The main feature of the distribution of the population of Russia is its unevenness. More than 3/4 of the population lives in the regions of the European part of Russia and the Urals. This situation is determined by the interaction of three factors: the location of production, natural conditions and historical features settlement of certain regions.
V last years the uneven distribution of the country's population is increasing. This is facilitated by the rapid decline in the population in a number of regions of the Asian part of Russia, as a result, the share of this region for 1991-1995. decreased from 21.9 to 21.5%. This situation does not meet the requirements of a rational territorial organization of the national economy, since the main reserves of fuel and energy, raw materials and water resources, the development of which is necessary to ensure sustainable growth of the country's economy, are concentrated in the regions of Siberia and Of the Far East, and the bulk of the population is concentrated in the western regions of Russia.
Average population density in Russian Federation- 8.6 people / sq. km. This is 3 times lower than in the United States and almost 15 times lower than in China. When the territory of Russia was settled, mainly in the eastern direction, two zones of settlement were formed - the main one and the zone of weak settlement. The northern border of the main (main) zone is conventionally drawn along the line St. Petersburg - Perm - Krasnoyarsk. The southern border is along the Volgograd - Abakan line. To the east of Krasnoyarsk and Abakan, the main zone narrows sharply and stretches along the Trans-Siberian Railway parallel to the southern border of Russia to Vladivostok. To the north of the main zone, there is a zone of weak settlement, which is characterized by high level economic development of the territory and the focal form of settlement.
The European part of the country in terms of population density (27.1 people / sq. Km) is comparable to some developed countries (in the USA - 29 people / sq. Km). central Russia in the historical past it was the core of the Russian state. Favorable economic and geographical position, flat relief, moderate continental climate, an extensive transport network, intensive trade links ensured a high level of economic development and population of the territory. In the Central Economic Region, which occupies less than 3% of the country's area, 1/5 of the total and almost 1/4 of the urban population of the Russian Federation are concentrated. The average population density in the Central District is over 62 people / sq. km, the largest - in Moscow - 334.5 people / sq. km. The continuation of the densely populated region of Central Russia in the east is the Volga region, the Middle and South Urals, characterized by a large concentration of major cities- diversified centers of heavy industry. Millionaire cities: Samara, Ufa, Kazan, Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk and others have become the nuclei of highly developed urban agglomerations. The foothill regions and republics have a high population density. North Caucasus... Here, the average population density ranges from 42.7 people / sq. km in the Rostov region, up to 79.2 people / sq. km in North Ossetia.
The eastern zone of Russia, including the regions of Siberia and the Far East, occupies 75% of the country's area and is characterized by a low population density. Only 1/5 of the population of Russia lives here, and the average population density is 2.5 people / sq. km. The population is concentrated around the Trans-Siberian Railway, BAM and navigable rivers. In terms of population density, the highly industrialized regions stand out: Kemerovo (33 people / sq. Km). Omsk and Novosibirsk (15-16 people / sq. Km). Primorsky Territory (13.6 people / sq. Km).
The Far North zone, stretching from western border Russia to Kamchatka, in terms of the nature of the population is heterogeneous. The European North is distinguished by a higher level of economic development and population. So, in the Murmansk region and Karelia, the population density is 5-8 people / sq. km. The lowest population density is noted in the regions of the Asian North, in particular in the Taimyr and Evenk Autonomous Districts - 3-6 people / 100 sq. km.
In general, the demographic potential of Siberia and the Far East is insufficient for the development of the richest natural resources located here and the development of a continuous economic and settlement structure.
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Given the dependence of the economic recovery Of Russia from the state .... scientific terms " economical geography"and" economic . |
The concept and types of resettlement zones
Resettlement of the population - a system of settlements on a specific territory. It includes 2 main elements: the distribution of the population (a historical process associated with land development.) And migration ..
Factors affecting settlement are natural (mortality and fertility) and mechanical movement(migration). Migration is the movement of people across the borders of certain territories with a change of place of residence forever or for a more or less long time.
The primary unit of distribution of the population in any territory is a settlement (settlement) - a populated place within one built-up land plot (city, urban-type settlement, village, etc.). A mandatory feature of a settlement is the constancy of its use as a habitat from year to year (at least seasonally)
There are historically established types of settlements in the Russian Federation: a city, a settlement, a settlement, a churchyard, a village, a hamlet, a village, aul, a stanitsa, etc.
The main indicator reflecting the distribution of the population is density (the number of inhabitants per 1 sq. Km of territory). The average population density in Russia is 8.4 people / km2. The highest density in Russia is observed in Moscow and the North Caucasian Federal District- about 330 people / km ?. The lowest population density in the Russian Federation is in the Evenk District of the Krasnoyarsk Territory - 0.1 people / km?.
When settling the territory of the Russian Federation, 3 zones of settlement were historically formed:
1.main zone
This is the main settlement zone - Central Russia. This zone is a kind of a large "triangle" with peaks in St. Petersburg, Sochi, Abakan. The silver border of this triangle is the Orenburg-Perm-Krasnoyarsk line, and southern border- Sochi-Astrakhan-Orenburg. The Main Lane accounts for about a third of the territory of Russia, but about 94% of its population. In this zone, the main cities are concentrated, including all the largest cities and millionaire cities. The average population density reaches 40 people. per 1 km ", and the density of the rural population is 10 people. per 1 km2.
2.north zone
It occupies 2/3 of the country's territory, but only 5% of the population lives here. These are areas of taiga, tundra and forest-tundra with harsh natural conditions located to the north of the Main settlement belt. The average population density here is less than 1 person. per 1 km2, and rural - less than 1 person. by 10 km2, i.e. most of the territory is actually not inhabited and not developed. The urban population is predominant, concentrated in separate foci, associated mainly with mining mineral resources(districts of Norilsk, Vorkuta, M. and yes, etc.).
3.south zone
It occupies a relatively small area in the south of Siberia (the republics of Altai, Tyva and some adjacent territories). The Caspian lowland also belongs to it. This zone is home to about 1% of the population of Russia. The average density is also low here (about 2.5 people per 1 km2), although, in contrast to Northern Zone, the rural population predominates, i.e. this is also practically undeveloped territory ..
There are 3 groups of features that affect the settlement of the population:
ethno-national
Ethnic settlement is a totality territorial groups population living in populated areas and united by common historical, cultural, geo-ecological and socio-economic ties
By belonging to language groups, there are:
Indo-European
Finougorsk
North Caucasian
Altai
2) field ethnic
Assumes dispersion in the distribution of peoples, due to the discrepancy between the distribution of many peoples and the limited territories of the corresponding subjects of the Federation. The number of indigenous peoples is decreasing as a result of the assimilation of Russians in the territories of these peoples.
the presence of certain landscape-ethnic groups
An ethnos adapts to a certain landscape at the moment of its formation, and having adapted, during resettlement and resettlement, it seeks for itself an area corresponding to its habits. Thus, the Ugrians settled in the forests; Turks and Mongols - across the steppes; Russians, mastering Siberia, settled the forest-steppe belt and river banks: the British colonized lands from temperate climate, and the Arabs and Spaniards - with roast.
North European
Ural-Volga
North Caucasian
Central Siberian
North Siberian
South Siberian
Far Eastern
Types of population settlement
Most of the settlements, as a rule, serve not only as a place of residence for people, but also as a place for the location of production facilities (factories, farms, etc.), as well as institutions of production and non-production infrastructure (roads, shops, etc.) ..
It is customary to distinguish several types of population settlement:
1) urban and rural
2) permanent and temporary
Residents inhabit the territory permanently or temporarily (seasonally).
3) group and scattered
Group - houses of residents are located next to each other, forming compact settlements, and scattered - each is located on its own land plot.
systemic and isolated
Systemic - interconnected settlement of the population.
The main factor in the formation of a particular type of settlement is the socio-economic factor, namely the level of development of society.
2. Forms of TON (Territorial Organization of Population)
Historically, several types of settlements have emerged in the Russian Federation:
1) city 2) posad 3) aul 4) graveyard 5) stanitsa 6) village 7) village 8) zamishche9) settlement 10) village.
Currently, Federal Law No. 131 (On the General Principles of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation) defines the following types of settlements in Russia:
a) urban district ( urban settlement, which is not part of the municipal district and the local government bodies of which exercise powers to resolve the issues of local importance of the settlement and issues of local importance of the municipal district established by this Federal Law, and can also exercise certain state powers transferred to local government bodies by federal laws and laws of the subjects of the Russian Federation Federation)
b) an urban settlement (a city or a village in which local self-government is exercised by the population directly and (or) through elected and other local self-government bodies)
c) a rural settlement (one or several rural settlements united by a common territory (settlements, villages, stanitsas, villages, farms, kishlaks, auls and other rural settlements), in which local self-government is exercised by the population directly and (or) through elective and other local governments)
d) a city of federal significance
Their difference from other subjects lies in the special form of organization of local self-government. Within cities of federal significance, intracity municipalities have been formed (there are 125 such municipalities in Moscow, 111 in St. Petersburg). In order to preserve the unity of the urban economy, part of the powers assigned by law to local self-government bodies are retained by the state authorities of the constituent entity of the federation.
Settlement subdivision criteria:
1. The predominant economic function of the settlement. At the same time, the main industry in rural areas, as a rule, is agriculture, and in urban areas - non-agricultural sectors of the economy.
2. The size of the settlement, i.e. the number of inhabitants in it - urban settlements are usually larger than rural ones.
3. Administrative significance - if there is one, then the settlement is considered urban.
4. Population density - in urban areas it is much higher than in rural areas, due to denser and more multi-storey buildings.
5. The degree of improvement - in urban areas it is higher than in rural areas.
6. Historical meaning, enshrined in legal acts - settlements are urban or rural, because in the past they received the corresponding status enshrined in legal documents.
Urban and rural settlements are the primary links in the territorial distribution of production and the integrated development of the country's regions. In accordance with the forms and types of settlements, it is customary to classify the population into two large types - urban and rural. ...
Urban population
The main features that define an urban settlement are:
1.the occupation of the population
2.the population of the settlement
There are also urban-type settlements (abbreviated as p. G. T., Pgt) - a type of settlement, allocated during the Soviet era. In terms of population, it occupies an intermediate position between the city and rural settlements. Before the administrative-territorial reform of 1923-1929, such settlements were called posadi. Unlike rural settlements, in such settlements, the bulk of the population (at least 85%) should not be employed in agriculture.
A city is a settlement, most of the population of which is employed in industry, transport, communications, trade and the social sphere. A city in the Russian Federation must have at least 12 thousand inhabitants and at least 85% of the population employed outside of agriculture. The share of city dwellers is 73% of the total population of the country. As of October 14, 2012, there were 2,386 cities and urban-type settlements in Russia.
The largest city in Russia is Moscow, with more than 10 million inhabitants. Most small city in Russia - Magas (the capital of Ingushetia), has a population of only 275 inhabitants.
By the number of inhabitants, cities are subdivided into:
millionaire cities (over 1 million inhabitants)
largest (500 thousand - 1 million inhabitants)
large (251-500 thousand inhabitants)
large (101-250 thousand inhabitants)
medium (51-100 thousand inhabitants)
small (up to 50 thousand inhabitants)
Russian millionaire cities (as of 01.01.2013) - 1) Moscow2) St. Petersburg 3) Novosibirsk 4) Yekaterinburg 5) Nizhny Novgorod 6) Kazan 7) Samara 8) Omsk 9) Chelyabinsk 10) Rostov-on-Don 11) Ufa 12) Volgograd 13) Krasnoyarsk 14) Perm 15) Voronezh
By their functional purpose, urban settlements are subdivided into cities:
1) with predominantly industrial functions (For example, N. Tagil)
2) various functions (for example, Moscow)
3) resort cities (for example, Sochi)
4) cities-science cities and cities-research centers (for example, Zelenograd, Korolev)
There are 1108 settlements in Russia that have the status of a city. Among them, 61 cities have a population of 250 thousand to 1 million people.
An urban agglomeration is a compact accumulation of settlements, mainly urban, intertwining in places, united into a complex multicomponent dynamic system with intensive production, transport and cultural links.
Distinguish between monocentric (formed around one large city-nucleus, for example, the Moscow agglomeration); polycentric (having several core cities, for example, the Caucasian Mineral Waters) and bicentric (Cheboksary-Novocheboksarsk) agglomerations.
For medium and small towns, the main problem of the territorial organization is the provision of employment for the population, depending on the profile of their development.
For example, in urban settlements with light industry, the complexity of employment of the male population increases, and in cities with a predominance of the mining or processing industry, the difficulty in employment of the female part of the population. the development of the economy of the Russian Federation requires the obligatory integrated development of the economy of urban settlements, moreover, of a different type.
Rural population
Rural settlement - the distribution of residents by settlements located in rural areas. Moreover, a rural area is considered to be an area located outside the boundaries of urban settlements.
The decline in rural settlements is associated with the processes of market transformations and an insufficient level of development of the social and domestic spheres. The rural population of Russia according to the latest census (1.01.2002) amounted to 27% of the total population of the country. It is represented by those employed in agricultural production, as well as in the social sphere.
The types of rural settlements are diverse. In most of the territory of Russia, typical rural settlements are:
settlements (new settlements that arose during the years of Soviet power or in the last decade).
villages (old small settlements without churches);
villages (older, larger settlements that had churches in the past or have preserved until now);
At the same time, in the Russian regions of the North Caucasus inhabited by Cossacks, rural settlements are called stanitsas (there are also farms, but now these are, as a rule, large settlements that were real farms in the distant past), and in the national republics of the North Caucasus - auls.
Russia is characterized by a rural type of settlement, which has developed historically and is associated with communal land use.
Rural settlements are classified according to size (population):
largest (over 1000 inhabitants)
large (501-1000 inhabitants)
medium (101-500 inhabitants)
small (51-100 inhabitants)
the smallest (up to 50 inhabitants)
The rural population of the country is mainly concentrated in settlements with 1000 inhabitants or more. In the 1990s, the population was changing dynamically. The decrease in the rural population has led to a decrease in the number of rural settlements, as well as their density. This process was especially clearly noted in the European part of Russia (Central Federal District, Northwestern Federal District and Volga Federal District).
In contrast to the urban population, natural and climatic factors affect the level of territorial organization of rural settlements. This is due to the fact that the development of agriculture depends on soil and climatic conditions... That is why, for example, in the taiga and tundra zones, settlements are located along rivers and lakes ..
One of critical features modern Russian economy- extremely low level of development of a complex of industries for the production of high-quality consumer goods. During the years of market transformations, the volume of industrial production of consumer goods has significantly decreased, to the greatest extent it concerns the production of goods. light industry and durable goods. The decline in domestic production was accompanied by an increase in imported goods (over 2/5) in the total volume of Russia's commodity resources.
The complex for the production of consumer goods includes branches of group “B” - food and light industry, as well as branches of heavy industry (group “A”) and local industry producing durable goods. Despite the ubiquity of the location of the production of consumer goods, 2/3 of their output is concentrated on the territory of four economic regions - Central, Volga, Ural and North Caucasus.
Light industry unites a group of industries that provide the population with fabrics, clothing, footwear and other consumer goods. Leading branches of light industry - textile, clothing, leather, footwear and fur - in addition to consumer goods also produce technical products widely used in other industries National economy.
The light industry of Russia has traditionally occupied an important place in the country's economy. This is practically the only industry in the country that received a large scale of development back in the 19th century. The highest indicators of its development are in the early 1970s. XX century, when it gave 1/6 of the total volume of industrial production and 1/4 of the country's trade turnover.
The light industry of Russia suffered the greatest shocks during the period of market reforms in the economy. In the 1990s. industry share in industrial production Russia has decreased by almost 10 times. This was due to the lack of competitiveness of domestic goods in the light industry and the breaking of ties in the supply of raw materials. At the same time, a crisis in the industry was inevitable, since a decrease in the volume of production of light industry products was observed in all developed countries of the world, and a significant increase in output was observed only in developing countries. Eventually industry structure Russian industry has approached the structure of the developed countries of the world.
Light industry is characterized by deep ties with all sectors of the economy, primarily with agriculture, especially at the stage of primary processing of raw materials. In addition to agriculture, the raw material base for light industry is chemical industry, which supplies synthetic fibers, artificial leathers, dyes, and the meat industry, which supplies leather. Mechanical engineering provides the industry with a variety of equipment, the fuel and energy economy contributes to the normal functioning of enterprises. In turn, light industry supplies all branches of the national economy with industrial products.
Light industry is represented in each economic region, complementing the production profile of the territory, although there are historically established specialized areas and centers for the development of light industry - central District, which gives almost 3/4 of Russia's textile products, and within its framework the Ivanovo region stands out.
The location of the industry has developed under the influence of a number of factors that have a different impact on the territorial organization of individual industries:
- the raw material factor is especially important in the primary processing industries, which is due to massive waste or in industries where the material consumption of production is high (linen industry), while the location of the tanning industry is entirely dependent on the meat industry;
- the consumer factor has a huge impact on the location of enterprises in the industry, since the ubiquity of consumption and the massive nature of production contributes to the approach of enterprises to the population;
- Availability labor resources due to the significant labor intensity of the manufactured products and due to the predominant use of female labor, it contributes to the integrated development of the economy of economic regions specializing in the branches of heavy industry;
- the water factor is taken into account when placing the production of fabrics and knitwear, where the processes of dyeing and finishing require a significant amount of water.
The leading branch of the light industry in terms of production and the number of employees is the textile industry. It includes the primary processing of raw materials, the production of all types of fabrics, knitwear, textile haberdashery, nonwovens and other products based on fibrous raw materials.
The modern location of the Russian textile industry is different:
- the lack of its own raw material base, ensuring the production of cotton and silk fabrics;
- territorial gaps between raw material bases and production of finished goods, as well as between production and consumption;
- the predominance of production orientation towards consumption areas, with the exception of the linen industry.
The main region for the production of fabrics in Russia remains Central, which in 2007 accounted for 72% of the production of all types of fabrics.
Leading industry textile industry- cotton, gives 78% of all fabrics in Russia. It uses imported natural raw materials from the states of Central Asia, Azerbaijan and foreign countries (Egypt, Syria, Sudan, etc.).
The main production is focused on labor resources and skills and is still concentrated in the Central District - these are Ivanovskaya (Ivanovo, Shuya, Kineshma), Moskovskaya (Moscow, Noginsk, Orekhovo-Zuevo), Tverskaya (Tver, Vyshny Volochek) and Vladimirskaya (Kovrov ) area. Production in St. Petersburg and its surroundings has almost been reduced to naught. In other areas of the European part, labor resources are of great importance for placement - Kamyshin (Volga region), Cheboksary ( Volgo-Vyatsky district), Shakhty (North Caucasus). The enterprises of the eastern zone in Barnaul, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Kansk are consumer-oriented.
The silk industry ranks second in terms of the volume of products produced and gives 5% of the production of fabrics in the country. Due to the widespread use of artificial and synthetic fibers as raw materials, the dependence on the supply of natural raw materials from Central Asia, Transcaucasia, where the silkworm is bred, is reduced to a minimum.
The main producers of silk fabrics are Ural - Tchaikovsky (Perm Territory), Orenburg, which use chemical fibers and threads; Central region, taking advantage of its transport-geographical location and qualifications work force- Moscow and the Moscow region (Naro-Fominsk, Pavlovsky Posad, Orekhovo-Zuevo), Vladimir (Kirzhach), Ryazan (Korablino) regions, and the Volga region, where in
Balashevo ( Saratov region.) produce synthetic fabrics from nylon.
The linen industry is the oldest and primordially Russian branch of textile production, occupying the third place (about 4%) in the structure of fabric production in Russia. Since 2000, the volume of production of linen fabrics has decreased by 10%.
A distinctive feature of the industry is the relative provision of its own raw material base. The cultivation of fiber flax and the harvesting of flax fiber, in addition to the traditional regions (Center, North-West, North), began to be carried out in the south of Western and Eastern Siberia.
The leading region for the production of linen fabrics in the country remains the Central region - Kostroma, Nerekhta, Smolensk, Vyazma, etc. Ural (Yekaterinburg) and West Siberian (Biysk) regions.
The woolen industry ranks fourth in the production of fabrics (1.1%). This industry suffered more than any other textile industry - the volume of woolen fabrics output in 2007 amounted to 6.2% against the level of 1990, which is due to a sharp reduction in the raw material base (the number of sheep decreased by almost 3 times over this period).
Primary processing of wool, or wool washing production tends to be raw materials, as it is associated with significant waste (more than 1/2 to the original weight) and water consumption. The main wool washing enterprises operate in sheep breeding areas: in the Volga region (Kazan), Western (Omsk) and Eastern (Ulan-Ude) Siberia, in the North Caucasus (Nevinnomyssk), etc.
The production of woolen fabrics focuses on labor resources, raw materials and the consumer. The largest region is still Central (Moscow and Moscow, Bryansk, Ivanovskaya, Tverskaya and other regions). Among other areas, the Volga region (Ulyanovsk and Penza regions), Western (Tyumen, Omsk regions) and Eastern ( Zabaykalsky Krai, Buryatia, Khakassia) Siberia.
The knitwear industry, unlike other branches of textile production, produces finished products, not semi-finished products (fabrics) - hosiery, gloves, underwear and outerwear. The knitwear industry, using natural and chemical fibers as raw materials, has developed in all regions of the country with an orientation mainly towards the regions of consumption.
The garment industry is the second largest branch of the light industry in terms of gross output. It differs in a freer nature of placement and is more closely related to the consumer.
The garment industry is a material-intensive industry. In the structure of costs, the share of raw materials and materials accounts for up to 80%. The industry is heterogeneous, and products that are different in complexity and complexity of manufacturing have a different nature of placement - the production of the simplest goods with a stable external form (work clothes) is widespread, the production of a more complex and less stable assortment is oriented towards large urban centers. This industry is represented in every economic region and at the same time it is distinguished by its concentration in traditional (Center, North-West) and new regions (North Caucasus, Volgo-Vyatka region, Ural).
Among the branches of the light industry, the leather, footwear and fur industry ranks third. This includes the production of natural and artificial leather, film materials, tanning extracts, furs, sheepskins, footwear, fur products, leather goods, etc.
Leather and shoe production are closely related. The leather industry is represented by specialized enterprises that produce hard, chrome or yuft leather. Raw hides are available in all regions, but their quality and range depend on the specialization of animal husbandry regions. The use of artificial leather, film and textile materials significantly expands the raw material base of the footwear industry. The main production is concentrated in the Republics of Bashkortostan and Mari El, Nizhny Novgorod and Tver regions.
The shoe industry reduced its output from 385 million pairs in 1990 to 54.2 million pairs in 2007, or per capita from 2.6 to 0.38 pairs.
The location of the footwear industry is consumer-oriented, but the industry is most developed in the European part of the country, where 96% of footwear production is concentrated. The last decade was accompanied by shifts in placement towards an increase in the share of the Central, Central Black Earth, Volgo-Vyatka and Volga regions and a decrease in the share of the Northern, North-Western and Far Eastern regions.
The fur industry includes raw-dyeing and furrier-sewing production, where the dressing, dyeing and finishing of various types of furs and fur raw materials and the manufacture of various products from them are carried out. At present, the commodity market in Russia is characterized by a high saturation with fur products, however, 80% is accounted for by imported products supplied from Italy, Greece, Turkey, Canada, Argentina, China, and neighboring countries.
At the same time, Russia remains one of the largest manufacturers and fur exporters. There are 90 species of animals in our country, the skins of which are used in fur production. Raw material base The fur industry is made up of sheep breeding, animal husbandry, fur (hunting) and animal hunting. The production of fur products is distinguished by a high level of territorial concentration of production in the Central, Volga, Volga-Vyatka and North-West regions.
Durable goods play an important role among cultural, household and household goods - cars, furniture, radio goods, mainly televisions and video recorders, electrical goods (refrigerators, washing machines) and jewelry.
In recent years, the production of consumer goods has significantly decreased, which is associated with the conversion and re-profiling of a number of branches of the military-industrial complex, the lack of material and financial resources, the appearance of high-quality imported products on the Russian consumer market. The industries providing the production of household electrical appliances were particularly affected.
The Central Chernozem Region and the Center are distinguished by significant volumes and a varied assortment of household electrical appliances produced, while the Urals, North-West, Volga and Eastern Siberia, a narrowed range of products - Volgo-Vyatka region, North Caucasus and Western Siberia, minimum production volumes and insignificant assortment - the Far East.
Despite the gradual involvement of all economic regions in the production of household electrical appliances, its production is characterized by the concentration of most of the specific products at one enterprise - for example, 45% of refrigerators in the Russian Federation are provided by a plant in Lipetsk, 76% of televisions are provided by an enterprise in Kaliningrad, 65% of video recorders are provided by a plant in Voronezh, etc.
The furniture industry has a freer nature of placement and is closely related to the consumer. The enterprises of the industry are represented in all economic regions of Russia, but the Central, North, North-West, Povolzhsky, North-Caucasian and Uralsky regions remain the leading ones. The production of furniture in Siberia and the Far East is being mastered.
The main production of non-food consumer goods in the Russian Federation is concentrated on the territory of five economic regions - Central, Volga, North-West, Ural and Volgo-Vyatka, which provide more than half of their output. Other regions of the European part and the Eastern zone of Russia, despite the sufficient level of development of the scientific and technical base and the availability of labor resources, do not meet their own needs and are forced to focus on the supply of products from other regions and from abroad.
Differences in the types of reproduction, the nature of internal migrations, differences in the history of settlement and development of the territory of Russia, as well as a variety of natural and climatic conditions have led to the fact that the population of Russia is extremely unevenly distributed. The average population density is 8.7 people per 1 km 2, which is 4 times less than the average density by the globe... In the European part of Russia, there are 29 people per 1 km 2, and in Siberia - 2.5 people per 1 km 2. The most high density population in the Moscow region (354 people per 1 km 2). The lowest population density is in the Evenk Autonomous Okrug (0.03 people per 1 km 2).
Historically, under the influence of natural and socio-economic factors, two main zones of settlement have developed in Russia, stretching from west to east: main zone of settlement(the European part of Russia, with the exception of the European North, the south of Siberia and the Far East) and the rest of the territory belonging to the North zone. The main zone of settlement is a kind of triangle, the base of which lies in the European part of Russia, and the top - in the southeast of the Asian part of Russia. The northern border of the strip runs along the line: St. Petersburg-Vologda-Perm-Yekaterinburg-Novosibirsk, then along the Siberian railway.
Main settlement area(and economic development) is distinguished by old development, high population density (on average 50 people per 1 km 2), a large number of large cities and urban agglomerations. This latitudinal zone covers 34% of the country's territory. Almost 138 million people live within it.
To the north of the main zone of settlement and economic development, the North zone extends, which covers almost 64% of the country's territory. Here the most important Natural resources country and is home to only 11.5 million people with an average density of 0.9 people per 1 km 2. Settlement in the North zone is selective, focal - near large resource bases, along river valleys and along transport routes, near the ports. In the North zone, more costs are required for the development of territories and construction.
At present, the outflow of the population from the regions of the Far North is characteristic, where production in the extractive industries is falling, with the exception of the gas and oil industries.
A high population density is typical for the North Caucasus (49 people per 1 km 2) and the Central Black Earth region, which is associated with a high natural and mechanical population growth, as well as with a large share of the rural population and its high concentration in areas of natural optimum. The lowest development of the territory is noted in the Far East (from 7.9 people per 1 km 2 on Sakhalin to 0.3–0.1 people per 1 km 2 in the Magadan Region and Chukotka). Siberia is extremely unevenly populated.
The entire territory of Russia, with the exception of some Arctic regions, is practically inhabited, but it is populated extremely unevenly. The average population density is 8.6 people per 1 sq. km (in the European part - 29 people per 1 sq. km, and in the Asian part - about 2 people per 1 sq. km). The highest population density (which decreases gradually to the north, south and east) is observed in. The highest population density (320 people per 1 sq. Km) is in the Moscow region, and the lowest is in the Evenki Autonomous Okrug (0.03 people per 1 sq. Km).
Settlement forms and types of settlements
Lives in settlements, which are subdivided into:
- cities;
- urban-type settlements;
- workers' settlements;
- resort villages;
- rural area (villages, villages, auls, stanitsa).
A city in Russia is a settlement in which at least 12 thousand people live, provided that 95% of them are workers and employees, as well as their family members.
An urban-type settlement is a settlement with a population of at least 3 thousand people and the share of those unemployed in agriculture is 85%.
Residents of cities and urban-type settlements are considered urban population.
In Russia, there are over a thousand cities and about 2,200 urban-type settlements.
Cities are distinguished by functions: industrial, transport, scientific centers, resort cities, etc., as well as by population size: small (up to 20 thousand), medium (up to 100 thousand), large (up to 250 thousand), large (up to 500 thousand), the largest (up to 1 million) and millionaire cities.
Millionaire cities : Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Samara, Omsk, Rostov-on-Don, Ufa, Perm.
Millionaire cities, as well as a number of major cities, together with adjacent smaller cities form urban agglomerations ... The largest metropolitan area in Russia is Moscow (14 million people). Other large agglomerations: Samara, Nizhny Novgorod, Ekatirinburg.
The next stage of urban development is megalopolises not represented in Russia yet. The megalopolis Moscow - Vladimir - Nizhniy Novgorod is in the stage of formation, the formation of a megalopolis on the Moscow - St. Petersburg axis is possible.
Rural settlement differs from the city in smaller size and zonal specificity, i.e. the nature of the settlement of the rural population differs in natural areas depending on the conditions for economic activity, customs and traditions of the peoples living in those regions.
In the tundra zone dominated by large permanent settlements on the banks of rivers, where residents are engaged in hunting and fishing, which are combined with temporary points where reindeer herders stop when driving herds.
In the northern taiga settlements, medium in size, are also located along the banks of rivers and lakes, since they are most often used for timber rafting. The inhabitants of these villages are engaged in logging and flood meadows.
In the southern taiga the network of small settlements is usually confined to the uplands, where small agricultural land is interspersed with forests and swamps.
In the southern part of the forest zone agriculture is no longer focal, but selective (up to 40% of the area is plowed up). The network of settlements here is very dense, but the number of inhabitants in them is small (on average 100 inhabitants). This is due to the low fertility of podzolic and sod-podzolic soils.
In the forest-steppe and steppe zones where the most fertile soils are located, there is continuous agriculture. The network of settlements is less dense here than in the forest zone, but the settlements themselves are numerous.
In dry steppes and deserts agriculture again acquires the features of the focal type, therefore, rural settlements are large and are located in river valleys and near pastures.
V mountainous areas Settlement is subordinated to high-altitude zoning: in the river valleys there are large settlements, whose inhabitants are engaged, and above there are small settlements of livestock breeders.
Urbanization in Russia
In Russia, as in most of the developed countries of the world, stalled: the ratio of urban and rural residents remained at the level of the 1989 census - 73% (or 106.4 million people) and 27% (or 38.8 million people), respectively.
Most of the urban population of Russia lives in large, largest cities and cities - millionaires. Moreover, almost a fifth of the country's population lives in 13 cities - "millionaires": The number of the two largest cities in Russia was: Moscow - 10.4 million people, - 4.7 million people. The capital of the Russian Federation is one of the 20 largest cities in the world. Among the subjects of the Russian Federation, the highest rates of urbanization (not counting the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg) are: Murmansk region(92%), Magadan region (92%) and Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug (91%). The lowest rates are for Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug (0%), Koryakskiy Autonomous District (26%), Evenk Autonomous District (33%), Chechen Republic (34%).
Among the regions, the highest rates have (78%), Central District (77%), and (76% each). Least urbanized (50%).
Resettlement zones of the population of Russia
According to the density and characteristics of the settlement of people, the prevailing types of settlements and the degree of economic development in Russia, several zones are distinguished.
The main zone of settlement
It includes almost the entire European part of Russia, the south of Siberia and the Far East and occupies 34% of the country's territory. Here is a zone of continuous settlement of the country and is home to 93% of its population. Within this zone, there is a high population density (50 people per 1 sq. Km), a large number of large cities, urban agglomerations, almost the entire manufacturing industry and agriculture (excluding reindeer husbandry) of the country are concentrated.
Far North Zone
It is located north of the main settlement zone and comprises 64% of the country's territory. Settlement within this zone is focal, i.e. individual settlements and their groups are scattered as islands in the vast expanses of tundra and taiga, near large resource bases, along river valleys and along transport routes. The population density here is very low - 0.9 people per sq km and only 11.5 million people live. Currently, there is an outflow of the population from this zone.
Arid zone
This zone is located in areas of deserts and semi-deserts, where big cities are formed near deposits, and rural settlements where water comes.
