The main industries are mechanical engineering and metalworking. Mechanical engineering and metalworking is one of the leading industries in the industrial structure of Eastern Siberia. The development of mechanical engineering and metalworking in Eastern Siberia is significantly different

MACHINERY AND METALWORKING

industry. Born in Ekat. in the bowels of the black metal., when on local metal. s-dakh there were workshops for issue. and refurbishment of the plant. technology. In 1800-1805 Ekat appeared. state fur. f-ka, in a cut steam engines were built. In 1807 mechanical engineering. production arose at the Nizhneisetsky plant.

Mach-nie as an independent industry began to take shape in the city in the 1830-1840s in connection with the construction of the kr. by that time, a company that produced steam engines, water turbines and other plant. equipment. The first fur. state-owned factory, supplying steam engines and decomp. Ural mechanisms. forge. s-d, built in 1838-1839. In 1844, Melkovskaya fur produced its first products. f-ka.

Metalworking industry in cap. period did not go beyond the beginning. stages of formation and was replenished only by the department. small factories (Yates plant, railway workshops, boiler plant of the Berenov brothers, mechanical engineering and mechanical plant Voytekhova, etc.), which produced steam engines, boilers, turbines, agricultural, sawmills cars, etc.

The leading industry in the mountains. x-va metalworking becomes only from the end. 1920s. As of 1 Oct. 1928 at nine metal-working qualifying enterprises in the city (almost all of them founded before the Revolution), which had 4131 workers. and white-collar workers (about 40 of all slave. qualification industry), products were produced (in gross terms) for 11.7 million rubles. (27.1 the value of the gross output of the entire city. Registered industry). In addition, 174 small-scale and handicraft industries were engaged in metal processing in the city. production, to-rykh was employed approx. 370 people

Pronounced metalworking industry specialization Sverdl. acquired in years. the first five-year plans, when the construction of machine-building giants began. industries of Uralmash, Uralkhimmash, Uralstankomash and others, to-rye and determined the ways of further prom. development of Ekat. In 1938 at 11 naib. cr. mechanical engineering. and metalworking factories of the city employed more than 15 thousand people, including St. 11 thousand - more than half. all prom. slave. and employees of the city - at Uralmash (see Ural. heavy machinery plant).

In years. Conducted. Otech. war g. took over the equipment approx. 50 mechanical engineering z-dov from zap. region country. They have enriched and complicated the structure of industry, strengthened ties between departments. pr-tii. Along with the factories of heavy machinery, the production of electric power equipment, communication facilities, machine tools, tool production, chemical production were created or expanded. machines, ball bearing, etc. Having settled on the base of Sverdl. and united with them, the evacuated plants increased their power. So, in 1941 on the basis of dril. plant "Metallist" and car repair them. Voevodin, with the help of the equipment of the evacuated enterprises of Moscow, Podolsk, Stalingrad, Sverdl was created. w-d transp. machine, who mastered the issue. tanks and self-propelled artillery. installations. In the same year, on the basis of mechanical engineering. s-yes, evacuated from Kaliningrad Mosk. region, formed zd them. Kalinin (see Machine Building Plant named after Kalinin), which produced artillery. small and medium caliber systems. Uralmash, located on pl. equipment of Izhora plant, Bryansk "Red Profintern" and others. tank. armored hulls, towers, T-34 and KV tanks, self-propelled artillery pieces. installations. The transition to a mass issue. weapons contributed to tech. the progress of the industry d. The specialization of production, the organization of production lines and conveyors allowed the plant to use the most advanced, and sometimes not known. peace. practice of technol. receptions. Highly developed machine PҐ Ց Ԑ ۮ - cr. supplier of the most important types of metal products for heavy industry and construction - was assigned an important role in the implementation of post-war plans. five-year plans. Beginning " cold war"and the arms race gave a new impetus to the outstripping growth of machinery. Already in 1950 relative to 1940, the volume of gross output in the industry increased by more than 8 times (in other industries, by 5.1 times). In the 1970s, a priority strategic task was being solved in Sverdl. was regarded more as one of the largest centers for the implementation of scientific and technological progress in the country. energy industry... Nevertheless, from the end. 1980s in Sverdl., As well as throughout the country, there was a slow decline in the growth rate of machinery. Econ. the system focused on quantitative growth rejected the scientific and technical. improvements made their use unprofitable. Ekat. as Ts. machine-tion and metalworking is among the Urals. biennium the first place in terms of production volumes and in number. employed in this industry. Mechanical engineering. the complex in 2001 gave 30.3 (12035 million rubles) of all produced in Ekat. prom. products. 77 enterprises of the industry employ 77.6 thousand people.

Ch. role in mechanical engineering. complex of the city belongs to the historically developed heavy, energy and chemical. machine, as well as the production of complex military equipment. destination. Main mechanical engineering products. pr-ty - equipment for the mining industry (drilling rigs, excavators, crushers), ferrous and non-ferrous metal. (refining machines, blast-furnace and rolling equipment), power engineering (turbines, motors, generators, equipment for transformation and transmission of electricity), chemical. industry (autoclaves, electrolyzers, vacuum apparatus, pumps), construction (compressor equipment, construction. mechanisms), food. industry, transport, trade, utilities, healthcare. The production of devices, tools, ball bearings, and auxiliary metal products for mass use is well developed.

At the start of market reforms in the 1990s, mechanical engineering. complex of the city, which has retained its specialization for vol. military technology and production of metal-intensive and complex equipment for the basic industries of the country's economy, was going through difficult times. Lack of competitiveness pl. types of products to the world. market, limited finance. opportunities for its consumers, violation of traditional households. ties predetermined a sharp decline in production and the associated significant reduction in the number. employed: in 1993, 133.6 thousand people worked in machinery and metalworking; in 1996 - 88.4 thousand; in 1999 - 71.9 thousand people For 1993-1996, only four Ural flagships were used. machinery (Ural. plant of heavy machinery, Ural. plant of chemical machinery, Uralelektrotyazhmash and turbo-engine plant) total number. slave. decreased from 49514 to 34532 people. In 2000 mechanical engineering. the complex has 77 cr. and cf. pr-th. The machine is the core of the mountains. The military-industrial complex, which consumes the highest quality labor, investment, innovation and other resources. Certain successes have been achieved in the production of weapons and products for the aerospace region. Among the enterprises of the military-industrial complex: State Enterprise "Vector", OJSC "Mashinostroit. Plant named after Kalinin", NPO "Avtomatiki", State Unitary Enterprise "Uraltransmash", CJSC "Alstom-SEMZ", OJSC "Z-d Radio Equipment", State Unitary Enterprise PO "Ural optical-mechanical plant". The enterprises of the military-industrial complex are in a very difficult economy. position primarily due to a sharp reduction in state. order, lack of a feder. support of conversion programs. At the same time, pl. enterprises of the military-industrial complex are already entering a fundamentally new stage of development. K ser. 1990s on a number of enterprises up to 85 volume of industrial. products were made by citizens. destination. For father. and nick. oil drilling equipment manufactured by Uraltransmash, fundamentally new diesel loaders from the plant named after Kalinin, gas stoves of the State Enterprise "Vector", unique electric meters Ural. instrument making. w-yes. Pr-tia g. Are actively involved in the implementation of the region. conversion programs. So, the program "Spectrum" - an org-tion at "Uraltransmash" vol. trams (see. Tram) - is common. meaning. Taking into account the ratings of the market attractiveness of the engineering industries. complex, taking into account their real state, it can be argued that in the near future we should expect a further decrease in production and the number. employed at metal-intensive heavy machinery factories and production growth at factories producing export-significant or science-intensive products. Diversification processes will be further developed.

The machine-building complex is a collection of certain products of which are various machines and mechanisms. Moreover, this education is characterized by very complex connections.

The machine-building complex, the structure of which is extensive, includes machine building itself, as well as metalworking. The products of the enterprises of this complex play a major role in the implementation of the latest achievements of modern scientific and technological progress. Moreover, this is relevant for all areas. National economy.

The structure of the engineering industry

This largest complex industry provides the entire national economy of the country with instruments and equipment. For the population, it produces a variety of consumer goods. The machine-building complex includes the repair of equipment and machines, as well as metalworking. It is characterized by the deepening of production specialization and the constant expansion of the scale of activity.

The machine-building complex includes more than seventy branches. Moreover, all of them are combined into groups according to the purpose of the products, the similarities and types of raw materials used.

The machine-building complex includes:

1. Power and heavy engineering. This includes production of energy, lifting and transport and mining, printing and nuclear equipment, carriage, turbine and diesel locomotive building.
2. Machine tool responsible for the production of various kinds of machine tools.
3. Transport engineering, which includes industries for the production of cars and ships, as well as those related to aviation and the rocket and space sector.
4. Tractor and agricultural engineering.
5... Instrument making, production of electrical engineering and electronics, considered precision engineering.
6. Production of machines and equipment for food and light industry.

In addition to the above divisions, the machine-building complex includes small metallurgy engaged in the production of rolled products and steel. This technological process is carried out in foundries. Such areas are located in mechanical engineering or specialized enterprises. It produces stampings, castings, forgings and welded structures.

Heavy engineering

All factories in this industry are characterized by high metal consumption. At the same time, they provide necessary machines and equipment of the enterprise related to the mining and chemical, mining, fuel and energy and metallurgical complex.

The products of heavy engineering plants are units, parts (for example, rolls for metallurgical rolling mills), as well as finished equipment (turbines and steam boilers, excavators, mining equipment). There are ten sub-sectors in this industry. Among them are lifting and transport, track, nuclear, printing, mining and metallurgical engineering, as well as diesel, carriage, turbo and boiler construction.

The highest cost products in the heavy engineering industry are produced by the production of metallurgical equipment. They are used to equip electric smelting and sintering factories. Equipment for crushing and grinding and rolling industries is also distinguished by a high cost.

The products of mining engineering enterprises are units used for exploration, as well as mining (open and closed methods), beneficiation and crushing of minerals with a solid structure. These include shearers and roadheaders, walking and bucket wheel excavators. Such equipment is used at enterprises of non-ferrous and coal mining and chemical industry, as well as in the manufacture of building materials.

The products manufactured by the hoisting-and-transport engineering industry are of great economic importance for the national economy. After all, about five million people work with such equipment in Russia. This sub-industry produces electric and bridge cranes, belt and stationary conveyors, as well as equipment for the complex mechanization of warehouses.

The products of the car and diesel locomotives are designed to provide the railway sector with the necessary transport. This sub-industry also produces track mechanisms necessary for rail welding, laying, snow removal and other works.

With regard to turbine construction, its main task is to equip the necessary equipment with the energy sector of the national economy. Plants of this sub-industry produce units for nuclear and hydraulic, gas turbine and thermal power plants. She is also responsible for equipping main gas pipelines and supplying injection, compressor and utilization units used in the oil refining and chemical industries, as well as non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy.

Nuclear engineering plants specialize in the production of various equipment for nuclear power plants. This list also includes pressure vessel reactors.
The minimum volume of production is distinguished by the printing engineering industry. His factories produce conveyors for printing houses, printing presses, etc.

Machine tool

This branch of the machine-building complex produces:

Metalworking tool;
- forging and pressing equipment;
- metal-cutting machines;
- woodworking equipment.

In addition to the production of finished products, this industry is also responsible for the centralized repair of units used for metalworking.

Transport engineering

One of its branches is the aviation industry. For the manufacture of products, materials and a variety of equipment are used, manufactured at enterprises of almost all branches of the machine-building complex. The factories of the aviation industry employ highly qualified engineers and workers who produce cargo and passenger aircraft... Helicopters of various modifications also roll off the conveyors of these enterprises.

The products of the rocket and space industry are orbital rockets and ships of the manned and cargo type. These vehicles perfectly combine high technology and wide inter-industry complexity of production.

The enterprises of the shipbuilding industry use a large amount of metal in the production of their products. But, despite this, their placement is carried out outside the regions with large metallurgical bases... This is due to the great difficulties in transporting finished ships. Shipbuilding enterprises have numerous cooperative ties with factories in many sectors of the national economy. This allows you to produce on funds water transport installation of various equipment.

The largest branch of the machine-building complex is the automotive industry. Its products are used in all spheres of the national economy. Cars are also in demand in retail.

Tractor and agricultural engineering

This industry is distinguished by its detailed specialization. In the process of releasing its products, a small number of factories are involved, producing units and parts for various stages of the technological process.

Various types of combine harvesters are produced by the tractor and agricultural machinery. These include flax and grain, cotton and corn, potato and other machines. Various modifications of wheeled and tracked tractors are also produced in factories of this industry.

Instrument making and electrical industry

The products manufactured by the enterprises of these industries are characterized by low energy and material consumption. However, for its release, it is necessary to select highly qualified workers and research personnel.

Instrument-making factories carry out adjustment and installation of automation equipment. Their tasks include developing software, design and production of medical devices, clocks, office equipment and measuring equipment. Such products are high technology and are used for automatic control of technological processes and information systems.

More than one hundred thousand items of various products are currently produced at Russian factories that are part of the electrical engineering industry.

These products find their application in almost all areas of the national economy. The volume of products manufactured by the electrical industry exceeds the number of products that are manufactured by all branches of heavy engineering in aggregate. The main range of such products is represented by generators for hydraulic, gas and steam turbines, as well as electric motors, electric machines, converters and transformers, electrothermal, electric welding and lighting equipment.

Mechanical engineering for food and light industry

This area of production includes sub-sectors that produce equipment for knitwear and textile, footwear and clothing, fur and leather, food industry of the national economy. The geography of the location of such plants depends on the proximity to the consumer.

Role in the national economy

The importance of the machine-building complex cannot be overestimated. After all, this industry is one of the leading in the heavy industry of the Russian Federation. At the enterprises of this sphere, the main and most active mass of fixed assets is created, which include tools of labor. In addition, the machine-building complex has a significant impact on the direction and rate of development of scientific and technological progress, on the growth of labor productivity, as well as on many other indicators affecting the efficiency of production development.

The entire volume of products manufactured by the machine-building complex of Russia is more than one third of all marketable products manufactured in the country. Enterprises in this sector of the national economy employ 2/5 of the total number of industrial workers. Here, almost a quarter of all fixed assets of an industrial and production nature available in the country have been established.

The importance of the machine-building complex in the life of large regions of Russia is important. Moreover, the development of all spheres of the national economy depends on the level of development of these enterprises. The role of the machine-building complex is also great in ensuring the defense capability of Russia.

Distinctive features affecting the location of enterprises

The machine-building complex of Russia has wide inter-industry ties. But besides this, this education has a number of characteristic features. They must be borne in mind when placing various industries in a particular region.

First of all, the branches of the machine-building complex have developed specialization. In other words, their enterprises are focused on the production of one, or, in extreme cases, several types of products. At the same time, a high concentration is observed. This is such a factor in mechanical engineering, when several enterprises are simultaneously engaged in the production of finished products. Take a car factory, for example. Its products are only vehicles.

Such a plant receives the units and parts necessary for the manufacture of automobiles in finished form from other enterprises, the number of which can be quite large. This factor has a significant impact on the location of the machine-building complex, which vitally needs good transport links. That is why many branches of this sphere of the national economy are located in the Volga region, and indeed, these regions have a well-developed transport network.

The geography of the machine-building complex of Russia, focused on the production of the most complex and progressive goods (electronics and radio engineering), is associated with the science intensity factor. That is why such industries are located not far from Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, etc. That is, close to those places where the scientific base is well developed.

The machine-building complex, the products of which are associated with the military-strategic factor, are usually located in “closed” cities. These are Snezhinsk, Novouralsk, Sarov, etc. Sometimes such industries are located near military bases.

The factors of the machine-building complex influencing its development include the presence of a significant number of qualified personnel. Thus, the most labor-intensive industries are machine tool and instrument making. That is why such industries are located in regions with the highest concentration of the population, that is, in Moscow, Voronezh, Penza, Ryazan, etc.

During the construction of heavy engineering enterprises, their high material consumption is taken into account. For the production of products in these industries, a lot of metal is required. Only if it is available is it possible to produce metallurgical and power equipment. Similar enterprises are located in the regions of the Urals (Yekaterinburg), Siberia (Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk). This is due to the large metallurgical base available in these regions. Sometimes heavy engineering enterprises are guided by imported raw materials. There are those in St. Petersburg.

There are such types of machines, the need for which is experienced only by some regions. This applies, for example, to tractors for hauling timber and flax harvesters. This technique is not easy to transport, which means that it is best produced where there is a need for it.

Difficulties experienced

The development of the machine-building complex since the 90s of the last century has significantly slowed down. Some of these enterprises were simply closed, while others significantly reduced the volume of production. The number of products in factories producing machine tools, as well as products, has especially decreased. precision engineering... What was the main reason for this process? It was due to the low quality of our products, which could not compete with imported products. Also, after the breakup Soviet Union there was a break in all production ties that previously existed between the republics of the country.

The problems of the machine-building complex also lie in the high wear and tear of equipment. According to statistics, it reaches almost 70%. This state of affairs exists in helicopter and shipbuilding, as well as in radio electronics. The average age of machine tools in engineering plants is approximately 20 years. This does not allow the use of new technologies in the production of products. Today, many branches of mechanical engineering require a radical modernization of equipment. Only in this case, their products will become competitive in the sales market.

Many foreign companies are contributing to the aggravation of the situation. Penetrating into our market, such corporations significantly increase the level of competition.

Another acute problem in the machine-building industry is the shortage of personnel. That training system labor resources, which existed in the USSR, was simply destroyed. Today the age of skilled workers is already approaching retirement age. Due to the acute shortage of young personnel, the process of modernization of machine-building production is significantly slowed down. But this deplorable situation is slightly improved thanks to investment projects. New factories are being built and have already been built, old enterprises are being reconstructed, new ones are being established and previously existing production ties are being restored.

Metalworking represents a whole range of industries industrial production, which are engaged in the manufacture of various machines and technological equipment (including for defense purposes), as well as a wide variety of consumer goods.

During the production cycle, where applicable metalworking technology, there is a significant change in the size, shape and quality characteristics of workpieces made of metals and their alloys.

The task of changing various geometric and other characteristics of metals and alloys is solved by processing by various methods, such as: pressure working, casting, machining, welding, various innovative technologies.

As for the range of engineering products, it is very wide, since this industry is distinguished by a high degree of differentiation, and the production of its individual types is located in various regions. It should be noted that even with the production of practically identical products, completely different technologies are often used.

Metal cutting

As practice shows, where metals need to be given the necessary shapes and geometric dimensions, it is used metalworking technology carried out by cutting.

There are several ways in which this procedure is carried out in practice. As a criterion for their classification, experts use the type of cutting tool, and therefore distinguish between:

Milling
Turning
Drilling
Grinding
Planing
Chiselling

Milling is one of the most common and widely used technological processes for the processing of various materials (mainly ferrous and non-ferrous metals) by cutting. It is performed on special equipment (milling machines) using cutting tools such as milling cutters. When mounted in the spindles, the cutters receive a rotary motion, and the workpieces or workpieces are moved in the horizontal plane.

Turning represents the mechanical processing of various bodies of revolution, spiral and helical surfaces using various cutters on lathes and screw-cutting lathes. The turning procedure itself consists in the fact that the workpiece is fixed in the chuck during processing, rotates around its axis coinciding with the axis of the spindle, and the removal of a layer of the required thickness from its surface is carried out by longitudinal or transverse movement of the cutting tool fixed in special tool holders mounted on calipers ...

Drilling, this is a technological operation by which holes of different diameters are drilled or reamed in various materials. During this procedure, a drill acts as a cutting tool, which is simultaneously communicated with rotational and translational movements. In most cases, drilling is carried out on specialized drilling machines, but it can also be done on milling machines, as well as with hand drills. In addition, this operation is carried out on the lathes of the group, but at the same time the drill itself, fixed in the quill of the tailstock, makes a translational movement strictly along the axis of the part that rotates.

Grinding is used to finish machining parts of various machines and equipment. It is made using special grinding wheels, which remove a very thin layer of material from the surfaces. In this case, the cutting tool (that is, the grinding wheel) rotates simultaneously with the part itself or the workpiece, if we are talking about cylindrical grinding. As for surface grinding, here the longitudinal feed is carried out by the workpiece, and the feed in the transverse direction is carried out by the grinding wheel or the workpiece.

When planing, the removal of a layer of material from the surface is carried out using the reciprocating movement of the cutters, and the workpiece itself also makes a feed movement. It is carried out on planing machines.

Chiselling processes both flat and shaped surfaces, and a special cutter acts as a cutting tool, which makes the main movement, and the feed movement occurs by displacement of the workpiece fixed on the machine. This procedure is performed on slotting machines.

It is very difficult to overestimate the importance of mechanical engineering in the economy of any state. It is precisely this that is the "locomotive" that leads the country to new level development.

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Introduction

Mechanical engineering is part of an industry called Mechanical Engineering and Metalworking. Mechanical engineering creates machines and equipment, apparatus and devices, various kinds of mechanisms for material production, science, culture, and the service sector. Metalworking is engaged in the production of metal products, the repair of machinery and equipment. At present, the machine-building industry in Russia consists of a number of independent industries, which include over 350 sub-sectors and industries.

Mechanical engineering produces means of labor - machinery and equipment, instruments and computers, transmission devices, vehicles - for all sectors of the national economy. It produces consumer goods, mainly durables (cars, televisions, watches, etc.). By the mid-1980s, means of production in the total volume of machine-building products accounted for 88.9%, consumer goods - only 11.1%, which testified to the lack of orientation of domestic machine-building to the needs of the mass consumer.

The range of manufactured products in machine building is very diverse, which leads to a deep differentiation of its industries and affects the location of production that produces various types of products.

The achievements of the machine-building complex were characterized not only by an increase in the volume of its production, but also by the creation and release of progressive types of products, the introduction of more modern technologies.

In recent decades, the machine-building complex has been formed in accordance with the current needs of the country's economy and defense for a specific range of final products. As a result, subject-specific enterprises were created with rigid technological connections, low flexibility and production mobility.

1. Mechanical engineeringcomplex. Composition and its meaning

Mechanical engineering is a leading industry, both in size and importance. It accounts for 27% of Russia's industrial production. The machine-building complex creates machines and equipment that are used everywhere: in industry, agriculture, everyday life in transport. The main task of mechanical engineering is to provide society with new, more and more modern machines. The modern machine-building complex in Russia consists of several dozen industries. Each of them manufactures products for a specific purpose. The number of engineering industries is constantly growing. According to their role and importance in the national economy, they can be grouped into three interrelated groups. The appendix in Figure 1 on page 23 shows the composition and connections of the machine-building complex.

To ensure its leadership, mechanical engineering needs certain conditions. This can be represented by the formula 1: 2: 4. It means that if the rate of development of the country's economy is taken as a unit, then machine building should develop twice as fast, and its most important branches four times. In Russia, these conditions are not respected.

The technical level of all sectors of the economy depends on what kind of machines, devices, equipment their workers use. Therefore, the development of mechanical engineering, the constant renewal of its products is a necessary condition for progress in the entire national economy.

Mechanical engineering is an extremely complex industry. The following branches of mechanical engineering are distinguished:

Energy;

Metallurgical;

Mining and mining;

Hoisting and transporting;

Electrotechnical;

Chemical;

Production of oilfield and drilling exploration equipment;

Production of oil and gas processing equipment;

Machine-tool and tool industry;

Instrumentation;

Car structure

Tractor construction;

Agricultural engineering;

Mechanical engineering for animal husbandry and fodder production;

Construction road engineering;

Aviation;

Shipbuilding;

Production of equipment for light and Food Industry and a number of others.

The machine-building complex is not only a major supplier of products, but also a consumer. It consumes 20% ferrous and non-ferrous metals, 60% steel sheet. It employs 2/3 of metallurgical and 2/5 of mining equipment, 1/3 of the country's railroad. The production of modern machines requires high quality metals, plastics and other synthetic materials, which the country lacks. As a result, many types of machines produced in Russia are not competitive on the foreign market due to the high cost of equipment. Now the degree of its wear is more than 50%, only 1% is renewed annually. Therefore, competitively capable products can be produced only by an insignificant part of domestic machine-building enterprises. The production of competitive products by the Russian machine-building industry is a key condition for the development of not only the machine-building complex itself, but the entire Russian economy... Previously, 80% of the products of the Machine-Building Complex were of defense importance. Therefore, an important problem of the Russian machine building industry is conversion. Now the ratio of civil and military products produced by the machine-building complex of Russia is 60:40.

The machine-building complex annually produces 30 thousand types of various machines and 130 thousand parts. Its products are needed almost everywhere, i.e. for mechanical engineering is characterized by the ubiquity of consumption. Therefore, mechanical engineering is developed in all economic regions of Russia, although its role in the economy of the regions is not the same. This can be seen in Table 1.

Table 1. Percentage of development in the economic regions of Russia.

Economic region	Share of product product%
Northern
Northwestern
Central
Volgovyatsky
Central Black Earth
Povolzhsky
Ural
North Caucasian
West Siberian
East Siberian
Far Eastern

Consequently, 87.5% of machine-building products are produced by the Western economic zone and only 12.5% are produced by the Eastern economic zone. In the Eastern zone, mechanical engineering works not for local needs, but for the European zone (79% of production is exported to European regions, and 67% of production comes from European regions).

Depending on the specifics of placement in mechanical engineering, several groups of industries can be conventionally distinguished, including:

1. Heavy engineering (67% of production).

2. General engineering (18% of production).

3. Medium engineering (15% of production).

1.1 Heavy engineering

The group of industries of heavy engineering is distinguished by a large consumption of metal, relatively low labor intensity and energy use. Heavy engineering includes the production of equipment for metallurgical enterprises, mining, large power equipment, heavy machine tools and forging machines, large marine and river vessels, locomotives and wagons. The peculiarities of the production of heavy engineering products are in the casting, machining and assembly of large-sized parts, assemblies, assemblies and entire sections. For this purpose, the industry is characterized by both enterprises with a complete production cycle, independently carrying out the procurement, processing and assembly of parts and assemblies, and factories that combine these operations with the installation of imported parts, assemblies and sections arriving in cooperative order. The industry also includes highly specialized factories. Heavy engineering produces 60% of the industry's marketable output, the costs of raw materials and materials here are from 40 to 85%, the cost of wages is 8-15%, the cost of transport is from 15 to 25%, the cost of electricity is 8-15%. Heavy engineering plants can be oriented both to metallurgical bases and to regions of consumption. About 90% of the industry's production is concentrated in the European zone, the rest in Western Siberia and in the Far East. The main areas and centers of heavy engineering include:

Central (Elektrostal).

Ural economic region (Uralmash plant in Yekaterinburg.)

Siberia (production of metallurgical and mining equipment in the cities of Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, production of turbines in Novosibirsk)

North-West: St. Petersburg - a historically established center of heavy engineering (Electrosila plant, which produces turbine generators)

New centers associated with the production of nuclear reactors - the Avtommash plant in Volgodonsk.

The production of metallurgical equipment has developed both in large areas of metal production and outside these areas. Enterprises of this profile specialize in the manufacture of certain types of equipment for the extraction of ore, its preparation, blast furnace, steel-making, foundry, rolling equipment or individual units.

Ural factories focus on the production of excavators for ore mining, sintering machines, equipment for blast furnaces and electrothermal furnaces (Yekaterinburg, Orsk).

Equipment for open-hearth furnaces, rolling and welding of pipes is produced in the Central District (Elektrostal). Ore grinding equipment is supplied by the Volga region (Syzran). Casting machines - Far East (Komsomolsk-on-Amur) and so on. The production of large-scale power equipment arose and developed mainly outside the metallurgical bases in large centers of developed mechanical engineering, which specialize in the production of certain types of this complex product requiring skilled labor. Powerful turbines and generators for power plants are provided by the North-West (St. Petersburg), Ural (Yekaterinburg) and West Siberian (Novosibirsk) regions. The largest center for the production of this metal-consuming, but small-scale or individual products is St. Petersburg. In these areas and centers, specialization has developed in the production of certain types of equipment. Almost all of them produce steam or hydraulic turbines and generators for them, but of different capacities and designs, especially for different types of hydroelectric power plants. The rapid development of nuclear power has forced the transition to the production of sophisticated equipment at existing plants. Power equipment - powerful diesel engines for ships - are produced in St. Petersburg, Bryansk, Nizhny Novgorod, Khabarovsk, for diesel locomotives and power plants - in Balakovo, Penza, Kolomna.

High-performance boilers, producing hundreds and thousands of tons of steam per hour, are produced in the Central Region (Podolsk), Central Black Earth (Belgorod), North Caucasian (Taganrog), West Siberian (Barnaul).

Mostly outside the metallurgical bases, the production of heavy machine tools and press-forging equipment is located. They are produced in small batches and often on individual orders for domestic and foreign factories. Enterprises of this industry are located in West Siberian (Novosibirsk), Central (Kolomna, Ivanovo), Central Chernozem (Voronezh), Povolzhsky (Yekaterinburg), etc.

The production of mining equipment has developed in the main coal regions of the country, West Siberian (Prokopyevsk, Kemerovo); Uralsky (Yekaterinburg, Kopeysk); East Siberian (Cheremkhovo, Krasnoyarsk). Often, such a placement of enterprises for the manufacture of mining equipment is associated with the local specifics of mining coal, ore and other minerals.

Most of the enterprises of the shipbuilding industry are located outside the metallurgical bases, despite the consumption of a large number of metal profiles inconvenient for transportation. Shipyards specialize in the production of ships for a specific purpose, with different types marine engines. The complexity of modern ships requires the installation of a variety of standard and special equipment on them. Therefore, in shipbuilding, cooperative ties with numerous allied enterprises that supply not only equipment, but often entire units and sections of ships are extremely well developed. The construction of ships begins on land, and they are completed afloat. Therefore, many naval shipyards are located in sheltered estuaries. large rivers(Neva, Amur), or harbors sheltered from the sea. The largest maritime shipbuilding region has developed on the Baltic Sea, where its most important center is located - St. Petersburg with a number of factories specializing in the construction of linear passenger, cargo-passenger, tanker ships, nuclear icebreakers, and river vessels. There are shipyards in Vyborg and Kaliningrad. Marine shipbuilding yards are also located in Arkhangelsk, Murmansk,

Astrakhan, Vladivostok. Shipyards are located in Novorossiysk, Vladivostok, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.

River shipbuilding is represented by numerous shipyards on the most important river routes: on the Volga (Nizhny Novgorod, Volgograd), Ob (Tyumen, Tobolsk), Yenisei (Krasnoyarsk), Amur (Blagoveshchensk). The creation of deep-water fairways on rivers, the construction of canals connecting the most important river arteries with each other, made it possible to switch to the construction of "river-sea" type vessels not only in the lower reaches of rivers, but also in the middle and upper reaches. These river shipyards also build lake-type vessels and small sea-type vessels. Profitable geographical position such river shipyards in relation to allied enterprises in the central regions makes the construction of ships on them very effective.

Railway engineering is one of the oldest branches of engineering, relatively well developed in pre-revolutionary Russia and reconstructed in the 60s. The technical process in transport in the post-war years led to a change in the types of traction: the replacement of low-efficiency steam locomotives with more efficient and powerful electric and diesel locomotives, an increase in the carrying capacity of wagons, the creation of new types of wagons for the transportation of specialized, liquid, bulk cargo. Modern diesel locomotives, electric locomotives, passenger and special freight cars are not only material-intensive products that use a variety of construction materials - ferrous and non-ferrous metals, plastics, wood, glass, but are also equipped with sophisticated equipment - powerful diesel engines, electric motors, refrigeration units, special heating units. tanks, pneumatic installations for unloading bulk materials.

The concentration of locomotive production in the Central Region (in the cities of Kolomna, Bryansk, Kaluga) has sharply increased; in the city of St. Petersburg.

Shunting and industrial diesel locomotives for wide and narrow gauge are supplied mainly by enterprises Central region(Murom, Lyudinovo, Bryansk).

Freight cars are produced in Nizhny Tagil, Altai, Abakan. Passenger - in St. Petersburg, Tver, tram - in Ust-Katav (Ural).

1.2 General engineering

General mechanical engineering includes industries specializing in the production of equipment for the oil refining, chemical, forestry, construction industries, road and certain types of agricultural machinery. In the cost of production of industries, the share of costs for wages is from 12 to 33%, for raw materials and materials - from 4 to 8%, the same indicator of costs for electricity, enterprises of this group are widely located throughout Russia, focusing on the consumer of finished products. However, taking into account such factors as the availability of personnel and the proximity of the raw material base.

1.3 Medium engineering

Medium machine building includes a group of machine-building enterprises that are distinguished by a narrow specialization, broad connections for cooperative supplies: the automotive industry (production of small and medium-sized metal-cutting machines), the production of technological equipment for the food, light and printing industries. A special place in this group is occupied by the production of the fifth technological order, which includes science-intensive and high-tech industries. In them, the ratio of costs for sectoral research and development work to the corresponding volumes of output of the industry is 1.2 - 1.5 times higher than the world average for the manufacturing industry in developed countries and is currently 3.5 - 4.5%.

One of the main branches of medium-sized mechanical engineering is the automotive industry, where specialization is most pronounced and extensive cooperation ties can be traced. Automotive enterprises have been built in many regions of Russia. Trucks with an average carrying capacity of 3-6 tons are produced by Moscow (ZIL) and Nizhny Novgorod (GAZ). A new center for the production of heavy vehicles was created in Tatarstan (KamAZ, Naberezhnye Chelny).

Cars are produced in Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod; small cars - in Serpukhovo, Naberezhnye Chelny and Yelabuga. A wide network of bus factories has been created (Lukino, Povlovo, Kurgan, Naberezhnye Chelny, Golitsino).

The automotive industry also includes the production of motors, electrical equipment, and bearings.

Machine-tool building is the basis for the scientific and technological progress of all machine building. Among the factors influencing the location of machine-tool enterprises, the main one is the provision of the industry with qualified labor resources, engineering and technical personnel. Machine-tool building received a sick development in many regions. Along with the old, established centers of machine-tool building - Moscow and St. Petersburg, it was developed in the Volga and Ural federal bodies.

However, one of the main tasks of the development of the machine-building complex is the radical reconstruction and outstripping growth of such industries as machine-tool building, instrument-making, electrical and electronic industry, and the production of computer technology.

One of the leading industries is the aviation industry, which by the beginning of the 90s of the twentieth century. Took a leading position in the world. It accounted for 25% of the world production of aircraft and up to 40% of military aircraft.

The aviation industry, in terms of the complexity and level of production qualifications, almost does not differ from the rocket and space industry, therefore, it has developed in centers of high technical culture, which have a high scientific and production potential, highly qualified personnel, a developed scientific base and a design bureau.

Over the past two years, positive dynamics has also been noted in the rocket and space industry. The head enterprises for the production of orbital spacecraft are NPO Energia named after SP Korolev (Korolev, Moscow region) and the State Scientific and Production Center named after MV Khrunichev (Moscow).

2. Factors of location of mechanical engineering

Mechanical engineering differs from other industries in a number of features that affect its geography. The most important is the presence of a social need for products, qualified labor resources, own production or the possibility of supplying construction materials and electricity. The grouping of machine-building industries by location factors is shown in Table 2. And although, in general, machine-building belongs to the “free placement” sectors, since it is less influenced by factors such as the natural environment, the availability of minerals, water, etc. At the same time, a number of other factors have a strong influence on the location of machine-building enterprises. These include:

Table 2. Grouping of engineering industries by location factors:

Science intensity: It is difficult to imagine modern mechanical engineering without the widespread introduction of scientific developments. That is why the production of the most sophisticated modern technology (computers, all kinds of robots) is concentrated in areas and centers with a highly developed scientific base: large research institutes, design bureaus (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Moscow region, Yekaterinburg, etc.). An orientation towards scientific potential is a fundamental factor in the location of machine-building enterprises.

Metal consumption: Machine-building industries engaged in the production of such products as, for example, metallurgical, energy, mining equipment consume a lot of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Therefore, the enterprises producing them are focused on metallurgical bases. Approximately 1/8 of machine-building activities gravitate towards them. Large heavy engineering plants are located in the Urals (Yekaterinburg), in Siberia (Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk).

Labor intensity and metal consumption of engineering industries are in a certain relationship with each other. A certain combination of them affects the location of enterprises.

Labor intensity: In terms of labor intensity, the machine-building complex is characterized by high costs and a very high qualification of labor. Manufacturing machines requires a lot of labor time. For example: to produce a weaving loom, you need to spend 1000 hours of working time. In this regard, a fairly large number of mechanical engineering industries gravitate towards the regions of the country where the concentration of the population is high, and especially where there are highly qualified and engineering and technical personnel. The following branches of the complex can be called extremely labor-consuming: the aviation industry (Samara, Kazan), machine-tool industry (Moscow, St. Petersburg), the production of electrical engineering and precision instruments (Ulyanovsk), instrument making (Voronezh, Penza, Ryazan). (Appendix. Figure 3 on page 22) The figure shows the location of enterprises depending on labor and metal consumption of products.

Customer orientation: Mechanical engineering products are very diverse, they are needed everywhere, that is, they are characterized by widespread consumption. Many construction companies are consumer-oriented because their products are difficult to transport due to their heavy weight or large size. It is more profitable to produce them directly in the areas of consumption. So tractors for timber haulage (skidding) are produced in Karelia (Petrozavodsk), grain harvesters - in the North Caucasus (Rostov-on-Don).

Military-strategic factor: Enterprises producing defense products are located taking into account the interests of national security. As a rule, they are far from the borders. Many of them are concentrated in closed cities with limited access. Most of these cities emerged as centers for the production of nuclear missile weapons. (Sarov, Novouralsk, Snezhinsk).

3. Socialization and cooperation

industry mechanical engineering economic cooperation

Machines consist of many parts and assemblies. In an electric locomotive, for example, there are 250 thousand of them. It is not possible to produce everything in one plant. It is easier and cheaper to produce individual machine parts at specialized factories. For the release of a finished product, enterprises establish cooperation links. Therefore, in mechanical engineering, as a rule, not separate enterprises are created, and their interconnected complexes. They consist of groups of factories, most of which are subsidiary factories, suppliers of parts and equipment, parts and equipment for assembly plants. (Figure 2 appendix page 21)

Assembly plants are located in areas with an economic and geographical location favorable for organizing cooperation. This contributes to a better use of labor resources.

Too narrow specialization has developed in a number of machine-building industries in Russia. It led to a strong monopolization of production. Now only one enterprise in Russia produces mainline diesel locomotives (Kolomna).

Many branches of mechanical engineering are developing in areas with favorable economic and geographical locations for organizing cooperation. For example, the automotive industry in the European Center and the Volga region.

4. Geographymechanical engineering

Mechanical engineering is spread across the country in a different way than most other industries.

Due to the diversity of the location factor and the ubiquity of product consumption, mechanical engineering is developed in all regions of Russia.

Geographic differences in the level and features of the development of mechanical engineering are quite significant.

First, there are great differences in the level of development of mechanical engineering between the western (European) and eastern (Asian) parts of the country. Historically, mechanical engineering in Russia developed mainly in the European part of the country. During the Great Patriotic War, a huge number of machine-building enterprises relocated to the eastern regions. Later, many new industries were built here, mainly of a defense nature. But despite this, 85% of mechanical engineering products are still produced in the European part. Russian Federation.

Secondly, the regions of Russia differ greatly in terms of the level of development of mechanical engineering:

Their share in the production of engineering products is not the same;

In the industry of the regions, mechanical engineering plays a different role;

Districts also differ in the specialization of mechanical engineering.

Thirdly, Russian mechanical engineering is concentrated mainly in large cities: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Ekaterinburg, Novosibirsk and others.

5. Transport engineeringe

In accordance with OKVED and world practice, the following main groups can be distinguished in the range of products and services of transport engineering: rolling stock railways and urban rail transport; components for rolling stock; mechanical and electromechanical track equipment and equipment for traffic control; services for maintenance, repair and modernization of rolling stock. The range of products manufactured by transport engineering enterprises includes:

Locomotives

mainline diesel locomotives (freight and passenger);

diesel locomotives are shunting;

mainline electric locomotives (freight and passenger);

gas locomotives and gas turbine locomotives;

industrial and mining electric locomotives.

Freight wagons

gondola cars;

cisterns;

platforms;

covered wagons;

isothermal; others.

In accordance with international and all-Russian classifiers, transport engineering also includes:

Manufacturing of SKD components:

sets of electrical equipment;

wheelsets;

heavy railroad casting;

diesels. Services for the modernization of transport engineering products.

5.1 The structure of the transport engineering industry

Currently, the industry employs about 500 enterprises and organizations of various forms of ownership. The enterprises of the industry employ about 200 thousand people.

In transport engineering, the process of consolidation and concentration of assets has basically been completed. Seven large companies produce 80% of the industry's products:

The Transmashholding Group of Companies, which currently unites more than 10 leading enterprises in the industry that are leaders in their segments, including the Bryansk Machine-Building Plant, the Kolomensky Plant, the Novocherkassk Electric Locomotive Plant, Metrovagonmash, the Demikhovsky Machine-Building Plant and others;

Daedalus Group (Vagonmash, Petersburg tram-mechanical plant, Sibelektroprivod);

Carriage-building company of Mordovia (Ruzkhimmash, manufacturers of components for rolling stock);

FSUE Uralvagonzavod;

FSUE Ust-Katavskiy Carriage Works;

Altayvagon OJSC;

OJSC "Torzhok Carriage Building".

The number of transport engineering enterprises is constantly increasing due to the creation of new production facilities for rolling stock, components for it, as well as enterprises for the repair of rolling stock. For example, the newly created Ural Railway Engineering Plant, Verkhnyaya Pyshma Sverdlovsk region where this year it is planned to start production of main-line freight electric locomotives of direct current with a design volume of 120-140 locomotives per year, and the Mordovian Car Building Company plans to introduce new capacities for the production of freight cars.

In the context of the global world market, the process of asset consolidation in transport engineering continues, since only large companies, which produce the entire range of rolling stock, are able to compete on equal terms with the leaders of the world transport engineering. Consolidation of assets allows you to obtain a synergistic effect from combining the scientific, technical and production potential of enterprises, efficiently load production capacities, and attract a sufficient amount of investment.

5.2 Automotive industry

Currently, trucks are produced in Russia, Belarus, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan and Ukraine.

In the automotive industry, the demand for low-tonnage trucks, long-haul road trains, mining dump trucks, passenger cars of an especially small class, light pickup trucks - vans with a carrying capacity of up to 0.6 tons, buses of all classes, and forklift trucks are poorly satisfied.

A significant part of the production capacity for the production of these necessary products remained outside Russia - BelAZ, MAZ, LAZ, KrAZ, or these products were not produced at all by the republics the former USSR... The most acute problem was the provision of buses.

Agricultural and tractor engineering does not satisfy the need for universal row-crop tractors of the 0.6-1.4 class, sets of mounted agricultural implements necessary for farms, as well as for various equipment for small-scale farms. Road construction machine building in 1994 - 2000 cannot solve the problems with meeting the demand for hydraulic excavators, construction single-bucket loaders with replaceable working equipment, small-scale mechanization for plastering, roofing, and painting works.

The Russian Federation accounts for the bulk of the production of both cars and trucks - 86% of the total production of the former republics of the USSR. More than 70% of manufactured trucks were exported from Russia, while the republic received about 70% of trucks produced in Belarus, over 80% from Ukraine, as well as about 50% of cars manufactured in other republics. Considering that 97% was exported from Georgia, from Armenia - 95%, from Belarus - 91% of produced cars and that all trucks, with the exception of BelAZ, are largely of the same type in the field of application, it is necessary to resolve the issue of the expediency of such links.

Conclusion

Analysis of sectoral and regional factors of the conjuncture on the domestic commodity markets of Russia indicates that the formation of full-fledged commodity markets for machine-building products in Russia and the realization of the advantages of market relations for the development of production and the general recovery of the economic situation in the machine-building complex is largely constrained by many negative consequences inherited from the command economies, among which the most significant factor is high level monopolization of Russian mechanical engineering. So, in general, in the machine-building complex, almost 80% of all types of products are monopolistically produced by single manufacturers. In combination with other factors, this has created, in the context of the introduction of market relations, a number of problems, negative consequences and reducing the production efficiency of disproportions in the regional aspect of Russian mechanical engineering from the point of view of both meeting the needs of regions in various equipment and rational organization of production. The concentration of production in a limited number of regions under the monopoly of large enterprises led to the isolation of production from the main consumers, an increase in transportation costs for the delivery of equipment, and a weak consideration of regional operating conditions in machine designs.

This situation led to a significant increase in exports from the European part of the country and a decrease in efficiency. territorial organization production.

The influence of the raw material factor is so significant that in a number of regions, during the transition to the market, the issue of reducing metal-intensive industries is raised. A serious obstacle to further intensification of production in certain regions is the concentration of production and the largest existing machine-building centers with poor development of the industry in the peripheral territories. economic regions as well as in medium and small towns.

Analyzing the features of the transition of machine-building enterprises to a market economy, it should be noted that the regions with specific conditions are experiencing the greatest difficulties: Far East, Eastern Siberia, Republic of Dagestan. The growth of output here is constrained by a lack of staffing, difficulties in material and technical supply, inadequacies in the organization of production and labor, and insufficient development of the production and social infrastructure.

All of the above examples illustrate how unreasonable from the market point of view, the monopoly construction of the Russian machine-building complex, which hinders the dynamic development of the entire economy of various regions under the new conditions. In this regard, one of the most important directions of structural policy in this complex is the unbundling of enterprises - monopolists, the creation of a wide network of small and medium-sized enterprises of all forms of ownership. At the same time, a very promising for many machine-building industries is the transition from large enterprises with a closed technological cycle and a narrow range of products in the form of final products to the development of assembly plants in a wide cooperation of special small and medium-sized enterprises, the separation of nowadays non-core industries into independent firms.

Due to the specifics of the industry, mechanical engineering is associated in cooperation with numerous enterprises, both in other industries, and within its own engineering complex, located in all regions of the former Soviet Union. The breakdown of ties within the CMEA (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance), a thoughtless transition to settlements in the FAC (freely convertible currency), which all former CMEA members feel, had a negative impact on the development of mechanical engineering.

Due to the extremely monopolized structure of production, the degree of satisfaction of the needs of practically all the former republics of the USSR for products at the expense of their own production was insignificant.

More rational in the new economic conditions is the distribution of trucks, focusing primarily on meeting the own needs of the republics involved in their production, as well as on the supply of cars to neighboring republics and regions.

The most acute will be the unmet need in the national economy for a mechanized tool. The need for it will constantly increase in connection with the development of a network of small enterprises, farms, cooperative and individual activities.

Enterprises in former republics The USSR producing final engineering products, most of the components were received and are received from Russia, for example BelAZ - more than 80%.

Due to the non-competitiveness of most types of these products on the world market and significant costs for the possible re-profiling of enterprises, one should not expect mass re-specialization of such machine-building enterprises in the republics adjacent to Russia and their abandonment of the Russian market. It is advisable for Russian enterprises to maintain and maintain these ties, since, as already noted, the production of many important machinery and equipment and many technically complex components and assemblies that are components for the manufactured Russian factories finished products, the own production of which is difficult to establish quickly.

The most difficult problem is the dependence of Russian machine-building enterprises on the supply of component parts and parts produced outside its borders.

The crisis phenomena in the machine-building complex had an extremely negative impact on the external economic ties both the engineering industry and individual enterprises. Export volume of products for the period 1991 - 2000 decreased by more than five times.

At the same time, the low level of exports of domestic engineering products, noted at the present time, is largely due to its previous development. Crisis phenomena 1991 - 2000 aggravated this situation.

Currently, there have been no significant changes in the export structure. As before, the automotive industry, heavy and power engineering, as well as machine-tool construction, in terms of export volume, are significantly ahead of other industries. However, at present, the export potential of the machine-building complex of the Russian Federation is much wider than its real presence in the international markets for machine-building products.

A necessary and basic condition for the growth of exports of engineering products is an increase in the competitiveness of products, which is determined by a number of factors and conditions, the most important of which are:

Dramatic improvement in product quality.

Reducing production and service costs.

Restructuring and modernization of the production base of enterprises, the introduction of new technologies.

The development of industries and intersectoral rational cooperation ties, including with leading foreign firms, the widespread introduction of new market forms of management.

Expansion of marketing research.

Solving issues of state support for export-oriented industries.

Using the experience of foreign firms.

One of the main reasons for the low quality of domestic engineering products was that in the conditions of a chronic shortage of equipment produced at specialized factories of the machine-building complex of the USSR, non-specialized enterprises that were under the supervision of non-core ministries and departments had to deal with its production. Thus, 16 ministries were involved in the production of chemical equipment, 22 ministries - pumps, 40% of oilfield equipment was manufactured at 83 factories that are part of 13 ministries and two departments. At the same time, the distribution of finished products was carried out within the framework of each ministry, focused on its own consumers.

The independence of Russian enterprises, a significant increase in transport costs and new market relations should significantly rationalize economic ties and eliminate intersectoral barriers, which will help improve the quality and competitiveness of machine-building equipment.

Per last years six financial and industrial groups were created and registered in mechanical engineering. Five of them - in 1995. And one - "Sibagromash" - in March 1996. At the stage of creation of the FPG "IntOS-Alliance". Certain mechanical engineering events are part of regional FIGs. A transnational financial and industrial group was created between enterprises of Russia and Kazakhstan - "Electrometpribor".

Despite the unsatisfactory quality and low competitiveness of most of the equipment and products of the domestic engineering industry, in a number of subsectors of the engineering complex there are certain types of products that are quite competitive, which can and should be presented on the world market. A more significant part of engineering products can be sold on the market of underdeveloped and developing countries of the third world.

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