West Siberian Plain short message. Western Siberia. Economic characteristics of the region

Western Siberia like PTK.

General information. West Siberian lowland, or plain, - the third

the largest after the Russian Plain of the world. Its area is about 2.6 million km2. From

the harsh coast of the Kara Sea, it stretches to the foothills of the South

Siberia and the semi-deserts of Kazakhstan by 2500 km, and from the Urals to the Yenisei - by 1900

The boundaries of the plain are clearly defined natural boundaries: on

north - coastline Kara Sea, in the south - the foot of the Kazakh

melkosopochnik, Altai, Salair and Kuznetsk Alatau, in the west - eastern

foothills of the Urals, in the east - the valley of the Yenisei River.

Relief. Nowhere in the world can you find such a vast space with such

a flat relief, as it were, lowering towards its center. Crossing the plain

you see boundless planes - not a hillock, not a slope. Such a relief

formed loose deposits of rivers and ancient glacial deposits, which are powerful

sedimentary cover (3-4 thousand m) overlapped a plate of Paleozoic age.

Horizontal layering of sedimentary strata is the main cause of flat

relief of the plain.

Affected the relief of the West Siberian Plain and glaciation. But the glacier

here it did not cross 60 ° north latitude.

In the south, the plains during floods of rivers, dammed in the north by ice, on

colossal spaces were deposited lake and river sediments - sands and

loams.

Glaciation affected not only the relief, but also the vegetation and

fauna of the West Siberian Plain. When the glacier retreated, north

the plain was conquered by the tundra and taiga, although before there were

deciduous forests inhabited by mammoths, woolly rhinos,

giant deer. By the remains of the trunks in the swamps, one can judge that

the forest border was located several hundred kilometers north of

present time.

Climate. Continentality of the climate in the open spaces of the West Siberian

the plain increases when moving from north to south. This is expressed in an increase

annual amplitude of temperatures, a decrease in precipitation, a decrease in

the duration of spring and autumn - the transitional seasons of the year.

At the junction air masses temperate zone with tropical emerge

cyclones bringing rains. At the beginning of summer, this front operates in the south -

the steppe zone receives moisture (about 300 mm per year). Hot air in July

dominates the entire south of the plains, and cyclones move northward, bringing

precipitation in the taiga zone (500 mm per year). In August, the front reaches the tundra, where

drops up to 250 mm per year.

In winter, cyclones act at the junction of moderate and arctic air masses

arctic front. This softens the frosts in the north, but due to the large

humidity and strong winds the harshness of the climate is also manifested here when

less frost.

Abundance surface waters. West Siberian Plain rich in rivers,

lakes, swamps, in the placement of which on the territory is clearly traced

dependence on the relief and on the zonal ratio of heat and moisture.

The largest river in the West Siberian Plain is the Ob with the Irtysh tributary.

This is one of greatest rivers the world. In Russia, it ranks first in

length (5410 km) and the area of the basin (2990 thousand km 2).

In addition to the Ob and Irtysh, among large rivers region can be called shipping

Nadym, Pur, Taz, and Tobol.

Among the numerous lakes, filling glacial lakes prevail.

hollows and located on the site of the former oxbows. By the number of swamps

The West Siberian Plain is also a world record holder: nowhere else in the world is there more

such a wetland with an area of 800 thousand km 2, as here.

A classic example of boggy is Vasyugane -

geographic area lying between the Ob and Irtysh rivers. Reasons

the formation of such vast swampy areas are several: the presence

excessive moisture, flat relief, permafrost, low

air temperature, the ability of peat, which prevails here

retain water in quantities that are many times the weight of the peat mass.

Natural zones of the West Siberian Plain. Climate of Western Siberia

more continental and harsh than in the east of the European part of Russia, but

softer than the rest of Siberia. Great extent of the plain from north to south

allows you to fit here several latitudinal zones - from the tundra in the north

to the steppes in the south.

The huge size of the West Siberian Plain and the flat relief allow

it is especially good to trace the latitudinal-zonal changes in natural

landscapes.

Tundra. home distinctive feature tundra - the severity of the climate.

Adapting to harsh conditions, tundra plants from autumn

prepare wintering buds. Thanks to this, in the spring they are rapidly

are covered with leaves and flowers, and then bear fruit. There are many

different plant food, so many nests here

herbivorous birds.

Forest tundra. Forest-tundra is the first zone when moving to the south, where at least

Summer thermal regime is observed 20 days a year, when the average daily

temperatures exceed 15 ° C. Here the tundra alternates with crooked forests and

undergrowth.

Forest swamp zone. More than half of the territory of Western Siberia is occupied

forest-swamp zone. The interfluvial areas are dominated by swamps, and

the slopes of river valleys and raised areas (manes) are occupied by taiga forests. V

the northern part of the plain is dominated by spruce-cedar forests, in the southern - spruce-

cedar with an admixture of fir and birch.

Deciduous forest subzone. To the south of the taiga there is a subzone of deciduous

forests, which in Western Siberia stretches in a narrow strip from

Ural mountains to the Yenisei River.

Forest-steppe. West Siberian forest-steppe stretches in a narrow strip from

Urals to the foothills of the Salair Ridge. The abundance of lake basins is a feature

this zone. The shores of the lakes are low, partly swampy or overgrown with pine

burs. In the Kuldinsk pine forests, they live together with the steppe species:

fieldhorse, jerboa - taiga species: flying squirrel, wood grouse.

Steppe zone. This zone is distinguished by large fertile soils, on

which can grow good yields of grains and vegetables.

The natural resources of the West Siberian Plain are very diverse.

Oil and gas reserves of such fields as Urengoy, Medvezhye, Surgut

make Western Siberia one of the world leaders. On its territory also

60% of the total peat reserves of Russia are concentrated. In the south, the plains are located

the richest arrangement of salts.

The great wealth of Western Siberia is its water resources. except

surface waters - rivers and lakes - huge reservoirs of underground

water Great economic value biological resources of the tundra and

forest-tundra - this seemingly poor life zone. It is mined

a significant amount of furs and game; there are many fish in its rivers and lakes.

In addition, the tundra is the main reindeer breeding area. Taiga

Western Siberia has long been famous for the production of furs and timber.

With ancient sedimentary rocks of Triassic and Jurassic age,

the total thickness of which is more than 800-1000 m, brown coal deposits are connected. On

the territory of the Tyumen region, its reserves are estimated at 8 billion tons.

However, the main wealth of Western Siberia is oil and gas

deposits. It has been established that this plain is a uniquely rich

oil and gas province of the Earth.

Over a decade and a half (from 1953 to 1967), more than 90

fields of oil, gas and gas condensate (light oil). Last 3

for decades, Western Siberia has held the leading position in Russia in oil production and

natural gas.

Searches in the bowels of Western Siberia for "black gold" and "blue fuel"

allowed discovering large reserves iron ore in the north of Novosibirsk

But these vast and varied riches are not easy to master.

Nature "protected" oil and gas deposits of the region from humans and

powerful swamps, and permafrost soils. Build in such soils

extremely difficult. In winter, severe frosts, high humidity interfere with a person

air, strong wind. In the summer, numerous blood-sucking ones prevail -

midges and mosquitoes that torment people and animals.

For more information, select a region on the map.

a brief description of district

Economic and geographical location .

The West Siberian economic region occupies a vast area east of the Ural Mountains, extending almost to the Yenisei. But the length from north to south is especially great. This is one of the largest economic regions of Russia in terms of territory. In the west, the region borders on the Northern and Ural economic regions, in the south - with Kazakhstan, in the east - with the East Siberian region. In the south of the region, the Trans-Siberian Railway crosses the largest Siberian rivers (Ob and Irtysh). Possessing the richest natural resources, the area has favorable conditions for economic development, but peculiar natural and climatic conditions greatly complicate the situation.

Natural conditions and resources.

Most of the region's territory is occupied by the West Siberian Plain. Located in the southeast, Altai Mountain country- the highest part of Western Siberia (Belukha - 4506 m). Most of Western Siberia is located in the region continental climate temperate zone(more severe than in the European part of Russia), and its northern part is located within the subarctic and arctic belts. The Arctic Ocean has a significant impact on the nature of the Far North. Due to the large extent of the territory from north to south and from west to east, differences in vegetation are noticeable even within the same climatic zone. North-South area arctic deserts and the tundra is replaced by the taiga zone (Western Siberia is a forest-abundant region). At the latitude of Tyumen and Tomsk, taiga forests give way to a narrow strip of deciduous forests, which turn into forest-steppe spaces. At the foothills of Altai, a small area is occupied by a steppe zone, but it is more arid than on the Russian Plain. The forest-steppe and steppe regions of Western Siberia with chernozem soils are plowed up. The main river of the region, the Ob, is navigable along its entire length and flows into the Kara Sea. The river has many tributaries, many of them are navigable. The district's rivers serve as transport arteries and for water supply. The hydropower potential of the rivers is small (flat area). More than a third of the entire area of Western Siberia is occupied by swamps. Swampiness makes it extremely difficult to lay transport routes and develop oil and gas fields. The West Siberian region is rich in various minerals. In its depths there are huge reserves of oil and gas (the most important of them are in the deep taiga among swamps and swamps). The region accounts for over 60% of Russian peat reserves. To the north of Altai, between the Salair Ridge and the Kuznetsk Alatau, there is the Kuznetsk coal basin (Kuzbass). In the south of the Kemerovo region (Gornaya Shoria), iron ores were mined, but they are almost depleted. But the main reserves of iron ore, comparable to the reserves of KMA, are located in the Ob region, in the Tomsk region (they have not yet begun to develop). There are reserves of polymetallic ores in the Salair Ridge. Mercury and gold were found in Altai. In the foothills of Altai there is a resort of Belokurikha with mineral springs. Dense forests, rapid rivers, the famous Teletskoye Lake attract numerous tourists to Altai.

Population.

The population of the district is 15 million people, 2/3 of the population of the entire eastern zone of Russia lives here. The average population density is 6 people per 1 km2. It is placed extremely unevenly. The most densely populated is the relatively narrow strip along the Trans-Siberian Railway and the Kemerovo Region (33 people per 1 km2). In the taiga, villages are found mainly along river valleys. In the Tomsk and Tyumen regions, in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, the population density is 2-3 people per 1 km2. Even less often, the population is located in the tundra (in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the population density is 0.6 people per 1 km2). More than 90% of the population is Russian, the share of Ukrainians is quite high. The indigenous population of the northern regions (the peoples of the Ural language family) - the Nenets (about 30 thousand people) inhabit the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug: administrative center- Salekhard, located at the Arctic Circle. The Khanty and Mansi peoples live in the middle reaches of the Ob. The indigenous population of the mountains (south of Western Siberia) is the people of the Turkic language group - the Altai, Shors, in the regions bordering with Kazakhstan, Kazakhs live. As a result of the industrial development of the region, the proportion of the urban population increased (71%). Large cities of the West Siberian region are located mainly at the crossing points of navigable rivers by railways. Novosibirsk and Omsk (cities-"millionaires") stand out especially. Many cities have grown up in areas of mining, timber processing and agricultural products. In the highly urbanized Kemerovo region (87%), cities are located mainly along the main railway. V last years the urban population in the Middle Ob region and in the north of the region has noticeably increased (the urbanization coefficient in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug is 91%). Grew up here modern cities: Nadym-based oil field Bearish; Urengoy - near Urengoy gas field and others. The population of Surgut and Nizhnevartovsk approached a quarter of a million. In connection with the production of oil and gas, the development of industry, the population in previous years was growing, but in general the region lacks labor resources(rotational work method is used).

Household.

Branches of specialization of the economy of Western Siberia are fuel industry(oil, gas, coal production), ferrous metallurgy, chemistry, petrochemistry, mechanical engineering, as well as grain farming. Thanks to the large-scale development of natural resources, funded by the state, Western Siberia has become the main base of Russia for oil and gas production. And in recent years and the basis of the country's financial stability. The oil produced here High Quality, and its cost is the lowest in the country. Oil and gas occur in loose sedimentary rocks at a depth of 700-3000 m.In the 90s, the role of this region increased: due to export mineral resources and the products of their processing provide more than two-thirds of the foreign exchange earnings of our country. The West Siberian region produces more than 16% of GDP and industrial production, as well as more than 10% of agricultural products of the Russian Federation. The most significant role is played by the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Districts (in the fuel industry - more than 40% of Russian production volumes) and the Kemerovo Region (in the ferrous metallurgy and fuel industry - more than 10% in Russia). However, an analysis of the dynamics of the structure of the industry of this economic region shows that, along with an increase in the importance of the fuel and energy sector (up to almost 70%), the share of mechanical engineering has decreased by three times, and light industry- nine times. Oil production during the years of economic restructuring has significantly decreased, but the region is nevertheless the main one for the extraction of fuel resources in the country. In 2001, 230 million tons of oil were produced here (in 1991 - 329 million tons). Largest deposits are located in the Tomsk and Tyumen regions - Samokhaorskoye, Ust-Balykskoye, Surgutskoye. Deposits are aging, depleted; new ones are being explored. Gas production is carried out in the north of the region. The largest deposits are Urengoyskoye, Medvezhye, Yamburgskoye, Bovanenkovskoye, in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Now a new branch of the Yamal - Europe gas pipeline is being laid. An oil refinery in Omsk and petrochemical plants in Omsk, Tomsk, Tobolsk, Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk operate on the basis of Tyumen oil. Oil is transported through pipelines to Eastern Siberia where refineries operate in Achinsk and Angarsk and to Kazakhstan. The development of the petrochemical cycle occurs simultaneously with the expansion of the timber industry (wood chemistry - Omsk, Tomsk, Novosibirsk). Most of the fuel produced in the region is exported outside Western Siberia. Ferrous metallurgy. Kuzbass is a coal and metallurgical base of republican significance. Kuznetsk coal is consumed in Western Siberia, in the Urals, in the European part of Russia, in Kazakhstan. The main center of ferrous metallurgy is Novokuznetsk (a ferroalloy plant and two complete metallurgical cycle). The Kuznetsk Metallurgical Plant uses local ores from Gornaya Shoria, and the growing West Siberian Metallurgical Plant receives raw materials from Eastern Siberia - Khakass and Angara-Ilimsk ores. Metallurgical plant there is also in Novosibirsk. Non-ferrous metallurgy represented by a zinc plant (Belove), an aluminum plant (Novokuznetsk) and a plant in Novosibirsk, where tin and alloys are produced from Far Eastern concentrates. The local nepheline deposit, a raw material base for the aluminum industry, has been developed. Mechanical engineering the district serves the needs of all Siberia. In Kuzbass, metal-intensive mining and metallurgical equipment and machine tools are made. In Novosibirsk, heavy machine tools and hydraulic presses are produced, and there is also a turbine generator plant. The Altai Tractor Plant is located in Rubtsovsk; in Tomsk - bearing; in Barnaul - a boiler house. Instrument making and electrical engineering are represented in Novosibirsk and Tomsk. On the basis of coal coking in Kuzbass, chemical industry , which produces nitrogen fertilizers, synthetic dyes, medicines, plastics, tires (Novosibirsk and other cities). Petrochemistry is developing, using local hydrocarbon raw materials (oil and gas). The concentration of industries with hazardous waste in industrial centers of Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo and other cities seriously aggravates the ecological situation in the region. In connection with the rapid development of oil and gas production in Western Siberia, the question of the ecology of the regions of the North of Russia also arises sharply, since difficulties are created for the traditional occupations of the indigenous population: vast expanses of reindeer pastures are permanently disabled after the passage of all-terrain vehicles and pipe-layers. Gushing oil, pipeline failures lead to water pollution in rivers and lakes, damage to fish resources. Forests also suffer from human activities. All these processes affect the decrease in the size of the territory where the indigenous population of Western Siberia can engage in hunting, fishing, and reindeer husbandry. Agro-industrial complex ... In the forest and tundra zones of the region, conditions for agriculture are unfavorable, and reindeer husbandry, fishing and fur trade play the main role here. The south of Western Siberia (forest-steppe and steppe zone with chernozem soils) is one of the main grain-growing regions of Russia. Cattle, sheep and poultry are also raised here. Created creations in the forest-steppe zone, meat processing plants, wool-washing factories in the steppe. In Gorny Altai, along with sheep breeding, the importance of antler reindeer breeding is preserved; goats and yaks are also bred in the mountains. Fuel and energy complex occupies a leading position in the industry of the region. The region is provided with fuel resources and even exports them to other economic regions of Russia and abroad. Western Siberia accounts for a large share of the production of all hydrocarbon raw materials in Russia. New trunk pipelines have been laid and are being built to the west, east and south of the largest fields. The power supply of the West Siberian oil and gas complex is carried out due to the operation of thermal power plants operating on fuel oil and gas - Surgutsk SDPPs, Nizhnevartovskaya and Urengoyskaya SDPPs, etc. In Kuzbass, thermal power plants operate on coal. Power plants in Western and Eastern Siberia form the unified energy system of Siberia. Transport. The Great Siberian Railway - Transsib (Chelyabinsk-Novosibirsk-Vladivostok) was laid in late XIX- early XX centuries. Later, the South Siberian Railway (Magnitogorsk-Novokuznetsk-Taishet) was built, linking Kuzbass, Kazakhstan and Eastern Siberia, and a number of roads were laid to the north. The Asino-Bely Yar timber road was put into operation. Railways Tyumen-Tobolsk-Surgut, Surgut-Nizhnevartovsk were built. At present, several more railways have been laid in the Ob North. One of them (from Vorkuta), having crossed the Northern Urals, reached the town of Labytnang (not far from Salekhard), and the other (from Surgut) reached Urengoy and stretches towards Yamburg. The construction of highways in the region is very expensive (especially in the area of permafrost and wetlands). Pipeline transport has a high rate of development. Oil pipelines have been built and are operating. Gas pipelines have been laid from production sites in the north of the region. For example, 6 lines of gas pipelines with a total length of more than 20 thousand km have been laid to the west from only one Urengoyskoye gas field, and new routes are being built (with the participation of Poland and Germany) (the Yamal-Europe gas pipeline). The uniqueness of the natural resource base of the West Siberian region in the future ensures the preservation of its role as a supplier of fuel and energy resources both to the domestic and world markets. The depth and multidimensionality of the problems of the development of the region will force in the near future to think about the creation of high-tech production of mechanical engineering, chemical and petrochemical industry and other manufacturing industries.

Includes the West Siberian Lowland (90% of the territory) and the Altai Mountains. Composition: Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Tyumen regions, Altai region, Altai Republic, Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

The EGP of Western Siberia is quite advantageous in comparison with other eastern regions. It borders on the industrial Urals, raw material base Eastern Siberia and Kazakhstan, is located at the intersection of river and railways.

The territory of the district is divided into two unequal parts. Most of it is occupied by the West Siberian Plain, located on a young Paleozoic platform. This is one of the largest accumulative plains in the world with heights of up to 200 m, monotonous, slightly rugged, significantly swampy. In the south lies a country belonging to the Caledonian and Hercynian folds. This is the highest part of the area. The highest point is Belukha (4506 m).

Rich in natural resources. The main resources are oil and gas, peat, coal,. Huge reserves of oil and gas are located in hard-to-reach areas, in the deep swampy taiga. To the north of Altai is the Kuznetsk Basin (Kuzbass). In the south of the Kemerovo region (Gornaya Shornya region), iron ores are being mined, but they are significantly depleted. The main iron ore basin of the region, which has not yet been developed, is located in the Tomsk region. Altai contains reserves of mercury and gold, in the Kulunda steppes - deposits of various salts.

Population. The development of Western Siberia began in the 16th century. from the founding of Tyumen, Tobolsk, Surgut and other cities. A new stage in development was the discovery in the middle of the 20th century. the largest reserves of oil and gas. Currently, more than 50% of the population of the eastern zone lives in Western Siberia, the main part in the south along the railways. In the rest of the territory, the settlement is focal - along and near the oil and gas fields. The urban population is 74%; large cities - Omsk, Novosibirsk (millionaires), Barnaul, Novokuznetsk, etc.

Western Siberia is more economically developed than Eastern Siberia. The region's industry is diversified and highly developed.

Branches of specialization - fuel industry, chemistry and petrochemistry, and grain farming.

Western Siberia is the main oil-producing base of the country; it provides over 70% of all-Russian oil and natural gas production. On the basis of oil production in the middle reaches of the Ob, the West Siberian TPK began to form in the 70s. The main deposits are Samotlor, Ust-Balyk, Surgut. Gas is produced mainly in the north of the region. The largest deposits are Urengoy, Zapolyarnoye, Yamburg. Oil refining and petrochemicals are developing in Omsk, Tomsk, Tobolsk, Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk. Oil and gas are transferred to the west and partly to the south and east.

The region's ferrous metallurgy is concentrated in the Kuznetsk-Altai TPK on the basis of Kuzbass coals and imported iron ores. The main center is Novokuznetsk (a ferroalloy plant and two plants full cycle).

On the basis of local raw materials - nepheline, the aluminum industry is developing, and tin and alloys are smelted from the Far Eastern concentrates. In Belovo, zinc is smelted from local polymetallic ores.

Mechanical engineering manufactures products used in all regions of Siberia. They make metal-intensive mining and metallurgical equipment, machine tools. They produce heavy machine tools, presses and turbine generators. In Rubtsovsk - Altai Tractor Plant. Instrument making and electrical engineering are represented in Novosibirsk and Tomsk.

Produces nitrogen fertilizers, dyes, medicines, plastics, tires. Petrochemistry is developing. Chemistry and petrochemistry are concentrated in the industrial centers of Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo, Omsk, Tomsk and other cities.

Oil and gas production and oil refining exacerbate the ecological situation in the area.

Agro-industrial complex. Reindeer husbandry, fishing and fur trade are developed in the north. The south of the region is one of the main grain regions of the country. In addition, dairy and meat cattle breeding, sheep breeding, poultry breeding are developing here.

The district's electric power industry is represented by numerous thermal power plants (operating on fuel oil and gas), the largest of which are Surgut GRH, Nizhnevartovskaya and Urengoyskaya TPPs. TPPs of Kuzbass run on coal.

Transport. The basis of the transport network was (- Novosibirsk -), laid in the los of the late XIX - early XX century. Later, the South Siberian Railway (Magnitogorsk - Novokuznetsk - Taishet) was laid, as well as meridional railways in the northern direction.

Pipeline transport is now developing faster than other types. Main oil pipelines:

Ust-Balyk - Omsk - Pavlodar - - Chimkent - Kazakhstan;
Shaim - Tyumen;
Alexandrovskoe - Nizhnevartovsk;
Ust-Balyk - Kurgan - Ufa - Almetyevsk;
Nizhnevartovsk - Kurgan - Samara and others.

Dozens of gas pipelines have also been built, going mainly to the west, to and to.
The development of the resources of Western Siberia entailed many problems: violation of the ecological balance in the tundra, pollution and waste from metallurgy, creating difficulties for the traditional occupations of the indigenous population.

Geographically, Western Siberia includes the territory located between the Urals and Central Siberia (Yenisei Ridge). It is characterized by common features of the climate, the unity of the hydrographic network, the similarity of the appearance of forest vegetation and the common history of its formation (genetic similarity). Western Siberia includes three large geomorphological parts: the West Siberian Lowland, the northern slopes of the Kazakh Upland and the Altai-Sayan mountainous country, bounded in the east by the western scarp of the Yenisei ridge and the Eastern Sayan.

In the flat part eastern border Western Siberia almost coincides with the geomorphological zoning boundary and is drawn along the right bank of the Yenisei. The border of Western Siberia is drawn by us in the following way: in the west - from the Baydaratskaya Bay along the meridian 66 ° 30 "through the settlement of Yary - the Polar Ural - Lake Shchuchye - the Small Ural mountains - the plateau of the Nature Experts - the village of Saranpaul (61 ° E). Then the border goes along the eastern slope of the ancient northern ridge - along the so-called ridged strip.It crosses the points - Burmantovo - Ivdel - the watershed between the Lozva and Sosva rivers, goes to the Pervomaisky port, and from it to the mouth of the river From here the border runs parallel to the eastern slopes of the middle Urals, crossing the settlement of Merkushino (on the river Tura) - the city of Alapaevsk - the settlement of Artemovskiy-Altyna and, - Sukhoi log - the station Bogdanovich - the city of Kamensk-Uralskiy. goes along the eastern part of the ancient spurs of the mountains of the Southern Urals to Chelyabinsk - Troitsk-Kartaly.From here the border turns to the southeast, crosses the Turgai hollow and goes along the northern slopes of the Kazakh Upland. only approximately: through Kartaly - Kushmurun - Aydabud - Danilovka - Turgai - Bayan-Aul. From here it goes to Semipalatinsk, and then along the Irtysh valley to Ust-Kamenogorsk and the mouth of the river. Bukhtarmy. Here the border turns to the northeast and goes along the Altai ridges: Katunskne squirrels (Belukha city) - Chuiskiye squirrels - Kuraisky - Chikhacheva and Shapshalsky. Then it leaves along the watershed ridge of the Western Sayan, crosses the Yenisei and continues to the Eastern Sayan (the watershed between Tuba and Kan). From here, the border turns to the north-west and follows the watershed between the Manoi and Kan rivers, going out to the Yenisei somewhat east of Krasnoyarsk. Then it stretches along the western edge of the Yenisei ridge and further north along the right bank of the Yenisei.

The total area of Western Siberia within the accepted boundaries according to cartometric calculations made by us on a blank map at a scale of 1: 4,000,000 is 3252 thousand km 2. Of this area, 3217 falls on land and inland waters(lakes, rivers) 35 thousand km 2.

The area of individual large parts of Western Siberia is (in thousand km 2)

By administrative division Western Siberia includes: Tyumen, Tomsk, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Kemerovo, Kurgan regions and the eastern parts of the Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions, Altai Territory and the western part of Krasnoyarsk Territory. In addition, the northern part of the Kazakh Republic (the northern parts of the Tselinny Territory, the Kustanai, Semipalatinsk, East Kazakhstan regions and the entire territory of the North Kazakhstan, Kokchetav and Pavlodar regions) is part of Western Siberia according to forest growth characteristics.

Climate of Western Siberia

The climate of Western Siberia is due to the influence of three main factors: solarity, moisturizing role Atlantic Ocean from the west and a powerful winter anticyclone of Eastern Siberia from the east. The main climate changes are manifested in two directions: from north to south (increase in heat) and from west to east (increase in continentality).

The complex relief of the Altai-Sayan Mountains contributes to the creation of numerous regions here with different climatic characteristics - from warm and humid (the lower part of the western slopes and especially the southern shore of Lake Teletskoye) to dry and cold (eastern slopes of the mountains and especially the valley steppes and semi-deserts of Altai).

To the east, the amplitudes of air temperatures in Western Siberia increase due to the winter months. Southerly, low winter temperatures contrast with high summer temperatures. Average July temperatures from 22 ° in the extreme south drop to 4 ° in the extreme north. average temperature December in Kurgan - 14.8 °, and in Novosibirsk, located slightly to the south, but much to the east, - 16.2 °. The maximum daily air temperatures in Western Siberia range from 41 to 27 °, the minimum - from -46 to -54 °.

The growing season lasts 175 days in the south, less than 100 days in the north. The thermal regime and the favorable combination of humidity make it possible to grow wheat in the southern half of Western Siberia, engage in gardening and breed a number of valuable tree species (Amur velvet, Manchurian walnut, pedunculate oak, heart-leaved linden, etc.). With the advancement to the north, the possibilities of breeding valuable tree species due to heat conditions are increasingly limited. Spring passes quickly, and it is characterized by repeated return of cold weather. Positive air temperatures, favorable for the growing season of plants (+ 10 °), are established in the south from April, in the north of the forest zone - from nyunya. Autumn is also short and cold. The first autumn frosts occur at the end of August - in September. In September, it usually holds everywhere positive temperature... In October, air temperatures are either negative or close to zero, November is the coldest month of the year, especially in the northern regions.

The greatest amount of precipitation (on average about 500 mm per year) falls in the place of the bend of the Ob channel between the mouths of the Irtysh and Tom. To the north and south, the annual precipitation amounts decrease. At the coast of the Kara Sea and on the nearest islands, they are 170-160 mm, in the south, 270-260 mm. In terms of climate humidity, the West Siberian Lowland occupies an average position between the East European Plain and the Central Siberian Plateau.

In the summer, the southern regions of Western Siberia are under the influence of dry winds blowing from the north, and sometimes hot winds coming from the direction of Central Kazakhstan and often bringing with them drought, which has an extremely negative effect on agriculture and the fruiting of tree species. This necessitates artificial irrigation and watering of a number of steppes in Western Siberia and the creation of a system of field-protective forest belts in areas located mainly south of the Siberian Railway. Monsoon-like changes of summer (northern) and winter (southern) winds form constant movements of air masses over the territory of the West Siberian Lowland. In addition to them, there are local wind systems associated with the orographic conditions of the area (river valleys, watersheds, mountain ranges, etc.). The wind speed in different regions of the West Siberian Lowland is different. It is most significant on the sea coast: 7-8 m / s on average per year. In the forest zone, the wind speed is halved, but in the south, in the forest-steppe and steppe, it increases again.

Of great importance for the development of forest vegetation; have a favorable combination of heat and moisture, the duration of the frost-free period, winter and spring-summer soil temperatures.

In addition to the factors of the ratio of heat and moisture, in the climate of Western Siberia, snow cover is of great importance, which regulates the depth of soil freezing and its temperature regime in winter. The thickness of the snow cover, in addition to the zonality and the degree of continentality of the climate, is also influenced by the meso- and micro-relief and the nature of the vegetation. Freezing of the soil with a weak snow cover extends to a depth of 20 cm in mid-November, increases to 40 cm by the end of November and reaches 80 cm in early December.

In years with unfavorable combinations of meteorological factors, flowers are damaged and perish, "winter" disappears - annual cones of a cedar, parthenocarpic seeds develop, unripe seeds (in a linden) fall, etc.

Such is the complex relationship between climate and forest vegetation, its growth and the development of tree seeds.

Hydrography

The main rivers of Western Siberia are the Ob with the Irtysh and the Yenisei (the left bank of the basin belongs to Western Siberia, the right bank to Central Siberia).

The climatic regulation value of these rivers is determined by the amount of evaporation from the water surface, runoff and the amount of heat transferred by water from the southern regions to the northern ones.

The rivers of Western Siberia are a kind of carriers of seeds of forest plants, especially black poplar (black poplar), silver poplar, willows. Their renewal is closely related to the activity of water and its temperature regime. Our observations of the germination of laurel poplar seeds in Altai and wild poplar along the banks of the Irtysh and Ob rivers show that the seedlings of these species are directly dependent on weather conditions in the riverine (1-2-meter) strip, where the deposition of seeds brought by water usually occurs. This dependence is determined temperature regime(+ 16, + 18 °), wind conditions, air humidity.

By creating a certain climate regime in the floodplain, the rivers contribute to the formation and development of peculiar forest and shrub plantations - poplar-willow urem, thickets of bird cherry, sea buckthorn, which are almost never found on watersheds. Smoothing out the humidity and air temperature and ensuring constant soil moisture, the rivers somewhat level the geographical zoning, "moving" southern border the forest zone by 1-5 ° to the south and moving the northern border of the distribution of a number of tree species by 1-2 ° to the north.

The construction of hydroelectric power plants, which began in recent years in Western Siberia, contributing to the regulation of the flow, will have a favorable effect on the spread of forest vegetation along the shores of reservoirs. Foresters should determine the most appropriate composition of tree species and the area of the necessary bank-protective forest plantations and begin to create them.

Forest soils of Western Siberia

In the direction of soil formation processes, Western Siberia can be divided into two sharply different parts:

1) West Siberian lowland, in which, with small fluctuations in the relief, it is not the cause of disturbance latitudinal zoning, but is reflected in the nature of soil complexes within each zone,

2) Altai-Sayan, in mountainous areas which are marked by sharp fluctuations in heights, causing the manifestation of vertical zonality. In intermontane depressions and on the foothill plains, with a dissected relief, conditions are created for the development and distribution of soils, which are different from those in the lowlands. These two parts of Western Siberia also differ in other features - precipitation, heat, the nature of forest vegetation, and in general and throughout the entire complex of soil-forming conditions. Below is a general outline of the development of the soil cover in relation to these two parts.

In the West Siberian Lowland, the main northern and central regions are located in the forest zone, consisting partly of conifers, partly of deciduous trees with well-developed moss and grass vegetation. In the northern taiga, under woody vegetation (with a moss-lichen cover), a podzolic process is expressed.

Forest vegetation in the southern taiga rarely forms a closed canopy, and in this case, herbaceous vegetation develops under its cover. In this regard, in the soils, along with podzolic, a sod process is manifested, such soils are classified as sod-podzolic.

Soil formation proceeds somewhat differently under deciduous forests (mainly birch). In such forests, the soil surface is more lightened, therefore, there are wider opportunities for the development of grass cover (in which legumes and grasses predominate). In this regard, under deciduous forests, the turfing process is manifested more clearly, the soils are more enriched with humus and are distinguished by better structure. Here, gray forest soils develop, typical for deciduous forests in the southern part of the forest zone, and for the forest-steppe.

A weak discharge of surface waters with a comparatively flat relief and a predominance of loamy soils and the associated high occurrence of the upper waters create favorable conditions for swamping processes. As a result, bog soils at various stages of their development under boggy forests, as well as hypnum, sphagnum, and sedge bogs, are widespread in the watersheds of the forest and partly forest-steppe zones. Waterlogging is weakened closer to big rivers where drainage increases.

A significant part of the bogs of the forest zone is a further stage of the sod period. But along with this, apparently, there are also such swamps, which are former reservoirs - witnesses of the previous, stronger watering of the country.

Thus, the soil cover of the forest zone is a combination of mainly two stages of soil formation - sod-podzolic and boggy in different phases of their development. Relatively small areas are occupied by sod-meadow soils.

Taking into account the forest growth features for the design of forestry activities, soils are divided into the following groups of forest suitability:

1) suitable for forests without preliminary reclamation;

2) forest suitable, requiring additional moisture accumulation;

3) forest suitable, requiring simplified reclamation:

a) requiring surface drying,

b) requiring summer watering or watering;

4) forest suitable for radical reclamation:

a) requiring three to four years of reclamation;

b) requiring complex blasting operations, leveling and soil transfer;

c) requiring long-term complex reclamation.

The use of this classification can be reflected in the organizational and economic plans when developing recommendations for forestry work.

Ending the review natural conditions Western Siberia, we note the great complexity of the physical and geographical environment in which forests develop.

Recognizing the complexity of the relationship between climate change, epeirogenic movements and vegetation dynamics, as well as the intensity of solar radiation, the rhythm of earth movement, one should agree with the conclusions of those researchers who consider it possible to identify the patterns of these climate changes (small and large rhythms) and propose a set of measures for it. improvement.

The study of the phytoclimate and bioclimate of Western Siberia has not yet received the necessary development.

Neotectonics and the main features of the relief of Western Siberia

Under neotectonics, according to V.A.Obruchev, it is customary to understand structures crust that arose during its youngest movements during the Cenozoic. The relief of almost all of Siberia is young, created by movements of the Tertiary and post-Tertiary times, in some places reaching a very significant amplitude. Taking into account the latest epirogenic movements, which to a certain extent are one of the leading factors of relief formation, one should also bear in mind the influence of ancient geological structures, climatic factors and biogenic processes.

The modern relief of Western Siberia was formed (and continues to form) under the influence of geological structures, epeirogenic movements and long-term processes of accumulation and denudation, which occurred under the influence of the above leading factors as a result of the action of flowing waters, atmospheric precipitation, aeolian processes, temperature influences, forest vegetation and partly the animal world, which are in a complex relationship. It should be borne in mind that the oscillatory movements (wavy type) of the earth's surface repeat the relative tendency of those movements that this structure experienced at the previous moment of development, reflecting their certain direction.

The following Cenozoic structures have been identified on the territory of the West Siberian Lowland: the Taz depression, the Ob-Yenisei uplift system, the Ob depression, the Vasyugan swell, the Irtysh depression, the Kulunda depression. The Ob-Yenisei uplift system, with an average elevation of 150-200 m over the submerged areas, closes the West Siberian lowland from the north, preventing the penetration of polar winds "khius" into its southern parts and preserving here a certain part of atmospheric moisture. Suffice it to say that the northern border of the ranges of a number of tree species (fir, aspen, wild boar) is limited by this uplift, and the listed species are not found on the slopes of the Ob-Purovsky watershed / 5, 6 /.

The Vasyugan swell, or Vasyugan plateau, has absolute elevations up to 160 m. In the southern part, the Priobskoe plateau adjoins the Vasyugan swell, separating the low part of Barab; from the Ob and has a northeastern direction, parallel to the Sokur ridge. The Priobskoye plateau reaches a height of 180-240 m above sea level, cutting through the valleys of the ancient runoff (with the rivers Baksoy, Kargat, Chulym, Oesh, Karasuk, Burla, etc.) having marks 25-40 m below the plateau. The valleys (hollows) of the ancient runoff slope from the Ob to the Irtysh, which makes it possible to use them for laying irrigation systems in order to supply water to the arid regions of Kulunda and Baraba. In the Ob and Irtysh depressions, there are the main sections of the largest rivers of Western Siberia - the Ob and Irtysh, with three or four riverine terraces.

The lowland mesorelief is characterized by a wide distribution of manes, elongated hollows and closed depressions. Depressions usually accumulate precipitation and lakes and swamps develop; hares and birch groves - in the forest-steppe and partly steppe zones. The direction of the ridge-ridges is most often oriented from northeast to southwest and from northwest to southeast, which reflects the latest geostructures, as well as the direction of ancient flowing waters in the most active epochs of the Quaternary period / 8 /.

In total, on the territory of the West Siberian Plain, / according to V.A.Dementyev (1940) and I.P. Gerasimov (1940) /, there are five geomorphological zones:

1. The zone of young Oeregovy stepped plains.

2. Zone of glacial accumulative flat and hilly plains.

3. Zone of relict and insular permafrost on plateaus

4. plains (zone of periglacial water-accumulative plains).

5. The zone outside the glacial flat and undulating-ravine erosional-accumulative plains.

6. Zone of foothill dissected plains.

For the Ob, in the middle part of the forest zone, four terraces are distinguished, linking them with the nature of the vegetation;

1) meadow (floodplain),

2) urmanny (supraluvial),

3) upland (second supraluvic, sandy)

4) cedar (nonustruevskaya).

The West Siberian plain in the south is replaced by the Kazakh melkosolichnik. Kazakh Upland It is composed mainly of granites and is characterized by smooth outlines and relatively deep valley dissection. Starting in the west with a small ridge Air-Tau, the hummock then continues with the Kokshe-Tau ridge with Mount Sinyukha and the beautiful Borovoye Lake and a number of picturesque lakes surrounded by pine forest... Through a series of small hills, separated by intermountain valleys, the Kokshe-Tau ridge in the east continues with the Bayanaul mountains, which have highest point 956 m above sea level. To the south of them there is a ridge of the Karkaralinsky mountains with a height of up to 1340 m. To the east stretches the Kalbinsky ridge, which, beyond the Irtysh, passes into the Altai mountain system.

The West Siberian region occupies a vast territory of 2,427.2 thousand km 2 (14.2% of the territory of Russia), on which Altai Republic, Altai Territory and five areas - Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk and Tyumen... The Tyumen Region includes Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous regions.

In the north, Western Siberia borders on the Kara Sea, in the west - with the Ural-Volga region, in particular with the Sverdlovsk, Perm regions, the Komi Republic and the Nenets Autonomous District, in the south - with Kazakhstan and Mongolia, in the east - with Eastern Siberia, in particular with the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the Republic of Khakassia and Tyva

The population of Western Siberia is 15.1 million people, or 11.5% of the population of Russia. The significant population growth is associated with the rapid development of natural resources.

Western Siberia is a region of extremely uneven distribution of the population. The average population density is 6.2 people. per 1 km 2, while in the Tyumen region it is about 2 people. per 1 km 2, and in Kemerovo - 33 people. by 1 km 2. in Western Siberia, the urban population predominates, its share is 72.4%. There are 80 cities and 204 urban-type settlements in the region.

There are two millionaire cities on the territory of the district - Omsk(1,160,000 inhabitants), Novosibirsk(1,368,000 inhabitants) and three major cities: Tyumen(493,000 inhabitants), Tomsk(500,000 inhabitants), Kemerovo(517,000 inhabitants).

Omsk region 2017 thousand people 6 cities 24 urban-type settlements.

Altai region 2508 thousand people 11 cities 30 urban-type settlements.

Altai Republic 207.1 thousand people urban population 27% 1 city (Gorno-Altaysk) 2 urban-type settlements.

Novosibirsk region 2635 thousand people urban population 74% 14 cities 19 urban-type settlements.

Tomsk region 1,034 thousand people urban population 69% 5 cities 6 urban-type settlements.

Tyumen region 1,325 thousand people urban population 91% 26 cities 46 urban-type settlements.

Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug 1,505 thousand people urban population 92% 15 cities 25 urban-type settlements.

Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District 542.7 thousand people urban population 83% 6 cities 9 urban-type settlements.

Kemerovo region 2823 thousand people 87% urban population 19 cities 47 urban-type settlements.

The share of the district in the all-Russian territory is 14%. It is home to 47% of the population, produces 53% of the commodity industrial products, 46% of fixed assets are concentrated, 66% of the gross agricultural output of the eastern zone is produced.

The economy of Western Siberia is based on the oil and gas industry.

The branch of specialization is also ferrous metallurgy. It, like the coal industry, is of national importance. The industry is represented by the Novokuznetsk metallurgical plant and the West Siberian full-cycle plant, a processing plant in Guryevsk, a pipe-rolling plant in the Novosibirsk region, as well as by coke plants. Western Siberia accounts for 20% of Russian production ferrous metals.

The next branch of specialization is mechanical engineering... It is represented by power engineering (production of turbines and generators - in the Novosibirsk region, boilers - in the Altai Territory), the production of equipment for coal industry(Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Tomsk regions), machine tool industry ( Novosibirsk region and Altai Territory)... The main centers of mechanical engineering in western Siberia are Novosibirsk, Omsk, Barnaul, Kisilevsk, Prokopyevsk, Novokuznetsk, Anzhero-Sudzhensk, Rubtsovsk, Biysk, etc.

The agriculture of Western Siberia is characterized by the production of grain, industrial crops, vegetables, potatoes, as well as the development of dairy and meat cattle breeding, sheep breeding and reindeer breeding. The main crops are wheat, rye, barley and oats.

Relying mainly on the fact that ZSEZ occupies a leading position in the extraction of fuel and energy resources, the transport complex of Western Siberia is of great importance, which is most developed in the southern steppe zone, where the latitudinal Trans-Siberian and Central Siberian railways run with a branch to the side South Kazakhstan(Turksib).

Transport highways Western Siberia are distinguished by high traffic density.

In the north, the railway network continues to form. From the previously constructed railway to the oil production centers Tyumen - Tobolsk - Surgut - Nizhnevartovsk, a highway was laid to Urengoy (the center of the largest gas production region). At present, preparations are underway for the pioneering construction of a frame of railways in the Nadym-Pur-Tazovsky and Yamal gas industrial areas, and it is planned to connect the West Siberian North with the Norilsk industrial area in the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

Highways are also important. Based on the properties and significance of highways in the economy and social sphere, the developed "Concept for the construction of main highways in West Siberian region "determines the feasibility of the formation of the following main highways:

Highway in the latitudinal direction "Nizhnevartovsk - Surgut - Khanty-Mansiysk - Sovetsky"

The directions for the development of this road outside the district are provided by:

To the west – Ivdel - Serov (Sverdlovsk region) – the city of Perm with entry into the general transport infrastructure of the European part of Russia and into the northern transport corridor;

To the east - Tomsk , with entry into the transport corridor along the main Siberian railway. With the formation of this road, the second latitudinal road of Russia is formed, which in the future should have an important state significance.

Highway in the meridional direction "Tyumen - Tobolsk - Surgut - Noyabrsk - st. Purovsk "with further development in the cities of Nadym, Salekhard and Vorkuta. This is the only road that today provides an exit for vehicles from the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs to the road network of Russia.

A motor road forming in the meridional direction Nadym - Nyagan (along the gas pipeline corridor) with access to the latitudinal road and, subsequently, to Urai - Mezhdurechensky settlement - Tyumen.

Both meridional highways, in addition to a great impact on the socio-economic development of the Autonomous Okrugs, in the future with other types of transport, form a large transport corridor "north-south". In the north - it is the entry into the Northern Sea Route, in the south (through Kazakhstan) - the entry into the transport network of the Asian region.

Railways serve mainly interregional and transit traffic, and automobile transport is mainly engaged in intraregional transportation.

River transport in Western Siberia performs the main function - the delivery of various cargoes to the areas of oil and gas production in the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets districts.

Sea transport is in little demand in Western Siberia due to the impossibility of entry of sea vessels into the shallow Gulf of Ob. An exception is the experimental sea delivery of cargoes intended for gas workers in Yamal, but it is constrained by the absence of seaports here.

In the region, the engineering industries, which are of great importance for the needs of the local economy, have not yet received sufficient development.

Construction point in West Siberian economic region the city of Kalachinsk in the Omsk region was chosen.

The city is located on the left bank of the Om River (a tributary of the Irtysh), 80 km from Omsk. The city of Kalachinsk is the eastern economic center of the Omsk region. In the city there are: a mechanical plant; plant of ceramic wall materials; shoe factory; butter plant; meat processing plant; food processing plant; elevator; confectionery plant. Railroad station on the Trans-Siberian Railway. Population 23.9 thousand people.

For the purpose of the economic justification of the choice of the point of the construction plant, it is necessary to determine:

1. Transport indicators for the supply of the projected enterprise with materials (freight turnover in ton-kilometers).

2. Transport indicators of sales of finished products to consumers (freight turnover in ton-kilometers).

3. Aggregate transport indicators (supply and sales) in tonne-kilometers.

4. Weighted average mileage of each ton of cargo: materials, finished products, all cargo.

5. The relationship between the cost of all transportation and the cost of finished products

table 2

Name of materials		Bratsk
Supply base	Distance, km	Freight turnover, tkm
Casting		Novokuznetsk (40%)
	Mashnitogorsk (10%)
	Chelyabinsk (50%)
Rent		Krasnoyarsk (30%)
	Yekaterinburg (30%)
	Chelyabinsk (40%)
Non-ferrous metal		Abakan (100%)
El / equipment El / motors		Krasnoyarsk (50%)
	Novokuznetsk (50%)
El / motors		Chelyabinsk (20%)
	Kansk (20%)
	Karsoyarsk (60%)
Total
			150508677,2	225763015,8

The amount of materials per program is obtained by multiplying the rate of material consumption per unit of production by the program of the enterprise.

Freight turnover is obtained by multiplying the distance by the amount of materials. The cost of transportation is the freight turnover multiplied by 1.5 rubles. (Cost of transportation of materials for 1 tkm)

The total cost of transporting materials is:

164131600*1,5*0,917=225763015,8

When the size of the enterprise doubles, the consumption rate decreases by 10%, respectively, with an increase in capacity (10000 / 6000≈1.66) by 1.66 times, the consumption rate decreases by 8.3%. Those. in the formula for calculating the amount of materials, you need to enter a reduction factor of 0.917.

Table 3

Transport performance for the supply of materials.

Name of materials	Number of materials per program	Neftyugansk
Supply base	Distance, km	Freight turnover, tkm	Cost of transportation of materials, p
Casting		Novokuznetsk (40%)
	Mashnitogorsk (10%)
	Chelyabinsk (50%)
Rent		Krasnoyarsk (30%)
	Yekaterinburg (30%)
	Chelyabinsk (40%)
Non-ferrous metal		Abakan (100%)
El / equipment El / motors		Krasnoyarsk (50%)
	Novokuznetsk (50%)
El / motors		Chelyabinsk (20%)
	Kansk (20%)
	Karsoyarsk (60%)
Total
				182035045,5

Table 4


Economic regions of consumption	Conventional Transport Centers	Share in consumption,%	Number of loads	Bratsk


PCS.	T.	Distance	Freight turnover	The cost of transportation of finished products, p.


East Siberian	Kansk			10440

Krasnoyarsk

Chita

Abakan

Chelyabinsk

Ulan - Ude
Irkutsk
Nazarovo
Angarsk
Minusinsk
Total:

Calculation example (Kansk):

1. The number of goods: 0.12 * 10000 = 1200 pieces

2. The number of cargoes (t.): 1200 * 8.7 = 10440t. (8.7 weight of one machine)

Table 5

Transport indicators for the sale of finished products to consumers
Economic consumption areas	Conditional Transport Centers	Share of consumption	Number of loads	Neftyugansk


PCS.	T.	Distance	Freight turnover	The cost of transportation of finished products, p.


West Siberian	Novosibirsk
Novokuznetsk
Ishim
Kemerovo
Tyumen
Tomsk
Rubtsovsk
Barnaul
Slavgorod
Surgut
Total: