2. Bikbulatov N.V. Bashkirs. A short historical and ethnographic reference book. Ufa, 1995.
3. Weinstein S.I. Tuvans-Todzhans: Historical and Ethnographic Essays. M., 1961.
4. Weinstein S.I. Historical ethnography of Tuvans. Problems of the nomadic economy. M., 1972.
5. Levshin. A.M. From the history of the Kyrgyz-Kaysak hordes and steppes. Alma-Ata, 1997.
6. Kovalevsky A.N. Book of Akhmed-ibn-Fadlan about his journey to the Volga. Kharkov, 1956.
Then the supreme power among the Celts belonged to a tribe named Biturich, which gave the "king of the Celtic world." It is impossible not to recall the skolots of Herodotus, that is, the "royal Scythians", which were also given to the kings by the Scythian tribes! Borjigins, i.e. the clan of Genghis Khan was also given by kings to other peoples. There is a clearly identical steppe tradition here! It is hard not to read to preserve the ethnonym Biturik as a bi turik! It turns out that the word Tur, Turk, Turk, Turkmen existed in Turkey 12 centuries before the Turkic Khaganates!
Undoubtedly, the Türkic language existed long before the appearance of the Türks on the historical scene, i.e. ethnic group called Turk. In the same way, the Slavic language existed before the appearance of the Slavs on the historical arena. Role - "son of the clan". Er - the rank or title of the warrior hero. In Turkic names, it was used to trump the name. Then the semantics of the word was transformed and began to mean simply the word "man", although at one time not all men could be Ers. In Europe, this short word became the ending of masculine nouns and finally even the end of some feminine names and even more inanimate objects.
7. Mukanov M.S. Kazakh yurt. Alma-Ata, 1981.
8. Popov A.A. Dwelling // Historical and Ethnographic Dictionary of Siberia. M.-L., 1961.
9. Rona Tash A. In the footsteps of the nomads. M., 1964.
10. Rudenko S.I. Bashkirs. Historical and ethnographic essays. M.-L., 1955.
11. Sevortyan E.V. Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages. M., 1974.
12. Shitova S.N. Traditional settlements and dwellings of the Bashkirs. M., 1984.
Discarding the last two forms in the form of shells, which have lost the essence of their semantics, we can see that the ancient Celts from the very beginning knew the meaning of this word and formed names with it. Uther's father is Arthur. Eger or Hector is Arthur's guardian and mentor. The Reverend is a veteran knight in Arthur's legends.
Türkic Erchard through phonetic metathesis in the first syllable and loss of soft u became Richard. Many names originated from the verbs "take" and "give." The consensus picture was created by people who were taken prisoner, included in the clan, accepted, granted property rights, allocations and, accordingly, names. Take this alu in Türkic, in the past tense alda. To give, to supply in Turkic - I take.
R. M. Yusupov
In the past, yurts (tirmә) were made by special craftsmen (tirmәse, oҫta), who were famous people in the regions of Bashkiria. According to S.N. Shitova and other authors, there was a clear specialization among the masters of making yurts. Some masters made only lattice frames of yurts (v. Abdulnasyrovo, Khaibullinsky region), others - dome poles (uҡ) (dd. Abdulkarimovo, Kuvatovo, Yangazino, Baimaksky region). A wooden rim for the device of a light and smoke hole in the upper part of the dome was made by special craftsmen in the village of Ishberdy, Baymaksky region and the village of Rafikovo, Khaibullinsky region, since there were many birch forests nearby. Koshmas for covering the lattice frame of the yurt, its domed part, and a separate domed hole were made only by women in the villages of the southeastern and trans-Ural regions of Bashkiria. Among the nightmakers, there were also especially recognized craftswomen, thanks to their skill. The craftsmanship and practical skills of the craftsmen were usually passed down from generation to generation, that is, in most cases it was a family matter that ensured the well-being of the family.
This name is still widespread among Kazakhs and other Turkic peoples. The same Ronaldo Ronaldo - the ruins of aldi = "took the beginning of his clan", the founder of the clan. Oswald - aldi = "took the cutting". This shouldn't come as a surprise, because pastoralists have had this technique for extracting babies since antiquity. Many modern medical methods are their long-forgotten counterparts.
In comparison: literally Sigismund - "eight worries". Baudik, Kalgak. Carmack is the leader of Western Ireland in the late 2nd and early 3rd centuries, who conquered neighboring provinces and formed a strong tribal alliance. The name looks like a nickname, that is, "hooked" on foreign lands, hooked them. Akolon = Ak Kulin. Aktaviy - Ak taban. Actavius was the cruel emperor of Rome, the founder of the Roman world. It seems that the Romans took his name from the Celts. For comparison, a Kazakh proverb says: “Aktaban shubyryndi, Alakol Sulam”.
Material for making a yurt
The main requirement for wood material in the manufacture of the lattice base of the vertical walls of the yurt (kirәgә), consisting of individual lattices (ҡanat), as well as long domed poles (yҡ), was primarily lightness and at the same time strength. This quality is possessed in most cases by common willow, willow. It is they who, when skillfully made, give the yurt lightness and grace. The wooden rim forming the vault of the yurt above its domed part (syғaraҡ, taғaraҡ) must be heavy and strong, since the rim with its weight holds and gives strength to the domed part, and the entire structure of the yurt. Therefore, a wooden rim for the dome of a yurt is made of twisted trunks of birch (ҡaiyn), black willow (ҡara tal). Kazakh, Turkmen and other masters Central Asia make blanks for the rim of the yurt from elm (ҡara aғas), which is distinguished by its weight and strength. It was used to set up large yurts, but was very expensive. The density and strength of birch and elm wood ensured the reliability and durability of the rims made of these materials, since, among other things, they were resistant to the effects of meteorological precipitation. In this respect, a wooden rim made from black willow was less strong and durable.
In the steppes, the name became a dog's nickname. Alvedd - al-swad = "to accept the rule", "the main person", "the leader". Akun, Yakun - common for the poet-bard. Akon was an Illyrian tribe. Arman is pronounced in Kazakh and French. Artamon - the mon horde, man = "man-horde" associated with the horde = capital, center, army. Bartold - bari, the analogue is Barekeldi - "everything came, everything fell in his place." Bauer - in Turkic Baur means a kindred brother. Wilhelm - bilik-eld = "the wisest of my country."
Tilen is a Celtic tribal name with a Türkic meaning: "Tongue rooted." The tribe lived in the Danube region and then migrated to Asia Minor. Dilda - Tildy = "pointed". Duma = Tuma. Jan is a soul, a person. Jordan - Ordadan - "hordes". Lermon is the "son of a hero." Jan, Jean are common Turkic names: Soul, Man. All Jane, Jean, Shan, Sheena, Jeannette, Jeanne, Jeannie, Jeannines, Jeanne, Jeanne, Yana, John, Januari, etc. and similar names were received in the Turkic-Celtic language.
Procurement of raw materials
Raw materials for the manufacture of structural parts of the yurt were prepared before or after sap flow in tree trunks. Craftsmen usually harvested birch and willow trunks in early spring, at the end of February - mid-March, or in late autumn, at the end of October, in November. Cut blanks 200-250 cm long for lattices and domed poles were dried in the shade, in a dry room, laid on a flat surface, cleaned from bark, planed with a special carpentry tool - two-handed tarty, and also corrected irregularities with a small plane (yishҡy).
This word is clearly present as part of many Celtic place names and ethnonyms. From the same legend about Arthur, we know that he was conceived at Tintagel Castle. The end of the word denotes the habitat. The first part of the word is nothing more than the word "bully", "bully", "harm". As we already know, it was in this castle that Arthur Uther's father committed hooliganism: violence against another man's wife. The castle could have gotten its name from this wrongdoing, or it was already known by that name because its inhabitants were marked by their indecent, ugly actions.
Making domed poles
In order to give the desired bend in the lower part of the domed poles, the lower, thicker part was cut in a section of 70-80 cm, giving a flattened shape up to 4-5 cm wide.After that, the workpiece was soaked in water or steam to soften before the folding procedure the lower part of the domed poles, which gave the spherical shape to the domed part of the yurt. After the soaking procedure, the lower part of the domed poles was bent on special machines, superimposing 6-8 pieces on top of each other. The shape of the bend was checked with a special template. Village craftsmen in the regions of Bashkiria bent in a simpler traditional way. They drove three stakes up to 0.5 m high into the ground or inserted them into specially knocked out holes on the floor or wall of the workshop. The distance between the first and second stake was up to 1.5 m or a little more, the third stake was driven into the ground or floor at a distance of 40-50 cm from the second stake, but not on the same line, but 30-40 cm lower. The soaked poles 200-250 cm long (on average 220 cm) were bent in the thickened part and inserted between the pegs and dried for 10 or more days. After drying, the domed poles took the desired shape of the bend, which gave the dome of the yurt its volume and sphericity. The thickness of the domed pole in the lower part, which was tied to the lattice, was, as already mentioned, 4-5 cm, in the central part - 3-4 cm, the upper end of the pole, which was inserted into the wooden rim of the vault, was made tetrahedral for the strength of the connection.
El Dorado - el turadi, Marseille - "the place of Bars, Mars", Bastille - busty Ila = "Abode" or "abode of suppression". Rome originally worshiped wolves, idylls once deified dogs. The Türks and Celts used this word to name cities created by someone. These migrants, fighting the Etruscans and other Italics, settled and founded the city of Mediolan. Madi, Medi is a common ethnic group of the Turks. The most famous of them were the Hanni-Shanuy regime, the conqueror of China and Ishkuz Madi, who conquered Babylon, Assyria, Persian media, Lydia and other ancient kingdoms.
The poles that were attached above the upper part of the door frame were made shorter than the others, since the upper crossbar of the door frame, to which the poles were attached, was 20-30 cm higher than the lattice walls of the yurt. In the upper crossbar of the door frame, special oblique grooves were made, into which the lower ends of the over-door dome poles were inserted (Fig. 1.2). In the lower part of each pole, a hole was drilled through which a rawhide strap or strong rope was passed to tie the pole to the upper lattices (crosshairs) of the end strips of the lattice. The number of poles depended, therefore, on the number of forks in each lattice. An average of 100-120 domed poles 200-220 cm long made of birch or willow went to a yurt of 5-6 lattices.
Maybe this is the same historical figure? Was this ancient city named Madi? In the same way, the names of all the countries of Rugilandia, Ireland = yer-ulanda, Scotland, Kamlan-kama uhlan appeared. Compare the word-forming models for the Turkic cities: Zangelan - Zengi ulan, Mosul - Cape, etc. Other place names introduced by the Celts are no less impressive.
The Turkic languages have memory, consciousness. Pana is refuge, shelter, protection, cover, storage. Therefore, Spain is a "memory of the orphanage." It is a country where the Gauls took refuge after more than two centuries of living in Northern Italy and endless wars with the Etruscans and other tribes after the conquest and burning of Rome after Rome became stronger and subsequently displaced most of the Gaul population from Italian soil. None of them tried to read it from the point of view of the Turkic languages, so, naturally, the consensus came to a standstill.
Making yurt grates
The vertical walls of the yurt (kirәgә, tirәs) are sliding, they consist of individual links-lattices of an elongated shape (ҡanat), which, as it were, cover its frame with wings. The size of the yurt depended on the number of lattice links. Medium yurts were usually 5-6 lattices. For special occasions, weddings, etc. made spacious, high yurts of 10-12 links. The material for the gratings was most often willow and willow, which grew in abundance along the banks of rivers and reservoirs. They met the main requirements for gratings - they were lightweight, flexible and resistant to breakage. The material harvested in the spring-autumn period was also dried, leveled on both sides with a plane. On average, the length of the slats for the gratings was 180-200 cm, the thickness was 1.5-2 cm, and the width was up to 3 cm. The slats in the central part were slightly bent outward. To do this, they also drove into the ground or floor at a distance of 60-70 cm 3 stakes, the central stake was spaced from the side stakes by 10-15 cm from the center line. 5 pieces of willow strips were inserted between the stakes and kept until the curvature was completely fixed in the central part of the strip for 10-12 days. The bend gave a bulge to the side walls of the yurt. Separate lattices (ҡanat) consisted of an even number of willow or bilge strips. Usually in one lattice there were 44-48 slats: 22-24 in each direction, since the slats were superimposed on each other in different directions and fastened in the crosshairs with rawhide straps with knots at the ends. (Fig. 1.3.) Wealthy and wealthy pastoralists could fasten the planks with hammered copper studs. Among the Kyrgyz, wealthy Kazakhs, in the past, the planks were also fastened together with copper or even silver rivets with chased heads. After assembling the gratings, they were painted on the inside with red paint. In a normally stretched form, each lattice with 24 strips in each direction and a distance between the strips of 10-15 cm had a length of 270 to 350 cm.
Belgium, belji in the Kazakh language still has a sign, a sign, belgili is remarkable, significant, noticeable. The name corresponds to the historical merit of the tribe. The name describes the Spanish city and the province that "encircles" it, the abode of the Basques. Jer - southern province in France. Ishire is a county in Scotland where cattle are raised under the same name. In the Turkic Ayyr, the pitchforks, the moon horns are shy. Many of the ancient coats of arms of the Scottish clans sport crescents.
Take, for example, the distorted coat of arms of the ancient Scottish clan of Seton the Earl of Winton. Britt is a "lonely dog". Most likely, this word was the name of a person, because the tribal names of the clans most often come from anthroponyms. The Briton is a "lonely wild dog". Indeed, the British, like the dogs, quarreled over their territory: at times with the Romans, at times with the Anglo-Saxons, almost always alone, because neither the Romans nor the Anglo-Saxons could subdue the Scots and Irish for a long time.
Making light and smoke wood rim
A wooden rim is usually made in two parts, from two halves. The diameter is on average 120-150 cm.Both halves of the rim were made from curved birch trunks, carefully trimming, giving them the shape of a semicircle, or from a simple birch trunk, which, after a week of steaming in warm water, was bent using the same stakes, driving them into ground to fit the rim and the required curvature. After giving both halves of the rim the shape of semicircles, they were joined, tightly tightening, with a rawhide strap, which was passed through holes drilled at the end ends of the semicircles. Over the joints, the junction was wrapped in raw leather, the edges of which were sewn. As it dries, the leather tightened and very firmly fixed the semicircle junction, resulting in a very durable one-piece light and smoke rim. Further, through holes were made in the side surface of the rim, directed obliquely from bottom to top, where, when assembling the dome, the pointed or tetrahedral ends of the dome poles were inserted. The number of holes in the rim was equal to the number of dome poles (100-120 pieces). Above the light-smoke rim, a dome was made of arcuate strips curved upwards and crossing in the center. The arcs, having previously been bent, were inserted into the drilled holes along the upper end of the rim, 3-4 pieces in each direction. Thus, these strips curved up to a height of up to half a meter above the light-smoke hoop logically completed the spherical shape of the tent part of the yurt. The inner side of the wooden circle-rim, as well as the lower surface of the arcuate curved planks, were decorated with carvings.
In general, there is nothing surprising about the Türkic names on the European continent, because not only the Celts, but also other Türks left a lot of toponyms. Saxony - the son of Saka - a country formed before the Celts or Huns. Hungaria - Hung Gar. Burgundy - Bori Hun = wolf-Huns. Even Russian word The accident as a catastrophe arose among the Avars, who plunged medieval Europe into "catastrophic" horror. Thuringia - from Tura, Turding, Turk. Lorraine - Uli Thuringia. Who, for example, could have called the Tyrrhenian Sea Tyrrhenian?
As always, European historians attribute this name to Europeans, in this case - to the ancient Greeks, although such a word and with such a meaning never existed in the Greek language. What other secrets can be revealed and what words can be extracted, like precious gold dust, from the Celtic legends preserved in history? There are, of course, much more secrets than someone who was looking for a Türkologist, like me, could gather and tried to reveal.
Making yurt doors
Until the end of the XIX - beginning of the XX centuries. instead of a door, the entrance to the yurt was covered from the outside with thick, sometimes two-layer, sewn felt. The width of the felt canopy was wider than the doorway, so that it was tightly covered. V summer time the felt curtain rolled into a roll and hung over the door, if necessary, it was easily lowered.
With the advancement of the Celts into new areas, the occupied lands were divided into clans and tribes, which also constituted the units of the troops. Pag in Türkic means protection, protection, care, pasture. Pag, bak, or bach were outposts, land plots that the departing Celts instructed the remaining Celts to guard, preserve and defend. Compare the Kazakh words: bah sha, bak tashi, bak si.
Arthur's illegitimate son was Mordred, the Celts called these bastards. This point is consistent with the philosophy and law of "monogamous love" that was developed by the Celtic Druids and which became the basis of marriage laws throughout Europe. Arthur's blood brother was Kay, the son of the Arthurian knight-guardian Hector. After Arthur, having pulled out the sword from the hilt, became king, at the request of Hector, he appointed Kay as his seneschal. is read in the Turkic language. Sen is trust in an imperative mood, hay is trust, senim is trust, therefore, the seneschal is a trusted person, a trustee.
Since the beginning of the XX century. began to make wooden single and double doors. During his studies in pre-revolutionary Bashkiria in 1905-1908. S.I. With rare exceptions, Rudenko found mostly wooden doors in yurts. According to our informants, the door frame was made from local building materials: linden (the lightest and most popular), aspen, oak and pine. The door frame boards were prepared from boards 120 cm long, 15 cm wide and 4-5 cm thick. The internal size of the door opening was 160 by 80 cm. Through holes were drilled in the side jambs of the door frame along its width, to which the felt sidewalls were tightened and fastened with straps covering the lattice walls of the yurt. In the upper side of the door rail, 5-6 holes were drilled to a depth of 2-3 cm, where the lower ends of the domed poles were inserted. (Fig. 1.2) For stable fastening of the outer grilles parallel to both side jambs of the door frame, one vertical round post with a diameter of 3-4 cm was attached. The post was inserted into special holes drilled at the ends of the upper and lower crossbar of the door frame, which protruded 10-12 cm beyond the edges of the door frame. The door was usually made with two doors, and the inside was covered with red paint. Outside, in the cold season of the off-season, it was insulated with felt sheets. The door was usually secured with special wide straps or door hinges.
The British called the confidants the Seneschal. Comparison of the Turkic clergy with the Celtic druids leads to numerous similarities. Both druids and shamans kept their teachings, rituals and knowledge secret from everyone, including their fellow tribesmen. Sacred knowledge was passed on only to worthy students. For example, an apprentice druid could only gain an independent rank after 20 years. The same can be said about the Turkic clergy called "shamans". Secondly, the Druids, like the Turkic clergy, were magicians, healers, seers and teachers.
Assembling the yurt
Arriving at the summer camp, they unloaded from the loaded horses and carts folded and connected gratings, dome poles, felt covers, a light-smoke hoop, a door frame, household utensils, dishes, etc. After that, they chose a place to install the yurt on a more or less level place, closer to the water and the edge, if there was a forest nearby. After that, the assembly of the yurt began. Traditionally, women were involved in this business. First, a door frame was placed on the east side, to which the first lattice was fastened with straps on the left side, and all the rest to it, fastening them together with straps and tightly tying them at the joints with horsehair ropes (Fig. 1.1). The most recent lattice was attached to a vertical post on the right side of the door frame. The ends of the bars of the sidewalls of the grilles were inserted into the holes on the outer sides of the door frames. After that, along the entire perimeter of the upper edge of the lattice frame of the yurt, the frame was pulled together with a rope and a colored woolen braid woven with a beautiful pattern was stretched over it.
They performed various miracles, such as sending snow, hail, hurricane to the enemy's camp, or reviving the dead. Third, many common similarities appear in the personality of the "Arthurian" druid Merlin with his steppe "counterpart" in the field of miracles. In the Steppe, there were once many legends about Genghis Khan's personal shaman named Kokche, who, like Merlin, could change his appearance, even disappear before everyone's eyes and predict that all his predictions come true. Chingiz system of fines, he will quickly lose his head.
Of course, many secrets of druids and shamans and magic have sunk into oblivion. The cornerstone of Arthur's legend is the Excalibur sword, which, incidentally, pulled Arthur out of a stone vice. The sacred meaning of this part of the legend again lies in the ancient beliefs of the nomads, according to Herodotus, the Scythians worshiped the sword, sprinkling it with blood or milk before the battle. The legends of Attila also say that he conquered the world due to the discovery of the sword of Mars. Then these practices also spilled over to the Vikings. In short, who had a miraculous sword that belonged to the world.
Rice. No. 1. Options for fixing the grille and individual strips
Asia. M., 1991)
Having assembled and rigidly fastened the lattice frame of the yurt (kirәgә, tirәҫ), we proceeded to assembling the dome of the yurt. Men helped here. First, on two special poles with pointed ends, 2-3 men raised a light-smoke wooden rim (Fig. 2). Women inserted sharp or faceted ends of poles into the ends of the rim. The lower end of the poles was attached to the crosshairs of the upper edge of the yurt lattices. Then the rest of the dome poles were successively fastened with straps to the lattice frame. As already mentioned, special holes were drilled at the lower end of these poles, through which rawhide straps were threaded and tightly tied in a knot so that their long ends remained free. With these ends, the lower ends of the poles were tied to the upper crosshairs of the lattice slats.
Rice. # 2. Assembling the yurt
(from the book of S.I. Vainshtein. The world of the nomads of the center
Asia. M., 1991)
After that, the wooden frame of the yurt was covered with felt sheets. At first, the side walls of the yurt were covered with four long rectangular pieces of felt. Then, the domed part of the yurt was covered with three trapezoidal pieces of felt so that the lower edges of the domed felt overhang 10-15 cm above the upper edge of the side walls of the yurt. After that, the side walls of the yurt were tied round with special 3-4 horsehair belts with a width of 2 to 10 cm. This also strengthened the frame of the yurt and tightly pressed the lower overhanging edge of the domed felt to the upper edge of the side walls of the yurt. Domed felt covers were also tightly tied crosswise with 4-6 hair lassos or ropes, the ends of which were tied to pegs nailed into the ground along the perimeter of the yurt. The dome of the light and smoke hole was covered with a special quadrangular felt mat (tunduk). The three ends of this felt mat were firmly attached with ropes to the body of the yurt, and a rope was attached to the fourth free corner, with which one could close or open the chimney in the dome of the yurt. The light and smoke hole was usually open, it was closed only in bad weather. Domed felt layers were usually thicker than lateral ones, and their edges were usually sheathed with horsehair for rigidity. The domed felt half was lifted with the help of special wooden poles 250-300 cm long, at one end of which there was a sharp metal nail, the other end was simply sharpened. The sharp end of a long pole was used to pry off the upper edge of the domed felt, the other end of the pole, resting on the ground, easily lifted the felt cover onto the dome of the yurt with two poles. In the cold season, the bottom of the yurt was additionally insulated with a wide felt belt, which was tied around with a rope. A groove was dug along the perimeter of the yurt in case of rains and melting snow, so that water would not flow into the yurt. Usually yurts on summer houses were covered with dark or gray felt. Wealthy pastoralists covered their homes with white felt. Wedding yurts were also covered with white felts. On solemn occasions, the side walls of the yurt were decorated with beautiful decorative fabrics, Chinese silk. The top of the yurt was also covered over felt covers with light silk.
Floor arrangement
The floors were usually covered with several layers of felt. Old, dark, gray felt was laid on the ground. Fresh, white felt coverings were usually laid over them. Beautiful hand-made mats were laid on them. Small mats were also spread in front of the exit and at the entrance. Wooden floors in yurts were usually not laid, since drafts were created in the gaps between the boards and the ground, while with felt bedding, the edges of the felt floors along the perimeter of the yurt were bent upward, thereby creating airtightness and minimizing heat loss. In addition, debris, dirt, insects, and mice could accumulate under the wooden floors, which, according to the old people, negatively affected the inner comfort and aura of well-being and health inside the yurt.
These are the main stages and features of making a Turkic yurt with a spherical dome from traditional materials and in a traditional way. The yurt is easy to assemble and disassemble. 2-3 women can install it within one hour. Men help women only by lifting a wooden hoop of light and smoke. The yurt retains heat well, in the summer heat it is cool and comfortable. If it is very hot, the lower felts are raised and tied with ropes. Lined with lightweight decorative fabrics, the sidewalls keep out dust and debris. The main parameters of a 4-5-link yurt are as follows. Total weight with felt wall coverings and domes - 400-450 kg, without felt coverings - 150-200 kg. The circumference is about 16-18 m, the height is up to 3 m and more, the diameter is 8-10 m, the area is about 20 m². However, upon entering the yurt, all dimensions lose their meaning, and its interior space and decoration amaze you with their serenity, security and simple earthly happiness.
Literature
1. Bikbulatov N.V., Yusupov R.M., Shitova S.N., Fatykhova F.F. Bashkirs. Ethnic history and traditional culture. Ufa, 2002.
2. Levshin A.I. Description of the Kirghiz-Cossack or Kirghiz-Kaysak hordes and steppes. Almaty, 1996.
Mukanov M.S. Kazakh yurt. Alma-Ata, 1981.
Peoples of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. M., 1962.Vol. II.
Rudenko S.I. Bashkirs. Historical and ethnographic essays. M.-L. 1955.
Shitova S.N. Traditional settlements and dwellings of the Bashkirs. M., 1984.
6th grade
Theme: Bashkir yurt.
Purpose: - to repeat and consolidate knowledge about the types of arts and crafts
art;
To acquaint students with the decoration and decoration of the Bashkir yurt;
Instill respect and love for the culture of the Bashkir people,
Develop the aesthetic taste of students.
Equipment: books, notebooks, pens, a painting by Syromyatnikov "Kibitka
on a nomad (Yurt) ", a drawing of a Bashkir yurt, drawings" Types of Bashkir ornaments "," Meeting guests "," Decoration of a Bashkir yurt ", a laptop.
Lesson plan: 1. Organizational moment.
2. Announcement of the topic and purpose of the lesson.
3. Repetition of the passed material.
4. Presentation of new material.
5. Anchoring.
6. Summing up.
7. Homework.
8. Assessment.
During the classes:
1. Organizational moment.
Hello, sit down.. I would like to start our lesson with a poem.Slide1
V
Bashkir pattern
- the color of honey, wheat,
Beauty of endless meadows and steppes,
The color of the blue sky, the fertile land,
The color of the red flowers, the purity of the springs.
We hear the lingering song of the kurai
In the interweaving of the colors of the nature of the canvas.
In the Bashkir pattern - sesena's tale
And the generosity of the people, their kindness
What is the name of the pattern that people used to decorate clothes and household items? (Ornament)
2. Announcement of the topic and purpose of the lesson. Slide2
Today we will consolidate knowledge about arts and crafts, about
types of arts and crafts, let's get acquainted with the decoration,
the decoration of the Bashkir yurt.
3.Returning the covered material .
1) What is arts and crafts?Slide3
(Decoration of household items with ornaments)
2) What is an ornament?Slide 4
(from the Latin word "decorated")
3) What functions did the ornament perform in antiquity and what functions does it perform now?(The ornament played the role of talismans and protected a person from the evil eye, from the influence of evil forces. And now they have become just objects of decoration.)
4) What figures combine to form a Bashkir ornament? (formed by a combination of geometric, zoomorphic and plant figures and elements).Slide5
What are the main figures used in the Bashkir ornament? (Geometric and floral elements, and the zoomorphic ornament was used in embroidery)
5) What colors are used more often in Bashkir ornament?
(in the range of colors, the most common were red, yellow, green) Slide 6
6) Each color had a specific meaning. What does each color mean?
( red - the color of heat and fire
yellow is the color of abundance and wealth
black - the color of earth and fertility
green is the color of eternal greenery,
white - the color of purity of thoughts, peacefulness
blue is the color of love of freedom,
brown - the color of old age wilting)Slide 7
7) What ornamental complexes can you name?
(The guys draw the simplest ornamental patterns on the board)
1st - geometric;
Slide 8
2nd - lumpy, (curvilinear patterns: spirals, heart-shaped and horn-shaped figures, waves);
Slide 9
3rd - vegetable;
Slide 10
4th - carpet (a group of complex patterns - multistage rhombuses, triangles);
Slide11
5th — adornments in the form of women's headbands, appliqués on shoes in the form of paired images of animals and birds);
Slide12
6th -
weaving and embroidery geometric patterns:squares and rhombuses, simple serrated curls, eight-pointed rosettes, etc.
Slide13
8) How is the pattern located in the Bashkir ornament? (Symmetrical)
9) What kinds of arts and crafts do you know?Slide14
(Wood carving, carpet weaving, leather embossing, embroidery, jewelry).
10) Where can you find the Bashkir ornament? Slide15-21
Output: While decorating their products, the people talked about themselves, about their kind, about the surrounding life, nature.
4. New topic. Teacher's message.
The household items that we just talked about and which you named are intended for daily use. Therefore, they should be not only beautiful, but, first of all, easy to use.
The very organization of housing was also subordinated to this goal.
Slide 1
The topic of our lesson today: Slide 22
“Decorative and applied arts in the organization of housing for the Bashkirs ”.
Writing the date and topic of the lesson in a notebook.
One of the original occupations of the Bashkirs is semi-nomadic and nomadic cattle breeding. The life of nomads could not but leave its mark on the whole way of life: on the methods of building housing, on the features of cooking and storing food. Together with their belongings (i.e. property) and cattle, the Bashkirs moved from one place to another: in the summer - to a summer pasture -jailau, and in winter - for winter -kyshlau. In winter, the Bashkirs lived in houses. Slide 23
Traditional dwelling ancient Bashkirs calledtirme - yurt.Slide 24
This is a portable dwelling. Very durable, lightweight and easy to carry. Easy to assemble and disassemble (in 1 hour).
Its area is 15-20 sq. meters. Usually 5-6 people lived in such a yurt.
Slide 25
Yurts were of two types:
Turkic type - conical shape, the roof has the shape of a dome (has the shape of a cone)
Mongolian type - sphericalshape, the roof is in the shape of a low cone (has the shape of a ball)
Slide 26
Wooden frame the yurt consisted of:
shanrak - the circular top of the yurt is a symbol of family well-being, peace, tranquility.
uyk - domed poles, evenly diverging from the center, resemble the rays of the sun - a source of life and warmth
rope - prefabricated sliding lattice
The rich Bashkirs had 3-4 yurts:
for housing;
for cooking food;
for guests - it was covered with white felt and decorated with ornaments and it was calledaktirme - white yurt.Slide 27
In such yurts, visiting guests were received, family celebrations were celebrated.
Slide 28 The space of the guest half was filled with the brightest and most colorful objects: bedding, patterned tablecloths, towels.
It was cool in the yurt in summer. She did not get wet during the rain, and the wind did not blow her over. So what is this miracle cover?
It's calledfelt. ( from the Turk. ojlyk - bedspread) - dense material made of felted wool.Slide 29
The rugs that cover the wagon (yurt) are tied to the frame with special ropes sewn to them in the corners and in the middle of the edge, and for greater strength, the entire wagon is entangled outside with long hair ropes (lasso) and tied to two or three small pegs driven into the land outside of it "(S. I. Rudenko)
Now you and I have an idea of what a yurt is, what it looks like, what area it occupies.Slide 30
And what is inside her? Let's take a look. Interior decoration yurts depended on the degree of the family's wealth: the richer it was, the more numerous and colorful were the household items.
Description of the decoration of the yurt:There is almost no furniture in the yurt, but there are a lot of fabrics and various
items made of soft materials: carpets, rugs, pillows, blankets, tablecloths, etc.
Entrance - closed with wooden doors or animal skins.
In the center there was a hearth for heating the yurt. Food in the yurt itself was rarely cooked. For this, a special yurt was adapted with a small fireplace for cooking.
Essential element the Bashkir yurt had a curtain (sharshau), which divided the dwelling into
two parts: male and female. On the floor of the yurt they slept, ate, rested, received guests, here
Holidays, weddings, commemorations took place, people were born and died. Therefore, the floor of the yurt
covered with patterned felts, woolen rugs, carpets.
Slide 31 The male half was more brightly and richly decorated: starting from the door (along the walls of the yurt), a horse's harness and saddle were hung; then festive clothes; embroidered towels. And in the most honorable place, opposite the entrance, there is a weapon. Under the towels, in the most conspicuous place on stands there were chests, on which neatly folded blankets, pillows, rugs, tied with an embroidered ribbon, were stacked in a slide. The wealth and well-being of the family was determined by the height of the things laid on the chests.
Slide 32 On the women's side there were kitchen utensils, tursuks with cereals and groceries, cupboards... In the yurts of wealthy Bashkirs one could find low beds with carved wooden headboards.
Why were many things in the yurt hung on the wall?
(The things in the yurt were placed in such a way that as little
occupy floor space and leave it free for people. Therefore, things seem to "huddle" against the walls).
Slide 33 Here is a painting by V.S. Syromyatnikov "Kibitka on the wandering / Yurt /". She
written in 1929. What do you see here? (students' answers)
Where is the wagon? (In the steppe. There are trees not far from the yurt.
Yurts on roosts were always lined up in a row and fenced off in several pieces or all together with a fence made of poles so that the cattle did not approach the very wagons.
5. Securing the passed material.
Practical work.Slide 34
Guys, today we will also try ourselves in the role of master artists. Here is a Bashkir yurt.
What is missing here? (ornaments, i.e. patterns) Now we will decorate the yurt with an ornament.
Children, what colors are usually used in Bashkir ornaments? (red, yellow, green)
Slide 35 In front of you are 10X8 green colored paper strips. Let's make a lumpy element. And then we will glue your designs to the yurt.
Slide 36 Video how to assemble a Bashkir yurt.
1. Fold a sheet of paper in four with the colored side inward.
2. Draw a quarter of the ornament.
3. Cut the work along the contour without closing the scissors.
4. Unfold the work, straighten the fold line.
6. Summing up.
Questions:
Currently, where can we meet yurts? (during the holidays)
The Bashkir ornament is very ancient, but even now it has not lost its relevance. If you walk through the city, or any village, you can see the Bashkir ornament on houses, posters.
The multinational people of Bashkiria highly respect the traditions of the region and love their culture - the culture of our ancestors. We think that the Bashkir ornament will be passed on from generation to generation.
7 homework : read the text in the textbook on pages 97-102, answer the questions orally, draw a yurt.
8.Evaluation.
Slide 37
I want to finish the lesson with a poem that reflects the beauty and wealth of our land.
Bashkortostan, your fields
May they be fertile
Let your sons be
Brave, noble!
You are famous, Bashkortostan,
Its gray ridge,
Let the oil gusher be with her
Compared to the height.
Let your apple trees to the ground
They will bend from the gravity.
And let any of your family
Happiness will arrive 5 times!
What more do we want?
So that in our Fatherland
Our Bashkiria was
Happier and more beautiful than everyone!
The lesson is over. Thank you for the lesson!
