- an important component economic complex Russian Federation, the leading role of which is determined by the fact that it provides all sectors of the economy with instruments of labor and new materials, serves as the most active factor in scientific and technological progress and expanded in general. Among other sectors of the economy, industry is distinguished by its complex- and regional-forming functions.
In 2008, there were 456 thousand industrial enterprises, where 14.3 million people were employed, providing production in the amount of 20613 billion rubles.
Russian industry has complex diversified and diversified structure, reflecting changes in development, in improving the territorial division of social labor, associated with scientific and technological progress.
Modern industry is characterized by a high level of specialization. As a result of the deepening of the social, many branches, sub-branches and types of production have arisen, which together form the sectoral structure of industry. In the current industrial classification, 11 complex sectors and 134 sub-sectors are identified.
Sectoral structure of Russian industry * (% of the total)
| Industries | 1992 | 1995 | 2000 | 2004 |
| Industry - in general | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Including: | 8,1 | 10,5 | 9,2 | 7,6 |
| 14,0 | 16,9 | 15,8 | 17,1 | |
| Of which: oil production | 9,0 | 10,9 | 10,4 | 12,1 |
| oil refining | 2,3 | 2,6 | 2,3 | 2,1 |
| gas | 1,4 | 1,8 | 1,7 | 1,5 |
| coal | 1,2 | 1,5 | 1,4 | 1,3 |
| ferrous metallurgy | 6,7 | 7,7 | 8,6 | 8,2 |
| non-ferrous metallurgy | 7,3 | 9,0 | 10,3 | 10,3 |
| mechanical engineering and metalworking | 23,8 | 0 | 20,5 | 22,2 |
| chemical and petrochemical | 6,4 | 19,2 | 7,5 | 7,2 |
| forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper | 5,0 | 6,3 | 4,8 | 4,3 |
| production of building materials | 4,4 | 5,1 | 2,9 | 2,9 |
| easy | 5,2 | 3,7 | 1,8 | 1,4 |
| food | 14,5 | 2,3 | 14,9 | 15,4 |
| flour and cereals and feed | 4,0 | 2,0 | 1,6 | 1,2 |
Since 2005, domestic statistics have switched to a slightly different classification of industries, which is designated as dividing the volume of shipped goods of own production, works and services performed into three groups of industries:
- mining;
- processing industries;
- production and distribution of electricity, gas and water.
At the same time, 2/3 falls on manufacturing industries, the share of which is slowly increasing, more than 1/5 - on mining and about 1/10 - on the third division.
The sectoral structure of industry is determined by many social and economic factors, the main of which are: the level of production development, technological progress, socio-historical conditions, production skills of the population, natural resources. The most significant of them, characterizing the changes sectoral structure industry, advances scientific and technological progress.
The industry is subdivided into:
- mining, which includes the industries associated with the extraction and processing of ore and non-metallic raw materials, as well as with the production of sea animals, fishing and other sea products;
- processing, which includes enterprises for the processing of products of the mining industry, semi-finished products, as well as for the processing of agricultural products, timber and other raw materials. Manufacturing industries form the backbone of heavy industry.
By the economic purpose of products the entire industry is divided into two large groups: group "A" - production of means of production and group "B" - production of consumer goods. However, it should be noted that the division of industry into these groups does not coincide with the sectoral structure. industrial production, since the natural form of the produced product does not yet determine its economic purpose. Since the products of many enterprises can be intended for both production and non-production consumption, they are classified as belonging to one or another group, depending on their actual use.
The sectoral structure of industry in modern Russia is characterized by:
- the predominance of industries for the extraction and primary processing of fuel and raw materials;
- a low share of the top, most technically complex industries;
- low proportion light industry and other industries focused on the immediate needs of the population;
- high proportion of branches of the military-industrial complex.
This industrial structure cannot be considered efficient. The branches of the fuel and energy complex, metallurgy and the military-industrial complex are called “the three pillars of the Russian industry,” because they determine its face and role in the international system of territorial division of labor.
During the period economic crisis 1990s the largest reduction in production was observed in the manufacturing industries, especially in mechanical engineering and light industry. At the same time, the extractive industries and primary processing of raw materials increased their share in industrial production in Russia. Changes in the sectoral structure of industry are also due to physical wear and tear and obsolescence of equipment, which is reflected in the upper floors of the industry, producing technically complex products. At the beginning of 2008, the degree of depreciation in the group of industries that extracts minerals exceeded 53%, in manufacturing - 46%, and in industries involved in the production and distribution of electricity, gas and water - 52%.
With the recovery from the economic crisis, there has been a revival in almost all industries, with a particularly dynamic development of mechanical engineering, food, pulp and paper industries and some chemical and petrochemical industries. And yet, today the sectoral structure of industrial production in Russia has much more features of a developing country than an economically developed country.
Forms territorial organization industry. The spatial combination of industries and individual industries is influenced by many factors. These include the provision of mineral resources, fuel and energy, material and labor resources. These factors are closely related to each other, having a certain impact on the location of enterprises and various sectors of the economy. In the process of placing industrial production, various forms of its territorial organization have developed.
Large economic zones are large territorial entities with characteristic natural and economic conditions of development productive forces.
There are two large economic zones on the territory of the Russian Federation:
- Western, which includes the European part of the country together with the Urals, which is characterized by a shortage of fuel, energy and water resources, a high concentration of industrial production and the prevailing development of manufacturing industries;
- Eastern, which includes the territory of Siberia and the Far East, which is distinguished by the presence of large reserves of fuel, energy and mineral resources, poor development of the territory and the predominance of extractive industries.
This division into large economic zones is used in the analysis and determination of the promising territorial proportions of the country's economic complex.
Industrial areas are large areas with relatively homogeneous natural conditions, with a characteristic direction of development of the productive forces, with the corresponding existing material and technical base, production and social infrastructure.
On the territory of Russia, about 30 industrial areas, of which 2/3 are located in the Western zone of the country... The highest concentration of industrial regions is observed in the Urals - 7 (Tagil-Kachkanarsky, Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk, Perm, Verkhne-Kamsky, South Bashkir and Orsko-Khalilovsky), in the Center - 4 (Moscow, Tula-Novomoskovsky, Bryansk-Lyudinovsky and Ivanovsky ) and in the north of the Volga region (Samara, Nizhnekamsk, South Tatar). In the east of the country industrial areas are mainly located in the zone of the Trans-Siberian Railway - Kuznetsky in Western Siberia, Irkutsk-Cheremkhovsky in Eastern Siberia, South Yakutsk and South Primorsky in the Far East. The Far North is characterized by focal distribution of industrial regions - Kola in the European North, Sredneobsky and Nizhneobsky in Western Siberia, Norilsk in Eastern Siberia. The specialization of the economy of each industrial region reflects the direction of development of the economy of the region on the territory of which it is located.
Industrial agglomerations- territorial economic entities characterized by a high level of concentration of enterprises in various sectors of the economy, infrastructure facilities and scientific institutions, as well as high density population. The economic prerequisites for the development of industrial agglomeration are high level concentration and diversification of production, as well as the possibility of the most efficient use of production and social infrastructure systems.
The compact location of a group of enterprises in various sectors of the economy leads to a reduction in the occupied territory required for industrial construction, on average by 30%, and reduces the number of buildings and structures by 25%. Savings reach 20% of the costs of common facilities due to the creation of unified auxiliary and auxiliary complexes, production and social infrastructure.
The country has large industrial agglomerations: Moscow, Nizhegorodskaya, St. Petersburg, Yaroslavskaya, etc. However, excessive development and concentration of production beyond certain limits have a negative impact, significantly reducing the economic effect. This is primarily due to security issues environment and the development of the social sphere.
An industrial hub is considered as a group of industries, compactly located in a small area. Its main feature is participation in the system of the territorial division of labor of the country, the presence of production ties between enterprises, the commonality of the settlement system, social and technical infrastructure. Industrial hubs are planned and developed as elements of dismembered spatial structures of territorial-production complexes and represent a qualitatively new phenomenon in the regulated development process territorial structure farms.
Similar forms of territorial organization of the economy are developing not only in the old industrial regions (for example, in Zheleznogorsk, associated with the extraction and processing of iron ores of the Kursk magnetic anomaly, and in Cheboksary, the development of which was facilitated by the Cheboksary hydroelectric power station, a tractor plant and a chemical plant with related industries), but and in the areas of new development (Sayanogorsk, formed on the basis of the electric power industry generated by the Sayano-Shushenskaya and Mainskaya HPPs, and energy-intensive industries).
Industrial centers for the most part, they do not have technological links with each other, therefore, such placement reduces the possibilities for the development of cooperation, and therefore, their growth efficiency. Regional centers are an example.
Under industrial point understand the territory within which one or more enterprises of the same industry are located (small towns and workers' settlements).
In recent decades, such forms of industrial organization as technopolises and technoparks, which can be used for restructuring production on a new technological basis, preserving scientific and technical potential and financing science, and attracting investments, have also developed in Russia.
In Russia, technopolises and technoparks are created on the basis of educational and research institutes that maintain close ties with industry. They exist in the form of joint ventures (JV), joint stock companies (JSC), associations, etc. Such forms of territorial organization of the economy are developing in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Tomsk. The creation of technoparks in Samara, Nizhny Novgorod, Rostov-on-Don, Chelyabinsk (closed cities of the military-industrial complex) is being planned.
National economy- a historically formed complex (set) of industries of a given country, interconnected by the division of labor.
- an important component of the economic complex of the Russian Federation.
The industry of Russia has a complex diversified diversified structure, reflecting changes in the development of productive forces, in the improvement of the territorial division of social labor, associated with scientific and technological progress.
Industries
Fuel and Energy Complex
One of the cross-sectoral complexes, which is a set of closely interconnected and interacting branches of the fuel industry and the electric power industry that meet the needs National economy and population in fuel and energy resources.
The fuel and energy complex is the most important structural component of the Russian economy, one of the factors in the development and distribution of the country's productive forces. The share of the fuel and energy complex in 2007 reached 60% in the country's export balance.
Fuel industry. Mineral fuels are the main source of energy in the modern economy. In terms of fuel resources, Russia ranks first in the world.
The fuel and energy complex includes such industries as:- Gas industry
- Coal industry
- Oil industry
- Power engineering
Gas industry
Is the youngest and fastest growing industry. It is engaged in the production, transportation, storage and distribution of natural gas.
Gas production is 2 times cheaper than oil production and 10-15 times cheaper than coal production. About 1/3 of the world's proven natural gas reserves are concentrated in Russia. The European part accounts for 11.6%, and the eastern regions 84.4%. Over 90% of natural gas is produced in Western Siberia.
Development gas industry closely related to gas pipeline transport. To transport gas in Russia, a Unified Gas Supply System has been created. Most often, gas pipelines lead from the territory western Siberia to the west.
Gas pipelines of Russia:- Brotherhood
- Shining of the North
- Yamal-Europe (connects gas fields north of Western Siberia with end consumers in Western Europe)
- Blue Stream (along the bottom of the Black Sea to Turkey)
- South Stream (along the bottom of the Black Sea to Italy and Austria)
- Nord Stream (along the bottom Baltic Sea to Germany)
Oil industry
- is engaged in the production and transportation of oil, as well as the production of associated gas.
Russia has quite large proven oil reserves (about 8% of global reserves, 6th in the world)
The largest oil fields:- Samotlor
- Ust-Balykskoe
- Megion
- Yuganskoe
- Kholmogorskoe
- Varyegonskoe
Coal industry
- is engaged in the extraction and primary processing of coal and brown coal and is the largest branch of the fuel industry in terms of the number of workers and the cost of production fixed assets.
Coal mining. China USA Germany, India
Coal mining in Russia:- Kuznetsk coal basin (Kuzbass) (Kemerovo region) (55%)
- Kansk-Achinsk coal basin - open-pit mining and the lowest cost price Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk - cities of consumption (one seventh)
- The South Yakut coal basin (9%) is mined by an open pit, has high quality(mined hard coal) a significant part of coal is exported to Japan,
- The Pechersky coal basin is located on the territory of Yakutia, it accounts for 7 - 8%, coal is very expensive, it is mined by the mine method. Used in the cranium metallurgical plant)
- The eastern wing of the dombass. Mine mining. Coal is expensive in terms of production costs. the rock has a very small thickness
- Carboniferous (Kizelovsky Irkutsk, Buriinsky Aleksandrovsky)
- brown coal (basin near Moscow, Chelyabinsk, South Ural, Lower Zeya)
- Prospective basins (those basins that are not being developed) (Lensky in the Lena River basin and Tunguska in the Yenisei basin)
Power engineering
- part of the fuel and energy complex, providing production and distribution of electricity and heat.
In terms of electricity production, Russia ranks fourth in the world after the United States, China and Japan.
Electricity production is carried out by thermal power plants, hydroelectric power plants and nuclear power plants.
TPPTPPs provide two-thirds of the energy in the Russian Federation
They are built relatively quickly and at lower costs and are located either in fuel production areas or in consumption areas.
The following are used as fuel:- Coal: Nazarovskaya, Irsha-Borodinskaya, Berezovskaya (in the Kansk-Achinsk basin)
- Fuel oil: a group of Surgut power plants
- Gas: Konakokskaya
- Peat: Ivanovskaya
A type of TPP is TPPs are located only in areas of consumption, since their radius of action does not exceed 25 kilometers.
NPP14% electricity
They are being built in areas of consumption where there are no own energy resources, since one kilogram of uranium replaces 2500 tons of coal.
The highest density of NPPs is located in the European part of Russia.
Russia is a pioneer in the development of nuclear energy.
NPP in Russia:- Kola
- Leningradskaya (40 km from Saint Petersburg)
- Kalininskaya
- smolensk
- Kursk
- Novovoronese, Rostov
- Balakovskaya
- Beloyarskaya
- Bilivinskaya (in Chukotka)
15% of the total electricity generation.
The hydroelectric power station is being constructed at large rivers... We have the most powerful hydroelectric power plants. The most powerful former Sayano-Shushenskaya)
- Sayano-Shushenskaya 6.4
- Krasnoyarsk
- Bratskaya 4.5
- Ust-Ilimskaya 4.3
These are located on the Yenisei. We built less powerful ones on the Volga River. They have different capacities (maximum 2.2 million kilowatts per year)
A type of hydroelectric power station is TES (tidal power plants). it is most profitable to build in rocky areas (for example, on the Kola Peninsula, it is called Kislogubskaya).
A new type - geothermal power plants - generate electricity from the internal heat of the earth, near volcanoes, for example, in Yakutia, the Paurzhetka GTPP, and the recently released Mayutnovskaya.
Metallurgical complex
V metallurgical complex are included ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy.
Ferrous metallurgy includes a full cycle (cast iron> steel> rolled metal) - this is mettarugia full cycle, and there is also a conversion metallurgy, there is no pig iron in it (steel> rolled products).
Russia ranks first in the world in ferrous metallurgy, fourth in production.
First place in production in Russia "Kursk Magnetic Anomaly".
Factors that affect the placement of ferrous metallurgy:- availability of raw materials
- Fuel availability
- availability of water
- availability of electricity
In accordance with this, metallurgical plants are located either in areas where raw materials are produced (Lipetsk, Stary Oskol) or in areas where fuel is produced (Novokuznetsk) or between them (Cherepovets).
On the territory of Russia there was three metallurgical bases ... One of the bottom Ural- the most powerful 45% of the metal, and the oldest in time of occurrence. There are four full-cycle metallurgical plants (Chelyabinsk, Magnitogorsk, Novotroitsk, Nizhny Tagil); all of them are located in the eastern part of the Urals. Converting plants are located on the western slopes of the Urals (Zlatoust, Chusavoy, Serov).
Central metallurgy gives 37% of metal and allocate two subzones(southern- here iron ore its own, coal is nearby, but the problem of water is acute (Lipetsk and Stary Oskol) and northern the subzone is the Cherepovets metallurgical plant, where iron ore comes from Karelia, and coal from Pechora.
Converting plants are located in Volgograd, Nizhny Novgorod, Vyksa, Kulebaki.
The third metallurgical base - Siberian(18% of ferrous metals) there are two full cycle plants - West Siberian and Novokuznetsk.
The raw material in the CM has two features:- low metal content in ore
- multicomponent composition
- booty
- enrichment
- concentrate production
- production of raw metal
- refining
- raw
- fuel and energy
According to its physical properties, CMs are divided into two groups:
- light metals (aluminum, titanium, magnesium)
- Heavy metals (copper, lead, zinc, nickel, tin)
- metallurgy of light metals;
- metallurgy of heavy metals
raw materials for the production of aluminum are bauxite and nikilin
Aluminum production includes two stages:- production of alumina, which is located at the raw material.
- the production of aluminum metal, which is very electrical intensive and is located near large sources of cheap electricity. (these are Krasnoyarsk, Bratsk, Sayano-Gorsk, Shelekhov, - all these four plants are located in eastern Siberia, Volgograd, Volkhov, Nadvoitsy, Kandalaksha, all these plants are based on hydroelectric power plants, but Novokuznetsk, Kamensk-Uralsky are based on thermal power plants, that make them work.
Very material intensive. and is usually located near sources of raw materials (for the production of one ton of copper 100 tons of ore is used, one ton of tin - 300 tons of ore)
Copper industryThe main copper deposits are located in the Urals, regions of eastern Siberia and the northern region.
Nickel-cobalt production.
The main reserves are in the north of eastern Siberia, the Urals, and the Murmansk region.
Aluminum copper and nickel - Eastern Siberia, Ural and northern economic region- they are all together produced only here. tin west is located in the north 85%.
polymetallic ores (lead and zinc) polymetallic ores are located in mountainous areas on southern borders (North Caucasus, North Ossetia, south of western Siberia, south of eastern Siberia and in the Primorye Territory in the Far East.)
Placement factors for Mechanical Engineering:- Specialization and cooperation of production
- Availability of highly qualified labor resources
- Consumer presence
- Availability of raw materials
- Transport and geographical position
Automotive industry
Everything except raw materials has a decisive influence on placement. The first place in terms of production: the economic regions of Togliatti, Ulyanovsk, Engels, Naberezhnye Chelny., The second place is the Volgovyatsk region - Nizhny Novgorod, Pavlovo, the third place central regions- Golitsino, Likeno, Serpukhov, Ivanovo, the last place is the Urals - Izhevsk, Kurgan, Miass, new centers.
Car buildingDetermining factors:
- raw material
- transport and geographical location
Types of wagons:
- Freight wagons: Abakan, Novoaltaisk
- Passenger cars - Tver, Korolev
- Tram cars - Ust-Katav,
- Subway cars: Mytishchi, Egorov Leningrad Plant
- Electric trains: Riga, Denyukhov district
Locomotive building is subdivided into electric and diesel locomotives.
To the factors, the placement of electric locomotives is added historical factors... in the USSR the largest was Tbilisi, now Novocherkassk.
Production of diesel locomotives - Kolomna, Lyudinovo, Udelnaya, Murom, Bryansk
Shipbuildingplacement factors:
- specialization and cooperation is the most important
- labor resources
Large factories: St. Petersburg, Kaliningrad, Vyborg, in the north Severodvinsk and Arkhangelsk.
River shipbuilding - on the Volga - Nizhny Novgorod Volgograd Astrakhan, on the Ob Tyumen, on the Yeniei Krasnoyarsk, on the Amur Blagoveshchensk, Khabarovsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur.
Tractor construction
Placement factors:- raw material
- consumer
- agricultural - Lipetsk, Chelyabinsk, Volgograd, Rubtsovsk,
- industrial - Kirovets (St. Petersburg) Cheboksary.
- skidders - the city of Petrozavodsk (where there are forests)
- potato harvesting - Ryazan
- flax harvesting - Bezhevsk, Tver region
Agricultural engineering is placed with the consumer, but taking into account the specifics of agriculture in a given area. Rostov-on-don, Taganrog, Krasnoyarsk.
Timber industry complex
Peculiarities:
- predominance of conifers (90%)
- prevalence of mature and overmature stands (60 years for deciduous trees, 100 years for conifers)
- uneven placement
- northern region (Arkhangelsk region, the Republic of Komi and Karelia)
- Ural region (Perm region and Sverdlovsk region)
- western Siberia (south of the Tyumen region and Tomsk region)
- eastern Siberia (south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Irkutsk Region and Far East (Amurskaya Oblast, Kharabovsky and Primorsky Territories)
Placed in logging areas, in the lower reaches of floatable rivers, at the intersection of floatable rivers with roads, in areas of consumption.
Pulp and paper industry placement factors:- availability of raw materials
- availability of electricity
- availability of water
- The first place in production is occupied by the northern region - it gives more than half of all paper - Arkhangelsk, Kotlas, Syktyvkar, Segezha, Kandapoga.
- The second place in the production of paper produces paper - they produce special paper - stamped - Solikamsk, Krasnokamsk, Krasnovishevsk, Novaya Lyalya,
- The third place is taken by the Volgo-Vyatka economic region - Volzhsk, Balakhna, Pravdinsk
- Fourth place - north-western region - Svetogorsk
- The fifth place is eastern Siberia - Bratsk and Ust-Ilinsk. and the far east. Amursk city
but on the territory of western Siberia there is no pulp and paper industry.
Chemical complex
Mining chemistryThis is the extraction of chemical raw materials - apatites Kola Peninsula(first place in the world in terms of production)
Basic chemistry
Production of mineral fertilizers, acids, alkalis and soda
Mineral fertilizers industry, production potash fertilizers- placed at the raw material.
Berezniki, Solikamsk, (Perm Territory, Ural District)
All types of fertilizers are produced in the Uralsky economic region.
Phosphate fertilizers, are placed with the consumer, since all units of finished products are obtained from one unit of raw materials.
Production of nitrogen fertilizers
Has the most free nature of placement since coal is used as a raw material (Kemerovo)
wastes from metallurgical production (sulfur dioxide) Cherepovetsk, Lipetsk, Magnitogorsk, and the third type of raw material is natural gas - the city of Nevinnomysk in the North Caucasus, Novomoskovsk ( Tula region) Velikiy Novgorod. the Novgorod region, its budget is most of all replenished at the expense of mineral fertilizers.
Agriculture and agro-industrial complex
Three areas of education:
- industries providing agriculture and processing industries with means of production
- the second area is agriculture
- third area - industries that process agricultural raw materials (food industry)
Industry- the leading branch of material production.
Despite a slight decrease in recent decades due to the rapid development of the service sector, the share of industry in the structure of GDP (up to 35%) and in the total (500 million people), industry continues to have a very serious impact not only on, but on everything. other parties social development... Over the past century, production industrial products has grown more than 50 times, moreover? this increase occurs in the second half of the 20th century.
Most of the research and development work (R&D) is focused specifically on this branch of the world economy. The dominant importance of manufactured goods is noted in the structure of the world.
Modern industry is distinguished by the complexity of the composition of industries, industries and connections between them.
Each of the industries and industries is characterized by a different degree of capital intensity, labor intensity, material consumption, energy intensity, water intensity, science intensity, etc. There are various approaches to the classification of industries.
Depending on the time of origin, industries are divided into three groups:
- Old (coal, iron ore, metallurgical, shipbuilding, textile industry, etc.). These industries emerged during industrial upheavals. These days, their development is slow, but they continue to have a significant impact on the geography of global industry.
- New (automotive, aluminum smelting, plastics, chemical fiber, etc.) that determined scientific and technological progress in the first half of the twentieth century. Previously, they were concentrated mainly in developed countries and grew at a very fast pace. Today, their growth rates have slowed down somewhat, but they remain quite high due to their spread to developing countries.
- The newest (microelectronics, computer technology, robotics, nuclear production, aerospace production, organic synthesis chemistry, microbiological industry and other science-intensive industries.) That arose in the era of scientific and technological revolution. Currently, they are growing at the fastest and most stable rates, and their impact on the geography of industry is increasing. They are typical mainly for economically developed and newly industrialized countries.
Sometimes industries are distinguished according to a different principle: heavy and light industry... The extractive industry, part, energy, metallurgy, etc. are classified as heavy. All types of light and are referred to as "".
Very often, industries are divided into two large groups: extractive and processing industries.
Mining industry- a set of industries involved in the extraction of various raw materials and fuels from waters and forests. The significance of these industries lies in the fact that they, along with creating raw material base for the manufacturing industries.
The extractive industry has a different share in the industry different countries... So, in developed countries, the extractive industries account for about 8% and the processing industries - 92%. In developing countries, the weight of the extractive industries is much higher. V modern world a huge amount of raw materials is mined, mainly mineral. It is known that about 98% of the extracted raw material goes to waste in the form of waste rock, soil, non-standard timber, etc. Only 2% of the raw material reaches the level of processing.
The main sectors of the mining industry:
- mining industry;
- hunting;
- fishing;
- timber harvesting.
The mining industry is understood as a group of industries related to mining and primary processing (beneficiation).
Although the share of the mining industry in VMP is gradually decreasing, it continues to have a significant impact on MGRT and.
Naturally, mining enterprises gravitate towards mining areas natural resources... The general modern trend for it is movement to the north and to the shelf zone, i.e. to new mining areas.
Until the 70s of the twentieth century, the developing countries were the main suppliers of raw materials. Since the mid-70s, a raw materials crisis has been outlined, which significantly influenced the entire concept of the mineral resource economy. Developed countries began to focus on the economy of raw materials and greater use of their own resources. Some countries even began to reserve their raw materials () in cases where the cost of raw materials purchased in other countries turned out to be lower than their own.
In these conditions, the role of developed countries has significantly increased:, Australia, etc. Nowadays, developed countries satisfy 1/3 of their needs with supplies from developing countries, the rest are provided by their own production and supplies from Canada, Australia and South Africa.
As a result of the MGRT, three groups of the main mining powers have formed in the world economy:
Eight great mining powers: developed - USA, Canada, Australia, South Africa; countries with economies in transition - China; developing -, India.
The second group consists of countries with a highly developed mining industry, for which many mining industries have become industries of international specialization. , Kazakhstan, Mexico, etc.
The third echelon is formed by countries that stand out in any one branch of international specialization. First of all, these are the countries of the Persian Gulf - the oil industry; Chile, Peru - copper ore mining; - mining of tin ores; , - bauxite; - phosphorites, etc.
Many developed countries, despite the fact that they have large reserves mineral resources are not their suppliers to the world market. This is due to the fact that they themselves are big consumers of this raw material and are trying to supply the market not with raw materials, but with the final product.
The geography of the main regions was considered in the study of the topic "World natural resources".
Manufacturing industry- a set of industries involved in the processing and processing of industrial and agricultural raw materials. It includes: production of ferrous and non-ferrous metals; chemical and petrochemical products; machinery and equipment; products of woodworking and pulp and paper industry; cement and building materials; light and Food Industry and etc.
It consists of two fairly large groups or industries: Extractive industry The extractive industry, as the name of the industry suggests, is engaged in the extraction of raw materials: ores, oil, gas, shale, limestone, and so on. Extractive industries also include water pipelines and hydroelectric power plants, forestry and fishing enterprises. Manufacturing The manufacturing industry includes enterprises engaged in the production of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, chemical products, mechanical engineering, woodworking, repair, food and light products, thermal power plants and film industry. Branches of industry Let us now consider all types of branches of industry separately. Electric power industry. This type of industry is extremely important, as it is engaged in the production, transmission and sale of electrical energy. Fuel industry. It is basic for Russia, since today it actively participates in both internal and foreign policy... This category includes: Coal Gas Oil industry ... Ferrous metallurgy. This is the foundation of mechanical engineering. The raw materials for ferrous metals are ores. This industry includes: Extraction and beneficiation of ores; Extraction and beneficiation of various nonmetallic materials; Production of ferrous metal; Production of products from ferrous metal. Non-ferrous metallurgy. It is engaged, respectively, in the extraction and processing of non-ferrous metal ores. Chemical industry. This branch of industry deals with products from mineral and hydrocarbon raw materials, processing them chemically. Chemistry and petrochemistry is a rather extensive industry that unites the following types of chemical industry: Production of inorganic chemistry: ammonia, soda and sulfuric acid production. Organic chemistry production: ethylene oxide, acrylonitrile, urea, phenol. Ceramics or silicate industries Petrochemistry Agrochemistry Polymers such as polyethylene and other materials Elastomers, that is, polyurethanes and rubber Various explosives Pharmaceuticals Cosmetics and perfumery Mechanical engineering. This type of industry is divided into the production of machines themselves for various purposes, including defense, instruments, machine tools, etc., and metalworking. Timber, woodworking and paper industries. It includes a set of industries specializing in the harvesting and processing of wood. The processing of the obtained wood is carried out by: The woodworking industry, which is engaged in cleaning wood pulp and paper, producing various types of paper products. Building materials industry. The production of building materials is a widely developing type of industry, which includes the production of various types of materials: Stone materials of natural origin Metal building materials Glass finishing Polymer Cements Thermal insulation and other types. Light industry. This type of industry includes a set of industries engaged in the manufacture of consumer goods. Types of light industry: Textile Sewing Haberdashery Leatherworking Fur Footwear Food industry. It is engaged in the production of food products, tobacco products, soaps and detergents. The food industry is closely related to agriculture as the main producer of raw materials, as well as to trade. Types of food industry: Bakery Canning Flour and cereals Meat Fish Soft drinks Alcoholic Wine making Butter and oil Confectionery Tobacco, etc. All these types of industry in Russia are typical. Our country is trying to develop industry, and recently its share in GDP has grown significantly, which has a positive effect on the economy of the entire country as a whole.
Topic 1. Industries.
Questions to study:
1. Concept and classification of industries.
2. The economic state of the industries in Russia.
Literature:
1. Cheredanova L.N. "Fundamentals of Economics and Entrepreneurship"; textbook for primary prof. education; L.N. Cheredanova. - 2nd ed. - M .; "Publishing Center" Academy ", 2008 - p. 176.
2. Sergeev I.V. Enterprise economy: tutorial 2nd edition, revised and enlarged - M .: Finance and statistics, 2008 - 304s.
3. Volkova OI "Enterprise economy". M .: Infra - M: 2007
4. Gruzinov V.P., Gribov V.D. "Enterprise Economics" Moscow: 2009.
5. Gorfinkel V.L., Shvandar V.A. "Enterprise Economics" Moscow: "Unity" 2008
6. Zaitsev N.L. Economy industrial enterprise... Infra-M: 2007
7. Safronov N.A. Enterprise economy. Moscow: 2008
Introduction
Industry - the leading sector of the national economic complex of Russia, functioning along with other sectors - agriculture, forestry, transport, communications, etc.
A significant part of GDP and gross value added is generated by industry. It provides expanded production across all sectors of the economy. It is in the industry that, first of all, research and development are implemented in the form of new technologies, equipment, devices, etc., ensuring the implementation of the achievements of scientific and technological revolution in the economic sector. The industry creates conditions for a more efficient use of material and labor resources, for achieving maximum results at minimum costs.
By the nature of the impact on the subject of labor, the industry is divided into extractive and manufacturing. The first is engaged in the extraction of minerals and other substances that nature presents to man, and the second is processing raw materials, materials into finished products.
The concept and classification of industries.
Modern industry consists of many industries, subsectors and types of production, interconnected with each other. The main features that distinguish one industry from another are:
· Economic purpose of manufactured products;
· The nature of consumed raw materials and materials;
· Technical base of production and technological processes;
· Professional staff. Separate industries differ on the same grounds.
At the same time, for the assignment of an enterprise to a particular industry, it is not necessary to have all the above characteristics. In economic practice, usually one characteristic is taken into account, which has a dominant value. For example, in the formation of the "mechanical engineering" industry, the common purpose of products is taken into account. All enterprises included in this industry produce mainly products used as instruments of labor and related to the means of production by the consumer. Enterprises, workshops and factories united in the food industry manufacture various types of products, which are mainly food products and related to consumer goods. The basis of a business combination metallurgical industry the sign of the generality of the technological process is laid. The woodworking industry is based on the commonality of processed raw materials.
Naturally, the industry includes research and development organizations, which, although they do not produce specialized products, develop appropriate products, provide technological training, etc.
The formation of a branch of industry is conditioned by certain conditions, the most important of which are:
· The presence of a large enough market for the sale of this type of product .
(The insignificant demand for certain types of products does not allow the creation of enterprises that ensure efficient production and sale. In this case, it is preferable from an economic point of view to import these products, which is important from the point of view of the country's defense capability or economic security).
· Availability of reserves of appropriate natural resources.(First of all, this applies to such industries as coal, gas, oil and other single-product industries).
In economic theory and practice, the following main features are used that form the basis for the classification of industries:
· According to the economic purpose of the manufactured products;
· By the nature of the impact on the subject of labor;
· By the functional purpose of the product;
· By the level of monopolization of production;
· In terms of economic originality.
According to the grouping of industries
· on the economic purpose of their products , the entire industry is divided into two large groups of industries:
1. Group (A)- industries producing means of production (means of production include products intended for use in the production sector as means and objects of labor. At the same time, part of the products of the light and food industries sent for further processing can be classified as objects of labor).
2. Group (B)- industries producing consumer goods (consumer goods include products intended directly for final consumption by the population).
· By the nature of the impact on objects of labor all branches of industry are subdivided into extractive and manufacturing. The enterprises of the extractive industries are directly involved in the extraction and procurement of natural mineral and biological raw materials. At the same time, there is no change in the properties of objects of labor. Extractive industries include coal, oil, shale, logging, mining, hydropower production, fishing and some.
· By functional purpose of products the entire industry is divided into branches that produce elements of fixed assets, circulating assets, and consumer goods. At the same time, if the industries producing elements of fixed assets and consumer goods produce final products, then the industries producing elements of working capital, as a rule, produce intermediate products, which subsequently undergo a certain processing.
· By the level of monopolization of production all industries are subdivided into completely competitive, monopolistic, monopolistic and oligopolistic.
Industries are completely competitive, consisting of a significant number of enterprises, each of which produces and supplies to the market goods that are perfect substitutes for competitors' goods. At the same time, the supply volume of each enterprise separately makes up an insignificant share of the total supply volume (no more than 1%) and, therefore, cannot affect the price prevailing in the market. Completely competitive industries are usually characterized by an unstable composition, since each enterprise has the ability to freely enter and exit the industry, regardless of market conditions.
Monopoly industry consists of only one enterprise producing and supplying the market for these products. Monopoly industries have the ability to control the volume of goods on the market, the price of the product, and prevent competitors from entering the market.
As a rule, the prevention of the appearance of competitors on the market is ensured by obtaining from the government exclusive rights to the production of these products (services), patents and copyrights to new products and technologies that create exclusive rights to their owners for the production and sale of these products, as well as a large amount investments necessary for competitors to enter the market (for example, although it is theoretically possible to imagine the creation of a corporation competing with Gazprom, providing gas pumping through parallel networks, it is practically impossible to realize this due to the enormous amount of required investments).
Monopolistic Competition Industry characterized by the presence in its composition of a relatively large number of relatively small enterprises. These firms produce a variety of products, and although the product of each firm is specific, the consumer can easily find substitute products and switch his demand for them. The enterprises in the industry compete with each other and own a small (1 to 10%) market share. At the same time, the release of differentiated products provides them with a certain monopoly power and allows them to ignore the reaction of competitors when setting prices and output.
The oligopolistic industry is characterized by the fact that it may include a limited number of enterprises with a significant market share. The limited number of them leads to mutual dependence in establishing the volume of output and the price of a product. This ensures greater stability in market prices and in the volume of industry supply. An oligopoly is characterized by restrictions on the entry of new firms into the market.
The classification of industries on the basis of concentration of production and supply at individual enterprises allows the government to assess the market situation, develop measures to regulate the market and actively oppose monopolistic trends in industry.
· By economic identity the enterprises of the industry and production included in them are subdivided according to such criteria.
Industry - a branch of production that includes the processing of raw materials, the development of mineral resources, the creation of means of production and consumer goods. This is the main branch of the sphere of material production. Industry produces: means of production, consumer goods, processes agricultural raw materials, ensures the operation of all sectors of the economy, determines the country's defense power, ensures scientific and technological progress.
An industry sector is a set of organizations, enterprises, institutions that produce homogeneous goods and services, using the same type of technology, satisfying needs that are similar in nature.
Classification of industries - a list of industries approved in accordance with the established procedure, providing comparability of indicators for planning, accounting and analysis of industrial development.
There are several classifications:
Division of industry into groups A and B: industry of group A (means of production), industry of group B (commodities).
Division of the industry into heavy and light.
By the nature of the impact on the subject, the industry is divided into two groups: extractive (extraction and preparation of raw materials) and processing (processing of raw materials and production of finished products).
Industry classification: Electricity, fuel industry, ferrous metallurgy, non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical industry, mechanical engineering and metalworking, timber industry, building materials industry, light industry, food industry.
The sectoral structure of industry characterizes the level of industrial and technical development of the country, the degree of its economic independence and the level of productivity of social labor.
When analyzing the sectoral structure of an industry, it is advisable to consider not only its individual sectors, but also groups of sectors, which are intersectoral complexes.
An industrial complex is understood as a set of certain groups of industries, which are characterized by the release of similar (related) products or the performance of works (services).
At present, the industries are united into the following complexes: fuel and energy, metallurgical, chemical, timber industry, machine-building, agro-industrial, construction complex, military-industrial (sometimes singled out separately).
The fuel and energy complex (FEC) includes the fuel industry (coal, gas, oil, shale industries) and electric power (hydropower, thermal, nuclear, etc.). All these sectors are united by a common goal - to meet the needs of the national economy in fuel, heat, and electricity.
The metallurgical complex (MK) is an integrated system of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy industries.
The machine-building complex is a combination of machine-building, metalworking and repair industries. The leading branches of the complex are general mechanical engineering, electrical engineering and radio electronics, transport engineering, as well as the production of computers.
The chemical complex is an integrated system of the chemical and petrochemical industry.
The timber industry complex is an integrated system of forestry, woodworking, pulp and paper and wood chemical industries.
The agro-industrial complex (AIC) can be considered as a set of technologically and economically related links of the national economy, the end result of which is the most complete satisfaction of the needs of the population for food and non-food products produced from agricultural raw materials. It includes agriculture (crop production, animal husbandry), as well as light and food industries.
The construction complex includes a system of construction industries, an industry of building materials.
The military-industrial complex (MIC) is represented by industries and types of activity (primarily R&D) focused on meeting the needs of the Armed Forces.
The following enlarged industries were distinguished in OKONKh:
Power engineering
Fuel industry
Ferrous metallurgy
Non-ferrous metallurgy
Chemical and petrochemical industry
Mechanical engineering and metalworking
Forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries
Building materials industry
Glass and porcelain industry
Light industry
Food industry
Microbiological industry
Flour and cereals and feed industry
Medical industry
Printing industry.
