The West Siberian region occupies a vast territory of 2,427.2 thousand km 2 (14.2% of the territory of Russia), where Altai Republic, Altai Territory and five areas - Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk and Tyumen... The Tyumen Region includes Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous regions.
In the north Western Siberia it borders on the Kara Sea, in the west - with the Ural-Volga region, in particular with the Sverdlovsk and Perm regions, the Republic of Komi and the Nenets Autonomous District, in the south - with Kazakhstan and Mongolia, in the east - with Eastern Siberia, in particular with the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the Republic of Khakassia and Tyva
The population of Western Siberia is 15.1 million people, or 11.5% of the population of Russia. The significant population growth is associated with the rapid development of natural resources.
Western Siberia is a region of extremely uneven distribution of the population. The average population density is 6.2 people. per 1 km 2, while in the Tyumen region it is about 2 people. per 1 km 2, and in Kemerovo - 33 people. by 1 km 2. in Western Siberia, the urban population predominates, its share is 72.4%. There are 80 cities and 204 urban-type settlements in the region.
There are two millionaire cities on the territory of the district - Omsk(1,160,000 inhabitants), Novosibirsk(1,368,000 inhabitants) and three major cities: Tyumen(493,000 inhabitants), Tomsk(500,000 inhabitants), Kemerovo(517,000 inhabitants).
Omsk region 2017 thousand people 6 cities 24 urban-type settlements.
Altai region 2508 thousand people 11 cities 30 urban-type settlements.
Altai Republic 207.1 thousand people urban population 27% 1 city (Gorno-Altaysk) 2 urban-type settlements.
Novosibirsk region 2635 thousand people urban population 74% 14 cities 19 urban-type settlements.
Tomsk region 1,034 thousand people urban population 69% 5 cities 6 urban-type settlements.
Tyumen region 1,325 thousand people urban population 91% 26 cities 46 urban-type settlements.
Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug 1,505 thousand people urban population 92% 15 cities 25 urban-type settlements.
Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District 542.7 thousand people urban population 83% 6 cities 9 urban-type settlements.
Kemerovo region 2823 thousand people 87% urban population 19 cities 47 urban-type settlements.
The share of the district in the all-Russian territory is 14%. It is home to 47% of the population, produces 53% of the commodity industrial products, 46% of fixed assets are concentrated, 66% of the gross agricultural output of the eastern zone is produced.
The economy of Western Siberia is based on the oil and gas industry.
The branch of specialization is also ferrous metallurgy. It, like the coal industry, is of national importance. The industry is represented by Novokuznetsk metallurgical plant and the West Siberian plant full cycle, a conversion plant in Guryevsk, a pipe-rolling plant in the Novosibirsk region, as well as by-product coke plants. Western Siberia accounts for 20% of Russian production ferrous metals.
The next branch of specialization is mechanical engineering... It is represented by power engineering (the production of turbines and generators - in the Novosibirsk region, boilers - in the Altai Territory), the production of equipment for coal industry(Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Tomsk regions), machine tool industry ( Novosibirsk region and Altai Territory)... The main centers of mechanical engineering in western Siberia are Novosibirsk, Omsk, Barnaul, Kisilevsk, Prokopyevsk, Novokuznetsk, Anzhero-Sudzhensk, Rubtsovsk, Biysk, etc.
Agriculture in Western Siberia is characterized by the production of cereals, industrial crops, vegetables, potatoes, as well as the development of dairy and meat cattle breeding, sheep breeding and reindeer breeding. The main crops are wheat, rye, barley and oats.
Relying mainly on the fact that ZSEZ occupies a leading position in the extraction of fuel and energy resources, the transport complex of Western Siberia is of great importance, which was most developed in the southern steppe zone, where the latitudinal Trans-Siberian and Central Siberian railways run with a branch to the side South Kazakhstan(Turksib).
Transport highways Western Siberia are distinguished by high traffic density.
In the north, the railway network continues to form. From the previously constructed railway to the oil production centers Tyumen - Tobolsk - Surgut - Nizhnevartovsk, a highway was laid to Urengoy (the center of the largest gas production region). At present, preparations are under way for the pioneering construction of a frame of railways in the Nadym-Pur-Tazovsky and Yamal gas industrial areas, and it is planned to connect the West Siberian North with the Norilsk industrial area in the Krasnoyarsk Territory.
Highways are also important. Based on the properties and significance of highways in the economy and social sphere, the developed "Concept for the construction of main highways in West Siberian region "determines the feasibility of the formation of the following main highways:
Highway in the latitudinal direction "Nizhnevartovsk - Surgut - Khanty-Mansiysk - Sovetsky"
The directions for the development of this road outside the district are provided by:
To the west – Ivdel - Serov (Sverdlovsk region) – the city of Perm with entry into the general transport infrastructure of the European part of Russia and into the northern transport corridor;
To the east - Tomsk , with entry into the transport corridor along the main Siberian railway. With the formation of this road, the second latitudinal road in Russia is formed, which in the future should have an important state significance.
Highway in the meridional direction "Tyumen - Tobolsk - Surgut - Noyabrsk - st. Purovsk "with further development in the cities of Nadym, Salekhard and Vorkuta. This is the only road that today provides an exit for vehicles from the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs to the road network of Russia.
A motor road forming in the meridional direction Nadym - Nyagan (along the gas pipeline corridor) with access to the latitudinal road and, subsequently, to Urai - Mezhdurechensky settlement - Tyumen.
Both meridional highways, in addition to a great impact on the socio-economic development of the Autonomous Okrugs, in the future with other types of transport, form a large transport corridor "north-south". In the north - it is the entry into the Northern Sea Route, in the south (through Kazakhstan) - the entry into the transport network of the Asian region.
Railways serve mainly interregional and transit traffic, and automobile transport is mainly engaged in intraregional transportation.
River transport in Western Siberia performs the main function - the delivery of various cargoes to the areas of oil and gas production in the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets districts.
Sea transport it is in little demand in Western Siberia due to the impossibility of sea vessels entering the shallow Gulf of Ob. An exception is the experimental sea delivery of cargoes intended for gas workers in Yamal, but it is constrained by the absence of seaports here.
The region has not yet received sufficient development of the engineering industry, which is of great importance for the needs of the local economy.
Construction point in West Siberian economic region the city of Kalachinsk in the Omsk region was chosen.
The city is located on the left bank of the Om River (a tributary of the Irtysh), 80 km from Omsk. The city of Kalachinsk is the eastern economic center of the Omsk region. In the city there are: a mechanical plant; plant of ceramic wall materials; shoe factory; butter plant; meat processing plant; food processing plant; elevator; confectionery plant. Railroad station on the Trans-Siberian Railway. Population 23.9 thousand people.
For the purpose of the economic justification of the choice of the point of the construction plant, it is necessary to determine:
1. Transport indicators for the supply of the projected enterprise with materials (freight turnover in ton-kilometers).
2. Transport indicators of sales of finished products to consumers (freight turnover in ton-kilometers).
3. Aggregate transport indicators (supply and sales) in ton-kilometers.
4. Weighted average mileage of each ton of cargo: materials, finished products, all cargo.
5. The relationship between the cost of all transportation and the cost of finished products
table 2
| Name of materials | Bratsk | ||||
| Supply base | Distance, km | Freight turnover, tkm | |||
| Casting | Novokuznetsk (40%) | ||||
| Mashnitogorsk (10%) | |||||
| Chelyabinsk (50%) | |||||
| Rent | Krasnoyarsk (30%) | ||||
| Yekaterinburg (30%) | |||||
| Chelyabinsk (40%) | |||||
| Non-ferrous metal | Abakan (100%) | ||||
| El / equipment El / motors | Krasnoyarsk (50%) | ||||
| Novokuznetsk (50%) | |||||
| El / motors | Chelyabinsk (20%) | ||||
| Kansk (20%) | |||||
| Karsoyarsk (60%) | |||||
| Total | |||||
| 150508677,2 | 225763015,8 |
The amount of materials per program is obtained by multiplying the rate of material consumption per unit of production by the program of the enterprise.
Freight turnover is obtained by multiplying the distance by the amount of materials. The cost of transportation is the freight turnover multiplied by 1.5 rubles. (Cost of transportation of materials for 1 tkm)
The total cost of transporting materials is:
164131600*1,5*0,917=225763015,8
When the size of the enterprise doubles, the consumption rate decreases by 10%, respectively, with an increase in capacity (10000 / 6000≈1.66) by 1.66 times, the consumption rate decreases by 8.3%. Those. in the formula for calculating the amount of materials, you need to enter a reduction factor of 0.917.
Table 3
Transport performance for the supply of materials.
| Name of materials | Number of materials per program | Neftyugansk | |||
| Supply base | Distance, km | Freight turnover, tkm | Cost of transportation of materials, r | ||
| Casting | Novokuznetsk (40%) | ||||
| Mashnitogorsk (10%) | |||||
| Chelyabinsk (50%) | |||||
| Rent | Krasnoyarsk (30%) | ||||
| Yekaterinburg (30%) | |||||
| Chelyabinsk (40%) | |||||
| Non-ferrous metal | Abakan (100%) | ||||
| El / equipment El / motors | Krasnoyarsk (50%) | ||||
| Novokuznetsk (50%) | |||||
| El / motors | Chelyabinsk (20%) | ||||
| Kansk (20%) | |||||
| Karsoyarsk (60%) | |||||
| Total | |||||
| 182035045,5 |
Table 4
| Economic regions of consumption | Conventional Transport Centers | Share in consumption,% | Number of loads | Bratsk | ||||
| PCS. | T. | Distance | Freight turnover | The cost of transportation of finished products, p. | ||||
| East Siberian | Kansk | 10440 | ||||||
| Krasnoyarsk | ||||||||
| Chita | ||||||||
| Abakan | ||||||||
| Chelyabinsk | ||||||||
| Ulan - Ude | ||||||||
| Irkutsk | ||||||||
| Nazarovo | ||||||||
| Angarsk | ||||||||
| Minusinsk | ||||||||
| Total: |
Calculation example (Kansk):
1. The number of goods: 0.12 * 10000 = 1200 pieces
2. The number of cargoes (t.): 1200 * 8.7 = 10440t. (8.7 weight of one machine)
Table 5
| Transport indicators for the sale of finished products to consumers | ||||||||
| Economic consumption areas | Conditional Transport Centers | Share of consumption | Number of loads | Neftyugansk | ||||
| PCS. | T. | Distance | Freight turnover | The cost of transportation of finished products, p. | ||||
| West Siberian | Novosibirsk | |||||||
| Novokuznetsk | ||||||||
| Ishim | ||||||||
| Kemerovo | ||||||||
| Tyumen | ||||||||
| Tomsk | ||||||||
| Rubtsovsk | ||||||||
| Barnaul | ||||||||
| Slavgorod | ||||||||
| Surgut | ||||||||
| Total: |
Table 6
Transportation cost by options
Annual production output - 125% of the production cost (i.e. Re = 25%).
618243788,04 =772804735,05
Table 7
Transportation cost in% to the cost of finished products
Analyzing the data in tables 4 and 5, 6, 7, we conclude that it is more economically profitable to build a plant in Neftyugansk, and not in Bratsk.
The amount of savings received on transportation (sales and supply) in this case:
E = 228018288.8 - 184498885.5 = 43519403.3 rubles
Geographically, Western Siberia includes the territory located between the Urals and Central Siberia (Yenisei Ridge). It is characterized by common features of the climate, the unity of the hydrographic network, the similarity of the appearance of forest vegetation and the common history of its formation (genetic similarity). Western Siberia includes three large geomorphological parts: the West Siberian Lowland, the northern slopes of the Kazakh Upland and the Altai-Sayan Mountain country, bounded in the east by the western ledge of the Yenisei ridge and the Eastern Sayan.
In the flat part, the eastern border of Western Siberia almost coincides with the border in geomorphological zoning and is drawn along the right bank of the Yenisei. The border of Western Siberia is drawn by us in the following way: in the west - from the Baydaratskaya Bay along the meridian 66 ° 30 "through the settlement of Yary - the Polar Ural - Lake Shchuchye - the Small Ural Mountains - the Natural Experts Plateau - the village of Saranpaul (61 ° E). Then the border goes along the eastern slope of the ancient northern ridge - along the so-called ridged strip.It crosses the points - Burmantovo - Ivdel - the watershed between the Lozva and Sosva rivers, goes to Pervomaysky, and from it to the mouth of the From here the border runs parallel to the eastern slopes of the middle Urals, crossing the settlement of Merkushino (on the Tura river) - the city of Alapaevsk - the settlement of Artemovskiy-Altyna and, - Sukhoi log - the station Bogdanovich - the city of Kamensk-Uralskiy. goes along the eastern part of the ancient spurs of the mountains of the Southern Urals to Chelyabinsk - Troitsk-Kartaly. From here the border turns to the southeast, crosses the Turgai hollow and goes along the northern slopes of the Kazakh Upland. only approximately: through Kartaly - Kushmurun - Aydabud - Danilovka - Turgai - Bayan-Aul. From here it goes to Semipalatinsk, and then along the Irtysh valley to Ust-Kamenogorsk and the mouth of the river. Bukhtarmy. Here the border turns to the northeast and goes along the Altai ridges: Katunskne squirrels (Belukha city) - Chuiskiye squirrels - Kuraisky - Chikhacheva and Shapshalsky. Then it leaves along the watershed ridge of the Western Sayan, crosses the Yenisei and continues to the Eastern Sayan (the watershed between Tuba and Kan). From here the border turns to the north-west and goes along the watershed between the Manoi and Kan rivers, going out to the Yenisei somewhat east of Krasnoyarsk. Then it stretches along the western edge of the Yenisei ridge and further north along the right bank of the Yenisei.
The total area of Western Siberia within the accepted boundaries according to cartometric calculations made by us on a blank map at a scale of 1: 4,000,000 is 3252 thousand km 2. Of this area, 3217 falls on land and inland waters(lakes, rivers) 35 thousand km 2.
The area of individual large parts of Western Siberia is (in thousand km 2)
By administrative division Western Siberia includes: Tyumen, Tomsk, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Kemerovo, Kurgan region and the eastern parts of the Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions, Altai Territory and the western part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. In addition, the northern part of the Kazakh Republic (the northern parts of the Tselinny Territory, the Kustanai, Semipalatinsk, East Kazakhstan regions and the entire territory of the North Kazakhstan, Kokchetav and Pavlodar regions) is a part of Western Siberia according to forest vegetation characteristics.
Climate of Western SiberiaThe climate of Western Siberia is due to the influence of three main factors: solarity, moisturizing role Atlantic Ocean from the west and a powerful winter anticyclone Eastern Siberia from the east. The main climate changes are manifested in two directions: from north to south (increase in heat) and from west to east (increase in continentality).
The complex relief of the Altai-Sayan mountains contributes to the creation of numerous regions here with different climatic features - from warm and humid (the lower part of the western slopes and especially South coast Lake Teletskoye) to dry and cold (eastern slopes of the mountains and especially the valley steppes and semi-deserts of Altai).
To the east, the amplitudes of air temperatures in Western Siberia increase due to the winter months. Southerly, low winter temperatures contrast with high summer temperatures. Average July temperatures from 22 ° in the extreme south drop to 4 ° in the extreme north. average temperature December in Kurgan - 14.8 °, and in Novosibirsk, located slightly to the south, but much to the east, - 16.2 °. The maximum daily air temperatures in Western Siberia range from 41 to 27 °, the minimum - from -46 to -54 °.
The growing season lasts 175 days in the south, less than 100 days in the north. The thermal regime and the favorable combination of humidity make it possible to grow wheat in the southern half of Western Siberia, engage in gardening and breed a number of valuable tree species (Amur velvet, Manchurian walnut, pedunculate oak, heart-leaved linden, etc.). With the advancement to the north, the possibilities of breeding valuable tree species due to heat conditions are increasingly limited. Spring passes quickly, and it is characterized by repeated return of cold weather. Positive air temperatures, favorable for the vegetation of plants (+ 10 °), are established in the south from April, in the north of the forest zone - from nyun. Autumn is also short and cold. The first autumn frosts occur at the end of August - in September. In September, it usually holds everywhere positive temperature... In October, air temperatures are either negative or close to zero, November is the coldest month of the year, especially in the northern regions.
The greatest amount of precipitation (on average about 500 mm per year) falls in the place of the bend of the Ob channel between the mouths of the Irtysh and Tom. To the north and south, the annual precipitation decreases. At the coast of the Kara Sea and on the nearest islands, they are 170-160 mm, in the south, 270-260 mm. In terms of climate humidity, the West Siberian Lowland occupies an average position between the East European Plain and the Central Siberian Plateau.
The southern regions of Western Siberia are located in summer time under the influence of dry winds blowing from the north, and sometimes hot winds coming from Central Kazakhstan and often bringing with them drought, which has an extremely negative effect on agriculture and the fruiting of tree species. This necessitates artificial irrigation and watering of a number of steppes in Western Siberia and the creation of a system of field-protective forest belts in areas located mainly south of the Siberian Railway. Monsoon-like changes of summer (northern) and winter (southern) winds form constant movements air masses over the territory of the West Siberian Lowland. In addition to them, there are local wind systems associated with the orographic conditions of the area (river valleys, watersheds, mountain ranges etc.). The wind speed in different regions of the West Siberian Lowland is different. It is most significant on the sea coast: 7-8 m / s on average per year. In the forest zone, the wind speed is halved, but in the south, in the forest-steppe and steppe, it increases again.
Of great importance for the development of forest vegetation; have a favorable combination of heat and moisture, the duration of the frost-free period, winter and spring-summer soil temperatures.
In addition to the factors of the ratio of heat and moisture, in the climate of Western Siberia, snow cover is of great importance, which regulates the depth of soil freezing and its temperature regime in winter. The thickness of the snow cover, in addition to the zonality and the degree of continentality of the climate, is also influenced by the meso- and micro-relief and the nature of vegetation. Freezing of the soil with a weak snow cover extends to a depth of 20 cm in mid-November, increases to 40 cm by the end of November and reaches 80 cm in early December.
In years with unfavorable combinations of meteorological factors, flowers are damaged and perished, "winter" disappears - annual cones of a cedar, parthenocarpic seeds develop, unripe seeds (in a linden) fall, etc.
Such is the complex relationship between climate and forest vegetation, its growth and the development of tree seeds.
HydrographyThe main rivers of Western Siberia are the Ob with the Irtysh and the Yenisei (the left-bank part of the basin of which belongs to Western Siberia, the right-bank to Central Siberia).
The climate-regulating value of these rivers is determined by the amount of evaporation from the water surface, runoff and the amount of heat transferred by water from the southern regions to the northern ones.
The rivers of Western Siberia are a kind of carriers of seeds of forest plants, especially black poplar (black poplar), silver poplar, willow. Their renewal is closely related to the activity of water and its temperature regime. Our observations of the germination of laurel poplar seeds in Altai and wild poplar along the banks of the Irtysh and Ob rivers show that the seedlings of these species are directly dependent on weather conditions in the riverine (1-2-meter) strip, where the deposition of seeds brought by water usually occurs. This dependence is determined temperature regime(+ 16, + 18 °), wind conditions, air humidity.
By creating a certain climate regime in the floodplain, the rivers contribute to the formation and development of peculiar forest and shrub plantations - poplar-willow urem, thickets of bird cherry, sea buckthorn, which are almost never found on watersheds. Smoothing out the humidity and air temperature and ensuring constant soil moisture, the rivers somewhat level the geographical zoning, "moving" southern border the forest zone by 1-5 ° to the south and pushing the northern border of the distribution of a number of tree species by 1-2 ° to the north.
Started in last years in Western Siberia, the construction of hydroelectric power plants, contributing to the regulation of the flow, will have a favorable effect on the spread of forest vegetation along the banks of reservoirs. Foresters should determine the most appropriate composition of tree species and the area of the necessary bank-protective forest plantations and begin to create them.
Forest soils of Western SiberiaIn the direction of soil formation processes, Western Siberia can be divided into two sharply different parts:
1) West Siberian lowland, in which, with small fluctuations in the relief, it is not the cause of disturbance latitudinal zoning, but is reflected in the nature of soil complexes within each zone,
2) Altai-Sayan, in mountainous areas which are marked by sharp fluctuations in heights, causing the manifestation of vertical zonality. In intermontane depressions and on the foothill plains, with a dissected relief, conditions are created for the development and distribution of soils, which are different from those on the lowlands. These two parts of Western Siberia also differ in other features - precipitation, warmth, the nature of forest vegetation, and in general and throughout the entire complex of soil-forming conditions. Below is a general outline of the development of soil cover in relation to these two parts.
In the West Siberian Lowland, the main northern and central regions are located in the forest zone, which consists partly of conifers, partly of deciduous trees with well-developed moss and grass vegetation. In the northern taiga, under woody vegetation (with a moss-lichen cover), a podzolic process is expressed.
Forest vegetation in the southern taiga rarely forms a closed canopy, and in this case, herbaceous vegetation develops under its cover. In this regard, in the soils, along with podzolic, a sod process is manifested, such soils are classified as sod-podzolic.
Soil formation proceeds somewhat differently under deciduous forests (mainly birch). In such forests, the soil surface is more lightened, therefore, there are wider opportunities for the development of grass cover (in which legumes and cereals predominate). In this regard, under deciduous forests, the turfing process is manifested more clearly, the soils are more enriched with humus and are distinguished by better structure. Here, gray forest soils develop, typical for deciduous forests in the southern part of the forest zone, and for the forest-steppe.
Weak reset surface waters with a comparative flatness of the relief and the predominance of loamy soils and the associated high occurrence of the upper waters create favorable conditions for swamping processes. As a result, bog soils at various stages of their development under boggy forests, as well as hypnum, sphagnum, and sedge bogs, are widespread in the watersheds of the forest and partly forest-steppe zones. Waterlogging is weakened closer to big rivers where drainage increases.
A significant part of the bogs of the forest zone is a further stage of the sod period. But along with this, apparently, there are also such swamps, which are former reservoirs - witnesses of the previous, stronger watering of the country.
Thus, the soil cover of the forest zone is a combination of mainly two stages of soil formation - sod-podzolic and boggy in different phases of their development. Relatively small areas are occupied by sod-meadow soils.
Taking into account the forest growth features for the design of forestry activities, soils are divided into the following groups of forest suitability:
1) suitable for forests without preliminary reclamation;
2) forest suitable, requiring additional moisture accumulation;
3) forest suitable, requiring simplified reclamation:
a) requiring surface drying,
b) requiring summer watering or watering;
4) forest suitable for radical reclamation:
a) requiring three to four years of reclamation;
b) requiring complex blasting, leveling and soil transfer;
c) requiring long-term complex reclamation.
The application of this classification can be reflected in the organizational and economic plans when developing recommendations for forestry work.
Ending the review natural conditions Western Siberia, we note the great complexity of the physical and geographical environment in which forests develop.
Recognizing the complexity of the relationship between climate change, epeirogenic movements and vegetation dynamics, as well as the intensity of solar radiation, the rhythm of earth movement, one should agree with the conclusions of those researchers who consider it possible to identify the patterns of these climate changes (small and large rhythms) and propose a set of measures for it. improvement.
The study of the phytoclimate and bioclimate of Western Siberia has not yet received the necessary development.
Neotectonics and the main features of the relief of Western SiberiaBy neotectonics, according to V.A.Obruchev, it is customary to understand structures crust that arose during its youngest movements during the Cenozoic. The relief of almost all of Siberia is young, created by movements of the Tertiary and post-Tertiary times, in some places reaching a very significant amplitude. Taking into account the latest epirogenic movements, which to a certain extent are one of the leading factors of relief formation, one should also bear in mind the influence of ancient geological structures, climatic factors and biogenic processes.
The modern relief of Western Siberia was formed (and continues to form) under the influence of geological structures, epeirogenic movements and long-term processes of accumulation and denudation, which occurred under the influence of the above leading factors as a result of the action of flowing waters, atmospheric precipitation, aeolian processes, temperature influences, forest vegetation and partly the animal world, which are in a complex relationship. It should be borne in mind that the oscillatory movements (wavy type) of the earth's surface repeat the relative tendency of those movements that this structure experienced at the previous moment of development, reflecting their certain direction.
The following Cenozoic structures have been identified on the territory of the West Siberian Lowland: the Taz depression, the Ob-Yenisei uplift system, the Ob depression, the Vasyugan swell, the Irtysh depression, the Kulunda depression. The Ob-Yenisei uplift system, with an average elevation of 150-200 m over the submerged areas, closes the West Siberian lowland from the north, preventing the penetration of the polar winds "khius" into its southern parts and retaining here a certain part of atmospheric moisture. Suffice it to say that the northern border of the ranges of a number of tree species (fir, aspen, wild boar) is limited by this uplift, and the listed species are not found on the slopes of the Ob-Purovsky watershed / 5, 6 /.
The Vasyugan swell, or Vasyugan plateau, has absolute elevations up to 160 m. In the southern part, the Priobskoe plateau adjoins the Vasyugan swell, separating the low part of Barab; from the Ob and has a northeastern direction parallel to the Sokur ridge. The Priobskoye plateau reaches a height of 180-240 m above sea level, cutting through the valleys of the ancient flow (with the rivers Baksoy, Kargat, Chulym, Oesh, Karasuk, Burla, etc.) having marks 25-40 m below the plateau. The valleys (hollows) of the ancient runoff slope from the Ob to the Irtysh, which allows them to be used for laying irrigation systems in order to supply water to the arid regions of Kulunda and Baraba. In the Ob and Irtysh depressions, the main areas of the most large rivers Western Siberia - Ob and Irtysh with three or four riverine terraces.
The lowland mesorelief is characterized by wide distribution of manes, elongated hollows and closed depressions. Depressions usually accumulate precipitation and lakes and swamps develop; hares and birch groves - in the forest-steppe and partly steppe zones. The direction of the ridge-ridges is most often oriented from northeast to southwest and from northwest to southeast, which reflects the latest geostructures, as well as the direction of ancient flowing waters in the most active epochs of the Quaternary period / 8 /.
In total, on the territory of the West Siberian Plain, / according to V.A. Dementyev (1940) and I.P. Gerasimov (1940) /, there are five geomorphological zones:
1. Zone of young Oeregovy stepped plains.
2. Zone of glacial accumulative flat and hilly plains.
3. Zone of relict and insular permafrost on plateaus
4. plains (zone of periglacial water-accumulative plains).
5. The zone outside the glacial flat and undulating-ravine erosional-accumulative plains.
6. Zone of foothill dissected plains.
For the Ob, in the middle part of the forest zone, four terraces are distinguished, linking them with the nature of the vegetation;
1) meadow (floodplain),
2) urinary (supraluvial),
3) upland (second supraluvic, sandy)
4) cedar (nonustruevskaya).
West Siberian Plain in the south it is replaced by the Kazakh melkosolochnik. Kazakh Upland It is composed mainly of granites and is characterized by smooth outlines and relatively deep valley dissection. Starting in the west with a small ridge Air-Tau, the hummock then continues with the Kokshe-Tau ridge with Mount Sinyukha and the beautiful Borovoye Lake and a number of picturesque lakes surrounded by pine forest... Through a series of small hills, separated by intermountain valleys, the Kokshe-Tau ridge in the east continues with the Bayanaul mountains, which have a highest point of 956 m above sea level. To the south of them there is a ridge of the Karkaralinsky mountains with a height of up to 1340 m. Still to the east stretches the Kalbinsky ridge, which, beyond the Irtysh, passes into the Altai mountain system.
Western Siberia as a PTK.
General information. West Siberian lowland, or plain, - the third
the largest after the Russian Plain of the world. Its area is about 2.6 million km2. From
the harsh coast of the Kara Sea, it stretches to the foothills of the South
Siberia and the semi-deserts of Kazakhstan by 2500 km, and from the Urals to the Yenisei - by 1900
The boundaries of the plain are clearly defined natural boundaries: on
north - coastline Kara Sea, in the south - the foot of the Kazakh
shallow hills, Altai, Salair and Kuznetsk Alatau, in the west - eastern
foothills of the Urals, in the east - the valley of the Yenisei River.
Relief. Nowhere in the world can you find such a vast space with such
a flat relief, as it were, lowering towards its center. Crossing the plain
you see boundless planes - not a hillock, not a slope. Such a relief
formed loose deposits of rivers and ancient glacial deposits, which are powerful
sedimentary cover (3-4 thousand m) overlapped a plate of Paleozoic age.
Horizontal layering of sedimentary strata is the main cause of flat
relief of the plain.
Affected the relief of the West Siberian Plain and glaciation. But the glacier
here it did not cross 60 ° north latitude.
In the south, the plains during floods of rivers, dammed in the north by ice, on
colossal spaces were deposited lake and river sediments - sands and
loams.
Glaciation affected not only the relief, but also the vegetation and
fauna of the West Siberian Plain. When the glacier retreated, north
the plain was conquered by the tundra and taiga, although before there were
deciduous forests inhabited by mammoths, woolly rhinos,
giant deer. By the remains of trunks in the swamps, one can judge that
the forest border was located several hundred kilometers north of
present time.
Climate. Continentality of the climate in the vastness of the West Siberian
the plain increases when moving from north to south. This is expressed in an increase
annual amplitude of temperatures, a decrease in precipitation, a decrease in
the duration of spring and autumn - the transitional seasons of the year.
At the junction of air masses temperate zone with tropical emerge
cyclones bringing rains. At the beginning of summer, this front operates in the south -
the steppe zone receives moisture (about 300 mm per year). Hot air in July
dominates the entire south of the plains, and cyclones move northward, bringing
precipitation in the taiga zone (500 mm per year). In August, the front reaches the tundra, where
drops up to 250 mm per year.
In winter, cyclones act at the junction of moderate and arctic air masses
arctic front. This softens the frosts in the north, but due to the large
humidity and strong winds the harshness of the climate is manifested here even when
less frost.
Abundance of surface waters. The West Siberian Plain is rich in rivers,
lakes, swamps, in the placement of which on the territory is clearly traced
dependence on the relief and on the zonal ratio of heat and moisture.
The largest river in the West Siberian Plain is the Ob with the Irtysh tributary.
This is one of greatest rivers the world. In Russia, it ranks first in
length (5410 km) and the area of the basin (2990 thousand km 2).
In addition to the Ob and Irtysh, among the major rivers of the region, one can name navigable
Nadym, Pur, Taz, and Tobol.
Among the numerous lakes, filling glacial lakes prevail.
hollows and located on the site of the former oxbows. By the number of swamps
The West Siberian Plain is also a world record holder: nowhere in the world is there more
such a swampy territory with an area of 800 thousand km 2, as here.
A classic example of boggy is Vasyugane -
geographic area lying in the interfluve of the Ob and Irtysh rivers. Reasons
the formation of such vast swampy areas are several: the presence
excessive moisture, flat relief, permafrost, low
air temperature, the ability of peat, which prevails here
retain water in quantities that are many times greater than the weight of the peat mass.
Natural zones of the West Siberian Plain. Climate of Western Siberia
more continental and harsh than in the east of the European part of Russia, but
softer than the rest of Siberia. Great extent of the plain from north to south
allows you to fit here several latitudinal zones - from the tundra in the north
to the steppes in the south.
The huge size of the West Siberian Plain and the flat relief allow
it is especially good to trace the latitudinal-zonal changes in natural
landscapes.
Tundra. home distinctive feature tundra - the severity of the climate.
Adapting to harsh conditions, tundra plants from autumn
prepare wintering buds. Thanks to this, in the spring they are rapidly
are covered with leaves and flowers, and then bear fruit. There are many
different plant foods, so many nests here
herbivorous birds.
Forest-tundra. Forest-tundra is the first zone when moving to the south, where at least
Summer thermal regime is observed 20 days a year, when the average daily
temperatures exceed 15 ° C. Here the tundra alternates with crooked forests and
undergrowth.
Forest swamp zone. More than half of the territory of Western Siberia is occupied
forest-swamp zone. The interfluvial areas are dominated by swamps, and
the slopes of river valleys and raised areas (manes) are occupied by taiga forests. V
the northern part of the plain is dominated by spruce-cedar forests, in the southern - spruce
cedar with an admixture of fir and birch.
Deciduous forest subzone. To the south of the taiga there is a subzone of deciduous
forests, which in Western Siberia stretches in a narrow strip from
Ural mountains to the Yenisei River.
Forest-steppe. West Siberian forest-steppe stretches in a narrow strip from
Urals to the foothills of the Salair Ridge. The abundance of lake basins is a feature
this zone. The shores of the lakes are low, partly swampy or overgrown with pine
burs. In the Kuldinsk pine forests, they live together with the steppe species:
fieldhorse, jerboa - taiga species: flying squirrel, wood grouse.
Steppe zone. This zone is distinguished by large fertile soils, on
which can grow good yields of grains and vegetables.
The natural resources of the West Siberian Plain are very diverse.
Oil and gas reserves of such fields as Urengoy, Medvezhye, Surgut
make Western Siberia one of the world leaders. On its territory also
60% of the total peat reserves of Russia are concentrated. In the south, the plains are located
the richest arrangement of salts.
A great wealth of Western Siberia is its water resources. except
surface waters - rivers and lakes - huge reservoirs of underground
water Great economic value biological resources of the tundra and
forest-tundra - this seemingly poor life zone. It is mined
a significant amount of furs and game; there are many fish in its rivers and lakes.
In addition, the tundra is the main reindeer breeding area. Taiga
Western Siberia has long been famous for the production of furs and timber.
With ancient sedimentary rocks of Triassic and Jurassic age,
the total thickness of which is more than 800-1000 m, brown coal deposits are connected. On
the territory of the Tyumen region, its reserves are estimated at 8 billion tons.
However, the main wealth of Western Siberia is oil and gas
deposits. It has been established that this plain is a uniquely rich
oil and gas province of the Earth.
Over a decade and a half (from 1953 to 1967), more than 90
fields of oil, gas and gas condensate (light oil). Last 3
for decades, Western Siberia has been holding the lead in Russia in oil production and
natural gas.
Searches in the bowels of Western Siberia for "black gold" and "blue fuel"
allowed discovering large reserves of iron ores in the north of Novosibirsk
But these vast and varied riches are not easy to master.
Oil and gas fields of the region, nature "protected" from man and
powerful swamps, and permafrost soils. Build in such soils
extremely difficult. In winter, severe frosts, high humidity interfere with a person
air, strong wind. In the summer, numerous blood-sucking ones prevail -
midges and mosquitoes that torment people and animals.
Includes the West Siberian Lowland (90% of the territory) and the Altai Mountains. Composition: Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Tyumen regions, Altai Territory, Altai Republic, Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.
The EGP of Western Siberia is quite advantageous in comparison with other eastern regions. It borders on the industrial Urals, raw material base Eastern Siberia and Kazakhstan, is located at the intersection of river and railways.
The territory of the district is divided into two unequal parts. Most of it is occupied by the West Siberian Plain, located on a young Paleozoic platform. This is one of the largest accumulative plains in the world with heights of up to 200 m, monotonous, slightly rugged, considerably swampy. In the south lies a country belonging to the Caledonian and Hercynian folds. This is the most high part district. Highest point- Belukha town (4506 m).
Rich natural resources... The main resources are oil and gas, peat, coal,. Huge reserves of oil and gas are located in hard-to-reach areas, in the deep swampy taiga. To the north of Altai is the Kuznetsk Basin (Kuzbass). On South Kemerovo region(Gornaya Shornya region) iron ores are being developed, but they are significantly depleted. The main iron ore basin of the region, which has not yet been developed, is located in the Tomsk region. Altai contains reserves of mercury and gold, in the Kulunda steppes - deposits of various salts.
Population. The development of Western Siberia began in the 16th century. from the founding of Tyumen, Tobolsk, Surgut and other cities. A new stage in development was the discovery in the middle of the 20th century. the largest reserves of oil and gas. Currently, more than 50% of the population of the eastern zone lives in Western Siberia, the main part in the south along the railways. In the rest of the territory, the settlement is focal - along and near the oil and gas fields. The urban population is 74%; large cities - Omsk, Novosibirsk (millionaires), Barnaul, Novokuznetsk, etc.
Western Siberia is more economically developed than Eastern Siberia. The region's industry is diversified and highly developed.
Branches of specialization - fuel industry, chemistry and petrochemistry, and grain farming.
Western Siberia is the main oil-producing base of the country; it provides over 70% of all-Russian oil and natural gas production. On the basis of oil production in the middle reaches of the Ob, the West Siberian TPK began to form in the 70s. The main deposits are Samotlor, Ust-Balyk, Surgut. Gas is produced mainly in the north of the region. Largest deposits-Urengoy, Zapolyarnoe, Yamburg. Oil refining and petrochemicals are developing in Omsk, Tomsk, Tobolsk, Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk. Oil and gas are transferred to the west, and partly to the south and east.
The region's ferrous metallurgy is concentrated in the Kuznetsk-Altai TPK on the basis of Kuzbass coals and imported iron ores. The main center is Novokuznetsk (a ferroalloy plant and two full-cycle plants).
On the basis of local raw materials - nepheline, the aluminum industry is developing, and tin and alloys are smelted from the Far Eastern concentrates. In Belovo, zinc is smelted from local polymetallic ores.
Mechanical engineering manufactures products used in all regions of Siberia. They make metal-intensive mining and metallurgical equipment, machine tools. They produce heavy machine tools, presses and turbine generators. In Rubtsovsk - Altai Tractor Plant. Instrument making and electrical engineering are represented in Novosibirsk and Tomsk.
Produces nitrogen fertilizers, dyes, medicines, plastics, tires. Petrochemistry is developing. Chemistry and petrochemistry are concentrated in the industrial centers of Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo, Omsk, Tomsk and other cities.
Oil and gas production and oil refining exacerbate the ecological situation in the area.
Agro-industrial complex. Reindeer husbandry, fishing and fur trade are developed in the north. The south of the region is one of the main grain regions of the country. In addition, dairy and meat cattle breeding, sheep breeding, poultry breeding are developing here.
The district's electric power industry is represented by numerous thermal power plants (operating on fuel oil and gas), the largest of which are the Surgut GRH, Nizhnevartovskaya and Urengoyskaya TPPs. TPPs of Kuzbass run on coal.
Transport. The basis of the transport network was (- Novosibirsk -), laid in the los late XIX- the beginning of the XX century. Later, the South Siberian Railway was laid (Magnitogorsk - Novokuznetsk - Taishet), as well as the meridian railways in the north direction.
Pipeline transport is now developing faster than other types. Main oil pipelines:
- Ust-Balyk - Omsk - Pavlodar - - Chimkent - Kazakhstan;
- Shaim - Tyumen;
- Alexandrovskoe - Nizhnevartovsk;
- Ust-Balyk - Kurgan - Ufa - Almetyevsk;
- Nizhnevartovsk - Kurgan - Samara and others.
Dozens of gas pipelines have also been built, going mainly to the west, to and to.
The development of the resources of Western Siberia entailed many problems: violation of the ecological balance in the tundra, pollution and waste from metallurgy, creating difficulties for the traditional occupations of the indigenous population.
Area - 2 million 427 thousand km.
Composition: Altai Territory. Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Tyumen regions, Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Altai Republic.
Population - 15 million 49 thousand people Big cities- Omsk, Novosibirsk (millionaires), Barnaul, Novokuznetsk, etc.
EGP is quite beneficial. It borders on the industrial Urals, the raw material base of Eastern Siberia and Kazakhstan, and is located at the intersection of river and railways.
The natural conditions of the northern part are difficult: large areas are occupied by permafrost, more than a third of the territory is swampy. The climate is continental, especially harsh in the Arctic Circle. Taiga with numerous swamps occupies about 60% of the territory. Such conditions complicate the economic development of the region. In the southern part of the plain, there are forest-steppe and steppe on chernozem soils.
Natural resources are very rich. The main reserves of Russia's fuel resources - oil, gas, peat - are concentrated on the flat part. There is coal in the Kuznetsk Basin. In Altai, Gornaya Shoria, Salair Ridge - iron, polymetallic ores, gold, mercury, etc. The steppe lakes have large reserves of salts. Western Siberia is well supplied with water resources (Ob, Irtysh, Biya, Katun, etc.). Taiga is rich in wood and furs, rivers are rich in fish. Steppe and forest-steppe have good agro-climatic resources.
The farm has a clear territorial structure: the northern part of the district specializes in petrochemical industry, the southern one - at the coal and metallurgical.
Branches of specialization:
Oil and gas. Western Siberia is the main fuel and energy base of Russia. In the Middle Ob region, 70% of the country's high-quality cheap oil is produced (Samatlor, Surgut, Ust-Balyk). The fields of the Lower Ob region (Yamburg, Urengoy, Medvezhye) provide 90% of Russian gas. The fuel is transported through the pipeline system to the European part.
Chemical industry... Oil, gas, salt, metallurgy and woodworking waste are used as raw materials. Large petrochemical, oil - gas and wood chemical plants in Omsk, Tomsk, Tobolsk, Novosibirsk, Kemerovo produce a variety of products. (plastics, fibers, dyes, rubber, fertilizers, etc.).
Ferrous metallurgy... Created on the basis of Kuzbass coal and iron ore Mountain Shoria (and imported). The south of Western Siberia is the largest coal and metallurgical base in the country. Center - Novokuznetsk.
Mechanical engineering. It produces metal-consuming equipment for metallurgy and the mining industry, as well as agricultural machinery, machine tools, instruments, bearings, etc. Large factories are located in Novokuznetsk, Novosibirsk, Barnaul, Tomsk, Kemerovo.
Agriculture specializes in growing wheat, beets and breeding meat and dairy cattle. Steppe Altai Territory- one of the main grain regions of Russia. Reindeer husbandry, fishing and fur trade are developed in the north of Western Siberia.
