Furniture production which branch of the economy belongs to. Messages on the topic "what is the industry. Nuclear power plant. Arizona USA

An industry sector is a set of enterprises, distinguished by the unity of the economic purpose of the products produced, the homogeneity of the raw materials and materials consumed, by the common

production and technical base, technological processes, specific professional staff and working conditions. The economic basis division of industry into sectors is the social division of labor, its specialization, which is due to the development productive forces... At its core, the industry of the industrial complex is a composite economic complex"she takes specific place in the process of production and reproduction, performs certain functions in the system National economy, is interconnected and interdependent with other industries.

According to the classification adopted in the statistical reporting, all sectors of the industrial complex of Ukraine are combined into the so-called consolidated (complex) sectors. Each of them includes simple industries, which, in turn, can be divided into groups of specialized enterprises that do not have signs of an industry. For example, an enlarged group of branches of the chemical and petrochemical industries covers such independent industries as Mining, anilinofarbova, production of synthetic resins and plastics, chemical fibers, compressed and liquefied gases, chemical reagents, synthetic rubber, soot, rubber and asbestos products, chemical and pharmaceutical industries and etc..

For the convenience of the composition and ratio of the classification of industries industrial complexes they are divided into several stages (according to the classification of A.T. Khrushchev): the main group of industries, a group of industries, an industry, a group of specialized enterprises. These steps are clearly distinguished by the example of the machine-building complex. The first stage is the main group of engineering industries (all machine-building complex), the second is the allocation of such groups of individual industries as energy, transport, etc. in the mechanical engineering, the third is the isolation of each of the groups of mechanical engineering industries (for example, in the composition of transport engineering - locomotive building, shipbuilding, automotive, etc. ) the fourth degree - the definition of groups of engineering enterprises that are not separate industries. These are, in particular, enterprises producing freight and passenger cars, sections of electric trains, etc.

In modern conditions, on the basis of the accelerated development of scientific and technological progress, specialization is deepening industrial production, cooperation and combination are expanding, which leads to the complication of intra-industry and inter-industry production ties. There is also a spatial division of individual industries at the stage of the production process. At the same time, interconnections arise between enterprises of various industries, which leads to the formation of production-territorial formations - industrial complexes.

Branches of industry differ in the structure and scale of production, the use of natural resources, the nature of production ties, the level of complexity, the effectiveness of the territorial organization of production, complex-creative properties, as well as the degree of participation in inter-district exchange of products. They perform various functions in the intra- and interdistrict division of labor and in the formation of regional territorial-production complexes. Taking into account the functional and territorial features of various industries, they are divided into two large groups: inter-district and intra-district.

Branches of interdistrict importance play a decisive role in the formation of the specialization of the region, show its place in the territorial division of labor. They are of great complex and artistic importance, they constitute the industrial "frame" of the region. A characteristic feature of the industries of interdistrict significance is wide participation in interdistrict exchange and the formation of export and import industrial products district. It should be noted that some branches of this group may be profiling in the region, others - additional. For example, in the Urals, the production of asbestos is a unique industry of interregional importance, but it has additional significance and, in terms of the volume of products produced, cannot be compared with such core industries as ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy and mechanical engineering, which clearly define the production profile of this region.

Areas of intra-district significance satisfy the needs of the regional territorial-production complex and ensure the development of specialization branches, the products of which enter the inter-district exchange, while creating conditions for integrated use resources. According to the functions performed in the production process, the areas of intradistrict significance, in turn, are divided into serving, adjacent and concomitant.

The service industries perform the functions of servicing mainly interdistrict industries, the adjacent ones provide the core industries with the necessary materials and equipment, and the accompanying ones process all industrial waste generated as a result of the core industries.

The classification of branches of industrial complexes provides for their division into extractive and processing. The miners extract mineral raw materials (ores of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, potash and sodium chloride, natural sulfuric ore, mirabilite, raw materials for the building materials industry, various types of mineral fuels). This raw material is the "primary product" found in natural territorial complexes... Manufacturing industries process all types of primary raw materials extracted from the subsoil crust, as well as agricultural and forestry raw materials. Depending on the stages of the production cycle, the areas of primary and secondary processing are distinguished.

The methodology for the classification of industries provides for the selection of a group of heavy industry branches engaged in the production of means of production (group A), and groups of light and food industries that produce consumer goods (group B). The ratio of these groups is used to characterize the structure of industrial complexes at the state and regional levels.

For a long time in the industrial complex of Ukraine, the scheme of dividing the enlarged industries into the following groups has been applied: 1) electric power industry, 2) fuel industry, 3) ferrous metallurgy; 4) non-ferrous metallurgy; 5) mechanical engineering and metalworking, 6) chemical and petrochemical industry(these include chemical and pharmaceutical production), 7) forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries; 8) building materials industry; 9) industry of building structures and parts; 10) glass and porcelain and faience industries; eleven) light industry; 12) food industry; 13) microbiological industry; 14) flour and cereals and feed industry; 15) medical industry (production of medical equipment and instruments); 16) other industries (production of musical instruments, art and jewelry, toys, dry cleaning and laundry, etc.).

Sub-sectors are distinguished in each group. The number of subsectors depends on the complexity of the enlarged group. For example, in mechanical engineering, they are distinguished by more than 200 (complex group), in ferrous metallurgy - no more than 10.

Starting from 2000, the classification of types of economic activities (KVBD) began to operate in order to highlight individual elements of human activity in the Ukrainian economy. According to it, all types of activity are divided into certain groups, some of which delimit individual components of industrial activities, some - agro-industrial, some - social. So, according to the KVED in Ukraine, there are the following types of economic activities in industry:

1) mining:

Extraction of fuel and energy minerals;

Extraction of minerals, except for fuel and energy;

2) processing:

Food, beverage and tobacco manufacturing;

Light industry:

a) textile production, production of clothing, fur and fur products;

b) production of leather, leather goods and other materials;

Wood processing and production of wood products, except furniture;

Pulp and paper production; publishing activity;

Production of coke, petroleum products and nuclear materials;

Chemical and petrochemical industry: chemical production and manufacture of rubber and plastic products;

Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products;

Metallurgical production and production of finished metal products;

Mechanical engineering:

a) production of machinery and equipment;

b) production of electrical, electronic and optical equipment;

c) production Vehicle and equipment;

Other industries;

3) production and distribution of electricity, gas and water:

Electricity production and distribution;

Gas production and distribution;

Water production and distribution.

The KVED system complies with international standards for the classification of economic activities, however, it creates certain difficulties when comparing the indicators of past years, which were developed according to the old classification, with modern ones.

As a result of the introduction of the KVED system, some scientists argue that the sectoral classification of industrial complexes should turn into a classification of industrial production by type of economic activity. Consequently, the branches of industry have outlived their usefulness and cannot be taken into account in the classification of industrial production. In our opinion, this is not entirely correct, since the sectoral division of industrial production exists objectively, and the name of its elements (industry or type of economic activity) is not decisive.

- an important part of the economic complex Russian Federation, the leading role of which is determined by the fact that it provides all sectors of the economy with instruments of labor and new materials, serves as the most active factor in scientific and technological progress and expanded in general. Among other sectors of the economy, industry is distinguished by its complex- and regional-forming functions.

In 2008, there were 456 thous. industrial enterprises , where 14.3 million people were employed, providing production in the amount of 20613 billion rubles.

Russian industry has complex diversified and diversified structure, reflecting changes in development, in improving the territorial division of social labor, associated with scientific and technological progress.

Modern industry is characterized by a high level of specialization. As a result of the deepening of the social, many branches, sub-branches and types of production have arisen, which together form the sectoral structure of industry. V current classification industry, 11 complex sectors and 134 sub-sectors are identified.

Sectoral structure of Russian industry * (% of the total)

Since 2005, domestic statistics have switched to a slightly different classification of industries, which is designated as dividing the volume of shipped goods of own production, works and services performed into three groups of industries:

• mining;
• processing industries;
• production and distribution of electricity, gas and water.

At the same time, 2/3 falls on manufacturing industries, the share of which is slowly increasing, more than 1/5 - on mining and about 1/10 - on the third division.

The sectoral structure of industry is determined by many social and economic factors, the main of which are: the level of production development, technological progress, socio-historical conditions, production skills of the population, Natural resources... The most significant of them, characterizing changes in the sectoral structure of industry, is scientific and technological progress.

The industry is subdivided into:

• mining, which includes the industries associated with the extraction and processing of ore and non-metallic raw materials, as well as with the production of sea animals, fishing and other sea products;
• processing, which includes enterprises for the processing of products of the mining industry, semi-finished products, as well as for the processing of agricultural products, timber and other raw materials. Manufacturing industries form the backbone of heavy industry.

By the economic purpose of products the entire industry is divided into two large groups: group "A" - production of means of production and group "B" - production of consumer goods. However, it should be noted that the division of industry into these groups does not coincide with the sectoral structure of industrial production, since the natural form of the manufactured product does not yet determine its economic purpose. Since the products of many enterprises can be intended for both production and non-production consumption, they are classified as belonging to one or another group, depending on their actual use.

The sectoral structure of industry in modern Russia is characterized by:

• the predominance of industries for the extraction and primary processing of fuel and raw materials;
• a low share of the top, most technically complex industries;
• low proportion light industry and other industries focused on the immediate needs of the population;
• high proportion of branches of the military-industrial complex.

This industrial structure cannot be considered efficient. The branches of the fuel and energy complex, metallurgy and the military-industrial complex are called “the three pillars of the Russian industry,” because they determine its face and role in the international system of territorial division of labor.

During economic crisis 1990s the largest reduction in production was observed in the manufacturing industries, especially in mechanical engineering and light industry. At the same time, the extractive industries and primary processing of raw materials increased their share in industrial production in Russia. Changes in the sectoral structure of industry are also due to physical wear and tear and obsolescence of equipment, which is reflected in the upper floors of the industry, producing technically complex products. At the beginning of 2008, the degree of depreciation in the group of industries that extracts minerals exceeded 53%, in manufacturing - 46%, and in industries involved in the production and distribution of electricity, gas and water - 52%.

With the recovery from the economic crisis, there has been a revival in almost all industries, with a particularly dynamic development of mechanical engineering, food, pulp and paper industries and some chemical and petrochemical industries. And yet, today the sectoral structure of industrial production in Russia has much more features of a developing country than an economically developed country.

Forms of the territorial organization of industry. The spatial combination of industries and individual industries is influenced by many factors. These include the provision of mineral raw materials, fuel and energy, material and labor resources... These factors are closely related to each other, having a certain impact on the location of enterprises and various sectors of the economy. In the process of placing industrial production, various forms of its territorial organization have developed.

Large economic zones are large territorial entities with characteristic natural and economic conditions for the development of productive forces.

There are two large economic zones on the territory of the Russian Federation:

• Western, which includes the European part of the country together with the Urals, which is characterized by a shortage of fuel, energy and water resources, a high concentration of industrial production and the prevailing development of manufacturing industries;
• Eastern, which includes the territory of Siberia and the Far East, which is distinguished by the presence of large reserves of fuel, energy and mineral resources, poor development of the territory and the predominance of extractive industries.

This division into large economic zones is used in the analysis and determination of the promising territorial proportions of the country's economic complex.

Industrial areas are large areas with relatively homogeneous natural conditions, with a characteristic direction of development of the productive forces, with the corresponding existing material and technical base, production and social infrastructure.

On the territory of Russia, about 30 industrial areas, of which 2/3 are located in the Western zone of the country... The highest concentration of industrial regions is observed in the Urals - 7 (Tagil-Kachkanarsky, Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk, Perm, Verkhne-Kamsky, South Bashkir and Orsko-Khalilovsky), in the Center - 4 (Moscow, Tula-Novomoskovsky, Bryansk-Lyudinovsky and Ivanovsky ) and in the north of the Volga region (Samara, Nizhnekamsk, South Tatar). In the east of the country, industrial regions are mainly located in the zone of the Trans-Siberian Railway - Kuznetskiy in Western Siberia, Irkutsk-Cheremkhovskiy in Eastern Siberia, South Yakutsk and Yuzhno-Primorskiy in the Far East. The Far North is characterized by focal distribution of industrial regions - Kola in the European North, Sredneobsky and Nizhneobsky in Western Siberia, Norilsk in Eastern Siberia. The specialization of the economy of each industrial region reflects the direction of development of the economy of the region on the territory of which it is located.

Industrial agglomerations- territorial economic entities characterized by a high level of concentration of enterprises in various sectors of the economy, infrastructure facilities and scientific institutions, as well as high density population. The economic prerequisites for the development of industrial agglomeration are a high level of concentration and diversification of production, as well as the possibility of the most efficient use of industrial and social infrastructure systems.

The compact location of a group of enterprises in various sectors of the economy leads to a reduction in the occupied territory required for industrial construction, on average by 30%, and reduces the number of buildings and structures by 25%. Savings reach 20% of the costs of common facilities due to the creation of unified auxiliary and auxiliary complexes, production and social infrastructure.

The country has large industrial agglomerations: Moscow, Nizhegorodskaya, St. Petersburg, Yaroslavskaya, etc. However, excessive development and concentration of production beyond certain limits have a negative impact, significantly reducing the economic effect. This is primarily due to security issues environment and the development of the social sphere.

An industrial hub is considered as a group of industries, compactly located in a small area. Its main feature is participation in the system of the territorial division of labor of the country, the presence of production ties between enterprises, the commonality of the settlement system, social and technical infrastructure. Industrial hubs are planned and developed as elements of dismembered spatial structures of territorial-production complexes and represent a qualitatively new phenomenon in the regulated development process territorial structure farms.

Similar forms of territorial organization of the economy are developing not only in the old industrial regions (for example, in Zheleznogorsk, associated with the extraction and processing of iron ores of the Kursk magnetic anomaly, and in Cheboksary, the development of which was facilitated by the Cheboksary hydroelectric power station, a tractor plant and a chemical plant with related industries), but and in the areas of new development (Sayanogorsk, formed on the basis of the electric power industry generated by the Sayano-Shushenskaya and Mainskaya HPPs, and energy-intensive industries).

Industrial centers for the most part, they do not have technological links with each other, therefore, such placement reduces the possibilities for the development of cooperation, and therefore, their growth efficiency. Regional centers are an example.

Under industrial point understand the territory within which one or more enterprises of the same industry are located (small towns and workers' settlements).

In recent decades, such forms of industrial organization as technopolises and technoparks, which can be used for restructuring production on a new technological basis, preserving scientific and technical potential and financing science, and attracting investments, have also developed in Russia.

In Russia, technopolises and technoparks are created on the basis of educational and research institutes that maintain close ties with industry. They exist in the form of joint ventures (JV), joint stock companies (JSC), associations, etc. Such forms of territorial organization of the economy are developing in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Tomsk. The creation of technoparks in Samara, Nizhny Novgorod, Rostov-on-Don, Chelyabinsk (closed cities of the military-industrial complex) is being planned.

National economy- a historically formed complex (set) of industries of a given country, interconnected by the division of labor.

- an important component of the economic complex of the Russian Federation.

The industry of Russia has a complex diversified diversified structure, reflecting changes in the development of productive forces, in the improvement of the territorial division of social labor, associated with scientific and technological progress.

Industries

Fuel and Energy Complex

One of the intersectoral complexes, which is a set of closely interconnected and interacting branches of the fuel industry and the electric power industry, which meet the needs of the national economy and the population for fuel and energy resources.

The fuel and energy complex is the most important structural component of the Russian economy, one of the factors in the development and distribution of the country's productive forces. The share of the fuel and energy complex in 2007 reached 60% in the country's export balance.

Fuel industry. Mineral fuels are the main source of energy in the modern economy. In terms of fuel resources, Russia ranks first in the world.

• Gas industry
• Coal industry
• Oil industry
• Power engineering

Gas industry

Is the youngest and fastest growing industry. It is engaged in the production, transportation, storage and distribution of natural gas.

Gas production is 2 times cheaper than oil production and 10-15 times cheaper than coal production. About 1/3 of the world's proven natural gas reserves are concentrated in Russia. The European part accounts for 11.6%, and the eastern regions 84.4%. Over 90% of natural gas is produced in Western Siberia.

Development gas industry closely related to gas pipeline transport. To transport gas in Russia, a Unified Gas Supply System has been created. Most often, gas pipelines lead from the territory western Siberia to the west.

• Brotherhood
• Shining of the North
• Yamal-Europe (connects gas fields north of Western Siberia with end consumers in Western Europe)
• Blue Stream (along the bottom of the Black Sea to Turkey)
• South Stream (along the bottom of the Black Sea to Italy and Austria)
• Nord Stream (along the bottom Baltic Sea to Germany)

Oil industry

- is engaged in the production and transportation of oil, as well as the production of associated gas.

Russia has quite large proven oil reserves (about 8% of global reserves, 6th in the world)

• Samotlor
• Ust-Balykskoe
• Megion
• Yuganskoe
• Kholmogorskoe
• Varyegonskoe

Coal industry

- is engaged in the extraction and primary processing of hard and brown coal and is the largest industry fuel industry by the number of workers and the cost of production fixed assets.

Coal mining. China USA Germany, India

1. Kuznetsk coal basin (Kuzbass) ( Kemerovo region) (55%)
2. Kansk-Achinsk coal basin - open-pit mining and the lowest cost price Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk - cities of consumption (one seventh)
3. The South Yakut coal basin (9%) is mined by an open pit, has high quality(mined hard coal) a significant part of coal is exported to Japan,
4. The Pechersky coal basin is located on the territory of Yakutia, it accounts for 7 - 8%, coal is very expensive, it is mined by the mine method. Used in the cranium metallurgical plant)
5. The eastern wing of the dombass. Mine mining. Coal is expensive in terms of production costs. the rock has a very small thickness

• Carboniferous (Kizelovsky Irkutsk, Buriinsky Aleksandrovsky)
• brown coal (basin near Moscow, Chelyabinsk, South Ural, Lower Zeya)
• Prospective basins (those basins that are not being developed) (Lensky in the Lena River basin and Tunguska in the Yenisei basin)

Power engineering

- part of the fuel and energy complex, providing production and distribution of electricity and heat.

In terms of electricity production, Russia ranks fourth in the world after the United States, China and Japan.

Electricity production is carried out by thermal power plants, hydroelectric power plants and nuclear power plants.

TPPs provide two-thirds of the energy in the Russian Federation

They are built relatively quickly and at lower costs and are located either in fuel production areas or in consumption areas.

• Coal: Nazarovskaya, Irsha-Borodinskaya, Berezovskaya (in the Kansk-Achinsk basin)

• Fuel oil: a group of Surgut power plants

• Gas: Konakokskaya

• Peat: Ivanovskaya

A type of TPP is TPPs are located only in areas of consumption, since their radius of action does not exceed 25 kilometers.

14% electricity

They are being built in areas of consumption where there are no own energy resources, since one kilogram of uranium replaces 2500 tons of coal.

The highest density of NPPs is located in the European part of Russia.

Russia is a pioneer in the development of nuclear energy.

• Kola
• Leningradskaya (40 km from Saint Petersburg)
• Kalininskaya
• smolensk
• Kursk
• Novovoronese, Rostov
• Balakovskaya
• Beloyarskaya
• Bilivinskaya (in Chukotka)

15% of the total electricity generation.

The hydroelectric power station is being constructed at large rivers... We have the most powerful hydroelectric power plants. The most powerful former Sayano-Shushenskaya)

• Sayano-Shushenskaya 6.4
• Krasnoyarsk
• Bratskaya 4.5
• Ust-Ilimskaya 4.3

These are located on the Yenisei. We built less powerful ones on the Volga River. They have different capacities (maximum 2.2 million kilowatts per year)

A type of hydroelectric power station is TES (tidal power plants). it is most profitable to build in rocky areas (for example, on the Kola Peninsula, it is called Kislogubskaya).

A new type - geothermal power plants - generate electricity from the internal heat of the earth, near volcanoes, for example, in Yakutia, the Paurzhetka GTPP, and the recently released Mayutnovskaya.

Metallurgical complex

V metallurgical complex are included ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy.

Ferrous metallurgy includes a full cycle (pig iron> steel> rolled products) - this is a full cycle metallurgy, and there is also a processing metallurgy, there is no pig iron in it (steel> rolled products).

Russia ranks first in the world in ferrous metallurgy, fourth in production.

First place in production in Russia "Kursk Magnetic Anomaly".

• availability of raw materials
• Fuel availability
• availability of water
• availability of electricity

In accordance with this, metallurgical plants are located either in areas where raw materials are extracted (Lipetsk, Stary Oskol) or in areas where fuel is produced (Novokuznetsk) or between them (Cherepovets).

On the territory of Russia there was three metallurgical bases ... One of the bottom Ural- the most powerful 45% of the metal, and the oldest in time of occurrence. There are four metallurgical plant full cycle (Chelyabinsk Magnitogorsk, Novotroitsk Nizhny Tagil); all of them are located in the eastern part of the Urals. Converting plants are located on the western slopes of the Urals (Zlatoust, Chusavoy, Serov).

Central metallurgy gives 37% of metal and allocate two subzones(southern- here iron ore its own, coal is nearby, but the problem of water is acute (Lipetsk and Stary Oskol) and northern the subzone is the Cherepovets metallurgical plant, where iron ore comes from Karelia, and coal from Pechora.

Converting plants are located in Volgograd, Nizhny Novgorod, Vyksa, Kulebaki.

The third metallurgical base - Siberian(18% of ferrous metals) there are two full cycle plants - West Siberian and Novokuznetsk.

• low metal content in ore
• multicomponent composition

• booty
• enrichment
• concentrate production
• production of raw metal
• refining

• raw
• fuel and energy

According to its physical properties, CMs are divided into two groups:

• light metals (aluminum, titanium, magnesium)
• Heavy metals (copper, lead, zinc, nickel, tin)

• metallurgy of light metals;
• metallurgy of heavy metals

raw materials for the production of aluminum are bauxite and nikilin

• production of alumina, which is located at the raw material.
• the production of aluminum metal, which is very electrical intensive and is located near large sources of cheap electricity. (these are Krasnoyarsk, Bratsk, Sayano-Gorsk, Shelekhov, - all these four plants are located in eastern Siberia, Volgograd, Volkhov, Nadvoitsy, Kandalaksha, all these plants are based on hydroelectric power plants, but Novokuznetsk, Kamensk-Uralsky are based on thermal power plants, that make them work.

Very material intensive. and is usually located near sources of raw materials (for the production of one ton of copper 100 tons of ore is used, one ton of tin - 300 tons of ore)

The main copper deposits are located in the Urals, regions of eastern Siberia and the northern region.

Nickel-cobalt production.

The main reserves are in the north of eastern Siberia, the Urals, and the Murmansk region.

Aluminum copper and nickel - Eastern Siberia, Ural and northern economic region- they are all together produced only here. tin west is located in the north 85%.

polymetallic ores (lead and zinc) polymetallic ores are located in mountainous areas on southern borders (North Caucasus, North Ossetia, south of western Siberia, south of eastern Siberia and in the Primorye Territory in the Far East.)

• Specialization and cooperation of production
• Availability of highly qualified workforce
• Consumer presence
• Availability of raw materials
• Transport and geographical position

Automotive industry

Everything except raw materials has a decisive influence on placement. The first place in terms of production: the economic regions of Togliatti, Ulyanovsk, Engels, Naberezhnye Chelny., The second place is the Volgovyatsk region - Nizhny Novgorod, Pavlovo, third place central areas- Golitsino, Likeno, Serpukhov, Ivanovo, the last place is the Urals - Izhevsk, Kurgan, Miass, new centers.

Determining factors:

• raw material
• transport and geographical location

Types of wagons:

• Freight wagons: Abakan, Novoaltaisk
• Passenger cars - Tver, Korolev
• Tram cars - Ust-Katav,
• Subway cars: Mytishchi, Egorov Leningrad Plant
• Electric trains: Riga, Denyukhov district

Locomotive building is subdivided into electric and diesel locomotives.

To the factors, the placement of electric locomotives is added historical factors... in the USSR the largest was Tbilisi, now Novocherkassk.

Production of diesel locomotives - Kolomna, Lyudinovo, Udelnaya, Murom, Bryansk

placement factors:

• specialization and cooperation is the most important
• labor resources

Large factories: St. Petersburg, Kaliningrad, Vyborg, in the north Severodvinsk and Arkhangelsk.

River shipbuilding - on the Volga - Nizhny Novgorod Volgograd Astrakhan, on the Ob Tyumen, on the Yeniei Krasnoyarsk, on the Amur Blagoveshchensk, Khabarovsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur.

Tractor construction

• raw material
• consumer

• agricultural - Lipetsk, Chelyabinsk, Volgograd, Rubtsovsk,
• industrial - Kirovets (St. Petersburg) Cheboksary.
• skidders - the city of Petrozavodsk (where there are forests)
• potato harvesting - Ryazan
• flax harvesting - Bezhevsk, Tver region

Agricultural engineering is placed with the consumer, but taking into account the specifics of agriculture in a given area. Rostov-on-don, Taganrog, Krasnoyarsk.

Timber industry complex

Peculiarities:

• predominance of conifers (90%)
• prevalence of mature and overmature stands (60 years for deciduous trees, 100 years for conifers)
• uneven placement

• northern region (Arkhangelsk region, the Republic of Komi and Karelia)
• Ural region (Perm region and Sverdlovsk region)
• western Siberia (south of the Tyumen region and Tomsk region)
• eastern Siberia (south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Irkutsk Region and Far East (Amur region, Kharabovsky and Primorsky Territories)

Placed in logging areas, in the lower reaches of floatable rivers, at the intersection of floatable rivers with roads, in areas of consumption.

• availability of raw materials
• availability of electricity
• availability of water

• The first place in production is occupied by the northern region - it gives more than half of all paper - Arkhangelsk, Kotlas, Syktyvkar, Segezha, Kandapoga.
• The second place in the production of paper produces paper - they produce special paper - stamped - Solikamsk, Krasnokamsk, Krasnovishevsk, Novaya Lyalya,
• The third place is taken by the Volgo-Vyatka economic region - Volzhsk, Balakhna, Pravdinsk
• Fourth place - north-western region - Svetogorsk
• The fifth place is eastern Siberia - Bratsk and Ust-Ilinsk. and the far east. Amursk city

but on the territory of western Siberia there is no pulp and paper industry.

Chemical complex

This is the extraction of chemical raw materials - apatites Kola Peninsula(first place in the world in terms of production)

Basic chemistry

Production of mineral fertilizers, acids, alkalis and soda

Mineral fertilizers industry, production potash fertilizers- placed at the raw material.

Berezniki, Solikamsk, (Perm Territory, Ural District)

All types of fertilizers are produced in the Uralsky economic region.

Phosphate fertilizers, are placed with the consumer, since all units of finished products are obtained from one unit of raw materials.

Production of nitrogen fertilizers

Has the most free nature of placement since coal is used as a raw material (Kemerovo)

wastes from metallurgical production (sulfur dioxide) Cherepovetsk, Lipetsk, Magnitogorsk, and the third type of raw material is natural gas - the city of Nevinnomysk in the North Caucasus, Novomoskovsk ( Tula region) Velikiy Novgorod. the Novgorod region, its budget is most of all replenished at the expense of mineral fertilizers.

Agriculture and agro-industrial complex

Three areas of education:

• industries providing agriculture and processing industries with means of production
• the second area is agriculture
• third area - industries that process agricultural raw materials (food industry)