Today in chemical and oil chemical industry Russia concentrates 4.7% of the basic production assets of the country's industrial potential. Petrochemical industry ensures the production of polymers, synthetic rubbers, lubricating oils, solvents, dyes, additives, detergents, as well as raw materials for the production of most organic compounds.

Despite the fact that the Russian petrochemical industry takes the leading place in the world market for certain types of products, in reality its production base is characterized by a high level of equipment wear, the presence of morally and physically outdated technological lines. The wear rate of fixed assets is 57.8%, in some industries the wear rate of equipment reaches 80%.

Therefore, in the Concept for the Development of the Chemical and Petrochemical Industry for the Period up to 2010, great attention was paid to investments that could help modernize oil chemical production... According to the concept, the volume of investments in 2010 should exceed the level of 2005 by 1.8 times. long term payback period - more than 7-8 years. And often only large petrochemical companies such as LUKOIL-Neftekhim Group can do real modernization. Its annual investments in maintenance and modernization of production amount to 60 million dollars. OAO Nizhnekamskneftekhim has also repeatedly announced large investment plans. This enterprise, together with OAO Tatneft and LG, is planning a significant expansion of its own capacities for the production of ethylene, polyethylene, propylene, and expanded polystyrene. Such giants of the petrochemical industry as OJSC Omsk Rubber, OJSC Kuibyshevazot, OJSC Shchekinskoye Khimvolokno, OJSC Metafrax, and others also need reconstruction.

The petrochemical industry cannot develop and remain competitive today without active investments. And this is given great attention in the state "Strategy for the development of the chemical and petrochemical industry in Russia for the period up to 2015". According to her, the volume of production of chemical and oil chemical products should increase in 2015 in comparison with 2005 by 1.6 times. Including the production of polyethylene - 1.8 times, polypropylene - 2.3 times, polyvinyl chloride - 1.5 times, polystyrene - 2.7 times, fibers and chemical threads - 2.2 times, tires for trucks - 1.6 times, tires for cars - 1.7 times, mineral fertilizers - 26%.

Classification of petrochemical enterprises.

The chemical complex of Russia is characterized by the concentration of production capacities in the form of large territorial production complexes (nodes), which are a set of interconnected industries. So, in the Volga region there are Kazan, Nizhnekamsk, Sterlitamak-Salavatsky, Ufa, Kuibyshev-Toyatinsky, Dzerzhinsky, Bereznikovsko-Solikamsky, Permsky, Balakovsky, Saratov-Engelsky nodes. In the South federal district- Volgograd-Volzhsky. V Central District- Novomoskovsk and Yaroslavl knots. In the Siberian region - the Kemerovo, Omsk and Krasnoyarsk nodes, the Angara-Usolye-Sayan interbranch chemical complex.

It is possible to classify petrochemical enterprises depending on the types of products they produce:

Manufacture of synthetic resins and plastics.

The level of utilization of the existing capacities of this sub-industry has already approached 100% and there are practically no reserves for further growth without technical re-equipment. The main enterprises are OJSC Tomskneftekhim, LLC Stavrolen, the largest enterprise in Russia - Kazan OJSC Organic Synthesis. In the production of polypropylene the leaders are Tomsk Petrochemical Plant OJSC, NPP Neftekhimiya LLC, Moscow, Polypropylene CJSC, Ufa (data from 2004). There is still an unused internal resource in this production. Thus, the total polypropylene capacity of Western Europe is 9 million 300 thousand tons, which is 31 times more than the capacity of domestic plants.

For the production of polyvinyl chloride and vinyl chloride copolymers, the largest enterprises are Sayanskkhimplast OJSC, Khimprom OJSC, Volgograd, and Khimpromusolye LLC. And for the production of polystyrene and styrene copolymers - OAO Nizhnekamsk-neftekhim and OAO Polystyrene, Omsk.

Manufacture of chemical fibers and threads.

Let us note the emergence in Russia in 2004 of a new manufacturer of chemical fibers and threads - LLC Altai Bag Manufactory. Among the long-standing enterprises, one can single out JSC "Khimvolokno", Kursk region; LLC DF "Nomatex", Ulyanovsk region; JSC "Viscose fiber" Saratov region.; LLC Krasnoyarsk Fibers; JSC "Nit", Saratov region; JSC "Khimvolokno", Shchekino, Tula region

The leading enterprises in the production of synthetic rubbers are OAO Nizhnekamskneftekhim, OAO SK Premier, Yaroslavl; JSC "Krasnoyarsk Plant of SK"; OJSC "Efremovsky plant SK", etc.

Industry of paints and varnishes.

Among the main manufacturers of paint and varnish materials in Russia is OJSC "Khimik", Krasnodar region; Empils CJSC, Rostov region; OJSC Shelanger Chemical Plant Sayver, Republic of Mari El and OJSC Russian Paints, Yaroslavl Region. And also - Zagorskiy paint and varnish plant CJSC, Moscow region. and JSC "Lakokraska", Yaroslavl.

In the production of synthetic dyes, we list the enterprises of JSC "Khimprom", Chuvash Republic; Pigment OJSC, Tambov region; JV CJSC "Kation", Chuvash Republic; Zavolzhsky Chemical Plant, Ivanovo region; JSC "Beraton", Perm region Also in 2004, a new production facility was launched at KRP LLC, Moscow region.

Tire production.

OJSC Nizhnekamskshina, OJSC Kirovsky Tire Plant, LLC PTP Tire Plant, Voronezh, JV CJSC Matador-Omskshina are distinguished by their stable work - they account for over 50% of tire production. A fairly new company - Michelin LLC, Moscow region. The second, after OJSC Nizhnekamskshina, a large enterprise - OJSC Yaroslavl Tire Plant and OJSC Omskshina are reconstructing production. In recent years, new structures have been organized: Voltyre-Prom LLC, Uralshina LLC, Altai Tire Plant OJSC, Krasnoyarsk Tire Plant LLC.

Benzene is produced by Sibur-Neftekhim OJSC, Nizhny Novgorod Region, Slavneft-Yaroslavnefteorgsintez OJSC, Angarskaya NHK OJSC, Nizhnekamksneftekhim OJSC. Among the enterprises of Bashkortostan are the plants of OJSC Ufaneftekhim and OJSC Salavatnefteorgsintez. Largest manufacturers petroleum benzene - Sibneft-Omsk Oil Refinery OJSC and Stavrolen LLC, Budennovsk.

Ethylene production - the most significant increase in ethylene production in 2004 was recorded at Sibur-Neftekhim OJSC, Nizhny Novgorod Region, and Tomskneftekhim LLC.

In the production of synthetic detergents, the leading position is taken by OJSC "AK" Novomoskovskbytkhim "(" Procter & Gamble ") and the company" Hehkel ", which unites three joint ventures. Other manufacturers include ZAO Aist, St. Petersburg; OJSC PKK Vesna, Samara region; JSC "Concern Kalina", Omsk.

Release of nitrogen fertilizers. Here we will note the large enterprises of OJSC "Minudobreniya", Meleuz; JSC Tatazot; JSC Togliattiazot; LLC "Nitrogen fertilizer plant", Irkutsk region; JSC "Euro-BMU", Belorechensk; JSC Nevinnomyssky Azot; Salavatnefteorgsintez OJSC and Kuibushevazot CJSC. And also - "Hydromechanical plant", Stavropol; LLC Balakovo Mineral Fertilizers; JSC "Azot", Berezniki; JSC Akron, Novgorod, etc.

Enterprises for the production of ammonia are, first of all, OJSC "Salavatnefteorgsintez", OJSC "Togliattiazot", OJSC "Voskresenskie Minudobreniya", OJSC "Nevinnomyssky Azot", OJSC "Novomoskovskaya" AK "Azot", OJSC "Azot", Kemerovo, OJSC Dorogobuzh and OJSC Minudobreniya, Perm.

By 2005, the petrochemical industry of Russia had almost exhausted its growth reserves. This conclusion was reached by the specialists of the Department of Industry of the Ministry of Industry of the Russian Federation. Although in 2004 the chemical and petrochemical industry finished up on the rise, the wear of machines and equipment in the industry in 2004 amounted to 58.8%, with this 37% of the equipment used up. In addition, the technical equipment of the industry is significantly inferior to foreign analogs. The terms of its operation in Russia are 20-25 years, then, for example, at the enterprises of the chemical industry of the USA - about 6 years. This has led to the fact that more than 60% of the production of domestic petrochemical enterprises is not competitive in the world market.

Other factors that have a negative impact on the competitiveness of petrochemical products:

• lack of investment of resources;
• outstripping growth rates of prices and tariffs for the products of natural monopolies;
• low effective demand for the products of the complex on the part of its individual consumers (agriculture, etc.);
• expansion of imports of chemical products.

  According to the Ministry of Industry and Energy, the main problems of the industry are the significant prevalence of export of raw materials over its processing. In this regard, according to the Industry Development Strategy until 2020, it is necessary to increase refining through the commissioning of new oil refineries. Thus, by 2015 it is planned to increase the capacity of the Nizhnekamsk Refinery and the Novorossiysk Refinery by 7 million tons. There is also a decision to build the Nakhodka-1 refinery in Eastern Siberia. In 2007, OAO Nizhnekamskneftekhim (Republic of Tatarstan) remained the absolute leader in the Top-100 of the domestic chemical complex in terms of business volume. The second line of the rating is occupied by Salavatnefteorgsintez OJSC (Republic of Bashkortostan). The third place is taken by JSC "Apatit" (Murmansk).

The chemical and petrochemical industry is a progressive, rapidly developing industry (the share of industrial and production fixed assets in 1995 was about 8%). Chemicalization is increasingly penetrating all areas National economy... It allows solving technical, technological and economic problems, creating new materials with predetermined properties, replacing metal in construction, mechanical engineering, increasing productivity and saving the costs of social labor. Chemistry, along with mechanical engineering, metallurgy and the electric power industry, contributes to scientific and technological progress.

The chemical industry includes the production of several thousand different types of products, the number of which is second only to mechanical engineering.

Consumers of chemical products are found in all spheres of the national economy. Mechanical engineering needs plastics, varnishes, paints; agriculture - in mineral fertilizers, preparations for combating plant pests, in feed additives (animal husbandry); transport - in motor fuel, lubricants, synthetic rubber. The chemical and petrochemical industry is becoming a source of raw materials for the production of consumer goods, especially chemical fibers and plastics. Modern aircraft construction, jet technology, radar, space technology, rocketry are inconceivable without the use of synthetic materials and new types of synthesized fuel (see Tables 4.1 and 4.2).

Table 4.1

Key performance indicators of the chemical and petrochemical industry in Russia

Number of enterprises
Production volume, RUB bln
Industrial production personnel, thousand people
including workers, thousand people
Profit, RUB bln
Profitability level,%
Increase in costs by 1 rub. products,% to the previous year

Table 4.2

Production of the most important types of chemical products in the Russian Federation

Sulfuric acid in monohydrate, mln tons
Soda ash, mln tons
Caustic soda, million tons
Mineral fertilizers in terms of
for 100% nutrients, mln tons
including
phosphate, million tons
nitrogen, million tons
potash, million tons
Chemical plant protection products (in 100% terms), thousand tons
Synthetic resins and plastics, thousand tons
Fiberglass plastics and products from them, thousand tons
Synthetic detergents, thousand tons
Laundry soap, thousand tons
Toilet soap, thousand tons
Forage microbiological protein, thousand tons of marketable product
Chemical fibers, million tons

1990-1991 the volume of production of chemical products in the Russian Federation accounted for about 70% of its production in the former USSR. The share of chemical products in Russia in 1995 in the industrial volume did not exceed 9%.

The sharp decline in the production of practically all types of chemical products in Russia, which emerged after the collapse of the USSR, continues to this day. The need of the country's national economy for chemical products is not being met due to the lag and reduction in capital construction, incomplete use of existing production facilities, delays in the import and development of new industries, and often due to disruptions in the supply of fuel and energy, technological raw materials, materials, incomplete equipment, lack of transport, insufficient development of new technological processes, deterioration of production conditions and quality of raw materials, lack of personnel of the required qualifications, as well as due to technology disruption and frequent accidents. A number of production facilities are closed for environmental reasons. The issue of urgent withdrawal of about fifty enterprises from Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, St. Petersburg, Angarsk, Krasnoyarsk and other cities of the country is ripe.

Due to the deep general economic crisis in the country in the chemical industry, labor productivity, capital productivity are decreasing, the environmental situation is deteriorating, industry structure, the proportions of the reproductive process; there is an increase in intra- and inter-sectoral imbalances in raw materials, fuel, electricity, equipment and spare parts; there is a significant shortage of chemical products everywhere.

Stabilization of production in the chemical industry is associated with the formation of new production conditions and forms of ownership.

In recent years, new joint-stock economic structures, both intra-industry and inter-industry types of holdings, have become widespread. Interindustry holdings are associated with the integrated production of mineral and hydrocarbon raw materials and have a rather complex structure and composition of shareholders interested in one or another product of the holding and capable of investing large funds in their development. Intra-industry holdings can unite enterprises related to sequential processing technology different types raw materials, intermediates, inside the chemical complex itself. It is planned to attract foreign investors to newly created structures with an indispensable comprehensive solution to environmental issues.

The chemical industry unites many specialized industries that are dissimilar in raw materials and the purpose of their products, but similar in production technology.

There are three main groups of industries.

1. Mining and chemical industry, covering the extraction of the main chemical raw materials: apatite, phosphorite, potash and sodium chloride, native sulfur, pyrite.

2. Basic (inorganic) chemistry, including the production of mineral fertilizers, acids and alkalis, the production of soda ash and caustic soda.

3. Organic chemistry, combining the production of organic synthesis - the main hydrocarbon raw materials (ethylene, acetylene, propylene, butylene, divinyl, benzene, acids), the production of organic semi-finished products (ethyl alcohol, phenol, glycerin, acetone, acetic acid, ethylene oxide, styrene) and the polymer chemistry industry (production of synthetic resins and plastics, chemical fibers, synthetic rubber).

Over the past decades, additional independent industries have been formed, such as pharmaceutical, microbiological, household chemicals (varnishes, solvents, paints), and the production of reagents.

The location of the chemical industries is influenced by factors; among which the largest role is played by raw materials, energy, water, consumer, labor, environmental, infrastructural. The role of each of them is different depending on the technological characteristics of various chemical industries. However, a comprehensive account of the influence of all interacting factors of the location of any chemical production is required.

The chemical industry as a whole is a highly raw material-intensive industry. Due to the high value of raw materials or their significant specific costs, the costs of raw materials range from 40 to 90%, based on the production of 1 ton of finished products. Such costs are especially high (90% or more) in the mining and chemical raw materials industry. The industry is characterized by the use of a huge number of names of raw materials of mineral, vegetable, animal origin, as well as air, water, all kinds of industrial gas emissions - waste from non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy. In the modern chemical industry of organic synthesis, hydrocarbon oil and gas raw materials play an important role. Highly raw materials production, as a rule, gravitates towards the sources of raw materials.

It is extremely important to comprehensively use raw materials, especially hydrocarbons, for the production of many types of chemicals and chemical materials. For chemical industries, multistage technological processes are characteristic, the use of various types of raw materials and intermediate products. Intra-industry and inter-industry combination and cooperation of industries have been widely developed in chemistry. Chemical and petrochemical plants appeared, in conjunction with gas and oil refining. Great opportunities are opening up for energy-chemical combination (chemical processing of coal, oil, gas, shale).

A simplified scheme for the production of petrochemical products - the main raw material for organic and polymer chemistry - is shown in the figure.

The chemical industry is an energy-intensive industry with high specific consumption of electric, thermal energy and direct use fuel. For example, the production of 1 ton of chemical fiber requires up to 15-20 thousand kWh of electricity and up to 10 tons of fuel to generate heat (steam, hot water). The total consumption of fuel and energy resources in the chemical complex is about 20-30% of the total consumption in industry. Therefore, energy-intensive industries more often gravitate towards sources of cheap electrical and thermal energy. It also contributes to the efficiency of intra-industry and inter-industry ties in the chemical and petrochemical industry, which, in turn, ensures the intra- and intersectoral combination of industries, the introduction of energy technology processes.

Water consumption in chemical industries is very high. Water is used for flushing, cooling of units, dilution of industrial waste water. In terms of total water consumption, the chemical industry ranks first among the manufacturing industries. For the production of 1 ton of fiber, for example, up to 5 thousand cubic meters are spent. m of water, and in the cost of producing a water-intensive unit of production, the water component ranges from 10 to 30%.

Consequently, it is advisable to locate water-intensive industries in areas with a favorable water balance, near water sources.

Chemical industries are subdivided into labor-intensive (chemical fibers, plastics), medium-labor-intensive, low-labor-intensive and non-labor-intensive. Labor-intensive production is advisable to create in areas with surplus labor resources, non-labor-intensive - in areas with a deficit labor resources.

Specialization in the chemical industry has intensified in recent years in connection with the branched, well-developed oil pipeline transport, which makes it possible to bridge the gap in the single technological cycle of obtaining a product at the penultimate stage (manufacturing of an intermediate product) and organize the final stages of obtaining the final product (chemicals and chemical materials) in other more preferred areas, and not only in those where the intermediate product is produced in accordance with the previous technological chain (see figure).

The ecological factor is the preservation of the purity of the surrounding atmosphere, land and water bodies. Taking this factor into account, the most rational structure for the production of chemical products using optimal technologies is being formed in each region.

Automation and electrification of chemical production contributes to a reduction in labor intensity, an increase in labor productivity and the introduction of new technological methods (plasma, laser), the implementation of new scientific, technical and technological solutions.

The infrastructural factor (preparation and arrangement of the territory for industrial development) is taken into account and plays an important role in the location of industrial production, especially in areas of new development.

The following groups of chemical industries are distinguished:

raw material orientation: mining and chemical production and production, utilizing non-transportable raw materials (coke oven gas, sulfur dioxide) or characterized by a high raw material index (soda ash production);

fuel and energy and raw materials orientation: high-energy production (polymers, synthetic rubber, chemical fibers, synthetic resins and plastics, caustic soda);

consumer orientation: production with high transport costs for the delivery of products to the consumer or production for the production of products that are difficult to transport (sulfuric acid).

Often the action of different factors manifests itself in opposite directions in the same area. As a result of the complex interaction of location factors, the modern geography of the chemical industry is characterized by:

high territorial concentration of enterprises mainly in the European part of the Russian Federation;

the separation of the production of chemical products from the centers of their consumption;

the already established location of the chemical industry in areas deficient in water and energy resources.

In the future, in the European part of Russia, in areas with a high concentration of labor resources, but deficient in fuel, energy and water resources, it is advisable to locate labor-intensive, capital-intensive, but non-water-intensive chemical industries with an average and low raw material index.

In regions of Siberia with exceptionally favorable natural conditions and large resources of raw materials, fuel, energy, water, energy-intensive, raw-material-intensive and water-intensive industries should be created, despite the increasing cost factors: more expensive construction, labor shortages, severe climatic conditions and much more expensive infrastructure (development of the territory in Siberia and on Far East practically starts over).

The mining and chemical industry covers the extraction of the main chemical raw materials: apatite, phosphorite, potash and sodium chloride, native sulfur.

The reserves of apatite raw materials are concentrated on the Kola Peninsula (Khibinskoye deposit) in the Northern economic region (about 2/3 of all reserves of phosphorus-containing raw materials). Phosphorite reserves are concentrated in the North-West (Kingisepp), Volgo-Vyatskoye (Vyatsko-Kamskoye field), in the Central (Egoryevskoye and Polpinskoye deposits) regions, in Western Siberia (Tashtagolskoye and Teletskoye), in Eastern Siberia (Chernogorskoye, Beloziminskoye, Oshchurkovskoye deposits ).

The main reserves of potash salt are concentrated in the Urals (Solikamsk, Berezniki).

Deposits of sulfur and sulfur pyrite are located on the territory of the Ural economic region in a complex with deposits of copper, copper-pyrite ores, and deposits of native sulfur are concentrated in the Volga region (Vodinskoe - in the Samara region).

Table salt is mined in the Volga economic region (lakes Elton and Baskunchak), in the Urals (Solikamskoye, Sol-Iletskoye deposits), in Western Siberia (Burla), Eastern Siberia (Usolye-Sibirskoye), in the Far East (Kempendyayskoye).

The main deposits of proven reserves of most types of mining and chemical raw materials are concentrated in the European part of Russia: in the Ural, Central, Volga, Northern, Volgo-Vyatka regions. In the eastern regions, the number of explored deposits of the mining and chemical industry is much less. Due to the remoteness of most of them from the consumer, it is necessary to carry out expensive transportation of raw materials over long distances.

The basic chemistry industry includes the production of mineral fertilizers, sulfuric acid, soda ash and caustic soda. The raw material base for them is the products of the mining and chemical industry.

In 1991, the Russian Federation accounted for more than 50% of the all-Union production of mineral fertilizers. In 1995, their output amounted to 9.6 million tons (in 1991 - 15.9 million tons, of which about 30% was exported to the former union republics, the share of imports of mineral fertilizers was about 13%). Russia's need for fertilizers from its own production in the 90s. was practically not satisfied due to a sharp decrease in their production (by 1.65 times in 1991-1995) and an increase in prices, as well as due to the insolvency of agricultural producers both in state and private farms as a result of hyperinflation.

> CHEMICAL AND PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY

7.1. general characteristics

7.2. resources used

7.3. Influence at environment

7.4. Measures to reduce the level of negative impact of the chemical and petrochemical industry on the environment and their prevention

> General characteristics

Structure, characteristics and development trends of the chemical and petrochemical industry. The chemical industry includes industries that provide the Ukrainian economy with mineral fertilizers, soda, paints, fuels and lubricants, plastics, synthetic fibers, and many other types of raw materials and materials. A feature of the chemical industry is the ability to provide the national economy with materials with predetermined properties, of improved quality and in the required quantity. its development is caused by the widespread use of mineral fertilizers in various sectors and spheres of the Ukrainian economy, the introduction of chemical technologies in industry and agriculture, the intensification of production processes, and the saving of social labor costs.

The petrochemical complex of Ukraine is a group of enterprises for the production of organic and inorganic products based on petroleum fractions, natural gas and refinery gases.

The diversified chemical industry of Ukraine produces more than 120 thousand items. It includes more than 200 enterprises in the following industries: mining chemistry, coke chemistry, basic chemistry, chemical fibers, synthetic fibers and plastics, paint and varnish and synthetic dyes. The most important industries are mining and chemical and basic chemistry. The microbiological and pharmaceutical industries have emerged as separate branches. The basis of the chemical industry is the extraction of raw materials, the production of mineral fertilizers and polymer materials... For the production of mineral fertilizers, Ukraine ranks third in Europe after Germany - 8,700,000 tons and Russia and the fifth place in the world (except for the named countries, the USA - 20 million tons and China - 18 million tons).

Diversified chemistry and petrochemistry are well developed in Ukraine. The largest subdivisions of this industry are the production of basic chemicals (49% of all marketable products of the industry), paint and varnish (6%), the industry of plastic products, fiberglass casting (5%), tire (10%), humoazbestov (7%), and many others. ... The chemical industry itself accounts for about 80% of the output of the entire industry, and the petrochemical industry - 20%.

Inorganic chemistry predominantly produces semi-finished products used in other industries. The exception is mineral fertilizers, which are produced by a separate industry.

Organic chemistry includes the production of hydrocarbon raw materials, organic semi-finished products, and synthetic materials. The main raw materials for organic synthesis chemistry are petroleum hydrocarbons, natural and associated gas. Also used are hydrocarbon compounds obtained from coal.

The main chemistry as an industry is the acid, soda industry and the production of mineral fertilizers. The sulfuric acid industry produces a product that is needed in many industries - sulfuric acid. Until recently, the main raw material was deposits of natural sulfur, sulfuric and iron pyrite; today, sulfur compounds of oil and natural gas play a decisive role. The mineral fertilizer industry produces nitrogen, phosphorus and potash fertilizers. Nitrogen fertilizers account for half of all production, while phosphorus and potash fertilizers are produced in approximately the same amount. Ukraine occupies a significant place in the production of fertilizers. Soda ash production is concentrated in areas of salt and limestone occurrence; caustic soda is produced in combination with the production of chlorine, which is used for the production of inorganic products, pesticides, and polymers.

The organic synthesis chemistry industry uses petroleum as its feedstock. This is a diversified production, enterprises gravitate towards the areas of oil production, mass consumption of oil products and oil trunk pipelines. The current location of the industry has been shaped by geographic, economic and technical factors.

Geography raw materials, their capacity, bedding conditions significantly affect the location of enterprises of Basic Chemistry. The growing demand for oil and gas has become the main raw material in the field of organic synthesis and in the petrochemical industry, increasing the influence of the factor of raw materials in the location of production. True, an extensive network of pipelines brings production closer to consumption areas.

The justification for the location of specific chemical production facilities is related to the factors arising from the structure of costs for the production and consumption of chemical products. This is primarily:

Raw material factor (share of raw materials and materials in 1 ton of finished product);

Energy factor (fuel consumption in conventional tons per one ton of finished product);

Water factor (the amount of water consumption and the amount of wastewater requiring treatment)

Labor factor (separation of industries with high costs of living labor per unit of finished product);

The consumer factor (the presence of a consumer of finished products).

The form of location of the chemical industry is significantly influenced by the technological factor. If production is not subject to intra-industry combination and consists of technologically independent specialized enterprises, it is not concentrated on a specific territory. This is the production of mineral fertilizers, paints, varnishes, plastics processing. On the contrary, if combination is a necessary condition for the functioning of enterprises, their location takes the form of interconnected production complexes. These are petrochemical complexes that produce polymeric materials and semi-finished products for their production, dyes and inorganic chemicals.

Very important factor influencing the location of chemical production is the formation of various solid, liquid and gaseous waste. There is especially a lot of waste in mining chemistry. The importance of each factor follows from the structure of production costs in the chemical and petrochemical industries.

Scientific and technological progress has a decisive influence on the main factors that determine the choice of the location for chemical production. The importance of raw materials and energy factors changes significantly - their marginal influence gradually decreases. Waste-free technologies are being introduced, and production automation is progressing.

The efficiency of the location of individual enterprises in the chemical industry directly depends on the forms of organization of production: concentration, specialization, cooperation and combination. The concentration of production is especially effective, due to the significant capital intensity of production, the great demand of the national economy for chemical products, and the high rates of scientific and technological progress. Production should be concentrated both on the basis of an increase in enterprises and due to an increase in the capacity of existing units and technological lines, from which the factory concentration will grow. The concentration of production has its own rational limits, the violation of which leads to a decrease in its efficiency. An increase in production volumes leads to an increase in transport costs for the delivery of raw materials, fuel and water, increases the radius of transportation of finished products, construction time, the risk of emergency situations... Thus, an increase in the capacity of units for the production of ethylene from 50 to 300 thousand tons per year reduces production costs by half, and from 300 to 500 thousand tons - only by 7%.

The optimal size of production depends on many factors - the development of transport (especially pipeline), the provision of raw materials, labor resources, the reliability of technological devices, etc.

The specialization of production in the chemical industry should be carried out simultaneously with cooperation, which creates favorable conditions for the organization of continuous technological processes, the creation of specialized equipment, new forms of labor organization, the introduction of comprehensive mechanization and automation of production; increases the level of utilization of equipment and production facilities; simplifies the production structure of chemical enterprises; improves material and technical supply and sales; actively contributes to the growth of labor productivity.

The level of specialization in the main sub-sectors of the chemical industry is different. In many of them, profile products are not the main one, which is explained by the high efficiency of combination, which is due to a large number of processes based on the sequential and complex processing of mineral and organic raw materials, a significant scale of production of intermediate products, which are characterized by low transportability, a high level of consumption of fuel and energy resources. , the presence of powerful service and auxiliary workshops.

Combining production is combined with its concentration and reduces the use of oil and gas in the petrochemical industry by 25 - 31%, and in the chemical fiber industry - reducing the cost of 1 ton of fiber by 4%. Combination based on integrated development deposits or integrated use raw materials, waste disposal, allows you to successfully solve the problems of environmental protection.

The chemical and petrochemical industry is one of the most complex in terms of location. Numerous intersectoral, intrasectoral and technological ties, a wide range of products, the use of a large amount of fuel, energy and water determine the originality territorial organization chemical industry.

Most of the production facilities of the chemical industry were created in the last decade of the last century. The Krasnoperekopsky bromine plant, the 2nd soda plant in Slavyansk, enterprises for the production of nitrogen fertilizers - in Gorlovka and Dneprodzerzhinsk, plastics and plastic products - in Dnepropetrovsk, Priluki, Kharkov, chemical fiber - in Kiev, film and photo materials in Shostka, etc. The existing enterprises expanded, new shops were created, the production of a wide range of chemical products was organized. The Ivano-Frankivsk fine organic synthesis plant, the Sivash aniline paint plant, the Kharkov, Cherkassk and Odessa nitrogen fertilizer plants were built; large complexes were created for the production of new types of chemical products - caprolactam, polyvinyl chloride resins, polystyrene, vinyl acetate, etc. The production of these and other products was organized in Gorlovka, Cherkassy, ​​Kalush, Pervomaisk. Processing of plastics is concentrated in Simferopol, Brovary, Lutsk. Large factories for the production of tires were put into operation in Dnepropetrovsk and Bila Tserkva.

The chemical industry is concentrated in the Donbass, Dnieper and Carpathian regions. Out of other regions, the Sumy region, the Black Sea region, Cherkasskaya, Volyn stand out. Almost a third of the production of the entire industry is concentrated in Donbass alone. The Luhansk region accounts for 17% of the output of chemical and petrochemical products. The Lisichansko-Rubezhansk industrial hub of chemical specialization was formed in the region. In the Donetsk region, a powerful Gorlovsko-Slavyansky industrial hub was created, in the Dnipropetrovsk region - the Dnepropetrovsk-Dneprodzerzhinsky knot, in the Lviv region - Drohobych-Borislavsky, Lvov and others industrial centers.

Large industrial centers are also in Ivano-Frankivsk, Sumy regions, in the Black Sea region. Kiev, Chernigov, Rivne became important regions of chemical production.

Ukraine occupies one of the leading places in the world and has great export opportunities for mineral fertilizers. This is determined by the raw material factor - the presence of rich deposits of potassium salts. Potash salts are found in the Carpathian region (Kalush, Stebnik), for the production of phosphorus fertilizers, mainly North African phosphorites are used. The availability of raw materials allowed Ukraine to create a developed technological base for the production of mineral fertilizers for export. Nitrogen fertilizers account for over 90% of the export of mineral fertilizers, and their main buyers are China, India, Brazil, Turkey, Moldova, and Turkmenistan. Plants for the production of nitrogen fertilizers based on natural gas processing have been built in Kiev, Cherkassy, ​​Lisichansk.

The products of mining chemistry are potash salts Kalusha and Stebnik, rock salt of Artemovsk and Slavyanskaya, limestones of Donetsk region and the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. The industry is mainly concentrated in the Carpathian. Donetsk and Dnieper economic regions.

The location of the coke-chemical industry is focused on raw materials - coal, and the consumer - the production of ferrous metals. For many decades, Ukraine has exported coke to Russia (1.5-2.0 million tons annually), countries of Eastern Europe(about 4 million tons annually). In recent years, coke production has declined. Its export volume is no more than 0600000. T per year. By-product coke production is concentrated at 16 enterprises in Donbass and Dnieper regions.

Acids are widely used in the chemical industry. The most widely used sulfuric acid, the raw material for the production of which is sulfur impurities in gases, oil, imported sulfur, and the like. Since the largest consumers of this chemical product have traditionally been enterprises producing phosphate fertilizers, the main centers for the production of these fertilizers are at the same time centers for the production of sulfuric acid (Sumy, Vinnitsa, Odessa, Konstantinovna). Sulfuric acid is also produced by coke plants located in the Dnieper and Donbass regions, in the case of the introduction of deep oil refining technologies, sulfuric acid is produced by oil refineries.

The oil refining industry is concentrated in the areas of oil production, in the port cities of Ukraine, in the Donbass. Dnieper region. Carpathian region and central part of Ukraine. These are oil refineries in Odessa, Kherson, Berdyansk. Kremenchug, Lisichansk, Zaporozhye, Vinnitsa, Drohobych. Borislav, Nadvornaya. The petrochemical industry is developing on the basis of oil refining, the production of soot, and the processing of imported synthetic and natural rubber.

Ukraine - formerly the main region for the production of soda (the centers for the production of this product are also Belarus and the Urals). Soda production enterprises in their location gravitate towards raw materials - limestone and table salt. Surprisingly favorable conditions for the location of soda production in Donbass (Slavyansk and Lisichansk) and in Crimea (Krasnoperekopsk). Distinctive feature soda production is a high proportion of soda ash production.

In Ukraine, the production of paints and varnishes is organized, their production is established in many cities of all regions (Dnepropetrovsk, Mariupol, Donetsk, Kharkov, Krivoy Rog, Kiev, Nizhyn, Lvov, Borislav, Odessa, etc.). "

Titanium oxide production enterprises in Sumy and Krasnoperekopsk are focused on the use of domestic and imported raw materials (ilmenite ores).

Rubber - the industry produces thousands of different types of products. It is represented by the Dnepropetrovsk tire plant, the Bila Tserkva plant of tires and human-asbestos products, and the Kiev-based AT "Kiev-Rezina". Kiev and Sumy Regeneration plants, enterprises in Berdyansk,

Zaporizhzhia. Kharkov, Odessa, Nizhyn and other cities. Soot is produced in Dashava, Stakhanov) and Kremenchug.

The production of chemical fibers and threads is concentrated in Kiev, Cherkassy, ​​Zhitomir, Chernigov. The production process at the enterprises of this industry largely depends on imported raw materials. So, for the production of viscose yarns, cellulose is needed, which is produced in Ukraine in limited quantities, and, moreover, of unsatisfactory quality for this production.

Plants for the production of resins and plastics are located in the mining areas coal, oil, gas (Donbass, Dnieper region).

A significant place in the chemical industry belongs to pharmaceuticals. The first industrial enterprise of a chemical and pharmaceutical profile in Ukraine emerged in the 80s of the XIX century. in Odessa. Chemical and pharmaceutical enterprises were built in Nikolaev, Kharkov, Kremenchug, Lvov and other cities. In the post-war years, the Kiev plant of medical preparations was built; the centers of production of vitamins are Kiev, Uman, Odessa. In general, there are about 80 chemical-pharmaceutical plants and factories in Ukraine.

The largest centers of the pharmaceutical industry in Ukraine: Kiev, Odessa, Lugansk, Lubny, Gorlovka, etc.

The main prospects for the development of the chemical industry in Ukraine

1. The chemicalization of the national economy of Ukraine promotes the widespread use of mineral fertilizers in various sectors and spheres of the national economy, the introduction of chemical technologies in industry and agriculture, the intensification of production processes, and the saving of social labor costs.

2. Ukraine has a powerful raw material base for the development of the chemical industry: unique deposits of natural sulfur in the Carpathian region (distributed, muscle, Yavorov), significant deposits of potassium salts (Kalush-Golinskaya and Stebnitska groups), practically unlimited deposits of rock salt in Donbass (Artemovsk, Slavyansk ), Transcarpathia (Solotvino) and Prykarpattya (Bolekhiv. Drohobych). Inexhaustible reserves of self-precipitated salt in the lakes and estuaries of the Black Sea and Crimea, especially rich in chloride salts of sodium, magnesium and bromine Lake Sivash. The raw material base of the Ukrainian chemical industry is also made up of coal, coke products, combustible gases and oil. Thanks to the branched system of pipelines, organic chemistry enterprises are approaching the regions of mass consumption of its products.

3. The development of pharmaceuticals is promising. Recently, the region is in the process of introducing modern technologies, modernizing factories producing the most necessary medicines. Some foreign firms have started production of patented drugs at Ukrainian factories. The pharmaceutical industry of Ukraine includes about 90 enterprises. The powerful Pharmacy plant, which belongs to the Stirol concern, has come into operation in Ukraine. This plant produces about 950 million tablets and capsules per year. It is located in Gorlovka.

4. In the chemical industry, various types of energy are used: electrical, thermal, mechanical, light, artificial cold. Energy carriers are electric current, steam, hot water, fuel, chilled water, air, inert gases. The chemical industry will impose on energy-intensive. One of the prospects for the development of the chemical industry is to reduce the energy intensity of production by introducing the achievements of scientific and technological progress.

The chemical industry is one of the critical industrial sectors of Ukraine, since imported raw materials are used for the production of the main types of chemical products. The development of the chemical industry depends on critical imports of gas, oil products, phosphorites, cellulose, rubber and cyclic hydrocarbons. Most of the production of inorganic products is represented by full cycle... The chemical and oil refining industries are industries that produce materials, the share of which in industrial production is about 7%. The share of exports in the country's total exports is about 13% (the main export products are ammonia, nitrogen fertilizers and tires). The main consumers of chemical products in Ukraine as of 1996 are industry (total) - 28.4%, the chemical industry - 12.0%, the agro-industrial complex - 10.1%, the electric power industry - 2.6%, the construction complex - 2, 1%, mechanical engineering - 2.8%, transport - 2.3%.

The chemical complex is combined with ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, oil refining, light, food, machine-building and forestry industries, agro-industrial complex etc. Thanks to a complex system of links, a combination of industries is formed, from which intersectoral complexes are formed.

The petrochemical industry of the Russian Federation is developing progressively and plays a vital role in economic development the state. It is one of the most important, since thanks to its development, other industries are provided with the necessary raw materials. New directions are also developing along the way. The development of the petrochemical industry entails improvements in the production processes of other industries that are directly dependent on it.

New developments in the chemical industry contribute to the acceleration of the waste disposal process, as well as their recycling.

The development of the petrochemical complex is important. V modern world the needs of the people living in it are constantly growing. Agriculture, as well as everyday life, require the production of more and more new varieties of this or that product.

The following industries depend on the constant development process of this complex:

1. Mining and chemical
2. Paint and varnish industry
3. Oil refining
4. Wood chemical, etc.

Chemical and petrochemical enterprises concentrate about eight percent of the fixed assets of the entire industry of the Russian Federation.

Petrochemical enterprises play a significant role in ensuring the defense security of the state, in the production of innovative electronics, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, etc. All enterprises of the petrochemical complex supply other industries with various materials: varnishes, paints, plastics, fertilizers, etc.

The main strategic task of the petrochemical complexes of the state is the full provision of the necessary materials and raw materials for the above industries in order to increase the competitiveness of the products that they produce. If in terms of the rate of development and in terms of production volumes Russian enterprises lag behind the world level, then domestic products in the petrochemical industry will lose their competitiveness in relation to the products of enterprises of other states. And this turn of events could lead to a significant decline in the country's economy.

That is why, in the current period of time, the petrochemical industry in Russia should work as efficiently as possible and produce the necessary volumes of raw materials and materials for other industries, corresponding to the world level of production of such products. Quality and a wide range of products are the main rules of Russian production.

In order to successfully complete the set strategic objective, petrochemical enterprises need to complete the following steps:

1. Carry out technical re-equipment.
2. Modernize existing production facilities in order to create new, more efficient ones.
3. More products are to be exported.
4. To work out the domestic market for products obtained with the help of the petrochemical industry.
5. To produce products of the highest quality.
6. To develop new resource and raw material opportunities for the further development of petrochemical complexes.

The development of this type of industry is hampered by many problems. One of the many is the presence of old equipment - most of the machinery and equipment had to be written off for a long time, since most of them have been in operation for more than two decades, which is unacceptable for such a field of activity. In other countries, the maximum service life of equipment installed in petrochemical plants does not exceed six to ten years. Old equipment does not allow the industry to fully develop and hinders the growth of competitiveness Russian products on the world market.

The Russian state is more than sufficiently supplied with raw materials in order to develop the petrochemical industry and occupy a leading position in the world market. But so far the situation is different. Prices for manufactured domestic products are growing, and in the world market, as you know, the main instrument of competitiveness is the low level of prices. Many investors are reluctant to invest their own funds in export projects. Indeed, taking into account transport and other costs, such investments are not economically profitable for them.

Several recent years on the territory of the Russian Federation, about five kilograms of chemical products are produced per person living here. And the level of consumption of this product by one person annually is about thirty kilograms. This suggests that the industry is not even as developed as the situation inside the country requires. There is a clear problem between the development of the petrochemical industry and the need for the market.

The reason for its appearance was:

1. The need to use a large number of resources.
2. Restrictions on the amount of raw materials extracted within the state.
3. Backwardness from innovative innovations in this industry, applied by other states.

Despite the above problems, the petrochemical complexes of the Russian Federation still have the opportunity to provide full-fledged competitiveness to the complexes of other states, as well as to take a leading position in terms of the volume and quality of products relative to other world countries.

Such prerequisites are real due to the presence of the following factors:

1. The presence of an internal market that is actively developing and is looking for ways to replace goods imported from abroad.
2. Availability natural resources, which are necessary for the production of products manufactured by the complex.
3. Opportunities to adjust the production process by introducing new technology and fixed assets.
4. Availability of scientific and technical capabilities.

The petrochemical complex of the Russian Federation consists of fifteen industries, each of which specializes in the production of various types of products. Seven hundred and sixty enterprises of various capacities are trying to meet the needs of the domestic as well as the world market. The most significant role in the development of this industry is played by the companies: AK Sibur, Lukoil-Neftekhim, Gazprom, Amtel. Each of them works for wear and tear and produces a significant part of the output, which is the gross domestic product. The above companies have the necessary equipment and other capabilities in order to carry out all the necessary manipulations for the manufacture of a particular product at a level from raw materials to finished petrochemical products. The corporations are leaders in the Russian chemical market.

In order to actively and effectively develop the petrochemical industry on the territory of the state, about one hundred scientific and experimental centers should be involved.

Most enterprises engaged in the production of petrochemical products invest significant funds in such research centers in order to discover innovations in this area and introduce them into production.

Full provision of those enterprises that are engaged in the production of petrochemical products with hydrocarbon raw materials plays an important role in the success of the latter. Most of the companies in this type of industry are able to produce their products only in the presence of hydrocarbon raw materials, which include liquefied gases, natural gas, as well as ethane.

Despite the fact that in terms of the volume of petrochemical products produced, Russia occupies only the twentieth position relative to other world countries, its chances of growth in positions are gradually growing. And all thanks to the fact that a larger number of fields are located within the Russian state.

One of the most important tasks for improving the situation for the development of the petrochemical industry in Russia, set before the country's leadership, is to establish ways of supplying the necessary raw materials to the relevant enterprises.

materials on the topic

Petrochemical complex

Today the petrochemical complex is one of the most important supports for the country's economy. The progressive development of this industry speaks of high hopes for oil refining. It is the main raw material for many other areas in the industry, at the same time taking part in the development of previously unexplored areas. The purpose of using this complex is the prospect of improving other production processes where petroleum products are involved. The development of the petrochemical industry is facilitated by the introduction of new technologies that reduce costs and improve quality in finished products.

In an attempt to expand the influence of its North American petrochemicals business, the Swiss chemical maker is planning to acquire two Texas-based firms that specialize in the production of oilfield chemicals.

Abstract on: " Economic geography and regional studies "

Completed by: 1st year student of group F - 133 Ustinenkov R.S.

Murmansk State Technical University

Department of National Economy

Murmansk

Introduction

The oil industry is a large complex that lives and develops according to its own laws.

Oil is a raw material for petrochemistry in the production of synthetic rubber, alcohols, polyethylene, polypropylene, a wide range of various plastics and finished products from them, artificial fabrics; a source for the production of motor fuels (gasoline, kerosene, diesel and jet fuels), oils and lubricants, as well as boiler and furnace fuel (fuel oil), building materials (bitumen, tar, asphalt); raw materials for the production of a number of protein preparations used as additives in livestock feed to stimulate its growth. As well as national wealth, the source of the country's power, the foundation of its economy.

1. Sectoral composition of the chemical industry.

The chemical industry unites many specialized industries that are dissimilar in raw materials and the purpose of their products, but similar in production technology.

The structure of the modern chemical industry in Russia includes the following branches and sub-branches.

Branches of the chemical industry:

mining and chemical (extraction and enrichment of chemical mineral raw materials - phosphorites, apatites, potassium and sodium chloride, pyrite);

basic (inorganic) chemistry (production of inorganic acids, mineral salts, alkalis, fertilizers, chemical feed agents, chlorine, ammonia, soda ash and caustic soda);

organic chemistry:

production of synthetic dyes (production of organic dyes, intermediates, synthetic tanning agents);

production of synthetic resins and plastics;

production of artificial and synthetic fibers and threads;

production of chemical reagents, highly pure substances and catalysts;

photochemical (production of film, magnetic tapes and other photographic materials);

paint and varnish (production of whitewash, paints, varnishes, enamels, nitro enamels, etc.);

chemical-pharmaceutical (production of medicinal substances and preparations);

production of plant protection chemicals;

7. production of household chemicals;

production of plastic products, fiberglass materials, fiberglass and products from them.

8. microbiological industry.

Branches of the petrochemical industry:

production of synthetic rubber;

production of products of basic organic synthesis, including petroleum products and carbon black;

rubber-asbestos (production of mechanical rubber goods, asbestos products).

In addition, on the basis of waste gases and by-products, a certain part of chemical products is produced in the by-product coke industry, non-ferrous metallurgy, pulp and paper, woodworking (wood chemistry) and other industries. On a technological basis, the chemical industry includes the production of cement and other binders, ceramics, porcelain, glass, a number of food products, as well as the microbiological industry (protein and vitamin concentrates, amino acids, vitamins, antibiotics, etc.).

The chemicalization of the national economy is one of the decisive levers for increasing the efficiency of production and the quality of work in all spheres of human activity.

The most important advantage of using chemical processes and materials is the ability to create materials with predetermined properties, with the necessary lightness and strength, anti-corrosion and dielectric properties, and the ability to work in extreme conditions.

The use of artificial and synthetic materials provides a significant, often decisive, increase in labor productivity, reducing the cost of manufactured products, improving their quality, facilitating conditions and raising the culture of production, freeing up labor and material resources.

Polymer materials have caused a true revolution in almost all sectors of the economy. The use of plastics, rubber, paints and varnishes and chemical fibers lightens the weight of aircraft, ships, cars, increases their speed, saves a significant amount of expensive and scarce materials, prolongs the life of machines and equipment, and increases their productivity.

Plastics and synthetic resins, synthetic rubber and rubbers, chemical fibers and articles thereof, paints and varnishes are especially widely used in mechanical engineering.

In agriculture, the main part of the yield increase is achieved through the use of mineral fertilizers, chemical plant protection products.

In some cases, especially for new branches of technology, chemical products are indispensable (in microelectronics, instrument making, nuclear and rocket technology).

The introduction of chemical products into production leads to an enormous national economic effect in the form of saving scarce and expensive natural materials.

2. Economic regions of the country in which the largest complexes of the chemical industry have developed.

Central District - polymer chemistry(production of plastics and products from them, synthetic rubber, tires and rubber products, chemical fiber), production of dyes and varnishes, nitrogen and phosphoric fertilizers, sulfuric acid;

Uralskiy region - production of nitrogen, phosphoric and potash fertilizers, soda, sulfur, sulfuric acid, polymer chemistry (production of synthetic alcohol, synthetic rubber, plastics from oil and associated gases);

North-West region - production of phosphoric fertilizers, sulfuric acid, polymer chemistry (production of synthetic resins, plastics, chemical fibers);

Volga region - petrochemical production(organic synthesis), production of polymer products (synthetic rubber, chemical fiber);

North Caucasus - production of nitrogen fertilizers, organic synthesis, synthetic resins and plastics;

Siberia (Western and Eastern) - chemistry of organic synthesis, nitrogen industry using coke oven gas, production of polymer chemistry (plastics, chemical fiber, synthetic rubber), tire production (see Tables 1 and 2).

Table 1

Production of certain types of chemical products in the Russian Federation by economic regions by the mid-90s. (in% of total)

District	Mineral fertilizers			Caustic soda	Soda ash	Chemical fibers	Synthetic resins and plastics	Synthetic rubber	Tires and tires
Nitrogen	Phosphoric	Potash
Russia, total	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100
Western zone	88,0	100	100	73,0	85,0	68,5	65,3	89,2	78,0
Northern	7,2	12,8	-	1,8	-	-	1,0	-	-
Northwestern	9,2	16,5	-	0,2	6,0	-	3,7	-	3,5
Central	19,1	25,6	-	5,8	-	28,2	13,7	17,7	19,8
Volgo-Vyatsky	2,3	2,9	-	27,3	-	-	5,7	-	7,8
Central Black Earth	5,0	6,1	-	-	-	8,6	1,0	14,4	10,1
Povolzhsky	14,4	10,4	-	15,9	-	28,6	17,5	43,4	32,3
North Caucasian	9,8	9,6	-	-	-	3,3	9,1	-	-
Ural	14,8	10,9	100	22,0	79,0	-	13,6	13,8	4,7
Eastern zone	12,0	-	-	27,0	15,0	31,5	34,7	10,8	22,0
West Siberian	4,8	-	-	4,4	-	19,2	22,0	6,5	18,0
East Siberian	4,2	-	-	22,3	15,0	12,3	12,4	4,3	4,0
Far Eastern	6,6	-	-	0,3	-	-	0,3	-	-

table 2

Territorial structure of production of products of the chemical and petrochemical industry by regions of Russia in 1995 (in% of the total)

From the point of view of the territorial organization of production in Russia, four large chemical and chemical-forestry bases can be distinguished in accordance with the raw material and processing capabilities of various regions.

The North European base includes huge reserves of Khibiny apatite, plant (forest), water and fuel and energy resources. On apatite raw materials Kola Peninsula the main chemistry is based - the production of phosphorus fertilizers of the country. In the future, organic chemistry will be developed through processing local resources oil and gas of the Northern Economic Region.

The central base was formed due to consumer demand for the products of the processing industry, operating mainly on imported raw materials: oil refining, petrochemistry, organic synthesis, polymer chemistry (chemical fibers, synthetic resins and plastics, synthetic rubber), tire production, motor fuel, lubricating oils, etc. On the basis of local and imported raw materials, the production of basic chemicals is located: mineral fertilizers, sulfuric acid, soda, pharmaceutical products.

The Volga-Ural base is formed on the huge reserves of potash, table salts of the Urals and the Volga region, sulfur, oil, gas, non-ferrous metal ores, hydropower and forest resources. The share of chemical products of the Volga-Ural base is more than 40%, petrochemical - 50%, timber industrial products- about 20%. The constraining factor for the further development of this base is the ecological one.

The Siberian base has the most promising opportunities due to the unique and diverse resources of raw materials: oil, gas from Western Siberia, coal from Eastern and Western Siberia, table salt, hydropower and forest resources, as well as reserves of non-ferrous and ferrous metal ores. The petrochemical industry (Tobolsk, Tomsk, Omsk, Angarsk) and the coal chemical industry (Kemerovo, Cheremkhovo) underwent accelerated development due to the favorable combination of raw materials and fuel and energy factors.

3. Production and consumption of oil in the world.

Oil production volumes are constantly growing: in 1987-2002. Production in the world has accelerated one and a half times. Nowadays 3.7 billion tons of oil are extracted from the bowels of the Earth every year. The main oil-producing region at the end of the 90s can be - without competition - the Middle East (mainly the Persian Gulf zone), which concentrates more than 30% of world production. Meanwhile, just a few years ago, the Arabs and Persians successfully competed North America and the USSR.

A decade ago, Arab oil producers restrained their production, thus seeking, firstly, to restrict the supply of oil on the world market and, thanks to this, keep high price, and and secondly, by “conserving” oil in the depths, to extend the period of its comfortable oil existence by several extra decades. Therefore, much less oil was produced in the Persian Gulf zone than the resources of the subsoil and production capacities allowed. High oil prices on the world market made it possible to receive huge export revenues even with limited production. However, the fall in oil prices in the 80s and 90s was so painfully perceived by the Middle Eastern oil exporters, accustomed to golden fountains in excess of income, that they threw aside demagogy about future generations, for which they allegedly "canned" oil in the depths, and again began to force prey. By increasing the mass of exported oil, they are trying to compensate for the drop in income from the reduction in the price of the product.

The growing supply of cheap oil on the world market allowed the United States to cut its own production and hold on to its oil for a rainy day. For this reason, the North American region as a whole is experiencing a slight decline in production, although Mexico and Canada are steadily increasing production.

Production growth is observed in most regions of the world. 1987 - 1999 annual production increased by 60 - 65% in the Middle East (At the same time, if not for imperialist sanctions against Iraq, the region would have been producing more oil and the observed growth rates would be even higher.) and in Latin America, 40-50% in Africa and Western Europe, more than 20% - in overseas Asia without the Middle East. Only on the territory the former USSR- recession bordering on catastrophe. In Russia, the level of oil production in 1997 was only 54% of the 1987 level. A comparable drop among large oil producers is observed only in Iraq, but this country, paying for the desire for an independent political course, suffers from sanctions from the imperialist powers. Democratic Russia, on its own, is losing ground without any sanctions.

The Earth's Three Major Oil Producers - Saudi Arabia, United States, the Russian Federation... These three countries account for a third of the world's oil production. These countries have held the leadership over the past decades, but their places in the group of leaders are constantly changing. Russia, which controlled 20% of the world market a decade ago, now falls short of 10%. The significance of the gigantic oil production in each of the three leading countries is different. In the United States, production, which by world standards seems huge, is actually small. For a country that burns and processes almost a billion tons of oil products annually, four hundred million tons of oil production is not a solution to problems. It is clear that the future of the US economy is linked to oil imports. Oil produced within the United States itself does not have much of an impact on the world market.

V Saudi Arabia oil production can be called enormous without exaggeration. The country "assimilates" only 50 million of the half-billion-ton production. and even then with difficulty, "choking". She obviously does not need so much oil. It was not oil production that arose here in response to the economy's need for oil, but the oil-consuming economy itself was a later response to the huge oil production, which began to be carried out in the interests of external consumers. Oil consumption in Saudi Arabia was formed according to the "eat while they give" principle. Oil-burning thermal power plants and desalination plants, wasting energy in order to build cities on sand and grow wheat among the barren deserts of Arabia, petrochemical plants that process oil mainly not for local needs, but for the subsequent export of products - all this is the essence of a fiend. underworld, the richest oil-bearing resources, and not the result of a long-term successive development of the economy on its own intellectual, cultural and labor basis. But even with the stupid squandering, Saudi domestic oil consumption is a drop in the sea of ​​oil produced. The country is the world's largest oil seller, which largely determines the state of the world market for primary energy sources.

4. Synthetic rubber industry

The synthetic rubber industry has a prominent place in the world. The production of synthetic rubber (SC) originated on the basis of edible alcohol (in Krasnoyarsk). With the transition to hydrocarbon feedstock from oil, associated petroleum gases and natural gas production location in the UK has undergone significant shifts. Production in Central (Yaroslavl, Moscow, Efremov), Povolzhsky (Kazan, Volzhsky, Togliatti, Novokuibyshevsk, Saratov, Nizhnekamsk), Uralsky (Ufa, Perm, Orsk, Sterlitamak), West Siberian (Omsk), East Siberian (Krasnoyarsk) areas with a highly developed oil refining industry. The main areas listed are Povolzhsky, Uralsky and West Siberian.

Raw materials and energy factors have the greatest influence on the placement of SC production. In the future, it will expand at the expense of the eastern regions of the country based on West Siberian oil and associated gases as part of the Omsk, Tomsk, Tobolsk oil refining and petrochemical complexes, as well as oil refineries in Eastern Siberia (Achinsk, Angarsk) with favorable energy capabilities (Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Sayano -Shushenskaya HPP).

5. Chemical fiber industry

The industry of chemical fibers, including the production of artificial and synthetic types of fibers, uses cellulose (for artificial) and oil refined products (for synthetic types of fiber) as feedstock. Depending on the type, the production of chemical fiber is characterized by high consumption of raw materials, fuel and energy, water and labor resources, as well as significant capital costs. Therefore, the correct placement of this industry requires a comprehensive account of these factors.

Originally appearing in old industrial areas with developed chemistry, this industry has taken strong positions in the western regions of Russia (more than 2/3 of the total production): in the Volga region - about 1/3 (Tver, Klin, Ryazan), Central - about 1/3 (Engels, Balakovo, Saratov , Volzhsky), Central Chernozem - 9% (Kursk). The share of the eastern regions is less than 1/3: Western Siberia(Barnaul, Kemerovo), Eastern Siberia(Krasnoyarsk).

Conclusion.

I believe that our country will have enough explored and undiscovered oil for many years to come, but humanity must learn to use other alternative sources of raw materials for its industry, since oil is not infinite.

Significant territorial shifts in the production of chemical fibers will occur at the expense of the eastern regions of the country, provided with raw materials, fuel, energy and water resources. According to the results of carefully performed calculations, in Siberia in the Far East, it is advisable to locate non-labor-intensive and non-capital-intensive, but highly energy-intensive, raw materials-intensive and water-intensive types of production, taking into account the intra-industry ties of chemical and forestry, petrochemical and energy industries industry.

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