Industries included in the fuel and energy complex. Industry geography fuel and energy industry

Fuel and energy industry() is a collection of industries fuel industry, electricity, fuel and energy delivery vehicles.

Energy- the basis of development productive forces and the very existence of human society. It ensures the operation of power devices in industry, agriculture, transport and in everyday life. This is the most material-intensive industry in the world. The majority is also associated with energy.
Primary energy carriers (oil, natural gas, coal) are simultaneously an extremely important resource base for the petrochemical, gas chemical, and chemical industries. The products of their processing form the basis for obtaining all polymer materials, nitrogen fertilizers and many other valuable substances.

There are three main stages in the development of the world's fuel and energy industry: coal, oil and gas, and modern.

V late XIX and the beginning of the XX century. in industrial energy and international trade in fuel, coal dominated. Back in 1948, the share of coal in the total consumption of the main sources of energy was 60%. But in the 50-60s. The structure of energy resources consumption has changed significantly, oil came out on top - 51%, the share of coal decreased to 23%, natural gas - 21.5%, hydropower - 3%, nuclear energy - 1.5%.

Such changes in the structure of energy resources consumption were due to the widespread development of new large sources of oil and natural gas; a number of advantages of these types of fuel over solid fuels (high efficiency of production, transportation, consumption); the scale of the use of oil and natural gas not only as fuel, but also as an industrial raw material increased.

But in the 70s, there was a global energy crisis, which primarily affected the oil industry. As a result, the share of oil in total consumption and production of energy resources began to decline.
During this period, a course was taken towards the use of nuclear energy. But the 1986 Chernobyl disaster struck painfully in this area of energy. After the catastrophe, some countries either dismantled their nuclear power plants or made a decision on their gradual closure (,). In some countries (Netherlands,), nuclear power plant construction programs were frozen. Most of the other countries in foreign Europe, as well as, although they did not dismantle their nuclear power plants, they stopped building new ones.

Since the 80s. as a priority, a direction is put forward that provides for the transition from the use of predominantly exhaustible resources to the use of inexhaustible energy (wind, sun, tide, geothermal sources, hydro resources, etc.).
Thus, the current stage in the use of energy resources is of a transitional nature. It may last for several decades until there is a gradual transition from the use of mineral fuel to the predominant use of inexhaustible energy resources.

The structure of world consumption of primary energy sources today is as follows: oil - 34.1%; coal - 29.6%; gas - 26.5%; hydropower - 5.2%; nuclear energy - 4.6%.

World production and fuel and energy consumption has strong and regional differences. Oil today leads in the structure of energy consumption in most regions of the world, but in Australia, for example, coal leads, and in the CIS - gas.

60% of world energy consumption is accounted for by economically developed countries (countries of the North), and 40% - by developing countries (countries of the South), although their share in last years steadily increasing. According to scientists' calculations, by 2010 this ratio will be: 55% / 45%. This is due to the movement of industries to developing countries, as well as the implementation of energy conservation policies by developed countries.

The first place in energy consumption today is overseas Asia pushing North America to second place. Foreign Europe ranks third with 24%, and the CIS ranks fourth. Among the countries, the USA is leading (3100 million tons of fuel equivalent), followed by: China (1250), Russia (900), Japan (670), (460), (425), Canada (340), (335), ( 330), Italy (240).

To characterize the level of development of the country's economy, an important indicator is the per capita consumption of energy resources.

Among the countries - exporters of fuel and energy, oil exporters prevail, and among the importers - the developed countries of the West.

Fuel industry Is a complex of industries involved in the extraction and processing of fuel and energy raw materials. Its importance lies in the provision of fuel and raw materials to other industries - heat power engineering, petrochemistry, metallurgy, etc. Under the conditions of scientific and technological revolution, the role of the fuel industry increases due to the development of electrification and heating of production facilities, which cause an intensive increase in energy consumption.

The fuel industry includes the following industries:

coal;
oil;
gas;
peat;
shale;
uranium mining.

Coal industry very promising in the world energy supply (coal resources have not really been explored yet, their general geological reserves significantly exceed those of oil and natural gas). World coal production is constantly increasing, while the growth rate has slightly decreased in recent years. world production coal is at the level of 4.5-5 billion tons. Among the regions, coal production is distributed as follows. Among the main coal-mining countries are representatives from almost all regions of the world. The exception is the coal-poor countries of Latin America, whose share in world coal production is extremely small. China (1,170 million tons), the USA (970), India (330), Australia (305), Russia (270), (220), Germany (200), Poland (160), ( 90), Ukraine (80), (75), Canada (70), Indonesia (70), (35), Great Britain (30).

Given the widespread occurrence of coal deposits, it is mined mainly in those countries where there is a need for it, i.e. most of the coal is consumed where it is mined. Therefore, only a tenth of the world's coal production, and high quality (mainly coking) coal, is exported annually. The largest coal exporters are Australia, USA, South Africa, Canada, Poland, Russia. The main importers are Japan, South Korea, Italy, Germany, Great Britain. Australia supplies coal mainly to and. The USA and South Africa work for the European and Latin American markets. The spread of Russian coal (Pechora and Kuznetsk basins) abroad is limited by its weak competitiveness (due to the high cost of production, remoteness from the main consumers, etc.) with local and imported fuel from other countries.

The main cargo flows of coal ("coal bridges") have the following directions:

Australia - Japan, South Korea;
Australia - Western Europe;
USA - Western Europe;
USA - Japan;
South Africa - Japan;
Canada - USA.

Oil industry ... In the modern economy, oil products are also widely used both for energy purposes and as chemical raw materials. The average annual oil production reaches 3.6 billion tons.

Oil is produced in more than 90 countries, with 40% of the production coming from the economically developed ("Countries of the North"), and 60% from the developing ("Countries of the South"). Oil production is distributed among the regions as follows:

Region	Production in billion tons	Share in world production in%
Overseas asia	1455	40,7
Latin America	520	14,5
North America	480	13,4
CIS	395
Africa	375	10,4
Overseas Europe	330
Australia and Oceania

Ten countries - largest manufacturers oil form (440 million tons), the USA (355), Russia (350), Iran (180), Mexico (170), (165), China (160), Norway (160), Iraq (130), Canada (125 ), UK (125), (115), (105), (105), (70), (65), Indonesia (65), (65), (45), (40), Colombia (35), Kazakhstan (35), (35), India (35), (35), Australia (35).

About half of all oil produced is exported. In addition to the OPEC member countries, whose share in world oil exports is 65%, its largest suppliers to the world market are also Russia, Mexico, and the United Kingdom.

Large quantities of oil are imported by the USA (up to 550 million tons), Japan (260), Germany (110) and other countries.

As a result, a huge territorial gap has formed between the main areas of oil production and areas of its consumption.

Main export areas Near and Middle East (950 million tons per year), Russia (210), West Africa (160), Caribbean (150), (140), Canada (100), Europe (Norway, UK) (100) ...
The main import areas are the USA (550 million tons per year), Foreign Europe (500), Japan (260), China (90), South America (55).

Therefore, the main export cargo flows of oil ("oil bridges") have the following directions:

Persian Gulf - Japan, South Korea;
Persian Gulf - Western Europe;
Persian Gulf - USA;
Southeast Asia - Japan;
Caribbean - USA;
North Africa - Western Europe;
Western Africa - Western Europe;
West Africa - USA;
Russia - Western Europe and the CIS.

The world's oil refining industry is largely focused on the main consumers of oil and oil products - developed countries (they concentrate more than 60% of its capacities). The share of the USA is especially large (21% of the world's refinery capacities), Western Europe(20%), Russia (17%), Japan (6%).

Gas industry... Natural gas, just like oil, is used as a fuel and as a raw material for. Among the types of natural gas, associated petroleum gas, which is extracted during oil production, is of the greatest importance. The presence of significant proven reserves of natural gas, the cheapness of its production, transportation and use contribute to the development of the industry.

World production of natural gas is constantly growing and in 2000 amounted to about 2.5 trillion cubic meters. m. Among the regions in terms of natural gas production, the places are distributed as follows: North America (715 billion m3), CIS (690), foreign Asia (450), overseas Europe(285), Africa (130), Latin America (100), Australia and Oceania (50).

Among the countries stand out: Russia (585 billion m3), the USA (540) and Canada (170), which account for more than half of its world total. Next come the UK (110), Algeria (85), Indonesia (65), the Netherlands (60), Iran (60), Saudi Arabia(55), (55), Norway (55), Turkmenistan (50), Malaysia (45), UAE (40), Australia (35).

The world's largest producers of natural gas - Russia, the USA, Canada, the Netherlands, Great Britain and others - simultaneously consume large quantities of natural gas, therefore, in comparison with oil, the share of natural gas supplies for export is relatively small - only about 20-25% of the produced natural gas. Its largest exporters are Russia (about 30% of world exports), Canada, Algeria, Norway, and the Netherlands. The United States, being one of the largest consumers of natural gas, uses not only its own, but also gas from other countries - Canada, Algeria, etc. Along with the United States, Japan and most of European countries import gas (especially in large quantities - Germany, France, Italy) ... Natural gas supplies for export are carried out via gas pipelines (from Canada and the USA, from Russia and to and Europe, from and to Europe) or by sea transportation in liquefied form (from Japan, from Algeria to the USA).

Thus, the main directions of natural gas transportation ("gas bridges") are:

Russia - Europe and the CIS;
Canada - USA;
Mexico - USA;
Netherlands, Norway - Western Europe;
Algeria - USA;
Algeria - Western Europe;
Indonesia, Middle East, Australia - Japan.

Electric power industry of the world. The power industry is one of the leading industries. Its development largely determines the level of development of the economy as a whole. World electricity production is approximately 15.5 trillion kWh. Electricity is produced in all, but only 11 countries have an annual production of more than 200 billion kWh.

USA (3980 billion kWh), China (1325), Japan (1080), Russia (875), Canada (585), Germany (565), India (550), France (540), Great Britain (370), Brazil (340). The gap in electricity production between developed and developing countries is large: developed countries account for about 65% of all generation, developing countries - 22%, countries with economies in transition - 13%.

An important indicator of the country's electricity supply is the amount of its production per capita. This indicator is the highest in countries such as Norway (26 thousand kWh), Sweden (26 thousand), Canada (18 thousand), USA (14 thousand), France (9 thousand), Japan (8.5 thousand).

Leading in the structure of electricity generation heat power engineering... More than 60% of all electricity is generated at thermal power plants (TPPs), about 18% at hydroelectric power plants (HPPs), about 17% at nuclear power plants (NPPs) and about 1% at geothermal, tidal, solar, and wind power plants.

Heat power engineering has the following advantages:

relatively short construction time;
stability of work.

However, thermal power engineering has a number of disadvantages, primarily associated with. Thermal power engineering ranks first in terms of emissions of pollutants c. The emissions include particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides. "Acid rain", formed during the dissolution of sulfur dioxide released into the atmosphere, cause significant damage to forests, rivers, lakes, soil, and also to buildings (residential and administrative buildings and especially architectural monuments, which are rapidly deteriorating in recent years). In addition, thermal energy also leads to thermal pollution (unused heat emission).

Of the three main sources of thermal energy, most of all pollution and "greenhouse gases" are produced and released into the environment as a result of burning coal, to a lesser extent oil, and the least - natural gas.

Thermal energy is most developed in countries with large reserves of fuel (coal, oil, gas). The largest share of thermal energy in the energy structure is in Poland, the Netherlands, and South Africa.

Hydropower is less harmful to the environment. Its main advantages:

low cost;
ecological cleanliness of production;
renewability of the resources used.

But this type of energy also has its drawbacks. Thus, during the construction of a hydroelectric power station, fertile lands are flooded, which could be used in agriculture, people have to be relocated from flooded zones (residents of villages, settlements, cities who lived in the construction zone of hydroelectric power plants and future reservoirs), water and terrestrial ecosystems and their fertility are changing, and etc. Everything else construction, Switzerland, Germany, Great Britain, Japan, etc.). Nuclear power plants operate in more than 30 countries around the world. The USA (98.5 million kW), France (63.2), Japan (44.3), Germany (21.3), Russia (20.8), the Republic of Korea (13, 0), UK (12.4), Ukraine (11.2), Canada (10.0), Sweden (9.4). In terms of the share of nuclear power plants in the total electricity generation, countries are distinguished in which this share is more than 50% - (82%), France (77%), Belgium (55%) Sweden (53%). Such countries as Ukraine, R. Korea, (45-47% each), Switzerland (42-43%), Germany and Japan (33-36%) also have a high share.

Thus, the main capacities of the nuclear power plant are concentrated in the Western and Eastern Europe, and the Asia-Pacific region.

The development of the nuclear power industry in many countries of the world is constrained by the fear of possible nuclear disasters, a lack of capital (the construction of a nuclear power plant is a very capital-intensive business).

The problems of storage and processing of wastes from nuclear power plants, as well as issues of conservation of nuclear power plants after their expiration date, remain unresolved in the nuclear power industry. These are the problems of the entire world community. You can treat the construction of nuclear power plants in different ways, however, their existence and use in the coming years is an objective reality. At the end of the 90s, more than 420 nuclear power units were in operation in the world, and several dozen more were under construction. If (hypothetically) all nuclear power plants in the world were replaced by thermal ones that run on coal, then, firstly, it would be necessary to additionally extract a huge amount of coal, and secondly, as a result of its combustion, an additional billion tons of carbon dioxide would be released into the environment. , millions of tons of nitrogen oxides, sulfur, fly ash, i.e. the amount of hazardous waste would increase manifold. According to other calculations, the operation of nuclear power plants allows saving (not producing or using for other purposes) about 400 million tons of oil. This is a considerable amount. In addition, according to the specialists of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), thermonuclear fusion is a method of obtaining energy, potentially acceptable from the point of view of ecology and safety, in the future it can provide the whole world with the necessary amount. Therefore, a number of countries (France, Japan, South Korea, China continue to develop long-term nuclear energy projects. Russia is also ready to resume its programs in this area in the near future.

Alternative energy sources have a lesser impact on the environment. However, their role in the energy sector of individual countries is still insignificant. Moreover, there are practically no absolutely harmless industries. Thus, the use of geothermal energy entails significant pollution of water, air and land. Wind farms cause unacceptable noise effects and should be located away from settlements, etc.

The following countries are distinguished by the use of alternative energy sources:

GeoTES -, countries of Central America;
Tidal power plants - France, Great Britain, Canada, Russia, India, China;
Wind farms - Germany, Denmark, UK, Netherlands, USA, India, China.

One of the most important ways to solve the energy problem is to save energy and increase the efficiency of its use, measures to reduce energy consumption per unit of manufactured product, on the use of the latest technologies(low-waste, non-waste) and, as a result, the use of less fuel resources and a decrease in production waste.

The fuel and energy complex of Russia is a combination of various industries that are engaged in the extraction of the most important resources. Enterprises working in this area also carry out their processing, transformation and delivery to consumers.

Meaning

The considered sphere of activity acts as a powerful base for the functioning of absolutely all sectors of the national economy of the country. The pace at which the development of the fuel and energy complex is taking place has an impact on economic indicators and the scale of social production. This explains the fact that the area under consideration at all times determined the degree of scientific and technological progress.

Characteristics of the fuel and energy complex

This area of activity is presented in the form of a complex system. It includes the oil, shale, coal, gas, nuclear and peat industries, and the electric power industry. It includes a powerful industrial infrastructure in the form of trunk lines, pipelines that make up a single network. The fuel and energy complex of Russia is considered one of the largest spheres of economic activity. It accounts for about 1/3 of the total value of fixed assets of production activities and capital investments in industry. The fuel and energy complex uses up to 2/3 of the pipes produced, a huge volume of mechanical engineering products.

Balance

It underlies the activities of the fuel and energy complex. This is the ratio of the extraction of resources and their production to their use. The existing stocks in the country are measured in conventional units. This indicator should be understood as a unit of coal (Donetsk), which produces 7000 kcal of heat. The most nutritious resource is oil. She gives off 10 thousand kcal. Oil is followed by combustible gas with an indicator of 8 thousand kcal. The calorie content of peat is 3 thousand kcal.

History reference

Until the 90s. of the last century, the fuel and energy complex expanded at an accelerated pace. From 1941 to 1989, the extraction of resources was increased by 11 times. At the same time, energy production increased 34 times. In 1989, the volume of production amounted to 2.3 billion tons of mineral resources. This figure was equal to 20% of the world. Also in 1989, energy was generated at 1,722 billion kWh. But since the beginning of the 90s, the branches of the fuel and energy complex began to experience a crisis. Depletion and production were one of the main causes of the decline. large deposits, reduction in volumes and oil. In addition, the crisis phenomena directly in the country's economy itself were of no small importance.

Restructuring

The fuel and energy complex is a complex system. When a crisis occurs, it is not so easy to restore the existing balance. To return to the previous advanced level, it is necessary to implement an energy saving policy and introduce changes in the balance sheet. The most important directions of the restructuring of the consumption structure are mainly the replacement of organic resources with other carriers. These include nuclear and hydropower, solid and liquid fuels. In addition, it is necessary to expand new sources.

Fuel industry

It is presented as a set of directions for the extraction of all types of resources and their processing. In terms of reserves, the CIS is considered the only union of states from large industrial countries in the world, which is fully provided with all fuel and energy resources and carries out their large export. The leading role in this is assigned to Russia. The total volume of the country's resources is 6183 billion tons of conventional units. 57% of the world's coal reserves, over 25% of natural gas, more than 60% of peat, more than 50% of shale, as well as 12% of water resources are concentrated on the territory of the state. Coal occupies a predominant position. It accounts for about 9/10 of all deposits.

Coal industry

It is considered to be the cutting edge fuel and energy sector. This is due to the fact that the volume of resources significantly exceeds all other areas. In addition, a significant number of work force... The value of production assets is also significantly higher than in other industries. The total geological reserves amount to 6806 billion tons, of which the balance reserves are 419 billion. More than 1/10 of the coal mined in the country falls on coking species. Their main reserves are located in the Pechora, Yuzhno-Yakutsk, Kuzbass and other basins. About 75% of the resources lie in the Tunguska (2299 billion tons), Lenskoye (more than 1600 billion tons), Kansk-Achinsk (more than 600 billion) basins and Kuzbass (600 billion tons).

Oil production

The volume of the country's reserves is about 150 billion tons. At the moment, the European and West Siberian basins are explored by 65-70%, and the East Siberian and Far Eastern basins - by 6-8%. The sea shelves are explored only by 1%. Such low rates are due to the inaccessibility of areas, the complexity climatic conditions... However, it is in them that 46% of the prospective and almost 60% of the forecasted oil reserves are concentrated. The main supplier is Western Siberia today. In the Middle Ob region, about 2/3 of the domestic oil is produced. The next major area is the Volgo-Uralsky. Shelves of the Okhotsk and Barents seas are considered as promising fields.

Gas industry

This sector of the fuel and energy complex began to expand in the 50s of the last century. It includes the extraction of natural and as well as production at factories. The volume of potential reserves is estimated at 80-85 trillion cubic meters, explored - at 34.3 trillion. The European part accounts for only 12%, the eastern part - 88%. Prospects for improvement today are associated with the development of fields located on the Yamal Peninsula.

Electricity

The power industry is presented as a complex industry. It includes several areas that carry out the production and transfer of resources to consumers. It is considered a key sector of the fuel and energy complex. This is due to the fact that this area ensures the functioning of the entire national economy of the country. It determines the level of STP. The electric power industry, among other things, acts as the most important factor in the territorial organization of national economic activity. RF ranks second in the world in electricity production. The main share of the produced energy goes to industry - about 60%, 9% is consumed by agriculture, 9.7% is accounted for by transport. The rest of the consumers receive 13.5%.

nuclear power station

Nuclear power plants are considered the most promising power generation facilities today. Currently, there are 9 nuclear power plants operating in the country. The stations use transportable fuel. These properties are aimed at consumers in areas with a tense balance, with limited mineral resources... refers to the industries of high science intensity. NPPs are considered the most environmentally friendly sources, provided they are reliable in design and competently operated. The functioning of these objects does not lead to the appearance of the "greenhouse effect", which is the result of the massive use of organic resources. But in the event of a disruption in operation, nuclear power plants are the most dangerous in terms of the environment. The share of total production in the country is 12%. The total capacity of the operating stations is 20.2 million kW.

FUEL industry- a set of mining industries engaged in the extraction and processing of various types of fuel and energy raw materials. Includes oil refining, gas, coal, shale, peat and mining

The fuel industry is one of the most important industries heavy industry ... The role of fuel increases with the development of technical progress and mechanization, automation, electrification and heating of production, which are inextricably linked with it, causing an intensive increase in energy consumption in national economy... A combustible substance, especially oil and gas, is also used as a raw material for chemical industry.

In pre-revolutionary Russia (1913), the total fuel production (in conventional terms) was 48.2 mln. T, including firewood over 20%.

In the USSR, as a result of the successful implementation of the first five-year plans (1929-40), the total annual production in 1940 reached 238 million. T equivalent fuel. The structure has radically changed Fuel industry A new industry has emerged - gas industry ... During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45, the Nazi invaders inflicted enormous damage on the Fuel Industry During the 4th five-year plan (1946-50), the fuel industry enterprises were restored, in 1950 fuel production in the USSR exceeded the 1940 level by 31%. In subsequent years, the leading branches of the fuel industry - oil and gas - grew at a faster pace. Fuel production in 1975 increased 5 times over 1950.

The fuel and energy industry is a collection of branches of the fuel industry, electricity, fuel and energy delivery vehicles. Over the past two centuries, the world fuel and energy industry has gone through two main stages in its development. The first stage (XIX - first half of XX century) was coal, when coal was sharply dominated in the structure of the world fuel and energy balance. The second stage was oil and gas. Oil and gas have proven to be more efficient energy carriers than solid fuels. In the 80s. world energy has entered the third (transitional) stage of its development, where the transition from the use of predominantly exhaustible mineral fuel resources to inexhaustible resources is taking place. The oil, gas and coal industries are the backbone of the world energy industry. Oil is produced in 80 countries of the world, but the main role is played by Saudi Arabia, USA, Russia, Iran, Mexico, China, Venezuela, UAE, Norway, Canada, Great Britain, Nigeria. 40% of all produced oil goes to international trade. In the world economy, a huge territorial gap was formed between the regions of its production and consumption, which contributed to the emergence of powerful traffic flows. The main areas of oil production are the basins of the Persian Gulf, West Siberian, Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico. Natural gas is the cheapest and most environmentally friendly fuel. The leader in world gas production is Russia, where the largest basin, Western Siberia, is located. The largest gas producing country is the United States, followed by Canada, Turkmenistan, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. Unlike oil-producing countries, the main gas-producing countries are the developed countries of Europe and North America... In terms of natural gas reserves, two regions are distinguished: the CIS (Western Siberia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan) and the Middle East (Iran). The main gas exporters are Russia, which supplies gas to Eastern and Western Europe; Canada and Mexico, which supply gas to the United States; The Netherlands and Norway, supplying gas to Western Europe; Algeria, which supplies gas to Western Europe and the United States; Indonesia, Middle East countries, Australia, exporting gas to Japan. Gas transportation is provided in two ways: through main gas pipelines and using gas tankers when transporting liquefied gas.

Development coal industry in the era of cheap oil has slowed down, but after the crisis of the 70s. acceleration came again. The main coal mining countries are developed countries: China, USA, Germany, Russia, Poland, Australia, India, South Africa. In Russia, in recent years, coal production has dropped sharply, while in the PRC and the United States, the coal industry is developing dynamically. In terms of explored coal reserves, developed countries are also in the lead: the USA, the CIS (Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan), then China, Germany, Great Britain, Australia, South Africa. Most of the coal is consumed in the same countries where it is mined, so only 8% of the world market goes to. But there have been changes in the trade structure - the demand for coking coal is falling due to the slowdown in the development of metallurgy, and the demand for thermal coal is growing. The main coal exporters are the USA, Australia, to a lesser extent South Africa, Russia, Poland, Canada. The main importers of coal are Japan, the Republic of Korea and a number of European countries.

Metallurgical complex- a set of industries producing a variety of metals. It is subdivided into ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. 90 percent of the metals used in modern production are ferrous, i.e. iron and alloys obtained on its basis.

The production of the metallurgical complex is characterized by high level concentration, monopolization and combination of production.

The main factors for the location of the complex are raw materials, energy, consumer, water, environmental, labor resources.

Ferrous metallurgy is the basis for the development of machine building. It includes the extraction and processing of iron, manganese and chromite ores, smelting of iron and steel, and the production of rolled ferroalloys. Therefore, in ferrous metallurgy, combination is widely developed - combining at one enterprise several productions of different industries, interconnected.

Mining, preparation of ores and fuel, production of metal and auxiliary materials are concentrated within one metallurgical base. Most of the enterprises in this industry are integrated works.

The production of pig iron requires a large amount of raw materials - iron ore, coke (in blast furnace production) or electricity, manganese ore, etc. Our country is almost completely provided with raw materials for ferrous metallurgy. For the smelting of iron and steel in the 80-90s. The USSR and then Russia held the world leadership; it now ranks fourth in the world.

The largest metallurgical base of the country is the Urals. Almost 1/2 of Russia's pig iron, steel and rolled products are produced here. Imported coal (from Kuzbass and Karaganda) and ore from Kazakhstan, KMA and Magnitogorsk are used as raw materials. Most of the metal is smelted at the giant enterprises in Magnitogorsk. Nizhny Tagil, Chelyabinsk, Novotroitsk.

The second most important metallurgical base is the Center, which uses its own ores (KMA) and imported coke (Kuzbass, Vorkuta). The main centers are Lipetsk, Stary Oskol, Tula, Volgograd, Elektrostal, Kolpino, St. Petersburg.

Metallurgical base of Siberia and Of the Far East is still in the stage of formation. Modern factories full cycle operate in Novokuznetsk, Novosibirsk, Guryevsk, Krasnoyarsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur. Iron ore come from Gornaya Shorni, Khakassia, Angara-Ilin basin. Coals from the Kuzbass and the South Yakutsk Basin are used.

In connection with the creation of the Cherepovets full cycle plant, the Northern metallurgical base began to form.

Non-ferrous metallurgy includes mining, dressing and metallurgical processing of non-ferrous, noble and rare metal ores. The industry includes the lead-zinc, titanium-magnesium, tungsten-molybdenum industries and the production of noble and rare metals.

Non-ferrous metals are classified according to their physical properties and purpose into heavy (copper (Cu), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni)), light (aluminum (A1), titanium (Ti), magnesium (Md) .precious (gold (Au), silver (Hell), platinum (Ft) and rare (zirconium (Zr), indium (In), tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), etc.)

Non-ferrous metallurgy is a very material-intensive production, since the content of non-ferrous metals in the ore is extremely low, therefore non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises are focused mainly on raw material bases.

Non-ferrous metal ores are usually multicomponent, so the importance integrated use raw materials. An important factor in the location of enterprises for the smelting of non-ferrous metals is energy, since this is an energy-intensive production. But the production of light non-ferrous metals requires a lot of energy.

Aluminum industry. It develops on the basis of its own (deposits in the Urals, in the North-West region, in Siberia) and imported raw materials. Almost all factories are more or less remote from raw materials, but they are located either near hydroelectric power plants or large thermal power plants.

More than 3/4 of the output of aluminum is now accounted for by four large aluminum smelters; Bratskiy, Krasnoyarskiy, Sayanskiy and Novokuenetskiy. The first two of them are the largest in the world.

In the production of aluminum, our country is in the group of world leaders, but up to 80% of aluminum produced in Russia is now exported.

Copper industry. The main bases of the copper industry in our country are located in the Urals (Gayskoye, Krasnouralskoye, Revdinskoye, Sibayskoye deposits). Mainly processing plants are located here. Refined copper production is located both in the Ural region and in the Center (Moscow, St. Petersburg).

Lead-zinc industry. Mainly gravitates towards the areas of extraction of polymetallic ores (Kuzbass, Transbaikalia, North Caucasus, Primorye).

Nickel industry. Developing in the North economic region on the basis of deposits Kola Peninsula and copper-nickel concentrates from Norilsk, in the Urals - on local and imported raw materials, in Eastern Siberia- on the copper-nickel ores of the Taimyr Autonomous Okrug.

It includes gas, coal, oil refining and peat industries. The fuel industry is one of the main heavy industries.

The development of the country's fuel industry directly depends on what raw materials she disposes. For example, the Russian fuel industry operates primarily on the basis of the gas and oil refining industry. In Ukraine, the main fuel resource is coal. The fuel industry of Belarus is developing due to the extraction and processing of peat. Other types of fuel are also used, but in this article we will look at only the main ones in more detail.

The fuel industry in Russia consists of three main sectors. These are the oil, gas and coal industries.

The oil industry is the leading branch of the fuel and energy complex. At the world level, Russia ranks second in production and first in reserves and The main oil-producing bases of the country are the West Siberian (about 70% of all and the Volga-Ural (20%). About half of all produced oil is exported in the form of oil products to the neighboring Since the transportation of oil is not a cheap process, an oil pipeline was built to transfer raw materials over long distances, the length of which is 48 thousand km.

Main part gas industry Russia is concentrated on the base of the Orenburg-Astrakhan and in the West Siberian fields. According to some estimates of prospecting specialists, another large gas production base may appear in the mill - in the fields of Sakhalin and Yakutia. Gas pipelines are used to transport gas, the total length of which is about 150 thousand km.

After the discovery of gas and oil fields, the use of coal as a fuel has significantly decreased. If in the 50s the coal industry accounted for 60% of the entire fuel industry of the country, then in our time this figure has dropped to 11%. This rapid decline is not only due to the global popularity of oil and gas. Mining coal, oddly enough, requires much more material and physical costs. This is the development of deposits, and equipment, which today requires modernization, and the quality of the raw materials themselves. In some cases, costs can exceed income. The easiest and cheapest way is to extract hard coal in open-pit mines (open pit). Approximately 2/3 of all coal mined in the country is extracted in this way. Opencast coal is mined only in the eastern regions of the country.

Fuel industry of the world

The global fuel and energy industry is also focused on the oil, gas and coal industries. 75 countries of the world are engaged in oil production and refining. The leading country is Saudi Arabia. Russia is in second place, followed by the United States, Mexico, the United Arab Emirates, etc.

The gas industry is developed in 60 countries. In this industry, Russia is in first place, followed by the United States, followed by Canada, Turkmenistan, etc.

The world's coal industry is developing slowly today, since the oil and gas industry has practically ousted it from the world market. Coal is mainly consumed by the countries where it is mined. Only 10% remains for export.

According to experts, the reserves of coal will last for about another 240 years, while gas - only 65, and oil - for 50 years. Based on this, it is safe to say that after some time the use of coal as a fuel will again occupy a leading position in the global fuel industry.

The fuel and energy complex (FEC) is a complex intersectoral system for the extraction and production of fuel and energy (electricity and heat), their transportation, distribution and use. It includes the fuel industry (oil, gas, coal, shale, peat) and electric power, as well as services closely related to them. The presence of a developed industrial infrastructure in the form of main high-voltage lines and pipelines (for the transportation of crude oil, oil products and natural gas), forming a single network, is characteristic.

The dynamics, scale and technical and economic indicators of social production, primarily industry, largely depend on the development of the fuel and energy complex. At the same time, the approach to fuel and energy sources is one of the requirements of the territorial organization of industry. Available fuel and energy resources are the basis for the formation of various TECs, including industrial complexes, defining their specialization in energy-intensive industries.

At the present stage economic development the most important is the fuel and energy problem. Its successful solution determines the opportunities, rates and directions of economic and social development. The importance of fuel for the economy of any state is enormous without it, the production process is impossible.

The main primary sources of energy in modern world is oil, coal, natural gas, hydropower; the importance of atomic energy is rapidly increasing. The share of other sources (firewood, peat, solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, etc.) in the total energy consumption is only a few percent.

52.2. Fuel and energy balance, its structure and changes

Fuel and energy balance - the ratio of the production of various types of fuel and the generated energy (profit) and their use in the economy (costs). The peculiarities of its structure depend on the reserves of fuel and energy resources, their calorific value, interface, production costs, which change with the development of technology. Fuel resources - part of the fuel and energy resources used only as fuel. The most important fuel resources are coal, oil and gas, uranium, peat. The most economical oil and gas, as their extraction, transportation by pipelines is cheap. Energy resources - solar energy, space energy, tidal energy, geothermal energy, gravitational energy, pressure energy, atmospheric electricity, terrestrial magnetism, biofuels, oil, natural gas, coal, oil shale, peat, atomic and nuclear energy. The energy reserves of rivers and reservoirs that lie above sea level are called hydro resources.

The total volume of the world's fuel and energy balance (the total annual production of primary energy resources is equal to the total energy consumption) in the 1980s was 9 billion tons of fuel equivalent. For comparison of various types of fuel, it is converted into a conventional one, the heat of combustion of 1 kg of which is equal to 7 thousand K cal, and the thermal coefficient is one. To do this, the data for the individual fuels are multiplied by the corresponding heat factor. Coal accounts for about 30%, oil - 43, gas - 17, hydropower - 7, nuclear energy - 2.5%. Specific energy consumption per capita in the world on average slightly exceeds 2 tons of standard fuel per year. In industrially developed countries, this indicator is much higher (USA - 12, Germany - 6), in developing countries, it is much lower (0.3-1.0 tons). The location of energy carriers differs markedly from the location of energy consumption: on the one hand, countries with unprofitable energy sources that export oil, gas or coal, on the other, countries that depend on energy imports. These include, first of all, many countries of Western Europe, Japan and, to a large extent, the United States.

52.3. The importance of certain types of fuel and electricity

The most important fuel resources are coal, oil and gas, uranium, peat. Coal is widely used in the national economy as an energy and technological fuel. As a power-generating fuel, coal is a fuel for various industries, power generation, transport operations, and home heating. Coal as a process fuel, in contrast to energy, is used in the form of coke. Coke is produced by heating coal without air. It is used in ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy, in the chemical industry for the production of nitrogen fertilizers, plastics, alcohols, and explosives.

Crude oil is not used. Various types of fuel and chemical products (liquid fuel, lubricants, electrical insulating materials, solvents, bitumen, etc.) are extracted from it during processing. The main share of petroleum products is fuel for carburetor (aviation and motor gasolines), jet (aviation kerosene), diesel (diesel fuel) engines, boiler fuel (fuel oil), bitumen. Petrochemical products (synthetic rubber, organic synthesis products, humoasbestos products, etc.) are produced on the basis of refined products.

Gas is a cheap fuel. It is used in industry and for the household needs of the population. It is also very valuable. chemical raw materials... Unlike other fuels, it pollutes the atmosphere less. Field gas accumulations are of three types: gas deposits (free gas in the pores of rocks), gas condensate (gas enriched with a vapor of liquid carbohydrates) and associated gas (dissolved in oil).

Uranium is obtained from uranium ores. It is used to operate nuclear power plants.

Peat is mainly used for fuel and energy purposes, as well as in agriculture, medicine, for the manufacture of some building materials.

Electricity is the material basis of scientific and technological progress, the growth of labor productivity in all branches of production, an important prerequisite for the effective allocation of productive forces.

Electricity is widely used in industry. A significant amount of it is spent in the branches of heavy industry - mechanical engineering, chemical, metallurgical, where energy-intensive industries are common. In them, electricity is not only a driving force, but is also necessary in some technological processes. A significant amount of electricity is consumed in utilities and households. Electricity is also used by electrified railways.

52.4. Fuel industry. Meaning and structure

The fuel industry is a complex of branches of the mining industry for the production and processing of various types of fuel and energy raw materials. It includes oil, gas, coal, peat, shale and uranium mining.

The fuel industry plays an important role in the development of productive forces, is the main link in the fuel and energy complex. Mineral fuel is the main source of energy in the modern economy, and at the same time it is an important process fuel and raw material for metallurgy, petrochemical, chemical-pharmaceutical and other sectors of the national economy.

The oil industry encompasses the oil production and refining industries. The oil industry unites enterprises for the exploration and production of oil and associated petroleum gas, storage and transportation of oil. The oil refining industry is a manufacturing industry that produces petroleum products from crude oil, which are used as fuel, lubricants and electrical insulating materials, solvents, road surfaces, and petrochemical raw materials.

The gas industry produces, transports, stores and processes natural gas.

The coal industry is an enterprise for the extraction, enrichment and briquetting of hard and brown coal.

Peat industry is a branch of the fuel industry, whose enterprises extract and process peat.

The oil shale industry extracts and processes oil shale.

The uranium mining industry carries out the extraction of uranium ores and the production of uranium concentrates.

52.5. Features of the development and location of the coal, oil, gas industry

The coal industry is developing on the basis of coal resources. Coal resources are differentiated according to various characteristics, among which, first of all, the depth of occurrence, the degree of metamorphism and the nature of geographic distribution are distinguished. The technical and economic indicators of coal mining, like oil and gas, largely depend on the depth of development. The role of the coal basin in the territorial division of labor depends on the quantity and quality of resources, the level of their readiness for industrial exploitation, the size of production, the peculiarities of the transport and geographical location, etc. Coal basins of local importance are local in nature, limited to the framework of individual regions. The development of coal resources in areas accessible for open pit mining creates favorable preconditions for powerful energy bases as the basis for industrial complexes specializing in energy-intensive industries. The development of the coal industry is associated with ferrous metallurgy, electric power, coke and other sectors of the economy.

The oil industry is focused on oil fields land and continental shelf. The oil refining industry is located near oil fields, in ports of import of crude oil or along the routes of main oil pipelines.

The gas industry is developing on the basis of gas fields.

For the development of the coal, oil and gas industries, the necessary equipment is produced by various branches of mechanical engineering (heavy engineering produces mining equipment for coal mines, certain branches produce equipment for the oil-extracting, oil-refining and gas industries). On the basis of the regions where fuel resources are extracted, settlements... The development of the fuel industry requires a certain amount of labor resources.

52.6. Electric power industry. Meaning and structure. The main types of power plants and the principles of their placement

The electric power industry is a branch of industry that provides the electrification of the economy and household needs based on the rational production and distribution of electricity. It is an integral part of the fuel and energy complex. Electric power industry is the production of various types of electricity, its transportation, heating networks, boiler houses and other facilities.

One of the specific features of the electric power industry is that its products cannot be accumulated for further use: the production of electricity at each moment of time must correspond to the size of its consumption.

Electricity influences territorial organization productive forces, primarily industry.

The transmission of electricity over long distances contributes to the development of energy resources. The development of electronic transport expands the territorial scope of the industry.

Based on the massive use in technological processes of electricity and heat (steam, hot water) there are energy-intensive (aluminum, magnesium, ferroalloys) and heat-intensive (alumina, chemical fibers) production. Powerful hydroelectric power plants attract enterprises specializing in electrometallurgy and electrochemistry.

The electric power industry is of great regional educational importance.

All power plants are divided into thermal and hydraulic. Among the thermal ones, there are condensing and combined heat and power plants. By the type of energy use, there are power plants operating on traditional fuels (coal, fuel oil, natural gas, peat, shale), nuclear and geothermal. Hydraulic equipment is represented by hydroelectric power plants (HPP), hydroaccumulative power plants (PSPP) and tidal power plants (TPP).

Thermal power plants are relatively loosely located and capable of generating electricity without seasonal fluctuations.

Condensing thermal power plants gravitate towards both sources of fuel and places of consumption of electricity, they are very common. The larger the IES, the further it can transmit electricity. Consequently, with an increase in the capacity of condensing power plants, the influence of the fuel and energy complex increases. Focusing on fuel bases is most effective when cheap and non-transportable fuel resources are available. The fuel placement option is also typical for IESs operating on fuel oil. This type of power plant is associated with the regions and centers of the oil refining industry. IES, which use high-calorie fuel, withstand transportation, gravitate towards places of electricity consumption.

Many TPPs simultaneously produce heat energy with electricity. Such power plants are called combined heat and power plants (CHP). The water heated in the process of generating electricity is used for heating greenhouses, premises and for production needs. But heat transfer is limited to a distance of 20 km, so CHPs are being built near large industrial enterprises as well as in major cities.

Nuclear power plants (NPPs) use uranium, 1 kg of which releases as much heat as the combustion of 2.5 thousand tons of coal. They build nuclear power plants where there is no sufficient energy base and fuel is expensive, but a lot of electricity is needed. Nuclear power plants produce not only electrical, but also thermal energy used in industrial and municipal needs. For example, the nuclear power plant in Bilibino (Russia) must provide heat to the settlements of miners.

Hydroelectric power plants (HPPs) produce cheap electricity based on renewable energy resources - hydro resources. However, their construction is much more expensive than thermal ones, tied to certain areas and sections of rivers, leads to significant losses of land on the plains, damages the fish industry. Energy production at hydropower plants depends on climatic conditions and varies from season to season. It is advisable to build a hydroelectric power station in mountainous areas, on rivers with a large drop and water discharge.

With the increasing unevenness of daily electricity consumption, an important role is played by hydroelectric power plants.

(PSPP). They cover peak loads. At night, the pumped storage power plant, working as a pump and pumping water into the working pools, consume electrical energy. The operation of a PSPP is based on the cyclical movement of a constant volume of water between two basins located at different levels. Pumped storage power plants are being built near large cities.

Geothermal, tidal, solar and wind power plants are being developed on the basis of unconventional energy sources. Geothermal power plants, the principle of which is the development of the deep heat of the earth's interior, fundamentally resemble thermal power plants, but use the energy of groundwater. Tidal power plants use the energy of the ebb and flow and are located in areas of their distribution. On the basis of the use of the energy of the sun, solar desalination plants and a solar thermosetting unit function. Wind energy is used to operate wind farms.

52.7. Electricity development and environmental issues

Different types of power plants have different effects on the environment. There are the following factors of influence of power plants on the environment: 1) pollution by combustion products; 2) thermal pollution; 3) radioactive contamination; 4) environmental impact of the water area; 5) electromagnetic influence; 6) withdrawal from the use of territories.

The most common power plants are thermal. They affect the environment and the state of the biosphere as a whole. Harmful - condensing power plants operating on low-grade fuel. Wastewater from TPPs and wastewater from their territory, contaminated with waste of technological cycles of power equipment and contain vanadium, nickel, fluorine, phenols and oil products, getting into water bodies, can affect the quality of water, aquatic organisms. The change chemical composition water due to an increase in the concentration of certain substances leads to a violation of the living conditions in water bodies. Thermal pollution of water bodies is dangerous. In the water heating zone, its transparency decreases, and the rate of decomposition of oxidizing substances increases. The rate of photosynthesis in such water decreases.

With the combustion of solid fuel, fly ash with fuel particles, sulfuric and sulfuric anhydride, nitrogen oxides, a certain amount of fluoride compounds, and gaseous products of incomplete combustion of the fuel enter the atmosphere.

A number of restrictions and technical requirements exist for choosing a site for the construction of a CHP. If the amount of pollution in the construction zone has reached significant proportions, then the construction of the CHPP should be stopped.

Hydro power generation does not lead to pollution environment, however, dams of hydroelectric power stations violate the ecological balance of water bodies, impede the free migration of fish, affect the level groundwater cause geological changes.

During the operation of a nuclear power plant, radioactive emissions and wastes, thermal water pollution occur.

Further development of the electric power industry requires environmental protection measures aimed at reducing the harmful emissions of thermal power plants, nuclear power plants, thermal water pollution.