors as material consumption, labor intensity and energy intensity, heavy, general and medium mechanical engineering are distinguished.
V last years the situation in the machine-building complex of Russia is characterized as a crisis. In the machine tool industry, 80% of enterprises have changed their profile. The output of metal-cutting machine tools fell to 30%, forge-and-press machines to 11%. The production of potato harvesters, fertilizer applicators, flax harvesting equipment, seeders, and tractor trailers has practically been completely stopped. Capacities for the production of tractors are used by 15%, grain harvesters - by 14%, trucks - by 27%, trolleybuses - by 20%, etc.
Machine-building enterprises have suffered the most from the severing of production ties with enterprises of the former union republics THE USSR. Compared to imported goods, the engineering products of our country are of lower quality and therefore uncompetitive in the world market.
Enterprises of this industry are widespread throughout Russia. But in some regions, mechanical engineering is of major importance, while in others, its functions are limited mainly to meeting internal needs for the industry's products. Sometimes it only complements the profile of those industrial complexes, the creation of which is obliged to use natural resources, for example, in Eastern Siberia... From the point of view of manufactured products, the peculiarities of the location of production and the technological process, the following sub-sectors are distinguished: heavy and power engineering, machine tool construction, transport (automotive, shipbuilding, etc.), agricultural engineering, tractor construction, instrument making, electronics and electrical engineering. The location of engineering enterprises is influenced by many factors. Among the main ones it is necessary to highlight: transport, availability of qualified labor resources, consumer, etc. For some branches of mechanical engineering, one of the named conditions is important, for others - a combination of several.
An extensive transport network, the availability of convenient highways is the first important condition, which to some extent is taken into account when placing all industries machine-building complex... The variety of raw materials and the design features of various types of machines determine production ties between machine-building plants, as well as enterprises of related industries that produce metal, plastic, rubber, fabrics, glass (cooperation). At the same time, detailed and subject specialization of various factories of the machine-building complex has been developed. It is impossible to carry out production ties without the development of transport and a transport network.
Mechanical engineering is characterized by a high labor intensity of the production process. The most labor-intensive are instrumentation, electronics and electrical engineering, as well as industries producing complex equipment (aerospace, nuclear engineering, etc.).
In addition, one of the conditions for the placement of modern mechanical engineering is the provision of qualified labor force, the presence of a certain level of productive culture, and for the latest industries - the corresponding centers of research and development.
Mechanical engineering enterprises. Manufacturing equipment for the extractive industries, agricultural machinery, machine tools, ships, cars, equipment for textile industry, are located mainly in the areas of product consumption. So, shipbuilding and ship repair are concentrated off the coast and on large rivers... In each region, such agricultural equipment is produced, which corresponds to the direction of agricultural production and natural conditions. But it is necessary to take into account the presence of a kind of raw material bases - the concentration of ferrous metallurgy enterprises that smelt metal for machine-building plants. So, the following branches of mechanical engineering are classified as metal-intensive (or material-intensive): production of mining and oil equipment, power engineering, as well as some types of transport engineering (for example, diesel locomotive construction). Hundreds of such enterprises have been built in the Urals, where one of the largest metallurgical bases in the country is located, and where several centers of heavy engineering were formed in Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Tagil, Chelyabinsk, Miass, Perm, etc.
Enterprises for the production of mining equipment are located in Prokopyevsk, Kiselevsk, Anzhero-Sudzhensk, Krasnoyarsk (near another metallurgical base - Siberian).
Power engineering enterprises manufacture steam boilers, powerful steam turbines and generators, hydro turbines, diesel engines, and electric motors. These are factories in Biysk, Barnaul, Taganrog, Belgorod, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk. A plant producing equipment for nuclear power plants operates in Volgodonsk (Rostov Region).
Heavy engineering refers to material-intensive industries with a large consumption of metal and relatively low labor intensity. Heavy engineering includes the production of metallurgical, mining, large-scale energy, lifting and transport equipment, heavy machine tools, large marine and river vessels, locomotives and wagons. The placement of heavy engineering primarily depends on the raw material base and areas of consumption.
For example, the production of metallurgical and mining equipment is located, as a rule, near metallurgical bases and in areas where finished products are consumed.
General engineering includes a group of industries characterized by average rates of consumption of metal, energy, low labor intensity. General engineering enterprises produce technological equipment for the oil refining, timber, pulp and paper, construction, light and food industries. As a rule, the enterprises of these industries are located in the areas where the products are consumed. However, factors such as the availability of qualified personnel and the proximity of the raw material base are also taken into account. The enterprises of this group are located throughout Russia.
Medium engineering unites enterprises with low metal consumption, but increased labor intensity and energy intensity - this is instrument making, the production of computer technology, the electrical industry. It is located where qualified personnel are available. It includes a group of machine-building enterprises that are distinguished by narrow specialization, broad connections for cooperative supplies: automobile, aircraft, machine-tool building (production of small and medium-sized metal-cutting machines), production of technological equipment for the food, light and printing industries.
Machine tool building. Machine-tool building is characterized by a more or less ubiquitous location of production, but most of the output is still in the Central, North-Western and Ural regions.
Metalworking. The production of metal products and blanks with a rather narrow specialization and mass-flow method of work is geographically located as follows: the production of metal products is close to consumers, and blanks - to the sources of raw materials (metallurgical bases).
Transport engineering includes the automotive industry, railway engineering, shipbuilding, aircraft construction. The domestic automobile industry produces cars, trucks, buses, trolleybuses. The first large enterprises in this industry were built in Moscow, Yaroslavl and Nizhny Novgorod.
Currently, cars are produced by factories in Nizhny Novgorod and Izhevsk, Miass and Ulyanovsk, Moscow and Togliatti, Vsevolzhsk and Taganrog. Bus factories are operating in Pavlovo (Nizhny Novgorod region), Likino-Dulyovo (Moscow region), a bus plant is being built with the participation of German firms in Golitsyno (Moscow region), the only trolleybus plant in the country is operating in Engels (Saratov region). Trucks are produced in Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Ulyanovsk, Naberezhnye Chelny, Miass. Along with this, there are specialized enterprises for the production of motors and diesels (Zavolzhye, Yaroslavl, Moscow, Kolomna, etc.).
In recent years, joint ventures have appeared; our enterprises assemble cars of foreign firms. For example, Izhmash JSC produces Korean brands, and AvtoVAZ (in Togliatti) is preparing to release the Astra model (Opel company) and others.
Locomotive and carriage building was developed in Russia at the beginning of the century. Large factories are located in Nizhny Novgorod, Kolomna, Bryansk, St. Petersburg, Ulan-Ude, Nizhny Tagil. Since 1957, the production of mainline steam locomotives was discontinued and the factories were transferred to the production of diesel and electric locomotives (Kolomna, Kaluga, Lyudinovo, Murom, Novocherkassk).
The cars are produced in Bryansk (isothermal), Mytishchi (subway cars), Nizhny Tagil (cars with increased carrying capacity), Tver (double-deck cars for car transportation), Abakan, Altaysk, St. Petersburg and Vyshny Volochyok, Ust-Katav.
Marine and river shipbuilding and ship repair are developed in the sea and river ports: St. Petersburg, Astrakhan, Nizhny Novgorod, Tyumen, Krasnoyarsk, Khabarovsk, Blagoveshchensk, Komsomlsk-on-Amur, Arkhangelsk (in Severodvinsk - nuclear submarines), Murmansk, Yaroslavl, Rybinsk, Zelenodolsk, etc.
The aircraft industry is represented in large industrial centers: Moscow, Kazan, Samara, Voronezh, Saratov, Smolensk, Rostov-on-Don, Taganrog, etc. The main factors of enterprises are the convenience of transport links and skilled labor.
Agricultural engineering and tractor engineering. The production of tractors, which began at the Putilov plant in St. Petersburg, was later organized in many cities, incl. in Chelyabinsk, Vladimir, Lipetsk, Cheboksary, Rubtsovsk, Novotroitsk, Petrozavodsk (tractors for skidding timber), etc. Tractor plants are located in the main agricultural areas or in geographic proximity to metallurgical bases.
Harvesters and other agricultural machinery are produced in almost all economic regions. Plants are located in Rostov-on-Don, Taganrog, Pyatigorsk, Syzran, Bezhetsk (Tver region), Voronezh, Krasnoyarsk, Omsk, Birobidzhan, Lyubertsy, Tula, Ryazan, etc. However, many enterprises are currently forced to mill and produce agricultural machinery ( for example, factories in Taganrog, Rostov-on-Don).
Precision engineering. The enterprises of the group for the production of precision machines, mechanisms and instruments (electronics and electrical engineering, instrument making), where the technological process requires skilled labor, are located in regions and centers of high technical culture - in large cities.
Light industry.
Light industry produces consumer goods mainly from agricultural raw materials. Depending on the characteristics of the product, it is divided into sub-sectors - textile, clothing, leather and footwear, fur industry. Light industry is highly labor intensive. Raw materials and consumer factors are also important in the location of enterprises. In 2002 at light industry accounted for 1.5% industrial production country.
Light industry is the industry with the strongest decline in production among all industries during the period of the 90s. The sharp decline is due to the fact that the products of domestic light industry in the conditions of foreign trade openness, it could not withstand competition with similar imported goods - cheaper or of better quality. The breakdown of ties in the supply of raw materials, a significant share of which came to Russia from the former Soviet republics, also affected: our country does not produce cotton and natural silk fibers at all, and is significantly inferior to the processing capacities of wool and leather production.
Textile industry, producing fabrics, is the largest sub-industry in the light industry. It consists of groups of industries that produce different types fabrics - cotton (from cotton fiber), woolen, silk, linen and hemp-jute (from hemp and jute fiber), as well as knitwear. The main type of raw material is agricultural, but chemical fibers are increasingly used, with the use of which most woolen and almost all silk fabrics are produced today. Many types of knitwear are made entirely of chemical fibers. In Russia, cotton fabrics are mainly produced - about 80% of the total production. Linen, silk and synthetic fabrics account for 5-7% of production. The share of woolen fabrics is less than 2% of the total production of fabrics in the country.
Textile production in Russia first of all began to develop on the territory of the Central Region, since numerous peasants lived here who could not feed themselves through agricultural production. And now the Center stands out sharply among the rest of the regions for the production of all types of fabrics. It accounts for about 80% of the total production of fabrics in Russia. Ivanovskaya Oblast is in the lead, accounting for more than half of the country's textile production. The region produces mainly cotton fabrics. The first places in the production of woolen fabrics are taken by Moscow and the Moscow region, linen fabrics - the Vladimir region, silk fabrics - the Perm and Saratov regions. The Povolzhsky region is in second place in the production of fabrics, but it accounts for only 5% of the production of fabrics in the country and is inferior to the Central Region by more than 15 times. Moscow and the Moscow Region are leaders in Russia in the production of knitwear. On central District accounts for about 40% of their total output in the country.
The main centers for the production of cotton fabrics in the country are the cities of Ivanovo, Kineshma, Shuya (Ivanovo region), Moscow, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Noginsk, Yegoryevsk, Serpukhov (Moscow region), Kovrov and Murom (Vladimir region), Yaroslavl, Tver, Cheboksary, Kamyshin ( Volgograd region), Barnaul. Silk fabrics are produced mainly in Moscow, Naro-Fominsk (Moscow region), Kirzhach (Vladimir region), Balashov (Saratov region), Tchaikovsky (Perm region), Kemerovo, Krasnoyarsk. The main centers for the production of linen fabrics in the country are Novovyazniki and Melenki (Vladimir region), Smolensk and Vyazma ( Smolensk region), Kostroma, Vologda, Velikiye Luki (Pskov region), Biysk (Altai Territory). Woolen fabrics are produced in Moscow, Losino-Petrovsky, Obukhov (Moscow region), Barysh (Ulyanovsk region), Sursk (Penza region). The centers of the hemp jute industry are the cities of Saransk, Roslavl (Smolensk region), Klintsy (Bryansk region). The knitwear industry is well developed in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Smolensk, Cheboksary, Ulyanovsk, Orenburg, Ufa.
Shoe industry, Like the textile industry, it mainly uses natural raw materials, but an increasing part of the production is made using artificial leather produced by the chemical industry. The first place in Russia for the production of footwear is occupied by the Central Region (about 40% of the total output), the second - by the Ural Region (14% of production), the third - by the Povolzhsky Region (12% of production). The first industrial centers for the production of footwear arose on the basis of handicrafts in Central Russia... These are the cities of Ostashkov and Kimry in the Tver region, Bogorodsk in the Nizhny Novgorod region, Kirov. But at present, the main factor in the location of enterprises in the industry is the consumer one. Accordingly, the largest centers for the production of footwear are Moscow, St. Petersburg, Tula, Yaroslavl, Kursk, Penza, Stavropol, Ufa, Chelyabinsk.
Placement and enterprises are consumer-oriented garment industry. In fact, the distribution of the industry over the territory of the country repeats the pattern of the distribution of the population. The largest centers of production are the most big cities Russia: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Nizhny Novgorod, etc.
Main centers fur industry originated in areas where the main streams of harvested furs flocked.Currently, furs supplied by animal husbandry are mainly used, and not furs of wild animals. But production remained in the old centers, as labor skills for processing fur were formed there. The largest fur industry enterprises are located in Kazan, Kirov and Slobodskoye (Kirov region), Chita.
Food industry.
Main purpose Food Industry -production of food products. Its development makes it possible to eliminate the differences in food supply to the population associated with unequal natural conditions districts. Food concentrates, canned food, frozen vegetables and fruits do not deteriorate during transportation and long-term storage. Their production contributes to the development of more and more territories with natural conditions unfavorable for agriculture.
The food industry is closely related to agriculture. By the nature of the raw materials used, the industries that make up it are subdivided into two groups.
V first group includes industries that use unprocessed raw materials: cereals, butter, sugar, tea, canning, fish.
In second group includes such industries using processed raw materials as tea packing, confectionery, bakery, macaroni.
The food industry is found almost everywhere where people live. This is facilitated by the wide distribution of the raw materials used and the widespread consumption of food products. Nevertheless, there are certain patterns in the location of the food industry.
The location of food industry enterprises is based on taking into account their specific features:
1) enterprises producing perishable and non-transportable products are placed in the regions of their consumption;
2) enterprises processing non-transportable raw materials that cannot withstand long-term storage are placed in the production zones of these raw materials (enterprises of canning, dairy, wine-making, fish and other industries);
3) in the regions of raw material bases, enterprises are also located, which are distinguished by a special raw material intensity of production. These include sugar factories, oil mills.
The industries of the first group tend to the areas of production of agricultural raw materials. The weight of their finished products is less than that of the raw materials. This is due to its dehydration (drying tea, fruits) and the generation of significant waste during processing. In addition, the products used deteriorate during long-term transportation and storage (milk, fruits, etc.). Therefore, raw materials should be processed more quickly and transported no further than 50-60 km. An excess of raw materials leads to losses, a shortage - to downtime of expensive equipment. Thus, the geography of the industries under consideration depends not only on the availability of raw materials in certain regions, but also on the size of the raw material base.
Administrative and legal regulation in the industrial and construction sectors. Administrative responsibility in these complexes according to the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation
Such a branch of economic and economic activity as metallurgy includes two areas:. Therefore, our review of the largest Russian metallurgical enterprises will be divided into two parts: Russian ferrous metallurgy enterprises and Russian non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises.
Russian enterprises of ferrous metallurgy
Ferrous metallurgy includes the following subsectors:
1. Extraction of non-metallic raw materials (refractory clays, flux raw materials, etc.) for ferrous metallurgy.
2. Production of ferrous metals (ferrous metals include: steel, cast iron, rolled metal, ferrous metal powders, blast-furnace ferroalloys).
3. Pipe production (production of steel and cast iron pipes).
4. Coke-chemical production (production of coke, coke oven gas, etc.).
5. Secondary processing of ferrous metals (secondary processing includes cutting of scrap and waste of ferrous metals).
Products manufactured in Russia are sold to machine-building and construction organizations, as well as exported abroad.
There are several types of ferrous metallurgy enterprises:
1. Full-cycle metallurgical enterprises (engaged in the production of cast iron, steel and rolled products).
2. Enterprises of converting metallurgy (enterprises without iron smelting).
3. Enterprises of small metallurgy (machine-building plants producing steel and rolled products).
The smallest metallurgical enterprises are factories; the larger ones are the factories. Combines and factories can be combined into holdings.
The location of Russian ferrous metallurgy enterprises depends, first of all, on the proximity to the deposits of iron ores and other minerals. So, for example, metallurgical plants engaged in the production of iron and steel are located in areas where, firstly, iron ore deposits are located nearby, and, secondly, there are many forests (since charcoal is needed to restore iron). During the construction of metallurgical enterprises, the provision of electricity, natural gas and water is also taken into account.
Today, there are 3 metallurgical bases in Russia:
1. Ural metallurgical base.
2. Central metallurgical base.
3. Siberian metallurgical base.
The Ural Metallurgical Base is engaged in production based on iron ore mined in the following deposits:
1.Kachkanar deposits (Russia).
2.Kursk magnetic anomaly (Russia).
3.Kustanai deposits (Kazakhstan).
The largest enterprises of the conversion metallurgy of the Ural metallurgical base are: (the city of Yekaterinburg; what remains of the Verkh-Isetsky metallurgical plant), IzhStal (the city of Izhevsk; part of Mechel OJSC), (part of the ChTPZ holding), Chelyabinsk Ferroalloy Plant (the largest in Russia for the production of ferroalloys), Serov Ferroalloy Plant (part of the holding), Ural Pipe Plant (Pervouralsk city),.
The Central Metallurgical Base is engaged in the production of iron ore from the following deposits:
1.Kursk magnetic anomaly (Russia).
2. Deposits of the Kola Peninsula (Russia).
The largest metallurgical enterprises of the full cycle of the Central Metallurgical Base are: (part of a group of companies), Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant, Kosogorsk Metallurgical Plant (city of Tula), (city of Stary Oskol).
The largest enterprises of the converting metallurgy of the Central Metallurgical Base are: Cherepovets Steel Rolling Plant (part of the Severstal Group of Companies), Oryol Steel Rolling Plant, Electrostal Metallurgical Plant (Elektrostal), Hammer and Sickle Metallurgical Plant (Moscow), Izhora pipe plant (city; owned by the company "Severstal"), (city of Vyksa,).
The Siberian Metallurgical Base is engaged in the production of iron ore from the following deposits:
1. Deposits of Gornaya Shoria (Russia).
2.Abakan deposits (Russia).
3. Angaro-Ilimsk deposits (Russia).
The largest metallurgical enterprises of the full cycle of the Siberian metallurgical base are:, (the city of Novokuznetsk), the Novokuznetsk ferroalloy plant.
The largest enterprises of the conversion metallurgy of the Siberian metallurgical base are: Sibelektrostal Metallurgical Plant (Krasnoyarsk city), (part of the ITF Group holding), Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky Metallurgical Plant.
Russian non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises
Non-ferrous metallurgy includes the following production processes:
1. Extraction and beneficiation of non-ferrous metal ores.
2. Smelting of non-ferrous metals and their alloys (there are two types of non-ferrous metals: heavy (copper, zinc, lead, nickel, tin) and light (aluminum, magnesium, titanium)).
Location depends on factors such as the raw material factor (proximity to raw material sources; this is the most important factor), natural factor, fuel and energy factor and economic factor. Enterprises for the production of heavy non-ferrous metals are located in close proximity to the areas where raw materials are mined (since this production does not require a large amount of energy). Enterprises for the production of light non-ferrous metals need a large amount of electricity, therefore, they are located at sources of cheap energy.
The following types of non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises are located in Russia:
1. Enterprises of the copper sub-industry.
2. Enterprises of the lead-zinc sub-industry.
3. Enterprises of the nickel-cobalt sub-industry.
4. Enterprises of the tin sub-industry.
5. Enterprises of the aluminum sub-industry.
6. Enterprises of the tungsten-molybdenum sub-industry.
7. Enterprises of titanium-magnesium sub-industry.
8. Enterprises of the rare metal sub-industry.
The largest Russian enterprises copper sub-industry are: Buribaevsky GOK, Gaysky GOK (part of the UMMC holding), Karabashmed, Krasnouralsky copper smelting plant, Kirovgrad copper smelting plant, Mednogorsk copper and sulfur plant (part of the UMMC holding), Ormet (owned by RAO Gazprom) , Production of polymetals (included in the UMMC holding), Safyanovskaya copper (included in the UMMC holding), (included in the UMMC holding), (included in the UMMC holding), (included in the UMMC holding).
The largest Russian enterprises of the lead-zinc sub-industry are: Bshkir copper-sulfur plant, Belovsky zinc plant, Gorevsky GOK, Dalpolimetal, Ryaztsvetmet, Sadonsky lead-zinc plant, Uchalinsky GOK, Chelyabinsk electrolytic-zinc plant,.
The largest Russian enterprises of the nickel-cobalt sub-industry are: MMC Norilsk Nickel (owned by Interros), PO Rezhnikel (owned by RAO Gazprom), Ufaleinickel, Yuzhuralnickel.
The largest Russian enterprises of the tin sub-industry are: Far East Mining Company, Dalolovo (owned by NOK), Deputatskolovo, Novosibirsk Tin Plant, Khinganskoe Tin (owned by NOK).
The largest Russian enterprises of the aluminum sub-industry are: Achinsk Alumina Plant (part of the holding), Boguslavsky Aluminum Plant (part of SUAL holding), Belokalitvinskoe Metallurgical Production Association (part of RusAL holding), Sayan Aluminum Plant (part of RusAL holding), Stupino Metallurgical Company (owned by RAO Gazprom), Ural Aluminum Plant (part of SUAL holding), Foil Rolling Plant.
The largest Russian enterprises of the tungsten-molybdenum sub-industry are: Hydrometallurg, Zhirekensky GOK, Kirovgrad hard alloys plant, Lermontovskaya mining company, Primorsky GOK, Sorsky GOK.
The largest Russian enterprises of the titanium-magnesium sub-industry are: AVISMA, VSMPO, Solikamsk magnesium plant.
The largest Russian enterprises of the rare-metal sub-industry are: Zabaikalsky GOK, Orlovsky GOK, Sevredmet (owned by CJSC FTK).
Metallurgical complex - a set of industries that produce various metals. This complex consumes up to 25% of coal and energy and accounts for up to 30% of freight traffic.
The complex includes black and colored metallurgy.
90% of all metals used in modern production are ferrous metals, i.e. iron and alloys obtained on its basis. However, the number of non-ferrous metals is much larger (there are more than 70), they have very valuable properties. Therefore, non-ferrous metallurgy is of great importance for the industries that ensure the development of scientific and technological revolution in the national economy.
Peculiarities.
The metallurgical complex of Russia has a number of features that affect its geography:
1. Metallurgy covers the entire process of metal production: mining and preparation of ores, fuel, metal production, production of auxiliary materials. Therefore, in metallurgical production, combining... In ferrous metallurgy, combination prevails on the basis of sequential processing of raw materials (ore - cast iron - steel - rolled products), in non-ferrous metallurgy - on the basis of its complex use: for example, several metals are obtained from polymetallic ores. The mills produce all the pig iron, the main part of steel and non-ferrous metals.
2. In metallurgy high level concentration and monopolization of production... The 200 largest enterprises (5% of their total number) produce 52% of ferrous metallurgy products and 49% of non-ferrous ones.
3. Metallurgy - labor intensive industry(a large number of builders, workers + a city near a plant of 100,000 people).
4. Metallurgy is characterized by high material consumption... A modern metallurgical plant receives as much cargo as Moscow does.
5. High creation costs and maintenance of the plant, with its slow payback.
6. Metallurgy - largest pollutant environment. 14% of industrial emissions into the atmosphere come from ferrous metallurgy and 21% from non-ferrous. In addition, the metallurgical complex produces up to 30% of wastewater pollution.
Placement factors.
features of the raw materials used;
the type of energy used to obtain metal;
geography of raw materials and energy sources;
transport routes;
the need to protect the environment;
enterprises associated with the final stage of metallurgy - metal processing, are most often located in areas where finished products are consumed.
Geography of the metallurgical complex.
Ferrous metallurgy.
Ferrous metallurgy is a branch of heavy industry that produces various ferrous metals. It covers the extraction of iron ore and the production of ferrous metals - pig iron - steel - rolled products. Cast iron and steel are used in mechanical engineering, steel products in construction (beams, roofing iron, pipes) and transport (rails). The military-industrial complex is a major consumer of rolled steel. Russia fully meets its needs for ferrous metallurgy products and exports them.
Steel consumption per unit of production in mechanical engineering in Russia exceeds this indicator in other developed countries. With the economical use of metal, Russia could increase the size of its exports.
Pig iron is smelted in blast furnaces - huge and expensive refractory brick structures. The raw materials for the production of pig iron are manganese, iron ore, refractories (limestone). Coke and natural gas are used as fuel. 95% of coke is produced by metallurgical plants.
Steel is smelted in open-hearth furnaces, converters and electric furnaces. The raw materials for steel production are cast iron and scrap metal. The quality of steel increases with the addition of non-ferrous metals (tungsten, molybdenum). Rolled steel is produced on rolling mills.
The structure of ferrous metallurgy has stimulated the development of intra- and inter-industry plants. Combination - the combination at one enterprise (combine) of several technologically and economically related industries of various industries (see Fig. 45, Dronov, p. 134). Most of the metallurgical plants in Russia are combines, which include three stages of metal production: cast iron - steel - rolled metal (+ coke plant, + thermal power plant or nuclear power plant, + production of building materials, + hardware plant).
For each ton of pig iron, 4 tons of iron ore, 1.5 tons of coke, 1 ton of limestone, a large amount of gas are spent, i.e. ferrous metallurgy is a material-intensive production, which is timed to resource bases or to fuel sources (coke). Placement factors:
Therefore, full-cycle enterprises are located: at iron ore or coke; at sources of raw materials and coke; between coke and raw materials (Cherepovets metallurgical plant). After the collapse of the USSR, 60% of the ferrous metallurgy remained in Russia (the majority remained in Ukraine). 50% of rolled products and 60% of steel are produced using outdated equipment.
The country's prospects are associated with technical re-equipment and the latest technologies. We are talking about the modernization of existing enterprises. It is envisaged to replace open-hearth steel production with new production methods - oxygen-converter and electric steel-making at the plants of the Urals and Kuzbass. The production of steel by the converter method is increasing up to 50%.
As part of this industry, the following types of enterprises are distinguished:
Full cycle metallurgical plants (Combines) producing cast iron - steel - rolled (3/4 of all cast iron and 2/3 of all steel).
Steelmaking and steel rolling mills , and converting metallurgy enterprises - steel - rolled products. Such enterprises smelt steel from pig iron or scrap metal and are located in large engineering centers.
Domain enterprises (production of cast iron only). There are few of them. These are mainly factories in the Urals.
Non-Domain Metallurgy Enterprises where iron is produced in electric furnaces by the method of direct reduction from iron ore pellets.
Small metallurgy enterprises with the production of steel and rolled products at machine-building plants.
Pipe factories .
Ferroalloy production - iron alloys with alloying metals (manganese, chromium, tungsten, silicon).
Due to the high consumption of electricity - 9000 kW / h per 1 ton of products, ferrous metallurgy enterprises gravitate towards cheap sources of electricity, combined with resources of ligating metals, without which the development of high-quality metallurgy is impossible (Chelyabinsk, Serov - Ural).
In 1913 Russia ranks 5th in the world (USA, Germany, England, France) in iron ore mining and metal production. 1980 - 1990 - one of the first places in the world for the extraction of iron ore and the first for the smelting of steel and pig iron. Now Russia has been pushed aside by Japan and the United States.
Russia is fully provided with raw materials for ferrous metallurgy, except for manganese ores, which are imported from Ukraine and Georgia, as well as chrome ores, which are imported from Kazakhstan. Russia has 40% of the world's iron ore reserves. 80% of iron ore is mined in an open pit. Russia exports 20% of the mined ore.
Geography of iron ore deposits:
In the European part, KMA is rich in iron ore. It contains ores rich in content (iron is up to 60%), which do not require enrichment.
In the Urals - the Kachkanar group of deposits. The reserves of iron ore are large, but it is poor in iron (17%), although it is easily enriched.
Eastern Siberia - Angara-Ilim basin (near Irkutsk), Abakan region.
Western Siberia - Mountain Shoria (south of the Kemerovo region).
Northern region - Kola Peninsula- Kovdorskoye and Olenegorskoye deposits; Karelia - Kostomuksha.
There are ores in the Far East.
Geography of manganese deposits:
Western Siberia - Usinskoe (Kemerovo region).
Historically, ferrous metallurgy originated in the central part of the country. Since the 18th century, the production of ferrous metallurgy appears in the Urals. The development of capitalism in Russia and the successful combination of iron ore with coal and manganese, as well as a favorable territorial and geographical position in relation to the main regions of metal consumption, highlighted the south (Donbass and the Dnieper region of Ukraine).
Metallurgical enterprises are not evenly located on the territory of Russia, but are concentrated in certain regions. A group of metallurgical enterprises that uses common ore or fuel resources and provides the main needs of the country is called metallurgical base ... There are three metallurgical bases within Russia: Central, Ural and Siberian.
Ferrous metallurgy bases:
Ural - produces 43% of steel and 42% of rolled products. Used imported coke from Kuzbass and Karaganda. Iron ore 1/3 uses its own - the Kachkanar group of deposits (north of the Sverdlovsk page), and 2/3 - imported (Sokolovsko-Sarbaiskoe deposit in the Kustanai region, as well as KMA ore). Manganese - from the Polunochnoye deposit (north of the Sverdlovsk region). Western slopes of the Urals - processing metallurgy. The eastern slopes are factories created during the Soviet era.
Combines- Nizhniy Tagil (Sverdlovsk region), Chelyabinsk, Magnitogorsk (Chelyabinsk region), the city of Novotroitsk (Orsko-Khamilovsky combine). They use their own alloying metals and produce the bulk of the metal.
Conversion metallurgy- Yekaterinburg (Verkhne-Isetsky plant), Zlatoust (Chelyabinsk region), Chusovoy (Perm region), Izhevsk. Used as scrap metal.
Pipe factories- Chelyabinsk, Pervouralsk (Sverdlovsk region).
Ferroalloys- Chelyabinsk, Chusovoy (Perm region).
Central base is actively developing and today is almost equal to the Ural. It produces 42% of steel and 44% of rolled products. Most of the products are produced in the Central Black Earth and Northern Economic Regions.
Coke- is imported from the eastern wing of Donbass, Pechora basin, Kuzbass. Iron ore- from KMA, manganese - from Nikopol (Ukraine). Used as scrap metal.
Full cycle- Cherepovets Combine, located between the iron ore of Karelia (Kostomuksha) and the Kola Peninsula (Olenegorsk, Kovdorsk) and the coke of the Pechora basin. Novolipetsk and Novotulsky combines use KMA ore. The production of metallized pellets in cooperation with the Federal Republic of Germany began within the KMA. Based on them, a homeless electrometallurgy(Stary Oskol - Oskol electrometallurgical plant).
There are many enterprises within the central base conversion metallurgy(Moscow Elektrostal, etc.).
Siberian base produces 13% of steel and 16% of rolled products.
Combines- Novokuznetsk (Kuznetsk Metallurgical Plant), 20 km from Novokuznetsk (West Siberian Metallurgical Plant). Both enterprises use Kuzbass coke; iron ore of Gornaya Shoria, Khakassia and Angara-Ilim basin; manganese from the Usinsk deposit.
Conversion metallurgy- Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky (Chita region), Komsomolsk-on-Amur.
Ferroalloys- Novokuznetsk.
The formation of the Far Eastern metallurgical base is currently underway. A conversion plant operates in Komsomolsk-on-Amur.
Ferrous metallurgy includes subsectors:
- Extraction of non-metallic raw materials for ferrous metallurgy: refractory clays, flux raw materials, etc.
- Ferrous metal production, including steel, cast iron, rolled metal, ferrous metal powders, blast-furnace ferroalloys.
- Pipe production: production of steel and cast iron pipes.
- Coke-chemical production: production of coke, coke oven gas, etc.
- Secondary processing of ferrous metals: cutting of scrap and waste of ferrous metals.
Ferrous metallurgy enterprises can have a full cycle (production of cast iron, steel and rolled products), relate to conversion metallurgy (only steel and rolled products, no pig iron production) or small metallurgy (machine-building plants producing steel and rolled products).
Ferrous metallurgy enterprises are located close to sources of raw materials. Iron and steel plants are located close to iron ore deposits and forests (as charcoal is needed to reduce iron). During the construction of metallurgical enterprises, the provision of electricity, natural gas and water is also taken into account.
Ural metallurgical base
Sources of ore: Kachkanar deposits, Kursk magnetic anomaly, Kustanai deposits (Kazakhstan).
The largest enterprises of the full cycle: Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Plant (the largest in Russia), Chelyabinsk Metallurgical Plant (Mechel OJSC), Nizhniy Tagil Metallurgical Plant (EVRAZ), Ural Steel Plant (Novotroitsk, Metalloinvest holding), Beloretsk Metallurgical Plant (OAO Mechel), Ashinskiy Metallurgical Plant, Metallurgical Plant named after A.K.Serov (Serov; UMMC holding), Chusovoy Metallurgical Plant (United Metallurgical Company holding).
The largest enterprises of converting metallurgy: OOO Viz-Stal (Yekaterinburg, the former Verkh-Isetsky metallurgical plant), IzhStal (Izhevsk, Mechel OJSC), Chelyabinsk Pipe-Rolling Plant (ChTPZ holding), Chelyabinsk Ferroalloy plant (the largest in Russia for the production of ferroalloys), Serov Ferroalloy Plant, Pervouralsk Novotrubny Plant (ChTPZ holding), Ural Pipe Plant (Pervouralsk), Zlatoust Metallurgical Plant, Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant.
Central metallurgical base
Sources of ore: Kursk magnetic anomaly, deposits of the Kola Peninsula.
The largest enterprises of the full cycle: Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant (OJSC Severstal), Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant, Kosogorsky Metallurgical Plant (Tula), Oskol Electrometallurgical Plant (Stary Oskol).
The largest enterprises of converting metallurgy: Cherepovets Steel Rolling Plant (OJSC Severstal), Oryol Steel Rolling Plant, Electrostal Metallurgical Plant (Elektrostal), Hammer and Sickle Metallurgical Plant (Moscow), Izhora Pipe Plant (St. Petersburg, JSC "Severstal"), Vyksa Metallurgical Plant (Vyksa, Nizhny Novgorod Region, JSC "OMK").
Siberian metallurgical base
Sources of ore: Gornaya Shoria deposits, Abakan deposits, Angara-Ilimsk deposits.
The largest full-cycle enterprises: Novokuznetsk Metallurgical Plant (EVRAZ), West Siberian Metallurgical Plant (Novokuznetsk, EVRAZ), Novokuznetsk Ferroalloy Plant.
The largest enterprises of converting metallurgy: Novosibirsk Metallurgical Plant named after Kuzmin, Metallurgical Plant "Sibelektrostal" (Krasnoyarsk), Guryev Metallurgical Plant (holding "ITF Group"), Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky Metallurgical Plant.
Non-ferrous metallurgy
Non-ferrous metallurgy includes the following processes:
- Extraction and beneficiation of non-ferrous metal ores.
- Smelting of non-ferrous metals and their alloys: heavy (copper, zinc, lead, nickel, tin) and light (aluminum, magnesium, titanium).
Heavy non-ferrous metal plants are located close to ore sources as they do not require a lot of energy. Plants for the production of light non-ferrous metals are located near sources of cheap energy.
Copper
The largest enterprises: Buribaevsky GOK, Gaysky GOK (UMMC holding), Karabashmed, Krasnouralsky copper smelting plant, Kirovgrad copper smelting plant, Mednogorsk copper and sulfur plant (UMMC holding), Ormet (Gazprom), Polymetal production (UGMK holding) "), Safyanovskaya copper (UMMC holding), Svyatogor (UMMC holding), Sredneuralsky copper smelter (UMMC holding), Uralelectromed (UMMC holding).
Lead and zinc
The largest enterprises: Bashkir copper and sulfur plant, Belovsky zinc plant, Gorevsky GOK, Dalpolimetal, Ryaztsvetmet, Sadonsky lead and zinc plant, Uchalinsky GOK, Chelyabinsk electrolytic and zinc plant, Electrozinc.
Nickel and cobalt
The largest enterprises: MMC Norilsk Nickel (owned by Interros), PO Rezhnikel (Gazprom), Ufaleinickel, Yuzhuralnickel.
Tin
The largest enterprises: Far Eastern Mining Company, Dalolovo (NOC Company), Deputatskolovo, Novosibirsk Tin Plant, Khinganskoe Tin (NOC Company).
Aluminum
The largest enterprises: Achinsk Alumina Plant (RusAL Holding), Boguslavsky Aluminum Plant (SUAL Holding), Belokalitvinskoe Metallurgical Production Association (RusAL Holding), Boksitogorsk Alumina Refinery, Bratsk Aluminum Plant (RusAL Holding), Volgograd Aluminum Plant , Volkhov aluminum plant, Irkutsk aluminum plant (SUAL holding), Kamensk-Uralsky metallurgical plant (SUAL holding), Kandalaksha aluminum plant (SUAL holding), Krasnoyarsk aluminum plant (RusAL holding), Mikhalyum (holding SUAL), Nadvoitsky aluminum plant (SUAL holding), Novokuznetsk aluminum plant (RusAL holding), Samara metallurgical plant (RusAL holding), Sayan aluminum plant (RusAL holding), Stupino metallurgical company ( Gazprom "), Ural Aluminum Plant (SUAL holding), Foil Rolling Plant.
Tungsten and Molybdenum
The largest enterprises: Hydrometallurg, Zhireken GOK, Kirovgrad hard alloys plant, Lermontovskaya mining company, Primorsky GOK, Sorsky GOK.
Titanium and magnesium
The largest enterprises: AVISMA, VSMPO, Solikamsk magnesium plant.
Rare earth metals
The largest enterprises: Zabaikalsky GOK, Orlovsky GOK, Sevredmet (CJSC FTK).
