Metallurgical complex- a set of industries producing various metals. This complex consumes up to 25% of coal and energy and accounts for up to 30% of freight traffic.
The complex includes black and colored metallurgy.
90% of all metals used in modern production are ferrous metals, i.e. iron and alloys obtained on its basis. However, the number of non-ferrous metals is much greater (there are more than 70), they have very valuable properties. Therefore, non-ferrous metallurgy is of great importance for industries that ensure the development of scientific and technological revolution in national economy.
When evening settles across the Dnieper, the city's most striking landmark is the new artificial sun sparkling across the river from the Left Bank. The plant has a production capacity of 32 million tonnes per year, making it the largest plant of its kind in Eastern Europe.
Environmentally friendly approach. This is a clear departure from the environmental problems associated with the industrial infrastructure inherited by Ukraine from Soviet Union... Before launching the complex, Interpipe used open-hearth technology to provide some of its facilities with steel billets. Modern state-of-the-art equipment and green technology of the new steel plant allowed Interpipe to replace the outdated open-hearth steel.
Peculiarities.
The metallurgical complex of Russia has a number of features that affect its geography:
1. Metallurgy covers the entire process of metal production: mining and preparation of ores, fuel, metal production, production of auxiliary materials. Therefore, in metallurgical production, combining... In ferrous metallurgy, combination prevails on the basis of sequential processing of raw materials (ore - cast iron - steel - rolled products), in non-ferrous metallurgy - on the basis of its complex use: for example, several metals are obtained from polymetallic ores. The mills produce all the pig iron, the main part of steel and non-ferrous metals.
This has cut energy consumption per tonne of steel by more than half and drastically reduced emissions. The gas collection and treatment system is equipped with environmentally friendly technologies designed to reduce the dust content in emissions. The mill is also equipped with a unique water supply system. Engineering solutions applied at the design stage of the construction project made it possible to create a completely closed circulating water supply system without dumping industrial waste into the Dnieper River and other local waterways.
Electricity is supplied to the plant via an environmentally friendly cable that runs underground to minimize the impact on environment... To limit noise pollution from the scrap melting process, a special protective cover was installed in the steel arc furnace of the plant. This cover provides complete soundproofing and maintains noise levels in accordance with the statutory norm of 45 decibels after dark and 55 decibels during daytime.
2. In metallurgy high level concentration and monopolization of production... The 200 largest enterprises (5% of their total number) produce 52% of ferrous metallurgy products and 49% of non-ferrous ones.
3. Metallurgy - labor intensive industry(a large number of builders, workers + a city near a plant of 100,000 people).
4. Metallurgy is characterized by high material consumption... A modern metallurgical plant receives as much cargo as Moscow does.
This green approach has helped attract a new generation of young and skilled metallurgy professionals to work at the mill, with up to ten applications for each position. Smoking is prohibited anywhere in the mill. Breathing apparatus and metal detectors are installed at the checkpoint of the plant. Employees cannot use cell phones in workshops. Meanwhile, the funds provided to the plant's workers far exceed those provided by many of Ukraine's old industrial giants.
The personal office space is equipped with an innovative zoning system with a space divided into a homewear area, a hygiene area and a workwear area. Each employee has an individual locker for their personal belongings and receives three sets of uniforms supported by the company. This innovative approach to environmental issues and manufacturing culture makes the mill exceptional, but the gigantic work around the mill is something that really captures the imagination. The Interpipe-Steel team sees the arrival of the mill as a milestone in the industrial and cultural history post-Soviet Ukraine.
5. High creation costs and maintenance of the plant, with its slow payback.
6. Metallurgy - largest pollutant environment. 14% of industrial emissions into the atmosphere come from ferrous metallurgy and 21% from non-ferrous. In addition, the metallurgical complex produces up to 30% of wastewater pollution.
Placement factors.
features of the raw materials used;
Ferrous metallurgy plants
For the residents of Dnipro, the opening of the mill meant the appearance of a number of new landmarks - the ensemble of the Danish-Icelandic artist Olafur Eliasson "Dnepropetrovsk sunrise". This gigantic contemporary art project consists of five large-scale works conceived by the artist as an integral part of the mill. The central place "Sunrise" is intended to serve as a metaphor for the industrial revival of Ukraine.
In the course of our work, we realized that we can do much more, - he says. As a result, we have created a mill that combines innovative technology and production culture with contemporary art. This mill is one of a kind - a factory built for its workers, for the city and for the community.
the type of energy used to obtain metal;
geography of raw materials and energy sources;
transport routes;
the need to protect the environment;
enterprises associated with the final stage of metallurgy - metal processing, are most often located in areas where finished products are consumed.
Geography of the metallurgical complex.
Ferrous metallurgy.
For me personally, the mill is also a tribute to the generation of Ukrainian metallurgists. Artist Olafur Eliasson has a long history of creating larger scale sculptures and installations around the world. From two intersecting yellow fluted metal ellipses supported by scaffolding, the sun is illuminated at dusk and dawn, making it visible from all points of the compass.
It serves as one of the most iconic landmarks in the Dnieper and stands out on the eastern horizon across the river as an ever-growing sun. The walls and ceiling of the closed bridge are covered with mirrors and metal. Two hemispheres are attached to mirrored surfaces at the junction between walls and ceilings, so that they appear to be full spheres with their reflections. A track of lighting on the railings and lights inside the spheres illuminate the passage.
Ferrous metallurgy is a branch of heavy industry that produces various ferrous metals. It covers the extraction of iron ore and the production of ferrous metals - pig iron - steel - rolled products. Cast iron and steel are used in mechanical engineering, steel products in construction (beams, roofing iron, pipes) and transport (rails). The military-industrial complex is a major consumer of rolled steel. Russia fully meets its needs for ferrous metallurgy products and exports them.
Facing mirrors evoke an endless space in which spheres and workers moving along the path are reflected endlessly. Your Sentry Tunnel is an arched entrance large enough to connect two trucks side by side. Constructed from factory-made pipes, elliptical and circular arcs are made from pipe cross-sections at different angles. The appearance of the tunnel changes depending on the point of view from which it is viewed, whether you are inside or outside, moving or stationary.
Steel consumption per unit of production in mechanical engineering in Russia exceeds this indicator in other developed countries. With the economical use of metal, Russia could increase the size of its exports.
Pig iron is smelted in blast furnaces - huge and expensive refractory brick structures. The raw materials for the production of pig iron are manganese, iron ore, refractories (limestone). Coke and natural gas are used as fuel. 95% of coke is produced by metallurgical plants.
It cannot be captured instantly as a single image, which makes the time it takes to view the displacement links of circles and ellipses as important element at work. "Movement Material" is located in the main hall of the plant. It consists of a series of round and elliptical discs made of reflective yellow glass. The light installed in the gap between the discs and the wall creates a soft glow around the discs' circumferences. Moving from the circle to more and more elongated ellipses, the two-dimensional shapes create the illusion that the disc becomes an angle as it spins in space.
Steel is smelted in open-hearth furnaces, converters and electric furnaces. The raw materials for steel production are cast iron and scrap metal. The quality of steel increases with the addition of non-ferrous metals (tungsten, molybdenum). Rolled steel is produced on rolling mills.
The structure of ferrous metallurgy has stimulated the development of intra- and inter-industry plants. Combination - the combination at one enterprise (combine) of several technologically and economically related industries of various industries (see Fig. 45, Dronov, p. 134). Most of the metallurgical plants in Russia are combines, which include three stages of metal production: pig iron - steel - rolled metal (+ coke plant, + thermal power plant or nuclear power plant, + production of building materials, + hardware plant).
The effect is reminiscent of thermal analysis of an interior. At first glance, it seems to give an idea of the factory, except that it is not the actual contents of the building, but an abstract impression of what is going on inside, the invisible heat generated by the steel making. The mill is a landmark in its own right and is open to visitors. Anyone can register for a tour and explore Europe's largest steelmaking complex. By visiting the mill, visitors can learn about the history of the mill's construction, as well as learn about their environmentally friendly technologies and admire world-class masterpieces of modern art.
For each ton of pig iron, 4 tons of iron ore, 1.5 tons of coke, 1 ton of limestone, a large amount of gas are spent, i.e. ferrous metallurgy is a material-intensive production, which is timed to resource bases or to fuel sources (coke). Placement factors:
Therefore, full-cycle enterprises are located: at iron ore or coke; at sources of raw materials and coke; between coke and raw materials (Cherepovets metallurgical plant). After the collapse of the USSR, 60% of ferrous metallurgy remained in Russia (the majority remained in Ukraine). 50% of rolled products and 60% of steel are produced on obsolete equipment.
The aim of this year's conference is: "Production and processing of non-ferrous metals: preserving resources for a sustainable future." The sustainability of the non-ferrous metals industry will be duly reviewed with regard to its technological, environmental and economic aspects in nearly 30 thematic sessions.
Not only metal production is discussed, but also the preparation and processing of raw materials and residues, environmental and health impacts are also the focus of the presentations. In addition, economic and legal issues such as data protection and competition law in the burgeoning digital global industry are discussed.
The country's prospects are associated with technical re-equipment and the latest technologies. We are talking about the modernization of existing enterprises. It is envisaged to replace open-hearth steel production with new production methods - oxygen-converter and electric steel-making at the plants of the Urals and Kuzbass. The production of steel by the converter method is increasing up to 50%.
Leipzig is the eleventh largest and one of the fastest growing metropolitan cities in Germany. Leipzig has a long tradition of conferences and trade fairs and offers a wide variety of interesting attractions and restaurants as well as many shopping opportunities. Hotels of all categories can be found in the immediate vicinity.
In Saxony, metallurgy has a large historical meaning... Saxony has a long tradition in the mining industry - for a short time we can be proud of such a history. Mining and metallurgy made it possible economic development and prosperity. Until today, the cultural landscapes of Saxony benefit from the accumulated wealth of the past. On the other hand, we must now manage the recovery of mining plants.
Within this industry, the following types of enterprises are distinguished:
Metallurgical plants full cycle (Combines) producing cast iron - steel - rolled (3/4 of all cast iron and 2/3 of all steel).
Steelmaking and steel rolling mills , and converting metallurgy enterprises - steel - rolled products. Such enterprises smelt steel from pig iron or scrap metal and are located in large engineering centers.
The mining industry is not only a problem of the past - it is a very modern problem. We still have a significant potential for domestic raw materials and a great interest in the use of these resources. We can achieve a sustainable supply of raw materials for companies in the state of Saxony.
This can increase regional added value. In Saxony we have large deposits lignite, filler, as well as ore and fluorite deposits. We currently have about 300 min. The exploitation of geothermal energy is also increasing.
Domain enterprises (production of cast iron only). There are few of them. These are mainly factories in the Urals.
Non-Domain Metallurgy Enterprises where iron is produced in electric furnaces by direct reduction from iron ore pellets.
Small metallurgy enterprises with the production of steel and rolled products at machine-building plants.
Review of the leading Russian metallurgical plants in Russia
The state of Saxony has decided on a raw materials strategy that should benefit the economy, science and administration. Today we have an intensive stage of exploration for ore and spar deposits. Several companies have started or are continuing their activities in the exploration of ore and spar deposits in Saxony.
I wish all the participants of the 9th European Metallurgical Conference a pleasant stay in Saxony and interesting discussions. This is the 9th European Metallurgical Conference. The conference is held every two years - this time in beautiful city Leipzig in Saxony.
Pipe factories .
Ferroalloy production - iron alloys with alloying metals (manganese, chromium, tungsten, silicon).
Due to the high consumption of electricity - 9000 kW / h per 1 ton of products, ferrous metallurgy enterprises gravitate towards cheap sources of electricity, combined with resources of ligating metals, without which the development of high-quality metallurgy is impossible (Chelyabinsk, Serov - Ural).
Ural metallurgical base
Considering the metallurgical non-ferrous industry in last years Obviously, this was very difficult for many companies: metal prices are low - compared to their peaks more than 5 years ago - and for several metals the demand is lower than the supply. This means cost savings and improved energy efficiency in almost all metal companies. However, this is not just a challenge, but an opportunity: many innovations and new processes were invented at a time when the economy was weak or energy prices increased.
In 1913 Russia ranks 5th in the world (USA, Germany, England, France) in iron ore mining and metal production. 1980 - 1990 - one of the first places in the world for the extraction of iron ore and the first place for the smelting of steel and pig iron. Now Russia has been pushed aside by Japan and the United States.
Russia is fully provided with raw materials for ferrous metallurgy, except for manganese ores, which are imported from Ukraine and Georgia, as well as chrome ores, which are imported from Kazakhstan. Russia has 40% of the world's iron ore reserves. 80% of iron ore is mined in an open pit. Russia exports 20% of the extracted ore.
Therefore, you cannot cut costs without innovation. It is not enough to say we want to reduce costs, for example. 15% without giving advice on how to achieve this. This is, therefore, the hour of innovators in every company. To find innovations and ideas, one of the best things to do is talk to people and take a look at the fence.
Especially the cross-metal platform, where people in the nickel business, for example, talk to leaders, zinc or copper, can come up with new ideas. And people from the industry get the opportunity to get acquainted with the latest scientific results of universities. The presentation of articles from industry and universities is the seeds of crystallization for fruitful discussion in search of new things.
Geography of iron ore deposits:
In the European part, KMA is rich in iron ore. It contains ores rich in content (iron is up to 60%), which do not require enrichment.
In the Urals - the Kachkanar group of deposits. The reserves of iron ore are large, but it is poor in iron (17%), although it is easily enriched.
Eastern Siberia - Angara-Ilim basin (near Irkutsk), Abakan region.
Western Siberia - Gornaya Shoria (south of the Kemerovo region).
Northern region - Kola Peninsula - Kovdorskoe and Olenegorskoe deposits; Karelia - Kostomuksha.
There are ores in the Far East.
Geography of manganese deposits:
Western Siberia - Usinskoe (Kemerovo region).
Historically, ferrous metallurgy originated in the central part of the country. Since the 18th century, the production of ferrous metallurgy appears in the Urals. The development of capitalism in Russia and the successful combination of iron ore with coal and manganese, as well as a favorable territorial and geographical position in relation to the main regions of metal consumption, highlighted the south (Donbass and the Dnieper region of Ukraine).
Metallurgical enterprises are not evenly located on the territory of Russia, but are concentrated in certain regions. A group of metallurgical enterprises that uses common ore or fuel resources and provides the main needs of the country is called metallurgical base ... There are three metallurgical bases within Russia: Central, Ural and Siberian.
Ferrous metallurgy bases:
Ural - produces 43% of steel and 42% of rolled products. Used imported coke from Kuzbass and Karaganda. Iron ore 1/3 uses its own - the Kachkanar group of deposits (north of the Sverdlovsk page), and 2/3 - imported (Sokolovsko-Sarbaiskoe deposit in the Kustanai region, as well as KMA ore). Manganese - from the Polunochnoye deposit (north of the Sverdlovsk region). Western slopes of the Urals - processing metallurgy. The eastern slopes are factories created during the Soviet era.
Combines- Nizhny Tagil (Sverdlovsk region), Chelyabinsk, Magnitogorsk (Chelyabinsk region), the city of Novotroitsk (Orsko-Khamilovsky combine). They use their own alloying metals and produce the bulk of the metal.
Conversion metallurgy- Yekaterinburg (Verkhne-Isetsky plant), Zlatoust (Chelyabinsk region), Chusovoy (Perm region), Izhevsk. Used as scrap metal.
Pipe factories- Chelyabinsk, Pervouralsk (Sverdlovsk region).
Ferroalloys- Chelyabinsk, Chusovoy (Perm region).
Central base is actively developing and today it is practically on par with the Urals. It produces 42% of steel and 44% of rolled products. Most of the products are produced in the Central Black Earth and Northern Economic Regions.
Coke- is imported from the eastern wing of Donbass, Pechora basin, Kuzbass. Iron ore- from KMA, manganese - from Nikopol (Ukraine). Used as scrap metal.
Full cycle- Cherepovets Combine, located between the iron ore of Karelia (Kostomuksha) and the Kola Peninsula (Olenegorsk, Kovdorsk) and the coke of the Pechora basin. Novolipetsk and Novotulsky combines use KMA ore. The production of metallized pellets in cooperation with the Federal Republic of Germany began within the KMA. Based on them, a homeless electrometallurgy(Stary Oskol - Oskol electrometallurgical plant).
There are many enterprises within the central base conversion metallurgy(Moscow Elektrostal, etc.).
Siberian base produces 13% of steel and 16% of rolled products.
Combines- Novokuznetsk (Kuznetsk Metallurgical Plant), 20 km from Novokuznetsk (West Siberian Metallurgical Plant). Both enterprises use Kuzbass coke; iron ore of Gornaya Shoria, Khakassia and the Angara-Ilim basin; manganese from the Usinsk deposit.
Conversion metallurgy- Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky (Chita region), Komsomolsk-on-Amur.
Ferroalloys- Novokuznetsk.
The formation of the Far Eastern metallurgical base is currently underway. A conversion plant operates in Komsomolsk-on-Amur.
Their enrichment, metal smelting, production of rolled products. More than 90% of the metal used in the national economy is ferrous metals, primarily steel.
Ferrous metallurgy
The development of ferrous metallurgy (on a coal basis), as you know, belongs to the second Kondratyev cycle, which began in the middle of the last century in Western Europe, and from the end XIX-beginning XX century in Russia. But long before that, there was iron smelting using charcoal (at a number of Ural factories, this technology, which makes it possible to obtain very pure metal, remained until the middle of our century).
Development of metallurgy on a new technological base in Russian Empire began in the Southern mining region (on the territory of present-day Ukraine), where the coking coals of Donbass and the iron ore of Krivoy Rog were located not far from each other. The introduction of new technologies in the Urals took place only in the 1930s, when the Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Combine (which soon became the largest in the world) was built, during the war - the Chelyabinsk Plant, and after it - the Nizhniy Tagil and Orsko-Khalilovsky (in the city of Novotroitsk) Combines. These enterprises now provide 80% of all pig iron and more than 2/3 of the steel of the Urals (and at the beginning of the century there were more than 100 small metallurgical plants, most of them now specialize in metal processing).
The following types of enterprises are distinguished in the composition of ferrous metallurgy:
Metallurgical plants (or plants, if they also include the extraction of iron ore) of the full cycle - that is, those producing pig iron, steel and rolled products;
Steel-making and steel-rolling plants (“conversion metallurgy”);
Ferroalloys production - alloys of iron with chromium, manganese, silicon and other elements; these alloys are further used in steel smelting to give it the required properties;
- "small-scale metallurgy" - the production of steel and rolled products at machine-building plants;
- "blast-free metallurgy" - the production of iron by the direct reduction method (from iron ore pellets in electric furnaces).
Full cycle plants prevail in Russia, producing more than 2/3 of all steel. These plants, as a rule, have a large capacity (3/4 of all pig iron and 2/3 of steel are produced at enterprises with a capacity of more than 3 million tons each) - in contrast to Western Europe dominated by small businesses (able to quickly rebuild their technology).
The production ties of the full-cycle enterprise have developed within the framework of the former USSR, and at present Russia does not meet the needs of its factories in iron ore. More than half of the iron ore of the former USSR was provided by the deposits of Krivoy Rog (in the Ukraine), in the same place (as well as in Georgia) the manganese ore necessary for steel smelting was mined. The Krivoy Rog iron ore was supplied to the ferrous metallurgy of Central Russia, and the plants of the southern Urals were supplied with ores from the Sokolovsko-Sarbaysky deposit (in the Kustanai region of Kazakhstan). The total production of iron ore in Russia is about 100 million tons, about 40% of them are ores of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA) in the Belgorod and Kursk regions, about 20% are ores of the Urals and deposits of the European North ( Murmansk region and Karelia), 4-5% each is ore mining in Gornaya Shoria (south of Kemerovo region), Khakassia, Irkutsk region.
Of all the pig iron produced in Russia (about 60 million tons in 1990, 40 million tons in 1993), more than 94% goes to steel production (the so-called "pig iron"), and only a small part is "foundry pig iron ", From which the finished parts are subsequently cast. Almost all pig iron in Russia is smelted at full-cycle plants, including almost half (28 million tons in 1990) at plants in the Urals; about 10 million tons each - in 3 more cities: Novokuznetsk (where two enterprises operate: the pre-war construction of the Kuznetsk Metallurgical Plant and the post-war one - the West Siberian Metallurgical Plant), Lipetsk and Cherepovets, and more than 2 million tons - in Tula (where only cast iron is produced , steel production is absent).
More geographically dispersed steel production, primarily due to the existence of many relatively small processing plants. Of the total steel production in Russia, about 90 million tons in 1990 (and 58 million tons in 1993), the share of the Urals is slightly less than half: up to 12 million tons per year were produced in Novokuznetsk and Cherepovets, 10 million - in Lipetsk. The remaining 12 million tons were produced at several dozen factories - both conversion and "small metallurgy". Especially large metal production at machine-building plants - in large industrial centers(for example, in St. Petersburg - more than 1 million tons, the same - in Nizhny Novgorod and near it). Recycling plants operating on scrap metal and, in general, small, are in each economic region(so that the scrap metal collected here does not have to be transported far), for example, in Komsomolsk-on-Amur (Amurstal plant, 1.5 million tons), in the city of Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky, Chita region (350 thousand tons) and others.
Steel production using the most modern technology of direct reduction of iron (“blast-free metallurgy”) is organized in Russia only at the Starooskolsk Electrometallurgical Plant (1.5 million tons per year), built in the 1970s with the help of the Federal Republic of Germany.
Rolled steel production is generally tied to steel production and repeats its placement. Of the 73 million tons of rolled stock in 1990, 12 million was the production of steel pipes, also half concentrated in the Urals (in Chelyabinsk and in the cities of the Sverdlovsk region - Pervouralsk, Polevskoy, Kamensk-Uralsky) and about 1.5 million tons each in the cities of the Nizhny Novgorod region ( Vyksa), Rostov (Taganrog) and Volgograd (Volzhsky).
Let us now consider the links between the main regions of the ferrous metallurgy in terms of raw materials and fuel. Ural factories, from the very beginning of their history focusing on their own iron ore base, are now forced to import more than half of all the necessary ore from Kazakhstan (the need for this is evidenced by the ratio of the share of the Urals in ore mining - about 20% and in pig iron smelting - almost half). Once rich and easily accessible iron ores The Urals are already largely exhausted (for example, former mountain The magnetic one to which the Magnitogorsk Combine was attached no longer exists; this ore is fully utilized). There are no reserves of coking coal in the Urals (and this was one of the reasons that iron smelting on charcoal remained the longest here), and the first large metallurgical plants of the Urals since the 1930s were focused on Kuzbass coal as part of one of the first in Russia regional programs - the creation of the Ural-Kuznetsk Combine (UKK).
The idea of the Ural-Kuznetsk Combine was to combine the Ural iron ore and Kuznetsk coal, with the creation of an unprecedented for the 1930s "superhighway" loaded in both directions (according to the "pendulum" principle: coal to the west, ore to the east), and with the construction of the largest metallurgical plants at that time in Magnitogorsk and Novokuznetsk. The implementation of this project made it possible to create a second (after Ukraine) metallurgical base in the east of the USSR, which provided the country with metal during the Great Patriotic War. However, later, coking coal deposits closer to the Urals were discovered (Karaganda basin), and in Siberia, iron ore deposits (which were already mentioned), and therefore metallurgy of both the Urals and Novokuznetsk began to focus on closer resources, and the UKK was no longer needed ...
The metallurgy of Central Russia (in Lipetsk and Tula) is focused on the KMA ores, and coking coal is used from different basins, mainly Donetsk and Kuznetsk. The plant in Cherepovets, built as a metallurgical base for the machine-building enterprises of St. Petersburg, uses Pechora coal and iron ores from the Kola Peninsula.
Ferrous metallurgy enterprises are of great complex-forming importance, since they can be united by technological ties with other sectors of the economy. For example, when coking coal based on coke oven gas, the production of nitrogen fertilizers is often organized; wastes from blast-furnace and steel-making production are used as building materials; metal-intensive machine building also gravitates towards metallurgical plants (for example, in the Urals).
Non-ferrous metallurgy
Non-ferrous metallurgy is significantly inferior to ferrous metallurgy in terms of the amount of metal produced (its products are measured in numbers, several orders of magnitude less - not tens of millions of tons, but millions, hundreds of thousands or even hundreds of tons), but the cost of one ton of this product is much higher. Non-ferrous metals have a much lower content in ores: if the poorest iron ores have an iron content of at least 20%, then copper ores with a copper content of 5% are considered very rich, and tin begins to be mined at its content in tenths of a percent.
Usually heavy non-ferrous metals (copper, zinc, lead, nickel, chromium), light (aluminum, magnesium), alloying (used as additives to steel - tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium), noble (gold, silver, platinum), and rare and scattered (zirconium, gallium, germanium, selenium).
Historically, the first region of non-ferrous metallurgy in Russia was the Urals, which initially had rich and varied deposits. Over time, these reserves were depleted, and the bulk of non-ferrous metal ores began to be mined in Kazakhstan (and metal smelting from them was largely preserved in the Urals).
Copper ores in Russia are mined mainly in the Urals, and here blister copper is smelted and refined (refined). The resulting sulfur dioxide is used for the production of sulfuric acid; it and the imported apatite concentrates make it possible to obtain phosphate fertilizers here. In total, there are 5 copper smelters in the Urals (producing blister copper) and 2 copper electrolytic plants (refining it). Another center for ore mining and copper smelting is Norilsk. Copper refining is partially located in the regions of its consumption (in particular, in Moscow and St. Petersburg).
Lead-tsykovye ores in Russia are mined in mountainous areas: Dalnegorsk in Sikhote-Alin, Nerchinsk in Transbaikalia. Salair in Kuzbass and very little in Sadon (North Ossetia Smelting of metals occurs most often in places where lead ores are mined - in Rudnaya Pristan (Primorsky Territory); zinc - I Belovo (Kuzbass) and in Chelyabinsk from local copper-zinc ores. But 3 / 4 of the total lead and zinc of the former USSR was produced in East Kazakhstan (Mountain Altai), and now Russia does not provide itself with these metals.
Nickel-cobalt ores are processed at the mining site, since the content of metals in them is extremely low: The largest center for ore mining and metal smelting is the Norilsk region (the cities of Norilsk and Talnakh), where the mined copper: nickel ores are comprehensively processed to obtain nickel, cobalt, platinum, copper and a number of other metals. Another center of these industries is the Kola Peninsula (the cities of Nikel, Zapolyarny, Monchegorsk). On a smaller scale, ore is mined in the Urals.
Tin ore is mined at the deposits Of the Far East(Khrustalnenskoye in the Primorsky Territory, Solnechnoye near Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Ese-Khaya near Verkhoyansk in Yakutia) and near the Olovyannaya station in the Chita region; and metal smelting - in Novosibirsk (along the route of concentrates).
The aluminum industry uses various raw materials: bauxite (the city of Boksitogorsk in Leningrad region and Severo-Uralsk in the Sverdlovsk region) and nephelines (the city of Kirovsk on Kola Peninsula, the village of Goryachegorsk southwest of Krasnoyarsk). From these types of raw materials, alumina (alumina) is first obtained, and to obtain 1 ton of it, it is necessary to process either 2-3 tons of bauxite and 1 ton of limestone, or 4-6 tons of nepheline and 9-12 tons of limestone. Therefore, the production of alumina tends to be the place of extraction of raw materials.
And the production of metallic aluminum from alumina requires a lot of electricity, therefore it gravitates towards large power plants, especially hydroelectric power plants that produce the cheapest electricity. The largest aluminum plants are located in Bratsk and Krasnoyarsk (together they produce about half of Russian aluminum).
Less powerful aluminum plants in Shelekhov (near Irkutsk), Sayanogorsk, Novokuznetsk, Sverdlovsk region (Krasnoturinsk, Kamensk-Uralsky). In European Russia, the most powerful aluminum plant is in Volgograd (but it is smaller than each of the Siberian ones), small plants are in Karelia (Rodvoitsy), the Murmansk region (Kandalaksha) and in the city of Volkhov in the Leningrad region.
