The founding father of which cities was Peter I? and got the best answer
Answer from Olga Kislyunina [guru]
The most beloved brainchild of Peter the Great is St. Petersburg.
The city was founded on May 16 (27), 1703 by the first Russian emperor, and at that time by Tsar Peter I. This event took place on the Hare Island, in the presence of Peter I.
On the same day, the Peter and Paul Fortress and the wooden church of the Supreme Apostles Peter and Paul were laid.
On May 24, construction began on the first city building, the house of Peter I, and was soon completed.
Peter the Great founded over a hundred settlements.
1. Lipetsk
Historians are still arguing about the date of foundation of Lipetsk. The official version claims that this city, known for its mineral water factories, is a kind of "twin city" of St. Petersburg, since both cities were founded by Peter the Great.
The city was founded by Peter the Great and began its history in 1703, when, at the direction of Peter, the construction of iron works was started on the Lipovka River.
2.Petrodvorets (until 1944 - Peterhof),
3.Petrokrepost (until 1944 - Shlisselburg)
4. Taganrog July 27, 1696
Here in 1698 Peter the Great founded the first Russian port in the Azov-Black Sea Basin.
At one time, Peter even intended to move the capital of the country here. But the fate of the city was decided by the unsuccessful war for Russia with Turkey. Under an agreement with the Turks, Taganrog was destroyed in 1712.
5.y. Petrovsk is an old merchant city founded by the decree of Peter the Great in 1698, who, according to legend, visited here in 1707.
The architectural appearance and historical flavor of the city is given by the church built more than 100 years ago in the name of the icon of the Kazan Blessed Virgin Mary, the Church of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary, the Ustinov estate, the building of the hospital, station, fire station, city administration, which are still in good condition and are protected by law as architectural monuments of the XIX century.
6. Petrozavodsk September 9, 1703 was founded as Petrovskaya Sloboda.
Not far from Petrozavodsk is located the oldest Russian resort "Marcial Waters", founded by decree of Peter I in 1721 in honor of the end of the Northern War, where the Church of the Apostle Peter, built according to the project of the tsar, and, of course, the sources themselves with mineral water... Nowadays it is a modern balneological sanatorium.
7. Biysk was founded in 1709 by the Decree of Peter the Great, was part of the Biysk-Kuznetsk Cossack line, which guarded the southern borders of Russia.
[link will appear after checking by moderator]
8.Novosibirsk
At the beginning of the 18th century, under Peter the Great, the development of both banks of the Ob River began. Here, by order of the sovereign, service people founded the village of Krivoshchekovo in 1701. This event can be considered the conception (foundation) of the future city, and Peter - its founder.
9.Arrow
The city was founded in 1707 by Peter the Great and began with the Traveling Palace and Transfiguration Church... The palace miraculously survived to this day, but the temple was destroyed during the Second World War.
Until 1917, several more churches were erected on the territory of the seaside resort town, including the beautiful Nikolskaya chapel, which stands on the shore of the sea bay and meets everyone arriving in Strelna along the Gulf of Finland. The chapel, consecrated over a hundred years ago, is still active today.
10. Lodeynoye Pole is a city founded by Peter the Great in 1702.
Answer from Irina[guru]
St. Petersburg on May 16 (27), 1703.
Peterhof (Petrodvorets). The history of Peterhof begins a little later than the history of St. Petersburg: in 1705, on September 13, Peter the Great ordered an anchor against the manor in the south of the Gulf of Finland. This place was chosen as a transshipment point between St. Petersburg and Kronstadt, at the same time the pier was laid. Peter liked the place, and in 1709 the construction of palaces began - Monplaisir, Marly and the Hermitage. After a brilliant victory over the Swedish fleet at Gangut in 1714, it was decided to turn Petrodvorets into architectural monument, a luxurious symbol of the victorious actions of the Russian fleet in the struggle for access to the sea.
The city of Omsk, one of largest cities Russia. It was founded by the decree of Peter I as a fortress at the confluence of the Omi and Irtysh rivers in 1716, and since 1782, by the decree of Catherine the Great, it was approved in the status of a city.
Lipetsk. It was Peter I who founded the city. In 1702, at the confluence of the Lipovka River with the Voronezh River, he ordered the establishment of factories for the smelting of iron, steel, and the manufacture of cannons. The choice of the site of the city's foundation was influenced by the proximity of the deposits iron ore... Thanks to the source of mineral waters and the most beautiful southern landscapes, Lipetsk resorts were a favorite vacation spot for the St. Petersburg aristocracy. Yes, Lipetsk, it turns out, is the first Russian resort. It was founded in 1703 by Peter himself. The springs have survived to this day, their condition is perfect.
Petrozavodsk was founded on August 29, 1703 by the decree of Peter I, but the territory of today's city began to be populated about 8000 years ago. The first ancient settlements began to arise in today's places Peski, Straw, Sainavolok, Devil's Chair, history Center cities. In the 16th century, on the territory of the city and its environs, the Shuisky pogost appeared, in which the settlements of Sulazh-Gora (now the microdistrict of the city of Sulazhgora), Salminsky (now the microdistrict of the city of Solomennoye), Shuya, Uzheselga and others were formed. On August 29, 1703, Y. Vlasov and an associate of Peter I, A. D. Menshikov, set up a cannon factory, which was named the same as the settlement that arose around the factory - Shuisky. Since 1712 - the plant and the settlement received a new name - Petrovsky. Already in 1714, "Petrovskaya Sloboda" became the administrative center of the military-factory district of the Olonets district. On March 21, 1777, Catherine II renamed the Petrovsky factories settlement into the city of Petrozavodsk.
Taganrog. The city was founded in 1698 by Peter the Great and became the first naval base Russia. Under an agreement with the Turks, Taganrog was destroyed in 1712.
Yekaterinburg was founded in 1723 by the greatest monarch of Russia, Peter the Great, and named after his wife.
The city of Petrovsk in Saratov region founded by order of Peter the First in 1698.
Biysk was founded by the Decree of Peter the Great dated February 28, 1708.
Boguchar. Founded in 1704 by order of Emperor Peter I, the county settlement Boguchar was renamed into a city in 1777 by order of Empress Catherine II.
Kronshtadt was founded by Peter the Great on a small island-shallow south of Kotlin Island as the Kronshlot fort, which blocked for a potential enemy the main fairway leading to the mouth of the Neva, where new capital empire - St. Petersburg. On May 7, 1704, fortifications, which included two batteries on the Kotlin Island, were commissioned (the date of foundation of Kronstadt).
In 1723, a fortress was laid on Kotlin and given the name Kronstadt. Peter considered Kronstadt part of the capital.
Oranienburg - In 1703 Peter I, passing through the estate of A. Menshikov, the village of Slobodskoye, laid the fortress of Oranienburg in it. The name first evolved into Raninbur
»
Abstract On the history of the Student of 8 "g" grade High school№ 1 by Pavel Temkin On the topic: "Here the city will be founded" Syktyvkar, 2000 Plan Introduction 1. A city from nothing. I. Main part. 1.Political situation in Russia in the XVII century. 2. Battle for Ingiriya. 3. Foundation of the Peter and Paul Fortress. 4. The first foreign ship. 5. Construction of the Kronslot fortress. 6. Enemies of St. Petersburg. 7. Something in between Amsterdam and Venice. 8. The reigning city of St. Petersburg. Conclusion. 9. Used in the abstract literature. Introduction From here we will threaten the Swede; Here the city will be founded, In spite of the arrogant neighbor, Nature here we are destined To cut a window to Europe…. "The city will be founded here ..." - this is how Peter the Great said, choosing a place for the future capital of Russia. The city was founded during the Great Northern War, which lasted more than twenty years, in 1703. The lands on which the city of Petra now lies are deserted, with swamps and impenetrable forests. The construction of St. Petersburg began with the Peter and Paul Fortress - a powerful and strong support of the future city. The city was built in difficult conditions, but by the will of Peter and the extraordinary efforts of the Russian people, a few years after the founding of the Peter and Paul Fortress outside its walls, a city began to appear and grow, a city-the dream of Peter the Great. Peter I spared neither strength nor funds for the development of St. Petersburg. Schools, libraries, theaters, palaces, factories, shipyards were created. The city is great and beautiful, ascended from scratch. Some unknown force throughout its history attracted the most talented people from all over the world: thinkers, poets, musicians, architects and sculptors, businessmen and industrialists. The whole life of the Russian state is connected with St. Petersburg, starting from the time of Peter the Great. Learning about the stages of the birth and development of the city, we gain a deeper understanding of the history of the Fatherland. 1.Political situation in Russia in the XVII century. The beginning of the 18th century in Russia was the height of the reforming activities of Peter the Great. The young tsar has already visited Europe. Looking closely at everything, Peter wondered where is the source of accomplishment and wealth Western countries, and what does Russia need for the rapid development of its enormous forces, what benefits does navigation give the state: Peter had a dream of free access to the sea. The search for the sea caused difficult approaches to Azov. And although Azov was taken, the free use of the southern seas for the Russians was impossible due to the huge influence of Turkey there. And then Peter's thoughts turned to the north, to Baltic Sea... The leading Western powers - England, France, Austria, the Netherlands, Sweden - pushed the Turkish Sultan to continue the war with the Russian Tsar. Anticipating the War of the Spanish Succession, these countries wanted to secure their eastern flanks by occupying Russia and Turkey by fighting each other. After long and difficult negotiations, Peter concluded a truce with Turkey for 30 years. Defeating Sweden, which has an excellent army under the leadership of a warlike king, was difficult for Russia at that time. Allies were needed. Peter managed to conclude allied treaties with Denmark, Saxony and Poland. 2. Battle for Ingiriya. And on August 8, 1700, the Russian tsar declared war on Charles XII. The battle for access to the Baltic began. The struggle for the Baltic was dictated by many circumstances, primarily by the need to return the ancient Russian lands and the Gulf of Finland, as well as by the objective needs to expand external relations. And this was prevented by the Swedish king. The lack of access to the sea, harbors and a fleet threatened in the future with the expansion of world maritime powers, the loss of Russia's national independence. Taking back this almost deserted land, new Russia with its nascent fleet and great undertakings, it would acquire the sea outlet that was so necessary for the Russian people for their transformational plans. The beginning of the war was marked by a major setback for Russia: the Russian army, still inexperienced in military affairs, was defeated near Narva. This success inspired the young Swedish king Charles XII with a too contemptuous attitude towards the forces of Russia: he sent his troops against the Polish king August II, leaving only insignificant detachments in Ingermanland. Peter skillfully took advantage of the enemy's oversight and concentrated military operations in the area adjacent to the Neva. The army that survived after the Narva pogrom was sent here, and the newly created regiments, mostly dragoon regiments, flocked here. Since the artillery was lost near Narva, they began to prepare a new one, pouring even some of the church bells onto cannons and mortars. In the fall of 1702, about ten thousand Russian troops with artillery gathered near the southwestern shores of Lake Ladoga. There was also cavalry, which they already knew how to use for reconnaissance. At the Svir River, a shipyard worked diligently, launching small vessels suitable for operation on the Neva. Peter planned to direct the main blow against the small Swedish fortress Noteburg, at the source of the Neva. In the old days there was a Russian fortification Oreshek. Noteburg served as a support for the Swedish forces on Lake Ladoga, and at the same time covered the entrance to the Neva, which Peter already looked at as the closest way to the sea. Therefore, hostilities were to open with the capture of Noterburg. The siege began on October 1. The Swedes turned out to be very brave warriors, they put up desperate resistance to the Russian troops. Russian troops rushed forward, suffering terrible losses. Up to one and a half thousand people were knocked out of action killed and wounded. Peter wrote on this occasion: "... cruel, this nut was, thank God, happily gnawed once". He triumphed, realizing the significance of this ancient Russian Nut, and called it Shlisserburg, that is, "Key City". The capture of Noteburg ended the military operations of 1702. The next year there was an equally important task - to seize the Neva estuary, that is, the area where St. Petersburg is now located. At the confluence of the Okhta River with the Neva, there was the Swedish city of Nyenskans or the city of Kantsy. This town was more significant than Noteburg: it housed a Lutheran church and a military hospital. The fortress with six bastions was defended by 800 garrisons; Swedish military ships sailed on the seaside. On the morning of April 27, 1703, Field Marshal Sheremetyev approached Nyenskans with significant forces. Peter was with the army. With four companies of guards, he made reconnaissance to the seaside under heavy fire from the fortress. On April 30, 1703, Russian artillery began to destroy the fortress. The fire continued until the next morning. The Swedes did not dare to wait for the attack and entered into negotiations. They were allowed to go to Vyborg. The Preobrazhensky men solemnly entered the city named Peter Schlotburg. The Swedish squadron, not knowing about the surrender of Nyenskans, rushed to his aid. The squadron had 2 ships with 34 guns. Peter, who had only unarmed boats, decided to attack the enemy flotilla. Having put infantry detachments on small boats, at night he swam to the Swedes from behind the Gutsevsky Island, and under fierce fire from the entire squadron, rushed to the 2 nearest ships. Having put the infantry detachments in the boats, he himself took part in the storming of the ships. With an ax and a hand grenade, he was the first to board the 14 - gun ship ahead of his party. A bloody hand-to-hand fight began. Their 80 people of the Swedish team on both ships survived only 13 people. Their two commanders, one was killed, and the other, wounded, was taken prisoner and later went into the service of the Russian tsar. 3. Foundation of the Peter and Paul Fortress. Great was Peter's joy over this first naval victory. The area now occupied by St. Petersburg was in the hands of the Russians. Peter immediately examined the entire wide Neva estuary, looking out for the most comfortable spot to bookmark the fortress. It was necessary to secure the newly acquired waterway, since significant Swedish forces were stationed in Vyborg, and a Swedish squadron was walking in the Gulf of Finland. Since Nyenschanz stood on the right bank of the Neva, the right bank attracted the attention of the Russian tsar. He especially appreciated the position of the Yenisaari Island, separated by a channel from the present Petersburg, and chose it to build the fortress. Peter already understood the meaning of this extreme point Russian possessions, bordering the sea, and was full of broad and dignified designs. His imagination was creating a new life in a semi-wild land. And the nature of the island was scarce and inhospitable: the soil was barren, everywhere swamps and swamps, a dense forest rustled all around, "an unknown luman in the fog of the hidden sun", settlements were very rare. Despite this, Peter wanted to build and strengthen in a new place immediately. Already on May 14, he again examined the Neva estuary and the island in front of the present Petersburg side, and indicated there a place for a temple in the name of the Apostles Peter and Paul. On May 16, the day of the descent of the Holy Spirit, they began to lay the fortress. On this day, a liturgy was served in the camp, after which Peter with a large retinue set off on boats down the Neva, and having landed on the island, attended the consecration of the chosen place. Then, with a spade in his hand, he signaled to start excavation work. When the king took up his spade, an eagle descended from a height and soared over the island. The king cut down 2 birch trees and, connecting their tops, put the trunks in the dug holes. These 2 birches personified the symbolic gate of the future fortress. The eagle sank down and sat on the birch trees. Peter rejoiced at the happy omen. However, even without this omen, the tsar was calm about the fate of his undertaking, since the city was founded with the blessing of the bishop of Voronezh Mitrofaniy, received by Peter in his youth. “You will be in other palaces, in the north, and you will erect a new capital - great city in honor of Peter, - the holy elder prophesied to the king. - God bless you for this. The Kazan icon will be the cover of the city and all the people. " The city, founded on May 16, was named St. Petersburg, in memory of the Apostle Peter. Petersburg at that time was not considered neither the capital nor the residence. He was seen while the future sea port created for trade and other relationships with Europe. Work in the fortress was in full swing. The troops moved from the Schlotburg camp to St. Petersburg itself, and began to build bastions. They were joined by workers gathered from the surrounding towns and villages. The work was hard: it was necessary to cut down the forest, clear the land of brushwood and bushes, fill up the swamps, raise low places in embankments, build the walls of the fortress and houses, break canals. Sometimes there were not enough axes and shovels, they had to work with their bare hands, bring earth from far away in kuli, sacks, and the hem of their clothes. They worked in the rain in a swamp, often under enemy fire; lived in huts, tents. Many workers died from grueling work, infectious diseases, and an unhealthy, damp climate. By the end of June, the barracks had already been built. To observe the work, Peter built himself a small house, 8 fathoms long and 3 wide. From a distance, it could be mistaken for brick, because it was painted on wood with red paint with white stripes in the Dutch style. All of it fit in any room of the Winter Palace. This house on the Petersburg side is the shrine of the great Petersburg. Its interior is very millet. It consists of two rooms, separated by a narrow hallway and a kitchen. All the decoration of the house was in canvases, whitewashed wallpaper and doors, frames and shutters painted with bouquets of flowers. Near the tsar's dwelling, Menshikov built himself a large, beautiful wooden house, in which Peter received ambassadors and gave dinners on big holidays. Where there used to be two pitiful fishing huts, after 4 months the formidable ramparts of the fortress towered. The first fortifications consisted of an earthen rampart and bastions, named after those who supervised the buildings. Inside the fortress, along its entire length, a canal was dug, on both sides of which there were 4 rows of wooden houses. Near the canal there was a church in the name of the apostles Peter and Paul. A fortress with a church, a shipyard, housing for soldiers and their leaders, the house of Peter the Great - this is what Petersburg was like in 1703. 4. The first foreign ship. In the very first autumn, a Dutch merchant ship arrived in St. Petersburg. The ship with wine and salt was heading to Narva, but since this city was besieged by Russian troops at that time, the enterprising skipper decided to go to Petersburg and sell his goods there. The Petersburg governor Menshikov, who knew well the Tsar's desire, received this first merchant guest from across the sea with extraordinary generosity. All the goods were immediately bought at the expense of the treasury, the skipper was presented with 500 gold pieces, and the sailors - 15 rubles each. At the same time, the Dutch were promised that when the second ship arrives, the skipper will receive 300 gold, and the third ship - 150 gold. These prizes were immediately reported to the general public by the Danzig newspapers. 5. Construction of the Kronslot fortress. Peter at that time was in Svir, hurrying with the construction of ships. In October, he had already brought out a whole flotilla from there to the Neva, among which there was even a large frigate. Now Peter could inspect The Gulf of Finland without fear of the Swedish squadron. On a boat, among floating ice floes, he drove around the island of Kotlin, and, realizing its important position opposite the Neva estuary, he carefully measured the depth of both fairways and chose a place to build a fortification. The tsar instructed Menshikov to supervise the work on Kotlin, but he undertook to make the model of the fortification himself. In the early spring of 1704, work was already in full swing there: they cut ryazh out of logs, loaded them with stones and lowered them to the bottom. While the ice was still holding, they dragged guns from Petersburg and armed them with bastions that protected the approach to the sea. In April, all work was completed and on May 4, Peter consecrated the new fortress, calling it Kronshlot. Meanwhile, the Swedes did not abandon the hope of recapturing the Neva shores from the Russians. The Swedish king, who learned about the construction of St. Petersburg, said: "Let the king do empty work - build cities, and we will leave ourselves the glory of taking them." But all the attempts of the Swedes, both from the sea and from land, failed. 6. Enemies of St. Petersburg. Petersburg had another, no less dangerous enemy - floods. The soil of the Neva estuary had not yet been artificially raised, and even with a slight rise in water, the river flooded the islands. Floods began from the very first years. On the night of October 5, 1705, the Neva flooded even the left bank, soaked the supplies piled in the admiralty yard and destroyed many houses. In September of the following year, Peter was awakened by the flow of water in his house on the Petersburg side. The flood flooded the "colonel mansions" built for the regiment commanders; the water there reached 21 inches (about 0.5 meters) above the floor, and boats were everywhere on the streets. Therefore, from the very beginning, Peter's concerns were aimed at strengthening and raising the soil and giving the right flow to the waters during the development of the city. This explains the many channels on the original plan of St. Petersburg. There were few who wanted to go to the new capital, to "the desert, abundant, as contemporaries put it, only with swamps and tears." In 1705 there were only 3000 inhabitants in St. Petersburg. To settle his "paradise", Peter had to issue decrees on the expulsion from all of Russia to live in the capital of "people of all knowledge, crafts and arts, not poor, such who would have trades, trades or factories ..." All immigrants had to build themselves at home and live in them without a break. 7. Something in between Amsterdam and Venice. Initially, the city was built without any plan and on one Petersburg side. The first streets were Bolshaya and Malaya Dvoryanskaya, Posadskaya and adjacent streets. Under Peter I, the streets were without names, houses, without numbers, so it was very difficult for a visitor to the capital to find his acquaintances. Houses were built at random, they were wooden, without courtyards, low, with an entrance directly from the street. The ceilings were leaking, and at large dinners, the hot faces of the guests were cooled by large drops of rain. When a carriage drove along the street, glasses and dishes began to tremble because of the shaky soil in the houses. The fire that destroyed the vast market and surrounding houses in July 1710 made it clear how it is necessary to build houses at a distance from each other, and that it is important to locate streets and neighborhoods. A few years after the foundation of the fortress, the first architect of the new capital, Domenico Trezzini, began to rebuild the Peter and Paul Fortress into a stone one. An Italian by birth, born in Switzerland, who became famous for his works at the court of the Danish king, he accepted Peter's invitation and devoted the rest of his life to the improvement of St. Petersburg. The fortress was built and decorated throughout the 18th century. She is formidable and majestic. The height of the bastions reaches 12 meters, the width reaches 20. During the reign of Catherine II, curtains and bastions facing the Neva were faced with large blocks of gray granite. Throughout its history, the Peter and Paul Fortress has not fired a single live shot. But under her cover a new capital of Russia was growing on the Neva banks. From the very beginning, the central island of the Petrograd side was conceived as the center of a “newly built city”. This is evidenced by another name of the island - the City Island. Its Trinity Square was opened in the direction of the Neva, and on the banks of which there was a seaport. When the shopping arcade burned down in 1710, Peter ordered to build a new Gostiny Dvor near the fire. It was an extensive hut building in 2 tiers, covered with tiles. There was a large courtyard inside. Following the Petersburg side, Vasilievsky Island began to be built up. Peter ordered all spiritual and secular owners of villages, monasteries and nobles to build houses there for themselves, which had to be built in 3 years, otherwise they could lose their entire estate. Land and timber for buildings were distributed free of charge, but houses were to be built of stone: only poor people received permission to build themselves wooden dwellings, and then in the alleys and back streets. Several brick factories were built that produced several million bricks a year. The streets in front of the houses were to be paved and planted with linden trees. Peter dreamed of making Vasilievsky Island the center of the capital; according to his project, Petersburg was supposed to represent a cross between Amsterdam and Venice: all 12 lines were cut by canals; ships from Kronstadt were supposed to pass through these channels directly to the exchange and to the shops. With these canals, Peter thought to protect the city from sudden floods. There were markets on Maly and Bolshoy Avenues, and in the very center of the island Peter wanted to plant a nice garden a mile long and wide; closer to the sea, meadows were left for pastures. But the canals were dug much narrower than the Amsterdam ones. The king, greatly annoyed, wanted to do all the work again. But that would be expensive. This plan remained unfulfilled. The canals were then filled up. 8. The reigning city of St. Petersburg. The Admiralty was founded on the left bank of the Neva in 1704. And after 2 years ships were built there and descended to the river. The Admiralty building was a small tower with a spire. A park was built near the Admiralty, and behind the park in 1707 Peter laid a wooden cathedral in memory of St. Isaac of Dalmatia. The brethren of the Aleksanro-Nevsky Monastery, which was founded in 1710, began to arrange a direct road to the Admiralty through an impassable swamp - this is the current Nevsky Prospect, or as it was then called - "Nevskaya Perspective". Several more years passed, and on both banks of the Neva there appeared rows of stone and hut one- and two-story buildings in the Dutch style, with a tiled roof; between them were straight, wide streets paved with stone. 3-4 rows of trees were planted along the Nevsky, and the captured Swedes shook and cleaned it every week. Foreigners admired this beautiful, wide street, on both sides of which forests and groves were visible. Such was St. Petersburg in the first 9 years of its existence. Only in 1712, when the purpose of the new city as the capital of the state was determined, the fast and correct building of streets, squares and embankments began. The entire royal family moved from Moscow to St. Petersburg, and it was ordered to offer prayers "for the reigning city of St. Petersburg." Petersburg quickly began to build up. Palaces were erected for the king and persons of the royal family, houses for those close to him. In addition to the "Winter House" on the site of the present Hermitage, Peter also built the "Summer House", where the Engineering Castle is now located. Work began on the construction of the Summer Garden. To decorate the garden, rare trees and flowers, marble sculptures were delivered from all over Russia and from Western European countries. The city grew and developed. Morskaya Street appeared, which got its name from the fact that hut houses for naval officers and sailors were built on it. A gunpowder factory was built on Bolshaya Pushkarskaya; on the Ruzheinaya there were craftsmen who made weapons. There was a German settlement on the Admiralty side; rich merchants millionaires lived there - hence the name Millionnaya. At the end of Peter's reign, the city already had several factories, a library, a wooden theater, a printing house, several schools and the Maritime Academy. Then the city had more than 70 thousand inhabitants. Now St. Petersburg is a huge city, one of the most beautiful cities in the world; the most important industrial, scientific and cultural center of Russia, a major transport center, sea and river ports. As a result of the conquest of the Ingir region by Peter I from the Swedes, the passage to the Baltic Sea was opened. And this meant possible trade routes to the countries of Europe and the world, the development of industry, the strengthening of the combat power of the Russian state. Along with this, St. Petersburg grew and developed rapidly as a commercial port, industrial centre... The subsequent move from Moscow to St. Petersburg of the royal family makes this city the capital of Russia. Prominent scientists, architects, statesmen are striving here. Russia entered the Northern War with the medieval Muscovy, and left the Russian Empire, which achieved a permanent presence in the Baltic. She became a maritime European power. Grow, city of Peter, So that our hearth of art and sciences flares up Here. 9. Used in the abstract literature. When writing, the following literature was used: Avsienko V.N. "History of the city of St. Petersburg", Grotto Y.K. "News about the Petersburg Territory before its conquest by Peter the Great", Guseva M.A. "The Tale of" St. Petersburg ""; Kirtsideli Yu.I., Levina N.R. "My city is St. Petersburg", Lebedeva OE, Yagya V.S. "Book about S.-P."
Ideologically, the reformer Peter I presented the time of his reign as a starting point, as the beginning of the beginnings for Russia. The cities he mapped were meant to mark expanding boundaries new country – Russian Empire... The pathos of novelty, originality, the creation of a rationally organized space out of chaos, the triumph of the victory of the power of reason over the natural element reaches highest point v symbolic meaning new imperial capital
Taganrog
The very idea of moving the capital of the state into a young and impetuous - to match himself - the city was owned by Peter long before the founding of St. Petersburg. Initially, for this purpose, the tsar looked for a cape on the Azov coast with the Turkic name "Tagan-Rogu", which meant "lighthouse". Founded by Peter's decree in 1698, the fortified city of Taganrog became the first naval base of the Russian fleet, the first Russian port and the first city with planned regular development. Ironically, in 1710, after the defeat in the Turkish war, Peter had to, fulfilling the demand of the victors, give the order to destroy the city himself. However, by this time, the tsar's urban planning ambitions received new opportunities for implementation.
Petrokrepost (Shlisselburg)
The key to the long-awaited approval of the Russian status on the Baltic coast was the first major victory of the Peter the Great flotilla in the Northern War: “This nut was very cruel, however, thank God, it was happily gnawed” - this is how Peter described the capture of the ancient Russian fortress Oreshek on October 11, 1702, ninety years old previously in the hands of the Swedes. From this moment, the city began to exist, which the king called Shlisselburg - "the key-city".
Saint Petersburg
The metaphor of the key in the hand of Saint Peter, the key to paradise, is also clearly read in the central symbol on the coat of arms of St. Petersburg - the anchor. Russia is not just firmly entrenched on the swampy shores of the Neva; its new capital, having enlisted the support of its heavenly patron, immediately began to claim symbolic status " eternal city"- new Rome.
A new concept of rationally constructed political power, based on both military exploits and philosophical reflections, is associated with the new structure of the royal palace: the Grand Palace (a symbolic place of public service), the Menagerie (a place of hunting, military valor), the Hermitage (a place of philosophical privacy).
Peterhof
The first architectural representation of the ideal of a regular state was Peterhof. His palace and park ensemble illustrated the transition from the Byzantine model of the sacred-symbolic space (palace-"Jerusalem") to the Western European (Roman) concept of the sovereignty of a strong state power.
Petrozavodsk
Peter was well aware that in order to be convincing, the manifestation of foreign policy victories needs the support of industry, primarily the military. Even under Father Peter, iron in Russia was mainly "sveisk" - it was imported from Sweden. With the beginning of the Northern War, on the personal order of the tsar, the construction of their own "iron works" began: Petrozavodsk in the north and Lipetsk in the south, which grew out of factory settlements. The largest centers for the production of iron and steel, cannons and anchors - both cities owe their birth to the decree of Peter, both are artisans of the same age as royal St. Petersburg
In 1702, at the confluence of the Lipovka River with the Voronezh River, the founder of the city, Peter I, ordered the founding of factories for smelting iron, steel, and making cannons. The choice of the site for the foundation of the city was influenced by the proximity of iron ore deposits. Thanks to the source of mineral waters and the most beautiful southern landscapes, Lipetsk became the first Russian resort - its development was also an initiative of Peter. Lipetsk water is similar in composition to mineral waters famous resorts Germany - Liebenstein and Termont. The springs have survived to this day, their condition is perfect. They are located in the Lower Park, which in itself is a gem, because its age is more than 200 years.
Just as St. Petersburg opened a "window to Europe" for Russia, Biysk became the "window to Asia" - the only city founded by Peter beyond the Urals, on the trade routes to Mongolia and China. On February 29, 1708, Peter I signed a decree on the construction of a fortress at the source of the Ob River. The fortress was supposed to participate in the defense of the southeastern borders of the Russian Empire.
7 (18) May 1704 Peter Ion the island of Kotlin a fortress city, a port city of Kronstadt was founded.
One of the first mentions of Kotlin Island dates back to 1269 - the treaty between the city of Novgorod and the Hansa. In 1323, according to the Orekhovsky peace treaty, the island served as the border between the Novgorod land, and then Russia on the one hand and Sweden on the other. February 27 (March 9) 1617Stolbovo peace treaty the island went to the Swedes.
To implement the idea of Russia's access to the sea and protect the lands of the Neva Bay andSt. Petersburg Peter I conceived the construction of a fortress near the future capital. The emperor immediately appreciated the enormous strategic importance Kotlin Islands. In 1703, after the Swedish squadron left for the winter to Vyborg, Peter I began to build a fortress on the island.
The model of the fortress was made by the emperor, and the production of the building was entrusted toA. D. Menshikov... By the end of 1704, near Kotlin, a three-tier wooden tower with earth embankments rose on the shallows. The foundation for its walls was wooden log cabins filled with stones lowered into the water. The new fortress was armed with 14 guns, and for better protection passage, on the island itself a battery was built, numbering 60 guns. The work proceeded at an intense pace, and the next spring the Swedes, opening navigation, found in the bay, which they had recently considered their own, a fortress that had appeared, which closed their approach to the Neva Bay.
On May 7 (18), 1704, the fortress was consecrated and named Kronshlot. This day is considered the date of the foundation of the city of Kronstadt. The consecration of the new fortress took place in the presence of the sovereign and was accompanied by a three-day celebration. The commandant of Kronshlot was given instructions, which prescribed precautions when meeting ships coming from the sea. The document said: "To maintain this citadel, with God's help, if it happens, although to the last person."
The first fortification on Kotlin was the battery of St. John or St. Yana, built in 1705 on south bank islands. In the summer of 1706, the fortification of St. Alexandra.
In 1704, the settlement of Kotlin Island by servicemen began. The first settlers of the Kronshlot fortress were the regiments of Tolbukhin and Ostrovsky, which formed the garrison of the island. The original buildings were on the seashore. By 1710, about 80 houses were built, mostly belonging to military personnel. On January 16 (27), 1712, a decree was announced on the resettlement of 3 thousand families to Kotlin, and the reinforced construction of houses began.
In the first years of its existence, from early spring to late autumn, the fleet stood at Kronshlot and only after frosts left for St. Petersburg. Such a procedure for the annual exit of the fleet to the Kotlinsky roadstead was inconvenient. AfterPoltava victory in November 1709, the emperor ordered the construction of harbors, marinas and shops on the island.
In 1719, the construction of a canal with a dock began, which was delayed for many years due to lack of people and material. In 1732, under Anna Ioanovna, a commission was formed to inspect the canal, headed by Major General IL Lyuberas, who proposed expanding and deepening the dock basin so that the water from the docks would drain faster. The grand opening of the dock system took place on July 30 (August 10), 1752 in the presence of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna. The length of the entire system was 2.24 kilometers. On August 1 (11), the largest in the Russian fleet, the 120-gun ship Empress Anna, was brought into the dock.
In 1789, an iron foundry was built on the southern bank of the Dock Basin for the manufacture of shells for guns and ballast for the stability of ships.
In October 1804, a water pipeline was put into operation in Kronstadt earlier than in St. Petersburg.
July 26 (August 7) 1803 from Kronstadt went tothe first Russian round-the-world expedition sloops "Nadezhda" and "Neva" under the leadership of I.F.Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky, and on July 4 (16), 1819 - two scientific expeditionsF. F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazareva, M. N. Vasilyeva and G. S. Shishmareva .
In 1707, a foot-station service appeared on the island, the task of which was to determine the fluctuations in sea level. In 1856, the first Russian marine astronomical observatory was built in the courtyard of the Kronstadt Navigation School. And in 1865, on the initiative of Lieutenant-Commander I.P. Belavenets, the country's first observatory of magnetic compasses was founded. For many years it was the only one in Russia.
In 1782, the most famous monument to Peter was erected in St. Petersburg - the famous "Bronze Horseman" by Etienne Falcone
PHOTO: wikipedia.orgPeter Romanov inherited the Russian throne at the age of 10, in 1682, and began to rule Russia seven years later. The young tsar was the first of the Russian monarchs to make a detailed journey through Western Europe, and after returning from a foreign land, he began to reshape Russia in a European way, but on such a large scale, quickly and urgently that he became known as a grandiose reformer, and even expanded the territory of the empire in the Baltic region and strengthened its authority The Russian state in the world. Therefore, Peter the First was nicknamed the Great.
The beginning, it would seem, did not promise a dizzying career for this man. He was born the fourteenth child of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, but was the firstborn of his mother, Tsarina Natalia Naryshkina. One-year-old Peter was given to be raised by nannies, and his education by the time of the succession to the throne was weak, he even wrote later all his life with mistakes. But the boy was unusually curious and he successfully comprehended many sciences, both in childhood and in adulthood, in practice. Indicative is the story of how Tsar Peter, in simple clothes, planed and sawed along with the peasants at foreign shipyards, learning ship craft.
In the likeness of foreign systems, Peter made a regular police state out of the Russian Empire, divided it into provinces; He dressed the shaven gentlemen in a foreign dress, changed the calendar, founded the first Russian newspaper, and in 1724 founded the Academy of Sciences. Even the progressive emperor ordered the founding of new cities, but not such as are customary for the free Russia-mother, chaotic and variegated, but according to civilized laws - pre-planned, topographically verified, adapted for communications and roads. The sovereign "tested" the project on the southern coastal Taganrog, was going to arrange the capital there, but the war with the Turks of the local area adjusted the plans. After the first fitting in the likeness of Taganrog city planning, Peter the Great erected his glorious brainchild - St. Petersburg.
And what other cities arose in our country thanks to this emperor? Peter put the royal hand in several settlements, sometimes noble ones, but did not become cities. "Evening Moscow" found information about the works of the Petrovs, who received the status of cities in ancient times or in modern history... Let's arrange them according to the chronology of the foundation.
1. Petrovsk, Saratov region
The successful campaign against Azov inspired the young tsar to build a fortress on the Medveditsa River, a tributary of the Don-Batushka in the Saratov region. It was necessary to protect the territory from raids. Crimean Tatars and the freewheeling robbers. About this, the sovereign issued a corresponding decree on November 15, 1697. And six months later, a quadrangular fortress was laid there. Merchants and handicrafts began to develop there, and a whole Petrovsky district was formed. now this administrative center Petrovsky district of the Saratov region with a population of about 30 and a half thousand inhabitants. And the main attractions of the townspeople consider the monument to Peter the Great on the station square, created by the sculptor A. Drozdov, the centenary church in the name of the icon of the Kazan Most Holy Theotokos and the Church of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos.
2. Taganrog, Rostov region
The story about this city contains an incredible number of uses of the word "for the first time". Taganrog was founded in 1698 by Peter the Great and became the first naval base in Russia, the first Russian port on the open sea coast, the first city in Russia built according to a regular plan, Taganrog harbor - the first in the world built not in a natural bay, but on the open sea , this is the first city of the Russian Empire, where a commercial court was introduced in 1808, it was the only non-capital city with an Italian opera, and in 1699 the first penal servitude in the history of Russia was established in the region, and Taganrog became its center. The city is located on the Miussky peninsula of the Taganrog Bay Sea of Azov, historical part- at Cape Taganiy Rog with a lighthouse. In fact, this is a rather large peninsula city, except for one direction, wherever you go - you will go to the sea. Once there were exiled nobles, officials and clergy, as well as prisoners of the Turks and Tatars, Swedes and Balts. Greek, Italian merchants, Armenian, Jewish merchants and nobility poured there by sea. So the national flavor of the population of about 300,000 current residents is unique. In Taganrog, researchers identified Pushkin's Lukomorye; many celebrities of world importance were born or lived there, from emperors and military leaders to writers, composers, and artists. During the Great Patriotic War, during the three-year occupation, the most powerful anti-fascist underground in the South operated there; on November 3, 2011, Taganrog was awarded the honorary title "City of Military Glory".
3. Kamensk-Uralsky, Sverdlovsk region
The city was founded in 1701 by the Decree of Emperor Peter the Great and at first for two centuries was known for the Kamensk state-owned iron foundry, which produced the best cannons in the world. The ore in those places lay at the very surface and was easily mined by hand. This was noticed by the servants of the Dalmatov Monastery and legally registered the land for themselves. But soon Tsar Peter realized the easy accessibility of the ore so necessary for the state, his experts appreciated the Ural ore highly, the emperor returned the state land to the treasury and issued a decree on the construction of an iron plant there, the foundation of the future city. In January 1774, the Kamensk plant took part in the peasant uprising of Yemelyan Pugachev. The workers got out of the hands of the breeders and cast ten cannons and three hundred poods of cannonballs for the Pugachevites. The Tsar's regiment defeated the insurgent detachment and returned the plant to the state. During the Great Patriotic War, the only aluminum plant in the country worked in Kamensk-Uralsky, thanks to which Soviet aviation existed. The city is notable for the fact that the border of the Urals and Siberia passes through it. Today the population of the city is over 172,000, mostly Russians and Tatars.
4. Lodeinoe Pole, Leningrad Region
In 1702 it emerged as a shipbuilding settlement at the Olonets shipyard founded by Peter the Great. The choice of location is clear - forests in Lodeynoye Pole cover three quarters of the entire area, for a long time the inhabitants of small settlements there were engaged in timber harvesting, there was also shipbuilding. For 130 years of operation, the Olonets shipyard has brought down about 450 ships. They were building quickly then - the Great Northern War with Sweden spurred on. And near the shipyard, smithies, workshops, residential barracks arose, and a small town was formed. There was also a temporary house for Tsar Peter. The settlement grew and in 1785 Catherine II ordered to grant him the status of a city. During the Great Patriotic War, Lodeynoye Pole held the defense for 1000 days, not allowing the Nazis to reach Leningrad, guarding the Road of Life. Now it is the administrative center of the Lodeynopolsky district Leningrad region with a population of 20 and a half thousand people.
5. St. Petersburg
The grandiose, most famous creation of Peter the Great. Until January 26, 1924 - Petrograd, until September 6, 1991 - Leningrad. He was named emperor in honor of the Apostle Peter, the keeper of the keys to the gates of paradise. The metropolis is located on the coast of the Gulf of Finland and at the mouth of the Neva River. Petersburg has been the capital of Russia for two centuries, starting in 1710. It was founded in 1703, when the first stone was laid on the Hare Island, and it began to grow new town; at first there was the Peter and Paul Fortress. It was erected by the forces of serfs, who were forcibly driven to the building, several thousand people perished from malnutrition and backbreaking labor. In 1710, at the tsar's order, 15 thousand different artisans from all over the country were resettled there, and they were given land in the city for free. That's why central part the city was formed very quickly. The city was built by foreign experts according to European canons and in architecture and in the arrangement of infrastructure - according to a clear plan. But they hardly cared about the decoration of the city until the middle of the 18th century. But Empress Elizabeth introduced a new landmark - magnificent buildings worthy of a capital. And under Paul the First, the most mystical building of St. Petersburg was built - the Mikhailovsky Castle, thickly overgrown with legends. In the 20th century, they came to grips with the comfort of St. Petersburg: they erected dozens of bridges, built railway lines, and launched a tram. And then the Russians poured there in a stream, the population grew faster than New York. The most tragic period of the city is the blockade of Leningrad, 900 heroic days in 1941-1945. Now the population of the city is more than 5 million inhabitants, it is the 4th largest city in Europe. St. Petersburg is notable for the fact that the total length of all watercourses on its territory is 282 km, their water surface is about 7% of the entire area of the city.
6. Petrozavodsk, the capital of Karelia
In 1703 on the shore Lake Onega near the mouth of the Lososinka River, by order of Tsar Peter, the Shuya iron and cannon foundry was built. And the ore for him was taken in the lake itself. For the monarch, a two-story wooden palace and a marching church were rebuilt there. Then they opened a copper smelting and metalworking factories. Of course, a settlement has grown up around such a large production. In 1920, Soviet Petrozavodsk became the capital of the Karelian Labor Commune, and soon - the capital of the Karelian ASSR. In October 1941, the city was occupied by Finnish troops, they renamed it to Jaanislinna, at that time seven concentration camps... A system of rivers and canals connects Petrozavodsk with the Baltic, White, Barents, Caspian and Black Seas; the city also has five lakes. Modern population Petrozavodsk - 270,600 inhabitants, mostly Russians. But the city is also a place of compact residence of Karelians (20% of the Karelians of the republic) and Vepsians (more than half of all Vepsians in Karelia and a quarter of all Vepsians in Russia).
7. Lipetsk, regional center
In ancient times, there was the small village of Malye Studenki Lipetsk. And in 1703, Tsar Peter took a look at this place at the confluence of the Lipovka River into the Voronezh River for the location of iron-smelting and steel-making plants, so that they would provide products for the Russian army and navy. And factory workers were added to the villagers, calling the settlement Lipsky Iron Plants. In 1779 she became county town Tambov governorship, and then Lipetsk. There would be no happiness, but misfortune helped - in 1806, a strong fire destroyed part of the city, and instead of chaotically instructed barracks and houses, new buildings were erected according to the general plan - with wide straight streets between the mansions. And even a complex of resort buildings appeared. Lipetsk became the regional Soviet center in 1954. It is located on the banks of the Voronezh River (Don basin), at an altitude of about 160 meters above sea level. Now it is a dynamically developing city of the Black Earth Region - over the past 50 years its population has quadrupled, exceeding 500,000.
8. Biysk, Altai Territory
The history of Biysk began in 1709 with the Bikatun prison, one of the defensive structures of the southeastern borders of Russia from the raids from the Dzungar Khanate. Just a year later, the Teleuts destroyed it. A new prison was erected nearby, on the Biya river, so the prison had to be renamed into Biysk. The relevance of the fortress disappeared and in 1846 the city was transformed from a military-administrative to a commercial-industrial one, a tannery, a distillery, a brick and a sawmill, a tobacco and flax factories, a steam mill, and a refrigerator were built there. Biysk is famous for being the center of the Altai Spiritual Mission, in 1830-1840 it gave birth to one of the first scientific translations of the Bible from Hebrew and Greek into Russian in Russia. Now 205,250 inhabitants live in Biysk. It is a city of research and production enterprises of the defense industry. The Institute for Problems of Chemical and Energy Technologies of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences is located in Biysk. On November 21, 2005 the city was awarded the status of a science city of the Russian Federation.
9. Peterhof (Petrodvorets), Leningrad Region
This country residence Russian emperors founded by Peter the Great in 1710 on the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland near St. Petersburg. The grandiose system of fountains of Peterhof is famous all over the world. And once there were three little ones Finnish villages... But by 1714, the Great Peterhof Palace, the Great Grotto with cascades, Monplaisir and other structures of the Lower Park were laid on the ground. At first, the settlement at the Palace was built up chaotically, most of the peasants even lived in dugouts. In the 1730s, the famous architect M. Zemtsov created a clear-cut layout for Peterhof. The world famous Peterhof hydraulic system was created 10 years earlier by the project of the hydraulic engineer Vasily Tuvolkov. To supply the fountains, a 40 km long water conduit was built, along its length there are 18 storage ponds with almost one and a half million cubic meters of water. The water cannons that gained popularity worked on the principle of communicating vessels. In the mid-1850s, entrepreneur A. Stieglitz financed the construction of the Peterhof railway, 30 km from St. Petersburg. The city of Peterhof became in 1762, a wonderful attraction of which to this day is a monument of world architecture and palace and park art, the Peterhof Museum-Reserve. In 1944 the city was renamed into Petrodvorets, a science city of the Russian Federation since 2005, the population is over 73,000.
10. Sestroretsk, Leningrad region
In 1721, the sovereign decided to build another arms factory and remembered the place where in 1703 Russian troops defeated the Swedish army in order to break through for Russia at least one outlet to the Baltic Sea. It was by the river Sestra, and the harbor remained there. And Peter ordered to build nearby, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, summer palace with a garden. The desire of the sovereign was realized by 1724 from local bricks (though in 1781 the palace was dismantled). Well, not far away, they began to build a plant. For a long time, he then provided Russian soldiers with gunpowder, pistols, muskets and cannons. From the peaceful assortment, his door handles, copper buttons and bars for the Fontanka River of the Catherine Canal are remembered. In 1735, on Dibun-swamp, the Chernorechensky iron foundry was erected to help the Sestroretsk plant, things went even better. Sestroretsk craftsmen became famous for making the famous "Papa's car" on the basis of M. Lomonosov's drawings. And starting in 1922, the Soviet Sestroretsk plant was converted into an instrumental plant. In the 1960s-1980s, the city was massively built up with multi-storey buildings and a mud bath was opened there. The city has become a seaside climatic balneo-mud resort with its own mineral water and curative mud. Several streams now flow along Sestroretsk, linking Lake Sestroretsk Razliv and the Gulf of Finland. Local residents about 37,250 people are registered there.
