Big encyclopedia of oil and gas. Timber industry complex

In the timber industry complex, there are three main sub-sectors - forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper. The role of the wood chemical industry is insignificant.

Since the beginning of the 1990s, there has been a noticeable decline in production in the industry, significantly outstripping the all-Russian rate of decline in production.

In our country, there is a huge potential for the development of all three main areas of the timber industry complex, due to richest reserves wood, the availability of the necessary energy potential for their processing, etc. The total standing timber stock is just over 80 billion m3. Among the subjects Russian Federation the leading position is occupied by: Krasnoyarsk Territory - 14% of all-Russian reserves; The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and the Irkutsk region - 11% each; Khabarovsk region- 6%; Komi Republic - 3.6%; Arkhangelsk region - 3.1%; Transbaikal region, Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra and Tomsk Oblast - 3-4% each; Sverdlovsk Region - 2.5%; Perm Territory and Vologda Region - 2% each; Kirov region - 1.4%.

However, in Russia, the raw materials components of the timber industry complex prevail, and the woodworking industries are not yet developing efficiently enough.
Since the mechanical processing of wood is associated with high specific consumption of raw materials and a huge scale of waste, many woodworking enterprises gravitate towards raw materials. Many enterprises use imported raw materials Altai Territory and the Novgorod region.

Many small and medium-sized companies are engaged in the production of commercial timber and sawn timber.

In the Russian pulp and paper industry, mainly large businesses operate, based on the operation of large mills. As a consequence technical features pulp production, enterprises are located near large sources of electricity and water. The most important centers for the production of cellulose: Arkhangelsk, Koryazhma (Arkhangelsk region), Syktyvkar (Komi Republic), Svetogorsk, Syasstroy ( Leningrad region), Kondopoga, Segezha, Pitkyaranta (Republic), Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk (Irkutsk region), etc.

Unlike cellulose production, paper production is more consumer-oriented. Plants: Balakhna (Nizhny Novgorod region), Svetogorsk (Leningrad region), Solikamsk (Perm region), Kondopoga (Republic of Karelia), etc.

The production of cardboard has its own specifics of the location of enterprises, because for its production, secondary raw materials (waste paper) are widely used. Unlike other subsectors of the timber industry complex, the cardboard industry has already exceeded pre-reform indicators in terms of production. In recent decades, several new enterprises have been commissioned, mainly with the participation of foreign capital, in particular in Balabanovo (Kaluga Region).

The most important problem of the timber industry complex is high level depreciation of fixed assets. Although it corresponds to the average figures for industry (about 50%), the depreciation of the active part of fixed assets (equipment) reaches 80%. The commissioning of new capacities is extremely insignificant. The fixed assets renewal rate does not exceed 1.5-1.7% per year.

Private enterprises account for about half of the volume industrial production industry, the share of enterprises with a mixed form of ownership - less than 1/5 of the sectoral production volume. The role of the public sector is of little importance.

About 15% of all small industrial enterprises operate in the industry, which is 90% of all enterprises in the industry. Of all those working in the industry, 17–19% work in small businesses.

Some of the industry's products are exported. 2/3 of the newsprint and plywood produced, 1/3 of the harvested unprocessed timber and cellulose are exported. The overwhelming majority (up to 90%) of exported products goes to non-CIS countries.

The forestry complex includes forestry, harvesting, mechanical processing and chemical processing of wood. These industries use the same raw materials, but differ from each other in production technology and the purpose of the finished product. The leading place in terms of the volume of output is taken by the pulp and paper and wood chemical industries, in terms of the number of employees and the number of operating enterprises - the woodworking industry.

The importance of the timber industry in the country's economy is due not only to the huge reserves of timber and the territorial distribution of forest resources, but also to its widespread use in various sectors of the economy - construction, industry, transport, agriculture and utilities.

Russia is the largest forest state in the world, where almost 1/4 of the world's timber reserves are concentrated. In 2007, the total forest area was 883 million hectares, and the forested area in Russia occupied 776.1 million hectares, or 45% of the country's territory, and the timber stock was estimated at 82.1 billion m3. Among the forest-forming species, conifers (pine, cedar, spruce, larch, fir) predominate, the share of deciduous (birch, aspen, linden) and hard-leaved (oak, beech, ash, maple) is small.

In the forest fund of Russia, there are three groups of forests: a) water and field protection, reserved and recreational forests, in which only sanitary cuttings to improve their condition; b) forests in which only selective felling is possible in the amount of annual growth; c) production forests in which clear felling can be carried out.

The forestry complex is overcoming the crisis that affected it during the period of market reforms in the economy, when its industrial, scientific and technical potential was significantly undermined. In 2007, the volume of production of the industry amounted to 59% of the level of 1990, the allowable cut was used only by 25%, and taking into account intermediate felling only by 14%. The volume of investments in fixed assets of the timber industry complex from all sources of financing has decreased by almost 7 times over the past decade. The main source of investment - about 80% - remains the own funds of enterprises.

Transformations in the forms of ownership are also nearing completion. By the beginning of the XXI century. private enterprises accounted for 90% of the total number of enterprises operating in the forestry sector, where almost half of the number of industrial and production personnel was employed, which provided output 2/5 industrial products... In 2007, the number of forestry enterprises was 18.5 thousand, employing 340 thousand people.

Timber industry complex in the structure of industrial production in Russia in terms of the volume of products it occupies the seventh place, in terms of export volumes - the fifth place. At the same time, the forestry complex plays the greatest role in the economy of the European North, in the many-forested regions of the Eastern and Western Siberia, In the Far East, this industry is inferior to the favorites - fuel industry and nonferrous metallurgy.

The products of the forestry complex traditionally occupy a prominent place in the export supplies of Russia. Foreign exchange earnings from the export of timber and paper products in 2007 amounted to $ 12.3 billion. At the same time, the export potential of Russia is estimated at $ 100 billion. the type and packaging of timber and paper products in developed timber industry countries, therefore, prices for products of Russian manufacturers are 30–40% lower than the world average.

The logging industry carries out harvesting, removal and alloying of timber, as well as primary processing and partial processing of timber. Its main product is commercial timber, which now accounts for more than 80% of the total timber exported.

The timber industry is the basic branch of the timber industry. In the late 1980s. Russia ranked second in the world after the United States in terms of timber removals, and in 2006 it was already sixth.

The location of logging is due to the availability of forest resources. Therefore, the leading region for the production of commercial timber is the European North, which provides 1/3 of the industry's products, where the Arkhangelsk and Vologda regions, the Republic of Karelia and Komi stand out. The second place is occupied by Eastern Siberia (about 1/4), where the main suppliers of commercial timber are the Irkutsk region, which concentrates almost 1/5 of the total Russian logging volume, and the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The third place is held by the Urals (Sverdlovsk region). In addition, timber harvesting is carried out in the Far East, Western Siberia and the North-West.

The woodworking industry is the main consumer of commercial wood and includes the production of lumber, sleepers, plywood, building parts and boards, standard wooden houses, furniture, matches, etc. sawmilling reaches 40%, in furniture and match production - 50% of the consumed raw materials.

Sawmilling provides primary mechanical processing of 2/3 of commercial timber and is oriented towards raw materials and consumers. The main production is concentrated in the Western zone of the country on the territory of multi-forest regions (European North, Ural, Volgo-Vyatsky district) and in the main consumer areas (Center, Volga region, North Caucasus).

Plywood production is distinguished by a high consumption rate of raw materials and an orientation towards birch stands. Therefore, the main production is concentrated on the territory Central Russia, The Urals and the European North. Furniture production, being a “city industry”, is consumer-oriented.

The pulp and paper industry is a high-tech branch of the forestry complex, which is engaged in the chemical and mechanical processing of wood. At the same time, cellulose is initially obtained, and from it - paper and cardboard.

The location of the industry is due to the high material and water consumption (for the production of 1 ton of paper, 5 m3 of wood and 350 m3 of water are needed), as well as energy consumption. Therefore, the decisive factor in the location is the availability of forest resources and large water sources.

The leading region for the production of paper, cardboard and cellulose remains the European North, where the main production is carried out on the territory of Karelia. The Arkhangelsk region and the Komi Republic also operate Segezhsky, Kondopozhsky, Solombalsky, Syktyvkarsky pulp and paper mills, etc. In 2007, the region produced almost 52% of cellulose, 48% of paper and 34% of cardboard in the country.

The second place is taken by the Volgo-Vyatka region. In the Nizhny Novgorod region and the Republic of Mari El there are large plants in Pravdinsk, Balakhna, Volzhsk. The third place is taken by the Uralsk region, where the main production is concentrated in the Perm region (Krasnokamsk, Solikamsk, Perm) and Sverdlovsk region(Turinsk, Novaya Lyalya).

Significant volumes of paper and cardboard production in the North-West region (Svetogorsk, Syassk), and the share Eastern Siberia and the Far East due to underutilization of existing capacities is decreasing. The Amur and Astrakhan pulp and cardboard mills stopped the production of cellulose and cardboard, the Vyborg PPM was shut down.

Thus, the largest complexes of the forest industry were formed in the following economic regions country:

The North is a multi-forested area that provides timber export, production of lumber, plywood, cardboard and almost half of the country's paper;

The Urals is a multi-forest region that specializes in the export of timber and sawn timber, the production of plywood and paper in Russia;

Siberia (Western and Eastern) is a multi-forest region that supplies lumber, cardboard and pulp to the Russian market;

Volgo-Vyatka region is a multi-forested region, which on its own and imported raw materials gives almost a fifth of the paper in Russia;

North-West is a multi-forested region, where the woodworking and pulp and paper industries are predominantly developed;

Center - a sparsely forested area specializing in the production of various products of the woodworking industry from imported raw materials;

Far East- a multi-forested area dominated by timber harvesting supplied to the countries of the Asia-Pacific region.

Russia is the largest timber industry country in the world, which has a powerful timber-chemical complex, including harvesting, mechanical processing and chemical processing of wood.

Russia holds the first place in wooded area, amounting to more than 750 million hectares. It surpasses the forested area of ​​such large forest countries as Canada, USA, Sweden, Norway and Finland combined. More than half of the world's most valuable coniferous species are concentrated in the forests of Russia. The total industrial timber reserves amount to 30 billion cubic meters, which is more than three times higher than the reserves of the USA and Canada. About 1,500 species of trees and shrubs grow in the forests of Russia, valuable conifers dominate, which make up 9/10 of all reserves. When harvesting wood, first of all, ripe and overmature plantations are used (the age of ripe species is from 80 to 100 years, overmature over 100 years).

The timber industry of Russia is a set of branches of the Russian industry associated with the harvesting and processing of timber. One of the oldest branches of the economy.

The timber industry, like the chemical industry, has a rather complex structure. Conventionally, all branches of the forestry complex can be divided into four groups:

Logging industry - timber harvesting

Woodworking industry - mechanical and chemical-mechanical processing and wood processing. Plate production, furniture manufacturing, production of lumber, etc.

Pulp and paper industry - mainly chemical processing of wood, production of cellulose, cardboard and paper.

Timber industry - production of charcoal, rosin and turpentine.

Despite the fact that the main resources of mature and overmature timber are located in the eastern regions of Russia, the main logging areas are the European regions - the North and Volgo-Vyatka, which leads to overcutting and damages forest resources.

The Russian timber industry remains one of the most fragmented sectors of the Russian industry. The rapid growth in the number of forestry enterprises (more than 5 times) in the early 90s of the last century was facilitated by the reorganization of the industry and the liberalization of foreign trade. Currently, the industry has more than 22 thousand enterprises employing over 1 million people, while the share of industry leaders is relatively low. The crisis of the existing management system and the low level of business organization due to the lack of experience in solving financial and economic problems in independent enterprises formed in the process of reform and privatization became the main reasons for the decline in the timber industry complex in Russia. The formation of new management structures in the form of vertically integrated holdings capable of effectively coordinating businesses will allow the domestic timber industry to overcome the crisis and take a worthy place in the Russian industry.

The vertically integrated structures of the timber industry complex, the creation of which began in the mid-90s, are usually based on a large pulp and paper mill 1.

Table 1. The largest companies timber industry complex of Russia

The logging business, due to its lower capital intensity, is more accessible to investors. In this segment, there are a lot of small timber industry enterprises and sawmills with an outdated production base. The owners of enterprises, for the most part, do not have the means to modernize them and are forced to sell them to large timber-processing companies-integrators, whose development strategy presupposes the acquisition of new business objects. The main players in the industry have long understood the need for integration and are currently actively involved in the consolidation of timber processing and logging assets, as well as the construction of new production facilities.

The main direction of the development of the branches of the forestry complex in the conditions of the formation and development of market relations is the outstripping growth in the production of progressive types of products, a reduction in the export of round timber and sawn timber, and an increase in the production and export of finished products of mechanical and chemical processing of wood. At the same time, the most important task is a more complete use of forest resources without harming the environment, the creation of integrated enterprises for forest growing, timber harvesting and processing.

Increasing the productivity of forests is the most important task of the branches of the forestry complex. Its solution lies in the further improvement of the methods of reproduction of forest resources and the species composition of crops, taking into account the forest-growing zones, types of forests and the intensity of forestry production. Especially necessary is the care of the forest, its protection and protection.

The main competitive advantage of the Russian timber industry complex is still the quantity and quality of Russian timber.

In recent years, the allowable cut for coniferous farming has been mainly developed, that is, the most valuable timber is cut down with a significant accumulation of less valuable overmature deciduous forests. The forest reserves in the territories developed during the Soviet era are close to depletion, and the development of new forest resources requires the development of infrastructure, in particular, the construction of forest roads. In principle, it is the state as the owner of the forest that would have to solve this issue, but at the moment it practically does not have the funds for this, and if the construction of roads is carried out, then only at the expense of large vertically integrated structures. Due to the fact that a significant part of lease agreements are concluded for a period of up to 10 years, small and medium-sized loggers are focused only on obtaining "quick" profits. The largest companies, for which the forest business is a stable source of income in the long term, are interested in developing infrastructure and carrying out forest restoration works, but under the existing lease conditions, they have no incentive to make serious investments in forestry. In addition, the forest suffers very large losses from forest fires, forest pests and diseases, industrial emissions and illegal logging.

Due to the irrational use of forests, the volume of timber transported in Russia is much less than countries with a developed timber industry complex (USA, Canada, Finland, Sweden), which are inferior to it in terms of reserves. The ecologically safe level of deforestation in Russia exceeds 500 million cubic meters. meters, in reality the companies cut down no more than 130 million cubic meters. meters annually. 2

The development of the woodworking industry is associated with an increase in resource consumption and an increase in production waste, which poses a real threat to the environment and public health. The most acute are the problems of their neutralization and disposal in cities with a difficult ecological situation.

During the chemical processing of wood, the following types of waste are generated: lignin, caramel, tall oil pitch, activated sludge, polymer residue, oil scrubber, sludge, during mechanical processing of wood: sawdust, chips, bark. Each of the listed wastes has its own toxicity class and accumulation volumes.

The average percentage of recycling for the main types of waste is only 6%. If we sum up the volumes of large-tonnage waste, potentially suitable for the production of only building materials, then this figure could be 70-80%.

The solution of waste problems can go in the following directions:

Reducing the intensity of waste generation;

Increasing the level of utilization;

Improving the safety of their burial.

The use of waste involves solving not only environmental problems, but also allows you to solve economic issues. Certain experience in waste processing has been accumulated, there are various scientific developments on the use of waste.

In the production of building materials (chemical additives in concrete and mortars, coroplast, sawdust concrete, swelling and burning out additives for the production of building ceramics, etc.), according to the existing developments, the following can be used: sawdust, bark, tall oil pitch and lignins, oil osprey, polymer residue, caramel, activated sludge. Taking this into account, the utilization of waste against the initial one could be increased by 1.5-2 times and, in addition, it would become more efficient.

From the point of view of the rational use of waste in the production of building materials, waste from mechanical processing of wood can be used as a filler to obtain wall and heat-insulating materials.

The use of this waste allows:

Improve technological properties (workability, non-segregation, uniformity);

Reduce cement consumption by 5-15%;

Increase durability (frost resistance, water resistance, corrosion resistance);

In lightweight concrete based on porous aggregates, to improve the thermophysical properties.

With this approach, waste-generating enterprises can obtain an economic effect, which consists of savings in the current costs of waste disposal and proceeds from their sale.

One of characteristic features global forestry companies - close attention to the environment. Today it is difficult to imagine a large timber industry corporation that would not invest millions of dollars in the implementation of its own environmental programs that minimize the negative impact of its activities on the environment. However, until recently Russian enterprises stayed away from this process.

Purely pragmatic considerations forced to recall the ecology of domestic timber producers. The only proposal with which our timber companies can enter Western markets is reasonable prices for a quality product, combined with a guarantee that "not a single protein was harmed" during its production. Therefore, in the very near future, our companies will be able to enter the very promising markets of European and Asian states only if they present real evidence that they do not forget about environmental protection in their activities. And without access to new regional markets, the domestic timber industry is doomed to stagnation.

The main obstacle to the "greening" of the Russian forestry complex is the lack of an adequate system for assessing the level of environmental friendliness of forestry enterprises, which is understandable, including the West. Western consumers will not go into the jungle of production terms on their own to find out what technology the Russian manufacturer is using. In addition, as the experience of the Expert RA rating agency has shown, Russian forestry enterprises have very different ideas about what is environment and where the excesses begin. The ISO 14000 series standards and the FSC forest management certification system are called upon to guarantee a high level of environmental responsibility of the global timber industry companies.

The prospects for the development of the Russian timber industry complex and the realization of its potential, determined by a very significant resource base, are in direct proportion to the effectiveness of actions aimed at solving the most acute problems of the timber industry.

Currently, time is working against LPK. Even with immediate actions to reform the industry, the end result may already be considered somewhat belated. Given the current practice, at least two to three years will be spent on the development and implementation of specific measures that can lay the foundation for the long-term development of the industry. Investors will need the same amount (if not more) to believe in efficiency. the current system and the safety of their investments in the Russian timber industry. And the investment cycle in the industry is quite long: payback of large projects is possible, at best, 3-5 years after the initial investment. The real results of the reforms, expressed in the modernization of the structure of the domestic timber industry complex, should not be expected earlier than in 8-10 years.