The Volgo-Vyatka economic region is located in the central part of the European territory of Russia, in the basins of the Volga and Vyatka rivers, which explains its name. The region includes the Nizhny Novgorod and Kirov regions, the Republic of Mari El, the Republic of Mordovia and the Chuvash Republic.
Occupying 1.5% (265.4 thousand sq. Km., And along the length from north-east to south-west - up to 800 km.) Russian Federation The Volgo-Vyatka economic region produces about 6% of industrial and 6% of commercial agricultural products of the country. In the interdistrict territorial division of labor, the district is distinguished by the products of the following branches of market specialization: mechanical engineering, chemical and oil chemical industry, forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries.
For economic purposes, Russia is divided into 12 regions. Saint Petersburg, Russia, is located in the Northwest Economic Region. 
The Central Economic Region is located in the central European part of Russia. The region consists of cities such as Moscow, Orel, Tula, Vladimir and Kaluga. The region has minerals such as brown coals, phosphorites, and an iron core that can be found in the Moscow Coal Basin, Moscow Region and Tula region respectively. It has a strong economy, which is mainly driven by the textile, chemical and mechanical engineering industries.
A very advantageous neighboring position plays a great role in the social and industrial life of the region. The Volgo-Vyatka economic region is surrounded by highly developed territories (for example, in the west the region borders on the Central Economic Region, in the south - on the Volga region, in the east - on the Ural region, in the southwest there is a border junction with the Central Black Earth region, and in the north - with the Northern Economic Region). In addition, the Volga River plays an important economic role, at the mouth of which the region is located. The Volga divides the territory of the region into two landscape, and, therefore, economic zones and is the main shipping route connecting important economic centers, both within the region and with neighboring economic regions.
Other industries include the food and woodworking industries, the cement industry, and the clay industry. Electricity in the central economic region comes from power plants that are fueled by coal from Moscow.
The Central Black Earth Region covers Lipetsk, Oryol, Tambov, Belgorod and Kursk in Russia. It gets its name from the black soil type that exists in the region. This type of soil has a high mineral and humus composition. Subsequently, agriculture is the main economic activity in the Central Black Earth Region. The region uses seasonal crop classes to encourage crop rotation and maximize production capacity. There are more than 900 rivers and streams in the Kursk region, which provide abundant water for agriculture.
The territory of the district is crossed by important railway lines connecting the center with the Urals and Siberia (Moscow - Nizhny Novgorod - Kirov - Perm; Moscow - Arzamas - Kazan; Nizhny Novgorod - Saransk - Penza; St. Petersburg - Kotelnich - Kirov - Perm), oil and gas pipelines from the eastern regions to the European part of Russia.
Thus, the geographical position of the region favors the development of its ties with the main raw materials and fuel bases of the country, as well as with the regions of consumption of the products produced in the region. This puts the Volgo-Vyatka region in one of the first places in the country in terms of gross regional income (see Appendix 2).
In addition, this region is predominantly agricultural; Belgorod also has rich limestone deposits and an industrial and cultural center in Tambov. 
It is characterized by a sparse fauna, flora and population. The region also has a harsh climate as it freezes over most of the year. Despite the harsh conditions, Eastern Siberia is rich in uranium, tin, fur, gold, coal, diamonds, timber, copper and oil fields. In fact, the region has the largest diamond mine, the longest oil pipeline in the world, and the second longest railway tunnel.
An analysis of the geographical position of a particular region allows us to say that along with the problems of social economic development common to the country as a whole, each region has its own, characteristic only of it, problems. For example, if the Volgo-Vyatka region historically developed as a processing and machine-building center with a high concentration of production and population, then in today's conditions it is in need of raw materials and an excess of labor resources.
However, currently in Eastern Siberia the challenge is depopulation and underinvestment in infrastructure. 
The Far Eastern economic region is bordered by The Pacific Ocean... The economic activities of the region are logging, fur trapping, machinery manufacturing, hunting and fishing. 
Northern economic region- partially arctic zone located in Russia. Most of the people in the region are employed or own their own businesses. The salaries of the employees are higher than the average salary of the country.
Natural resource potential district.
Among the variety of factors influencing the economic development of the region, the provision of its mineral resources is of no small importance. In terms of mineral reserves and their diversity, the Volgo-Vyatka economic region is significantly inferior to most of the economic regions of Russia. Among the minerals, the phosphorite resources of the Vyatsko-Kamsky deposit of the Kirov region are of industrial importance. Their balance reserves exceed 2 billion tons, which is more than 20% of all-Russian reserves. About 30% of the phosphorite reserves are among the best. The shallow bedding of the seams (from 3 to 30 meters) allows the development of raw materials in an open way with a low production cost. However, since the mine is located in the coldest, harshest and most snowy part of the Kirov region, ore mining is seasonal.
However, in most cases, they are unlikely to pay their dues. The unemployment rate is about fifth compared to the unemployment rate in Russia. Most youth migrate from Northern region for further training. 
The North Caucasus region consists of the western federal subjects of the South federal district and the North Caucasian Federal District. Economy North Caucasus due to the rich deposits of oil, coal and natural gas. The surrounding Kuban River is a black earth zone that favors the cultivation of sugar beets, sunflower seeds, wheat, rice and tobacco.
The Volgo-Vyatka economic region is also rich in forest resources. Timber reserves account for 2% of all timber reserves in Russia. The forested area is 50% of the district's territory. Almost 80% of the forested area is occupied by commercial forest. The main forests are located in the Nizhny Novgorod and Kirov regions. The forests are dominated by conifers - spruce, pine, fir. Small-leaved ones - birch, aspen, willow, and in the south of the region - linden and oak. In the course of long-term exploitation, the region's timber resources are significantly depleted and the removal of timber from the region is reduced. Therefore, one of the main tasks is the rational exploitation of forest resources and the development of deep wood processing.
Other rivers in the region include the Kuma, Don, Terek and Volga-Don Canal. 
Northwest region consists of Leningrad region, Pskov region, Novgorod region and federal city Saint People living in this area tend to have a positive outlook on life and expect their lives to improve in the future. The region's economic growth is also high compared to other economic regions and the nation as a whole. Most students looking for a college degree find this in Northwest region.
The area is also known for its richness of peat. Its geological reserves are estimated at almost 2.0 billion tons (1.3% of all reserves in Russia). More than half of all reserves are peat with increased calorific value, which is used as a fuel. Peat is widely used in agriculture. Most of the peat reserves are in the Kirov region. There are also reserves in the Nizhny Novgorod region and the Republic of Mari El. The region also has small reserves of oil shale. These fuel resources are underutilized or not developed at all.
Unfortunately, the region's nominal income is lower than the national average. Life expectancy for both men and women is slightly above average. The Penza region produces the best wheat in Russia, and also produces oats, millet, grains, vegetables, potatoes, mustard, meat and fodder crops. In the Volga region there are minerals such as phosphorites and Natural resources.
The Ural economic region is popular as a strong industrial region. It is divided into such administrative centers, like the Perm Territory, Bashkortostan, Kurgan Region, Sverdlovsk Region and the Battle of Orenburg. The climate is temperate continental, and most of the region is covered with taiga forests, which have forest reserves stretching over 5 billion m3 of land. The region is rich in minerals and ores such as bauxite, manganese, gold, nickel oxide and potassium salts. He has invested heavily in the metallurgical and machine-building industries.
Among other European regions of Russia, the Volgo-Vyatka region has a high supply of water resources. Surface water resources are sufficient to meet the needs of the economy and the population. The main source is the Volga with its tributaries. Groundwater reserves, which the region is rich in, are of no small importance. Despite the high availability of water resources in the district as a whole, the conditions of water supply in it differ significantly even within a small area. The lack of water is felt in points located in the upper reaches of small rivers or on watersheds. Recently, the increase in water scarcity is due not only to limited reserves surface waters, but also their pollution, as well as pollution of groundwater with industrial wastewater and untreated wastewater from agricultural facilities.
It consists of the Nizhny Novgorod region, the Kirov region, the Republic of Mordovia, the Chuvash Republic and the Republic of Mari El. Economic activity in the Volgo-Vyatka region includes the cultivation of rye, oats, barley, wheat, fodder crops and the raising of dairy cattle. The region is also engaged in mechanical engineering, metalworking and the chemical industry. The transport infrastructure is well developed, which contributes to the development of trade between cities and towns in the region.
Right bank Volgo-Vyatka region in terms of relief, it is mainly an elevated part, in terms of the nature of vegetation, it is mainly forest-steppe. Due to the favorable natural, geographical and historical conditions, the Right Bank has long been densely populated. The left-bank part of the region, or the Volga region, is mainly a forest lowland, a less developed and less populated territory. In general, the relief of the area is calm. The East European Plain has no abrupt transitions and fluctuations here. The valleys of the Volga, Vetluga and Oka rivers in the central part of the absolute height range from 50 to 100 meters, gradually rising to the north and south. More elevated is the Right Bank, which is mostly located within the Volga plain and has a maximum height of 370 meters. In the Trans-Volga region, the highest parts are the Northern and Vyatka ridges with heights of 284 and 293 meters and the Verkhnekamsk Upland with a maximum height of 338 meters. The rest of the Trans-Volga region is occupied mainly by a plain with heights not exceeding 150 meters.
The economic and geographical position of the Central Black Earth Economic Region is one of the most profitable in Russia. It borders on industrial area Russia is a Central economic region, and its location is convenient in relation to the energy and fuel bases in the economic regions of the Volga, the North Caucasus and Ukraine.
The territory of the Volgo-Vyatka region is located in the continental zone temperate latitudes... The climate here is of an anticyclonic type. Average annual temperature air is observed from + 0.6 ° in the north to + 4 ° in the south. Summer in the southern part is hot: the average monthly temperature in July is +17 ... + 20 °, winters are quite cold, - the average temperature in January is from -11 ° to -16 °. Soils freeze from 50 to 70 cm in the forest Trans-Volga region, up to 1 m in the Right-bank part, where the snow cover is less than in the Trans-Volga region.
The economic region of Center-Chernozem is rich in natural resources, which are the basis for development iron ore, clay and phosphate rocks, since agriculture is the soil, and also the resources of large jobs that feed on the influx of migrants from abroad. Dense network of various transport routes, such as railways and highways, as well as water supply, covers a small area of the Central Chernozem economic region.
Natural conditions and resources of the Central Chernozem economic region are located in the center of the East European Plain and have a moderate and continental climate improving the quality of agricultural soil: black soil. The region's water resources are poor, which is unfavorable for its economic development. If 89% of the land fund belongs to agricultural enterprises, and 82% of them are arable land.
The total amount of precipitation exceeds evaporation, so the main territory of the region is sufficiently humid.
In general, the soil and climatic conditions of the region are favorable for agriculture. The climate of the forest-steppe zone of the Right Bank with a relatively short winter and warmer and longer summers ensures the growth of many agricultural crops here, including hops, sunflowers, sugar beets and hemp, which are absent in the Trans-Volga region. At the same time, the frequent recurrence of dry periods (especially in the southern regions) makes it necessary to resort to measures aimed at combating soil drying.
From mineral resources The economic region of the Center-Chernozhium, which refers mainly to the reserves of iron ore and to the Kursk magnetic anomaly. There are also deposits of copper-nickel ores, non-metallic refractory clay minerals, mined area, chalk and apatite.
The main disadvantage of the resource base of the Central Black Earth Economic Region is the lack of resources for fuel, and the entire territory is completely imported and uses fuel. During the formation Of the Russian state the territory of the Center-Chernozem region went to the border between Slavic tribes in the north and west and nomads in the south and east. Repeatedly the Slavic population was forced to retreat to the safer areas of the Volga-Oka.
Climatic conditions ( groundwater at a depth of 2-3 m, snowy winter) of the Trans-Volga region contribute to the highly productive growth of forests, therefore, most of the territory is heavily populated. The most fertile soils of the Trans-Volga region are dark gray and forest. High fertility is also distinguished by alluvial and humus-gley, containing, respectively, 5 and 7% of humus.
The natural population coefficient of the Central Black Earth Economic Region is slightly lower than that of the Central Economic Region and reaches 6-8%. Thus, there is almost no differentiation of the territory. Urbanization is approximately 62%. The Central Black Earth Economic Region is one of the few that can be called mono-ethnic. Parts of Russians vary from 92% in the Belgorod region to 98% in the Tambov region.
Main directions of development
Historically, the economic region of Central Chernozem was formed as an agricultural one, thanks to its unique benefits of soil and climatic conditions. Currently, the region is determined by a combination of highly developed agriculture, as well as the development of metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical and Food Industry.
Population and labor resources.
a) the population of the area.
The population in the Volgo-Vyatka economic region is 8.5 million people, which is approximately 5.7% of the population of the Russian Federation. Over the past decade, the population of the region has stabilized, as the indicators of natural increase have decreased and, in turn, migration flows to other regions of the country have increased. Despite the fact that the average density in the district is about 32 people per sq. Km. (which is more than 4 times higher than the average population of the territory of Russia), its territory is populated unevenly: the right bank of the Volga is about 3 times denser than the Trans-Volga region. The industrialization of the region and the high outflow of the population from the countryside contributed to the urbanization of the population. More than 69% of the population lives in cities. The largest of them are Nizhny Novgorod (1.4 million people), Kirov, Cheboksary, Saransk, numbering from 250 to 450 thousand people. The largest urban agglomeration The district is represented by Nizhegorodskaya, which includes the cities of Dzerzhinsk, Balakhna, Bor, Pavlovo-on-Oka, Kstovo and others, as well as urban-type settlements near Nizhny Novgorod. More than 2 million people live in this agglomeration (about 66% of the district's population). The tendency for the concentration of the population in a few points of the region with the depopulation of the main territory has become widespread here.
The region is distinguished by its multinational population. Most of it is represented by Russians, from other nationalities Chuvash, Mari, Mordovians and Tatars predominate. The most ancient population of the Volga region are the peoples of the Finno-Ugric group. The second group is the Turkic (III - IV centuries AD); the third group is Slavic (XIII century, when Nizhny Novgorod was founded). The area's specialization is closely related to its historical past.
b) labor resources.
Among the most important prerequisites for the development and placement productive forces includes the provision of regions labor resources... For a long time, the region experienced a surplus of labor resources and served as a source for replenishment of labor resources in other regions of the country. The able-bodied population is about 4.3 million people. This is more than 50% of the district's population. In turn, more than 50% of them are employed in industry, and 25% in agriculture and forestry. Qualified personnel are workers of traditional professions, metalworkers, tanners, river workers, woodworkers.
c) demographic and social problems of the region
The demographic situation in the Volgo-Vyatka economic region remains difficult. The population is declining every year. The main reason for the decline in the population is the natural decline in the population, which is not offset by the increase in migration.
In connection with the ongoing restructuring and the need to improve production efficiency, the unemployment rate will grow, and the tendency towards an increase in hidden unemployment will also continue, especially in small and medium-sized cities with a mono-sectoral structure of the economy. At the same time, a decrease in the unemployment rate is expected in the republics of Mordovia and Chuvashia, where new jobs are created due to the development of small business and entrepreneurship.
As of 01.10.1997, all regions of the economic region have debts to education and healthcare workers. The largest amount of such debt was formed in the Kirov region (for 5 months for doctors and 4.6 months for teachers), in the Republic of Mari El (for 3.1 months for doctors and for 3.2 months for teachers) and in the Republic of Mordovia (for 2.1 months doctors and 2.8 months for teachers).
Payment delays wages remain the main cause of social tension. As of 01.10.1997, the wage arrears in the Kirov region increased by almost 50% by December 1996, as a result, in September 1997, short-term strikes of teachers of a number of schools in the region took place, employees of 10 defense industry enterprises picketed the building of the regional administration.
In all regions, measures are being taken to further reduce the arrears of wages, pensions and social benefits. So, in the Republic of Chuvashia as of 01.10.1997, the wage arrears of workers in a number of key sectors of the economy amounted to 293.5 billion rubles and decreased in comparison with the data as of 02.06.1997 by 23.3 billion rubles.
One of the most acute problems remains the problem of unemployment due to the reduction in the number of people employed in the economy. In the Republic of Chuvashia, at the end of March 1997, 41,700 people, or 6.4% of the economically active population, were registered as unemployed with the employment service. In the Republic of Mari El, the unemployment rate was 6.1% of the economically active population, which is almost 2 times higher than the average in Russia.
To help overcome the crisis in the social sphere, in the opinion of the leadership and administrations of the regions, a clearer distribution of rights and responsibilities for the development and implementation of social policy between federal and regional executive authorities and local government bodies, in the development of criteria for providing assistance to the population in need of social support. In accordance with the employment program in the regions, issues of employment, vocational retraining, and the possibility of participating in paid public works are being addressed. In addition, it is necessary in small and medium-sized cities with a mono-sectoral structure of the economy to widely develop the non-production sector, which would contribute to additional attraction work force and easing the unemployment rate in the region. The federal authorities provide state support in the form of allocating credit resources, developing measures to address the priority tasks of the regions. In particular, in accordance with the decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 27, 1995 No. 1036 "On state support for the socio-economic development of the Republic of Mari El", it was envisaged to solve a number of the most important problems of the republic. The draft law “On the federal budget for 1997” provides for allocating 84 billion rubles for the implementation of the “federal program of economic and social development of the Republic of Mordovia for 1996-2000”, approved by the RF Government decree of December 26, 1995.
Convenient geographical location, stable transport links, availability of construction sites suitable for new industrial facilities, highly qualified personnel create favorable conditions for building up the economic potential of the region. However, weak mineral resources and fuel bases have a constraining effect on the development and location of material, fuel and energy-intensive industries.
The structure and location of the leading branches of the economy of the region.
a) the position of the branches of market specialization in the industry of the region
The Volgo-Vyatka economic region is a large industrial complex with a developed diversified industry. To determine the branches of market specialization of the region's industry, I decided to use the per capita production index. This index is calculated by the formula: ID = U neg.r./ U us.r., where
At neg.r. - the share of the region's industry in the country's production;
We have. - the proportion of the population of the region in the production of the country. As a result of calculating the index of per capita production (using the data of Appendix 1 and knowing that the share of the population of the region in the country's production is 5.7%), I found out that the branches of the market specialization of the region are mechanical engineering and metalworking, chemical and petrochemical industry, woodworking, pulp and paper and forestry industries. In addition, the industries complementing the complex are electric power, fuel, ferrous and non-ferrous, food industry, and construction materials industry.
In the structure of industrial production of the region, the share of the industries of group A (production of means of production) accounts for 75.5%, and the share of products of the industries of group B (production of consumer goods) - 25.5%, which reflects the structure of industrial production in Russia.
The crisis of recent years, which has engulfed the entire economy of the country, negatively affected the state of the economy. Volga-Vyatka region: the volume of industrial production, indicators of living standards of the population have decreased, economic ties have been disrupted.
The share of the leading sectors of the region's economy accounts for over 60% of the industrial production of the region's marketable products. The main role here is played by mechanical engineering and metalworking : auto-, ship- and machine-tool building, production of diesel engines, motors, radio engineering products, devices, tools. Their share in the structure of industrial production is almost 50%. The region supplies the all-Russian market with cars, ships, machine tools, engines, instruments, electrical and electronic equipment. Among the sectors of market specialization, transport engineering stands out, the development of which was facilitated by the availability of qualified personnel and a scientific and production base. The largest automotive complex was built here. Among the enterprises of the complex, the joint-stock company AvtoGaz stands out, whose headquarters in Nizhny Novgorod produces cars and trucks, as well as subsidiary enterprises built in small and medium-sized cities of the region: a motor plant in the Trans-Volga region, brake units in Kanash, a tire plant - in Kirov, vans - in Shumerla, dump trucks - in Saransk, Pavlov produces buses for the countryside. The Cheboksary plant of industrial tractors is also known. The development of tractor construction contributes to the further deepening of the region's specialization in the production of mechanical engineering products.
One of the oldest branches of specialization in the Volga-Vyatka region is shipbuilding presented by the country's leading enterprise "Krasnoe Sormovo" in Nizhny Novgorod, producing hydrofoils, modern passenger ships, river icebreakers, sea rail ferries. Shipbuilding enterprises are located in the cities of the Nizhny Novgorod region Navashin and Gorodets.
Another branch of market specialization has also received great development in the region - electrical industry ... Large enterprises of this industry have sprung up in the capitals of the republics. Thus, the Saransk plant "Elektrovypryamitel" is the head plant of the "Svetotekhnika" association and produces a significant part of electric lamps and rectifiers manufactured in Russia, in Saransk (Republic of Mordovia) there is also an enterprise for the production of cable products, in Cheboksary (Chuvash Republic) - an electrical equipment plant.
Machine-tool building and tool production are of interregional importance, which has been developed in all large cities region. More than half of the milling machines manufactured in Russia are manufactured by the Nizhniy Novgorod plant; the largest enterprise for the production of woodworking machines is Krasny Instrumentalshchik (Kirov). Among the enterprises of the industry, a plant for the production of equipment for the chemical industry (Nizhny Novgorod, Volzhsk) should be noted. A large military-industrial complex has developed in the region, which is currently subject to conversion. Some of its enterprises are being reoriented to produce products for the population and leading industries.
It should be noted that mechanical engineering focuses on imported metal. The problem of metal supply is solved by supplying it from Kazakhstan, Western Siberia and the Urals.
Among the industries of market specialization of the region, a highly developed chemical and petrochemical industry ... In the structure of the production of marketable products of the region, it accounts for over 10%. The development of the industry is based on the use of both local and imported raw materials. Chemical industry enterprises produce a wide range of products, including ammonia, caustic soda, synthetic resins, and plastics. Raw materials for the development of the chemical industry come from the Nizhny Novgorod and Kstovsky oil refineries. Oil is supplied to these refineries through pipelines. Among the centers of the chemical industry, the city of Dzerzhinsk stands out, where the largest chemical complex for the production of polymer materials... The wood chemistry has developed greatly, the products of the industry have found wide application in the economy and in everyday life. In Kirov, Saransk, Cheboksary, the tire and rubber industry has developed, which has a close connection with the automotive industry of the region. So far, our own phosphorite deposits are used only for the production of phosphate rock. However, in the future, it is possible to create enterprises for the production of complex mineral fertilizers.
One of the most important areas of market specialization is forest focusing on local raw material base... It is inferior to mechanical engineering and the chemical industry in terms of volume, but is of great importance not only for this, but also for the adjacent regions, especially the Volga region, which does not have industrial reserves of wood. The greatest development in the region has received timber harvesting. However, excessive deforestation has led to a reduction in its reserves, and, consequently, to a decrease in the volume of logging. The main logging is carried out in the Kirov and Nizhny Novgorod regions. Enterprises for the primary processing of wood gravitate towards the areas of logging, and deep processing of wood with waste disposal is organized at the timber processing plants of Kirov, Yoshkar-Ola, Novovyatsk. The pulp and paper industry has received a fairly high development in the region. In terms of paper production, the Volgo-Vyatka economic region ranks third in Russia, yielding to the Northern and Ural regions. The largest enterprise in the industry is the Balakhinsky Pulp and Paper Mill, which uses not only coniferous wood, but also hardwood. Pulp and paper mills are also located in Volzhsk and Pravdinsk.
The absence of its own fuel and energy base made the development of fuel and energy highly dependent energy complex region on the supply of energy resources from other regions of Russia. The fuel and energy balance of the region has a large share of expensive coals coming from Pechera and Kuzbass. Changes in the structure of the fuel and energy balance were associated with the commissioning of the Nizhny Novgorod oil refinery and the flow of gas from Urengoy. The energy base exists mainly from hydropower. There are two large hydroelectric power plants on the Volga - Cheboksarskaya with a capacity of 1430 thousand kW and Nizhegorodskaya (near Gorodets) with a capacity of 520 thousand kW. The district's thermal power plants, which provide the bulk of the electricity, run on gas coming from Western Siberia.
Developed in the area is also varied food industry : oil mill, meat, confectionery, bakery, dairy and others.
In connection with large industrial and residential construction in the area, the building materials industry ... The production of asbestos pipes, slate, soft roofing, prefabricated reinforced concrete structures, bricks, cement and other building materials has been sharply increased. The largest cement production center - Alekseevsky cement factory in the Republic of Mordovia. A number of large-panel housing construction factories operate in the region.
To industries complementary territorial complex, refers ferrous metallurgy - the oldest branch of the region. Metallurgical plants, although small, but produce a very necessary assortment of metal. The main centers of ferrous metallurgy are Vyksa, Kulebaki, Omutninsk, Nizhny Novgorod.
In general, the analysis of the results of the socio-economic situation for 9 months of 1997 shows that in the past period some positive results have been achieved in the economic condition of the regions of the Volga-Vyatka economic region.
Industrial production in the district as a whole is expected to be at the level of 99.1% of the volume achieved in 1996, including in the Republic of Mari El - 102%, the Republic of Mordovia - 109%, in the Chuvash Republic and the Kirov region - will remain at the 1996 level ... In the Nizhny Novgorod region, industrial production will decline and amount to 97% compared to 1996.
b) the position of the branches of agriculture and light industry region
The agro-industrial complex of the Volgo-Vyatka economic region has significant potential. Occupying 4.6% of agricultural land, the region produces 6% of Russia's gross agricultural output. The region specializes in dairy and beef cattle breeding, grain crops, potato and flax growing, and the production of industrial crops. In the structure of the sown areas of the region, the share of grain crops accounts for 60%, potatoes and vegetables account for 8%, fodder crops - 30% and 2% are industrial crops.
Agricultural lands of the region occupy 40% of the total area. Arable land accounts for 75% of farmland and 25% is meadows and pastures. Agriculture is most developed in the Right-Bank part of the region, where the arable land is twice as large as the arable land of the Trans-Volga region. In the structure of the cultivated areas of the Volgo-Vyatka region, the share of grain crops is almost 55%, which largely determines the nature of all agricultural production. The largest grain wedge is located in the Kirov region - more than half and the Republic of Mordovia - almost 3/5 of the entire sown area of the republic. Winter and spring wheat and rye prevail among food crops. Forage crops are represented by barley and oats. In the future, it is planned to strengthen the specialization of the region in the production of more productive forage crops, such as winter rye, barley, oats, which are most adapted to climatic conditions district. Potato growing was widely developed. Its production in the region is characterized by low cost, low labor costs, which makes it possible to expand the cultivation of this crop in the region.
The main industrial crop is fiber flax. At the same time, in recent decades, there has been a decrease in the area under this crop, which is caused by low productivity and high labor costs. For the production of flax, specialized equipment and the use of intensive technologies are needed. In addition, hops are grown in the region (the Republic of Chuvashia), in the south - sugar beets. Great importance is attached to strengthening the food base. Clover and timothy - the main forage grasses - are successfully combined in crop rotations with flax culture. A special culture of the region is hop; according to its collection, the Volgo-Vyatka region takes the first place in the country. Vegetable growing zones have been created around large cities. Large areas under vegetables are occupied in the floodplains of the Volga and Oka rivers.
Per last years the cultivated areas have been significantly expanded, mainly as a result of drainage works in the northern part of the district.
Livestock breeding is of great importance in the region, which is widely represented in all administrative-territorial units of the region. It develops on the basis of natural forage lands and crops of forage crops. However, the Volgo-Vyatka region does not fully meet its needs for a number of agricultural products and is forced to import them from other regions of the country. Much attention is paid to land reclamation, drainage of waterlogged and swampy areas, clearing of bushes and bumps, irrigation of lands and consolidation of ravines in the south of the region.
The light industry of the region relies on the local raw material base. Leather production has developed in the Nizhny Novgorod region (Bogorodsk), fur and sheepskin coat - in Kirov (Slobodskoye). Enterprises for the production of hemp, twine are located in the Nizhny Novgorod region (Gorbatov) and Mordovia (Saransk), linen fabrics - in Nizhny Novgorod. The cotton industry in Chuvashia is developing on imported cotton. A special place is occupied by items of decorative and applied art made of wood - "Khokhloma", "Gorodetskaya painting" (Nizhny Novgorod region), clay - "Dymkovo toy" (the city of Kirov).
The development of the processing branches of the agro-industrial complex requires large investments in reconstruction and technical re-equipment.
The characteristic processes of slowing down the development of the country's economy over the past 20 years have also affected economic activity region. Economic crisis 90s determined a significant decline in production in all sectors and spheres of the Volga-Vyatka economic region. However, agriculture will retain its diversified nature with the predominance of meat and dairy cattle breeding. The main task is to increase the yield of grain and industrial crops, increase the number of livestock and increase its productivity, as well as create a solid forage base. In the conditions of market relations, new forms of ownership and management are developing.
c) transport and economic ties
The Volgo-Vyatka economic region has all types of transport - rail, river, road, pipeline and air. The most important is railway transport, which accounts for more than 2/3 of all interregional traffic.
The poverty of the Volgo-Vyatka region in mineral and raw materials and fuel resources determines the features of transport and economic ties. Fuel, especially coal, as well as ferrous metals and raw materials for the chemical industry occupy a significant share in the structure of cargo transportation. Intraregional communications account for about 20% of all cargo transported by rail... Wood, oil products, various engineering products, and cement are exported outside the region. In intraregional transportation, timber and building materials predominate. The system of latitudinal railway lines, typical for the region, provides an intensively growing transport and economic exchange between the eastern and western regions Russia. The Volgo-Vyatka economic region maintains the closest ties with the Central, Povolzhsky, Uralsky regions of Russia. Such main railway lines as Moscow - Nizhniy Novgorod - Kirov - Perm pass through the territory of the region; Moscow - Arzamas - Kazan; Nizhny Novgorod - Saransk - Penza; St. Petersburg - Kotelnich - Kirov - Perm. There are also a number of railways providing intraregional cargo transportation. In terms of the density of the railway network, the Nizhny Novgorod region, the Mordovian and Chuvash republics are especially distinguished. The length of railways in the Volgo-Vyatka region is 3.3 thousand km.
Geographical position The Volgo-Vyatka region on the Volga mainline with its branched navigable tributaries (Oka, Vyatka and others) creates favorable conditions for the development of river transport, its close interaction with the railway. The Nizhny Novgorod water transport hub is the largest in Russia in terms of river cargo turnover. The transshipment of coal, salt, metal, grain cargo, cement, building materials from the Volga region, the North Caucasus region, is being carried out from the river to the railroad. Central regions and other regions of the European part. WITH railroad the waterway is used for transshipment of timber, timber products, various chemical cargo, metal scrap, various types of machinery and equipment. River navigable routes along the rivers of the Volga basin are 3 thousand km.
Automobile transport is widely used in domestic cargo transportation of the region, including the modern highway Moscow - Nizhny Novgorod. However, the insufficient length of paved roads, especially in rural areas, hinders the development of intraregional transportation.
Pipeline transport takes an increasing place in the region's cargo turnover. Three oil pipelines run through the territory of the region, laid from Almetyevsk (Tatarstan) to Nizhny Novgorod, through which not only the Volga region, but also Siberian oil is supplied. The laid network of gas pipelines makes it possible to transport natural gas from Western Siberia and the Volga region.
The predominance of the products of the manufacturing industries determined the excess of imports of products over exports.
The Volgo-Vyatka region has an underdeveloped foreign economic activity. The main exporter of the region is the Nizhny Novgorod region, which accounts for 58% of all export supplies of the region. The active entry of the region to international markets is hindered by such factors as the low level of scientific and technological development of production, the imperfection of the forms and methods of including the region's economy in foreign economic relations. Almost half of the region's export supplies fall on mechanical engineering, which corresponds to the structure of its industrial production. At the same time, the products manufactured by the machine-building enterprises of the region in most cases are of low quality and do not meet the requirements of world standards. Currently, a new mechanism is being created for the participation of republics, territories and regions in international division labor, more fully taking into account local characteristics and interests in increasing exports and designed for widespread use local resources in the foreign trade turnover of Russia.
In recent years, in the supply of the Volgo-Vyatka economic region with a variety of raw materials, the share of products from the eastern regions has been growing. In the future, more and more electricity, oil, gas, coal and metal will be supplied from the eastern regions. products that will contribute to the deepening of the established industries of market specialization.
The peculiarities of the geographical position of the region on waterways with railways crossing them make it possible to use more extensively mixed rail and water transportation, which helps to reduce transport costs.
d) the role of Nizhny Novgorod in the economy of the region
The Volgo-Vyatka economic region has always been one of the industrially developed regions of Russia. The Nizhny Novgorod region is its core. Entry Russian economy into the market has increased its importance in the economic life of the country. The region is a financial donor, giving more than half of the funds earned for the formation of the state budget.
A large complex of transport engineering and chemical industry has developed here. In terms of the level of industrial development, the region occupies one of the first places in the country. It stands out in the conditions of the formation of the market by a significant inflow of foreign investment. The main economic core is the Nizhny Novgorod industrial centre with a pronounced agglomeration of satellite cities. In the Nizhny Novgorod agglomeration, a significant part of the manufacturing industry of the Volgo-Vyatka region is concentrated, primarily machine-building and metalworking, oil refineries, as well as chemical, glass, light, and food industries. The most important transport engineering enterprises are concentrated in Nizhny Novgorod - AvtoGaz, the Krasnoye Sormovo shipyard, the Revolution Engine factories, milling machines, etc.
In the city of Kstovo there is an oil refinery, in the city of Bor there is a glass factory named after V.I. Gorky, a flax-processing plant producing technical fabrics, and other enterprises. Balakhna, Gorodets, Zavolzhye, Lyskovo, Bogorodsk, Dzerzhinsk also belong to the satellites of Nizhny Novgorod. These cities are highly industrialized. So, Dzerzhinsk is the city of the chemical industry, Balakhna - the pulp and paper industry, Bogorodsk - the tannery, Pravdinsk - the pulp and paper industry. Small and medium-sized towns of the Prioksky region - Vyksa and Kulebaki - are centers of metallurgy, Pavlov - auto construction. The agglomeration has a number of defense centers.
The main directions in the development of agriculture are dairy and meat livestock, flax, sheep, potato, grain.
The Nizhny Novgorod region is one of the few Russian regions, which managed to significantly increase the inflow of foreign investments, to intensify investment activities. The volume of foreign investment in the region in 1997 increased by 20% and amounted to about $ 170 million. In 1998, it is planned to bring them up to 300-350 million dollars.
The success is due to the fact that all investment projects are the main part of the general program of economic development of the region. All of them are well developed and economically sound. A lot of this program was laid by the former governor of the region Boris Nemtsov.
More than 200 investment projects have been developed and accepted for implementation, which provide for a set of measures (technical, technological, organizational, economic) to transform various industries National economy... The implementation of the projects will significantly improve the economic situation in Bogorodsky, Pochinkovsky, Kulebaksky and some other regions. It is significant that, in addition to Eurobonds, enterprises' own funds are also attracted. More than $ 35 million came from Russian commercial banks.
The regional administration considers the creation of joint ventures as an important channel for attracting investment. In addition, this is a real opportunity to master the world business culture, which is essential for the formation of their own highly professional class of entrepreneurs. The most significant joint projects include solving the issue of improving the environment... Equipment for the treatment of industrial effluents has already been installed. It is also planned to build a plant for the production of animal feed with a capacity of 140 thousand tons per year on the premises of JSC "Lindovskaya poultry farm".
The largest Eurobond projects:
2 city - “ Pure water”And“ Dilapidated Fund ”- $ 39 million;
production of a city bus at Pavlovsky Bus OJSC - $ 15 million;
production of the Gzhel aircraft at Sokol OJSC - $ 6 million.
In 1997, economic relations with Italian enterprises were intensified, primarily with the FIAT concern. Other areas of cooperation are developing. The Parmalat company is going to open its production in the Bor region. The project of the Spanish company "PASA" for the production of food products is also being implemented there. Concrete agreements were reached with the business circles of Japan and Germany. Thus, an agreement on cooperation between the region and the state of North Rhine-Westphalia was signed.
The role of domestic investors is growing. The region has proven that it is profitable to invest in it. Investors in the region include Sberbank of Russia, Alfa-Bank and other large financial institutions. The funds are used to support the energy complex, agriculture and entrepreneurship. Thus, the federal fund for the support of entrepreneurship has invested 5 billion rubles in the form of a soft loan for leasing operations. We managed to establish leasing of cars, equipment and aircraft.
There is an agreement to receive a loan from Sberbank in the amount of 21,200 million rubles with partial payment of the interest rate from the funds of the Fuel and Energy Complex. The modernization of boiler houses with their transfer to gas is envisaged in 7 districts of the region. The project has already been implemented in Pavlov, and at the completion stage - in Kovernino.
Last year we managed to overcome the stagnation in the traditional industries of the region - chemical and petrochemical. There was a revival in mechanical engineering.
Such large regional target programs as "Nizhegorodsky Avtomobil", "Chemistry", "Production of Equipment for the Fuel and Energy Complex" are already yielding their first results. For example, according to the last program in 1998, in comparison with the last one, the volume of orders for the supply of products to the Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Measuring Systems should increase several times.
The enterprises of the defense complex are reviving. Among the most successful projects are the organization of production of a wide range of flow measuring equipment at JSC Arzamas Instrument-Making Plant, business-class aircraft at JSC Nizhny Novgorod Aircraft Building Plant Sokol, river-sea vessels at JSC Krasnoye Sormovo, complex medical equipment , a large number of types of equipment for the fuel and energy complex. In addition to defense enterprises, research and development and design organizations are involved in the production of products. Great hopes are pinned on the regional representative office of the Rosvooruzhenie association, which is being created on its own initiative, with which the main enterprises will work.
The development of small and medium-sized businesses is also one of the priorities of the regional administration. Small businesses account for up to 12% of the regional gross product. There are about 50 organizations providing assistance to entrepreneurs in the region. If in 1997 the regional budget allocated 7.5 billion rubles for the development of small business, this year it is almost 6 times more. The Entrepreneurship Support Fund is now able not only to help the development of leasing, but also to act as a guarantor in attracting resources to investment projects of small business structures.
For example, the Fund assisted in the organization of European-style dry cleaning and laundry services at Eurokhimbyt. The cost of the project is 1.5 billion rubles, 30 jobs have been created. Launched a line for the production of ice cream by the private enterprise "Vlasov" - the cost of 860 million rubles, created 20 jobs. In addition, the production of containers and packaging by the Citron enterprise has begun.
Thanks to proper management and, in particular, attracting foreign and domestic investors, the region stands out not only in the Volgo-Vyatka region, but also in the country as a whole by the growth of industrial production (see Appendix 3).
Ecological situation and modern problems of development and location of the region's economy in the transition to the market.
Economic reforms and the formation of market relations in the context of the sovereignty of regions and constituent entities of the Federation require taking into account regional specifics. Each region has its own priorities and tasks. One of the priority tasks of the Volgo-Vyatka region, where the concentration of defense industry enterprises is especially high, is conversion, reorientation to products needed by the country and the population in market conditions.
In the regions of the Volgo-Vyatka region in 1997, some positive results were achieved in the production of industrial and agricultural products. In general, in the district, the volume of industrial production practically remained at the 1996 level. The output of large and medium-sized enterprises in the Republic of Mordovia increased by 6%, in the Chuvash Republic - by 1.2% and in the Nizhny Novgorod region - by 2.4%. In the Republic of Mari El and the Kirov region, the rate of decline in production significantly decreased and amounted to 1.8% and 2.5%, respectively (16.1 and 10.2%, respectively, in 1996).
In the first quarter of 1997, the rate of decline in output slowed down in all regions, except for the Kirov region, the situation in certain industries stabilized. The index of the physical volume of industrial production for large and medium-sized enterprises was: in the Republic of Mari El - 86%, in the Republic of Mordovia - 101%, the Chuvash Republic - 95%, in the Kirov region - 94%, in the Nizhny Novgorod region - 99.5%.
The largest decline in production in the economic region was observed in the Republic of Mari El. Despite the measures taken, in the leading sectors of the republic - the food industry and mechanical engineering - the output decreased by 25% and 30%, respectively. A particularly difficult situation has developed at the enterprises of the military-industrial complex. At the same time, the production of building materials increased by 24%, electricity - by 1.2%, in the forestry complex the decrease was only 1%, in the chemical and petrochemical industry - 4%. A third of the republic's enterprises have increased their output, the assortment has been updated, more than 200 new types of products have been mastered and introduced into production.
A significant decrease in the decline in the total volume of production in the Republic of Chuvashia is explained by the fact that in the main sectors of the republic - mechanical engineering, electric power and chemical industry - the decrease in the volume of output is several times less than in the republic as a whole. The production of plant protection chemicals, caustic soda, plastic products, tractors and bulldozers, door blocks, ceramic facade tiles, radiators and heating convectors, washing machines, garden houses, cotton yarn, canned meat, cereals increased.
The structural analysis of the industrial production of the Republic of Mordovia for the first quarter of 1997 shows that, compared to the corresponding period of 1996, there has been a shift in the sectoral breakdown. In the total volume of industrial production of the republic, the share of mechanical engineering decreased from 40% to 38%, the share of the electric power industry increased from 21.8% to 23.1%, the chemical and petrochemical industry - from 5.5% to 6.7%. Based on the results of 1997, the following enterprises are the reference points in mechanical engineering: OJSC Lisma, OJSC Ruzkhimmash, OJSC Saranskkabel, OJSC Elektrovypryamitel; in the medical field - JSC "Biochemist"; in the chemical and petrochemical industry - JSC Rezinotekhnika.
In the Nizhny Novgorod region, the situation in the leading industries has stabilized. V fuel industry production increased by 15%, machine building, forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries - by 3%, glass industry by - 4%. The rates of production of OJSC “GAZ” (growth by 11%), Arzamas machine-building plant, JSC “Pavlovsky bus” are increasing. At the same time, the output at the enterprises of the chemical and petrochemical industries decreased by more than half, not a single enterprise of the Dzerzhinsky chemical complex increased production.
The enterprises of the forestry complex of the economic region are in difficult conditions. Their economic and financial situation continues to deteriorate. In recent years, due to a lack of working capital, a large wear and tear of logging and woodworking equipment, the insolvency of many consumers, there has been a significant drop in the volume of logging, wood processing, which leads to latent and explicit unemployment in forest villages.
Reduced production of goods popular consumption in the Republic of Mari El was 13%, including the production of non-food products increased by 2.3%, and food products - decreased by 17%. In the Chuvash Republic, the production of consumer goods decreased by 17%, in the Nizhny Novgorod region - by almost 20%. The main reasons are difficulties in marketing products due to the saturation of the market with imported goods. The fall in the output of consumer goods at the enterprises of the defense complex is associated with a slow re-profiling of the main production capacities, uncertainty with the state order for defense products, and a difficult financial situation.
To stabilize the work of industry, the administrations of the republics and regions took measures to reserve part of the proceeds in the settlement accounts of enterprises for the targeted direction for the payment of wages and other urgent needs, tax incentives were introduced for enterprises that ensure an increase in production volumes, a mechanism for conducting mutual settlements for the payment of mutual debts of enterprises was developed, including commodity coverage, bills of financial administrations were put into circulation.
Despite the difficult situation in the regional economy, the industrial complex continues. Its main direction is to ensure production growth and create favorable conditions for increasing the competitiveness of manufactured products.
In the agro-industrial complex of all regions of the Volgo-Vyatka region, as of October 13, 1997, more grain was threshed in agricultural enterprises than last year, and the yield of grain and legumes increased, and the harvesting of potatoes is nearing completion. The pace of harvesting is constrained by unfavorable weather conditions and interruptions in the supply of fuels and lubricants. Sowing of winter crops continues: in the Republic of Chuvashia 78% of the planned volume have been sown, in the Kirov region - 94%.
In conditions of a lack of financial resources, farms were forced to reduce the number of livestock. At the same time, in the Republic of Mari El, the number of cows was preserved, and the number of pigs increased by 1%. As a result of the decrease in the number of livestock, meat production in all regions has decreased. Milk production increased in the Republic of Mordovia, Kirov and Nizhny Novgorod regions (by 1-2%), in the Chuvash Republic and the Republic of Mari El - it remained at the 1996 level.
To improve the situation in agriculture in some regions, decisions were made to support rural producers. So, the administration of the Kirov region for the needs agro-industrial complex allocated from the regional budget as of September 1, 1997 108.6 billion rubles, including on a repayable basis - 40 billion rubles. In addition, under the guarantee of the regional administration, 42.4 billion rubles of soft loans from commercial banks were allocated for the purchase of fuel and lubricants, spare parts, feed and other material values.
In capital construction, the decline in investment activity continues. The volume of investments in fixed assets from all sources of financing in the Kirov region amounted to 76% compared to the corresponding period of the last year, in the Republic of Mari El - 90%. In the structure of investments, a high share of own funds of enterprises and organizations, funds from non-budgetary sources of financing and individual developers continues to remain. So, in the Republic of Chuvashia, the share of own funds of enterprises and organizations is 60%, in the Kirov region - 55%, in the Republic of Mari El - 47%.
In connection with the current tense situation with state financing of investment expenditures, in the structure capital investments the share of expenditures on the development of the social sphere has decreased, but despite this, the construction of housing and social facilities continues in the regions. Schools were commissioned in the Republic of Chuvashia for 1255 student places, in the Republic of Mari El - for 735 places, in the Kirov region - for 668 student places; hospitals in the republics of Chuvashia and Mari El, an orphanage in the Republic of Mari El.
The main share of investments aimed at the development of the social sphere fell on housing construction. Significantly (4.7-10.9%) more housing was commissioned last year in the republics of the Volgo-Vyatka region. In the Kirov and Nizhny Novgorod regions, housing commissioning decreased by 18.9 and 6.3%, respectively.
In the sectors of the regional economy, the problem of non-payments still persists. The largest increase in overdue debt was observed at industrial, construction, agricultural and transport enterprises. So, in the Republic of Chuvashia, 32% of overdue accounts payable of enterprises falls on the share of debts to suppliers, in the Republic of Mari El - 52%.
Incomes received in January - September 1997 by the population of the regions increased in the Republic of Chuvashia by 24%, in the Kirov region - by 25%, in the Republic of Mari El - by 20%. The value of the subsistence minimum per one inhabitant of the region has also increased. So, in the Republic of Chuvashia, the growth was 13%, in the Kirov region - 17%, in the Republic of Mari El - 10%.
For 9 months, the budgetary expenditures of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation amounted to 10.8 trillion. rubles. At the same time, 74.5% of expenditures were financed by their own budget revenues, 14.7% of all expenditures were financed by receipts from the federal budget in the form of transfers and funds transferred by mutual settlements. In the rest, a deficit of $ 0.6 trillion was formed. rubles, the sources of coverage for which were government securities, budget loans from the federal budget and domestic borrowings. The balances of budgetary funds in banks, both in national and foreign currency, increased.
Compared to the corresponding period in 1996, the budget deficit of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation as a whole decreased slightly and amounted to 6.3% of budget revenues (against 6.7% in the corresponding period of 1996).
At the same time, a significant decrease in the deficit occurred in the republics of Mordovia (6.4% of budget revenues versus 21.8% in 9 months of 1996) and Mari El (12.5% versus 22.3%) as a result of an increase in tax collection and an increase in revenues. funds from the federal budget; however, as a result of the outstripping growth rates of budget expenditures compared to the formation of the revenue base, the budget deficit in the Nizhny Novgorod region increased and amounted to 6.5% of revenues against 2.5% in the corresponding period of 1996, and in the Kirov region, respectively, 2.1% and 1.9% (with an increase in transfers of funds from the federal budget).
The leaders of the regions see a way out of the crisis in the joint efforts of federal and local legislative and executive bodies to improve the mechanism of tax and monetary policy; taking measures to ensure a solution to the problem of non-payments; ensuring state regulation of prices for key types of raw materials and energy carriers; allocation of funds in full and on time under federal programs; resolving issues with the return of foreign exchange funds and others.
The federal authorities provide state support in the form of transfers, investments for the implementation of federal programs, the allocation of credit resources, the development of measures to address the priority tasks of the regions.
The urgent task of the Volgo-Vyatka region is to improve the ecological environment, and first of all, the Volga and large cities, oversaturated with industrial industrial enterprises... Therefore, it is necessary to introduce new environmentally friendly technologies. The important tasks of the region are also the restoration and development of economic ties, including cooperation ties with other regions of Russia.
Introduction 3
1. general characteristics district 4
2. Economic assessment natural conditions and resources 5
3. Population and labor force 8
4.1. Market Specialization Industries 10
4.2. Agricultural complex 14
4.3. Transport and economic relations 16
5. Territorial organization of the economy 18
Conclusion 20
References 21
Introduction
The Volgo-Vyatka region is a large industrial complex with
developed diversified industry. By industry specialization
industries are mechanical engineering and metalworking, chemical and
petrochemical industry, woodworking, pulp and paper and
timber industry.
In the structure of industrial production in the region, the share of industries
group A (production of means of production) accounts for 75.5%, and the share
products of Group B industries producing consumer goods account for
25.5%, which reflects the structure of industrial production in Russia.
The crisis of recent years, which has engulfed the entire economy of the country, negatively
affected the state of the economy of the Volgo-Vyatka region:
industrial production, indicators of living standards of the population,
business ties were broken.
The share of the leading sectors of the economy of the region accounts for over 60% of the volume
industrial production of marketable products of the region.
Despite the significant industrial development of the Volga republics
Vyatka region in recent years, there is still a gap in levels
economic and social development of national entities
Nizhny Novgorod and Kirov regions. Not enough, except for Nizhny Novgorod
the region, the processes of the formation of market structures are underway in the region, and
hence the transition to a market economy. Positive aspects
are the expansion of export-import operations in the region and the attraction
foreign investment.
The purpose of this work is to consider the characteristics of the Volgo-Vyatka
economic region.
1. General characteristics of the area
Volgo-Vyatka economic region is located in the central
parts of the European territory of Russia, in the basins of the Volga and Vyatka rivers. In his
the structure includes the republics of Mari El, Mordovia, Chuvash and Nizhny Novgorod,
Kirov region. The area of the district is 263.3 thousand km2, or 1.5% of the territory
Russia. Population - 8.444 million people.
Occupying a little more than 1% of the territory of the Russian Federation, Volgo-
Vyatka economic region produces 5.1% of industrial and 6.4% of commercial
agricultural products of the country. In the interdistrict territorial
division of labor, the area is distinguished by the products of the market sectors
specialization: mechanical engineering, chemical and petrochemical industry,
forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries.
The share of the Volgo-Vyatka economic region (VVER) in the output
industrial products, the cost of fixed assets and the number of industrial
production personnel of the Russian Federation exceeds its share
in the total population and area on the scale of Russia.
In the all-Russian territorial division of labor of VVER,
the production of various products of the mechanical engineering, chemical and
petrochemical, oil refining, forestry, woodworking and
pulp and paper industry. VVER has a developed rural
farming: the share of agricultural land is about 5%, arable
lands - 5% of the all-Russian; share of agricultural production
farms - 5.7% of the total Russian.
2. Economic assessment of natural conditions and resources
The relief of the territory of the region is represented by a hilly-ridged plain with
pronounced glacial forms, the territory is dissected by numerous
rivers in the Trans-Volga part, and in the south by gullies and ravines. Difficult terrain
complicates the development of agriculture and construction.
The climate of the region is continental. Continentality grows from the south
west to northeast. average temperature January ranges from -11 ° C to
16 ° С, and in July - from 17 ° С to 19.5 ° С. Annual quantity precipitation decreases from
west to east from 600 mm to 350 mm per year. Duration of frost-free
period from 190 to 140 days. South part the area is affected by drought, and
the northern one is excessively humid and swampy.
The soils are predominantly podzolic, and in swampy areas
are represented by peatlands, therefore, they require the introduction of organic and
mineral fertilizers and reclamation work. In the floodplains of rivers, soils
fertile alluvial, occupied by forb meadows that serve
a fodder base for the development of animal husbandry. South of the Volga is dominated by
fertile gray forest soils and degraded leached chernozems.
The region stretches from south-west to north-east for almost 1000 km and
is in various natural areas... Most of its territory lies in
within the forest zone, and the south - in the forest-steppe. Forests cover almost half
area of the district.
Among the variety of factors affecting economic development
region, the provision of its mineral
raw materials. In terms of mineral reserves and their diversity, Volgo-
Vyatka economic region is significantly inferior to most economic
regions of Russia. Among the minerals of industrial importance are
phosphorite resources of the Vyatsko-Kamsky deposit of the Kirov region.
Their balance reserves exceed 2 billion tons, which is more than 20%
all-Russian reserves. About 60% of phosphorite reserves are
the best. Shallow bedding (from 3 to 30 m) allows
development of raw materials in an open way with a low production cost. but
because the mine is located in the coldest, harshest and most snowy part
Kirov region, ore mining is seasonal.
The Volgo-Vyatka region is also known for its peat deposits. Geological reserves
it is estimated at almost 2.0 billion (1.3% of all reserves in Russia). "More
half of all reserves are peat with increased calorific value
ability used as fuel. Finds widespread use
peat in agriculture. Most of the peat reserves are in
Kirov region. Its reserves are also available in the Nizhny Novgorod region and
Republic of Mari El. Of the fuel resources, the region also has reserves
oil shale, which is not currently being developed.
The territory of the region is recognized as highly promising in terms of oil, gas and
kimberlite.
The district has large enough resources of raw materials for production
building materials: gypsum, clays, dolomites, cement raw materials, glass
sands, building stone. The Volgo-Vyatka region accounts for over
9% of gypsum reserves in Russia.
Essential for the development of the building materials industry
have significant resources of cement raw materials. Their stocks are concentrated in
Mordovia and the Kirov region. Among the deposits of large industrial
reserves of marl-chalk rocks stand out Alekseevskoe (Republic
Mordovia). * The most important natural resources of the region include forest resources
with timber reserves of 1.3 billion m3, which is about 2% of all reserves
wood of the Russian Federation. Forest covers almost half of the territory
Volgo-Vyatka economic region. 80% of the forested area is
commercial forest, 4/5 of timber reserves are in the Kirov region
and the north of Nizhny Novgorod. The species composition of forests is dominated by conifers:
spruce, pine, fir; from small-leaved - birch, aspen, willow; in the south of the district
linden and oak are presented. In the process of long-term operation, timber
the resources of the region, especially conifers, are significantly depleted and the removal
timber from the area is declining. Hardwoods are an important reserve
trees that are still poorly developed in the area. Therefore, one of the
the main tasks are to rationalize the exploitation of forest resources and
development of deep processing of wood.
Volgo-Vyatka economic region stands out among European
economic regions with water resources.
Surface water sources enough to satisfy
the needs of the economy and the population. The main source is the Volga with its
tributaries. Groundwater reserves, which are rich in
district. Despite the high availability of water resources in general,
district, the conditions of water supply in it differ significantly even within
small area. The lack of water is felt in points located in
upper reaches of small rivers or watersheds. Recently increasing
water shortage is due not only to limited reserves
surface waters, but also their pollution, as well as pollution of groundwater
industrial wastewater and untreated agricultural wastewater.
3. Population and labor resources
The population of the region is 8.4 million people, or 5.7%
the population of the Russian Federation. During the period of economic reforms
the population of the region decreased by 36 thousand people, which is explained by
negative indicators of natural increase and migration flows
to other regions of the country. The average population density is 31.7 people. per 1 km2,
which is almost 4 times the average population of Russia. However, the territory
unevenly populated. So, the population density of the Chuvash Republic
is 74.4 people. per 1 km2, and in the Kirov region - 13.5 people. per 1 km2.
Industrialization of the region and high outflow of population from rural areas
contributed to the urbanization of the population. 70.1% of the region's population lives in
cities. The highest level of urban population in Nizhny Novgorod
(77.9%) and Kirov (70.4%) regions. Less urbanized republics
Mordovia, Mari El, Chuvash; in them the share of the urban population
accounts for 58.3; 62.6 and 60.6%, respectively. - The bulk of the urban
population lives in 8 cities of the region. Largest urban agglomeration
the country is represented by Nizhny Novgorod, including Nizhny Novgorod and the city
satellites adjacent to it: Dzerzhinsk, Bor, Kstovo and others, as well as
urban-type settlements gravitating towards it. Population concentration trend
in a few points of the region with depopulation of the main territory
received wide distribution here. Reproduction of the population in the region
in recent years it has been carried out at a slow pace. Many indicators
demographic situation ( age and sex composition, nuptiality, fertility,
mortality, natural growth) indicate negative
trends in the development of demographic processes. Population outflow from
rural areas, especially young people, extremely complicated the demographic
the situation in the village. Natural loss indicators are 1.1% points higher than
averages across the country and are -6.4% in the region against -5.1% 0 in the country.
Negative population growth is characteristic of all administrative
territorial units, however, indicators above the regional average are noted in
Nizhny Novgorod and Kirov regions.
The population of the region is multinational. Most of it is represented by
Russians, from other nationalities Chuvash, Mordovians, Mari and
Among the most important prerequisites for the development and location of productive
forces include the provision of the region with labor resources. During
for a long time, the region belonged to areas with a surplus of labor
resources, and served as a source for replenishing the labor force of others
regions of the country. However, the classification of the Volga-Vyatka region as a labor surplus
should now be revised. The number of economically active
population in the area for 1992-1996. decreased by 203.1 thousand people, or by
4.6% and amounted to 4,063.6 thousand people, and the number of employed in the economy decreased by
8.6%, which is associated with a further reduction in the number of workers in the field of material
production. The unemployment rate increased over the same period from 5.3% to 9.3%.
The able-bodied population is 4.0 million people, of which in the public
production employs 90.7%, including material production involved
69.6%, in the non-production sphere - 30.4%. | / In connection with the development of market
relations, bankruptcy of unprofitable enterprises, reduction of workers
jobs, the proportion of the unemployed is increasing, especially in small and medium-sized
cities with a single-industry structure of the economy. Therefore, in these cities
broad development of small business, non-production sphere is necessary, which
would contribute to additional labor force participation and mitigation
unemployment rate and social tension in the region.
Convenient geographical location, stable transport links,
availability of construction sites suitable for new industrial
facilities, highly qualified personnel create favorable conditions
to build up the economic potential of the region.
4. The structure and location of the main branches of the economic complex
4.1. Market specialization industries
The share of mechanical engineering and metalworking in the structure
industrial production is 38.2%. The region produces
cars, ships, machine tools, engines, devices, electrical and
electronic equipment. Among the industries of mechanical engineering market
specialization is allocated to transport engineering, the development of which
contributed to the availability of qualified personnel and research and production
base. The largest automotive complex was built here. Among
automobile manufacturing enterprises are allocated joint-stock company "AvtoGAZ",
whose headquarters in Nizhny Novgorod produces passenger cars and
trucks, as well as allied enterprises in small and medium-sized cities
region: a motor plant - in the Volga region, a brake unit plant - in Kanash,
a tire plant - in Kirov, a van factories - in Sumerla, dump trucks -
in Saransk, in Pavlovsk they produce buses for the countryside.
One of the oldest branches of specialization in the Volga-Vyatka region
is shipbuilding, represented by the country's leading enterprise JSC
"Krasnoe Sormovo" in Nizhny Novgorod, which produces ships on underwater
wings, modern passenger ships, river icebreakers, sea
railway ferries. Shipbuilding is also represented in cities
Nizhny Novgorod region - Navashino and Gorodets.
The industry of market specialization has also received a great development in the region.
Electrical industry. Large enterprises in this industry
originated in the capitals of the republics. So, the Saransk plant "Electrovypryamitel"
is the head plant of the Svetotekhnika association and produces
a significant part of electric lamps and rectifiers manufactured in Russia; v
Saransk (Republic of Mordovia) is also located an enterprise for
production of cable products, in Cheboksary (Chuvash Republic) -
electrical equipment plant.
Machine-tool building and tooling are of interregional importance.
production, developed in all major cities of the region. More
1/2 of the milling machines manufactured in Russia is produced by the Nizhegorodsky
plant; the largest enterprise for the production of woodworking machines
is the "Red Toolmaker" (Kirov). Among the enterprises of the industry
it should be noted a plant for the production of equipment for chemical
industry (Dzerzhinsk) and food industry (Nizhny
Novgorod, Volsk). Cheboksary stands out among mechanical engineering enterprises
tractor plant. The development of tractor construction contributes to the further
deepening the market specialization of the region in the production of products
mechanical engineering.
It should be noted that mechanical engineering focuses on imported
metal. The problem of providing metal is solved by supplying it from
Kazakhstan, Western Siberia and the Urals.
Among the industries of market specialization of the region, stands out
highly developed chemical and petrochemical industry. In structure
of the production of marketable products in the region, it accounts for 10%. Development
The industry relies on the use of both local and imported raw materials.
Chemical industry enterprises produce a wide range of
products, including ammonia, caustic soda, synthetic resins,
plastics. Raw materials for the development of the chemical industry come from
Nizhny Novgorod and Kstovsky oil refineries. Among the centers
the chemical industry is distinguished by the city of Dzerzhinsk, where
the largest chemical complex for the production of polymeric materials. Big
wood chemistry was developed, the products of the industry were widely used in
household and everyday life. In Kirov, Saransk, Cheboksary, tire and
rubber industry, which has a close relationship with
automotive industry of the area. Own phosphorite deposits so far
used only for the production of phosphate rock. However, in the future
here it is possible to create enterprises for the production of complex mineral
fertilizers.
One of the most important branches of market specialization is forestry,
focusing on the local resource base. In the structure of production of commodity
of the industrial output of the region, it accounts for 5.9%. She concedes
mechanical engineering and chemical industry in terms of volume, but has a large
significance not only for this, but also for the adjacent regions, especially
Volga region, which does not have industrial timber reserves. but
excessive deforestation has led to a reduction in its reserves, and, consequently,
and to a decrease in the volume of workpieces. The main logging is carried out in
Kirov and Nizhny Novgorod regions. Primary processing plants
timber gravitates towards logging areas, and deep processing
wood with waste disposal organized at wood processing
Combines of Kirov, Yoshkar-Ola, Novovyatsk. Fairly high development in
the region received the pulp and paper industry. For the production of paper
Volgo-Vyatskiy district ranks third in Russia, yielding to the Northern and
Uralsky. The largest enterprise in the industry is Balakhninsky
pulp and paper mill using wood not only from conifers
breeds, but also deciduous. Pulp and paper mills are also located in Volzhsk and Pravdinsk.
The light industry of the region relies on the local raw material base.
Leather production has developed in the Nizhny Novgorod region (Bogorodsk),
fur and sheepskin coat - in Kirovskaya (Slobodskoe). Enterprises for
production of hemp and twine are located in the Nizhny Novgorod region (Gorbatov)
and Mordovia (Saransk), linen fabrics - in Nizhny Novgorod. Using
imported cotton, the cotton industry is developing in Chuvashia.
Products of decorative and applied materials are known far beyond the borders of the region.
art from wood - Khokhloma, Gorodets painting (Nizhny Novgorod
region), clay - Dymkovo toy (Kirov).
4.2. Agricultural complex
Agriculture of the Volgo-Vyatka region has a significant
potential. Occupying 4.6% of agricultural land, the region produces
6.4% of the gross agricultural output of Russia. He specializes in
dairy and meat animal husbandry, potato crop production,
flax growing.
In connection with the transition of the economy to market relations, there are
changes in agricultural production. New
forms of farming in the countryside: lease relations, farming movement.
The establishment of farms was facilitated by the adoption of laws on land and
land use in the Russian Federation. The greatest development is farming
the farm received in the Nizhny Novgorod region. The contribution of farms to
the production of marketable agricultural products is still small and
is not much more than 1% of the gross agricultural output
region. However, livestock productivity and agricultural productivity
cultures in them significantly exceed productivity in public
sector.
Agricultural lands of the region occupy 40% of the total area. On
the share of arable land accounts for 75% of farmland, 25% is occupied by meadows and pastures.
Agriculture was most developed in the right-bank part
a region where arable land is twice as large as the arable land of the Trans-Volga region. V
the structure of the cultivated areas of the Volga-Vyatka region, the share of grain crops
is almost 55%, which largely determines the nature of all
agricultural production. The largest grain wedge falls on
Kirov region - more than half and the Republic of Mordovia - about 3/5 of the total
their sown area. Among food crops, winter and
spring wheat, as well as rye. Forage crops are represented by barley and
oats. In the future, it is planned to strengthen the specialization of the region for
production of more productive forage crops such as
winter rye, barley, oats, most adapted to climatic
conditions of the region. Potato growing was widely developed. Production
potatoes in the region are distinguished by low cost, low costs
labor, which allows you to expand the area of cultivation of this culture.
The main industrial crop is fiber flax. However, in
in recent decades, there have been reductions in acreage under this
crop, which is caused by low yields and high labor costs. For
flax production requires specialized equipment, the use of
intensive technologies.
Animal husbandry is of great importance in the region, which is widely
presented in all administrative-territorial units of the district.
The agro-industrial complex of the Volga-Vyatka region has a network
processing enterprises. Significant expansion of the resource base
processing enterprises was associated with both an increase in the production of raw materials,
and with an increase in the share of purchases in total production. but
enterprises of the processing industries of the agro-industrial complex of the region have a high degree of
depreciation of basic industrial production assets, weak
technical equipment. The overwhelming majority of enterprises were built before 1975
years, and over a third of them - in the pre-war period.
The development of the processing industries of the agro-industrial complex requires large investments in
reconstruction and technical re-equipment.
Typical processes of slowing down the development of the country's economy for
the last 20 years have also affected the economic activity of the region.
The economic crisis of the 1990s determined a significant decline in production
in all industries and spheres of the Volga-Vyatka region.
4.3. Transport and economic ties
The Volga-Vyatka region has all types of transport -
railway, river, road, pipeline, air.
The most important is railway transport, for which
accounts for over 2/3 of all interregional traffic. Poverty of the Volgo-Vyatsky
the region with mineral and fuel resources determines the characteristics
transport and economic ties. In the structure of cargo transportation, a significant
fuel, especially coal, as well as ferrous metals and
raw materials for the chemical industry. Intraregional connections account for
about 20% of all cargo transported by rail. Beyond the borders
region exported: timber, oil products, various products
mechanical engineering, cement. Intra-regional transport is dominated by
wood and building materials. Latitudinal rail system
highways represented in the region provides an intensively growing
transport and economic exchange between eastern and western regions
Russia. The Volga-Vyatka region has the closest ties with the Central,
Povolzhsky, Uralsky regions of Russia.
Geographical position of the Volgo-Vyatka region on the Volga highway
with its branched navigable tributaries (Oka, Vyatka, etc.) creates
favorable conditions for the development of river transport and its close
interaction with the railway. Nizhny Novgorod water transport hub
is the largest in Russia in terms of river cargo turnover. From the river to the iron
the road is being reloaded of coal, salt, metal, grain cargo, cement,
building materials coming from the Volga, North Caucasian,
Central and other regions of the European part. From the railroad to
the waterway is transshipment of timber, timber products, various
chemical cargo, scrap metal, various types of machinery and
equipment.
In domestic cargo transportation of the region, it is widely used
automobile transport. However, the insufficient length of automobile
paved roads, especially in rural areas, inhibits
development of intraregional transportation.
An increasing place in the cargo turnover of the region is occupied by the pipeline
transport. Three oil pipelines run through the territory of the district, laid from
Almetyevsk (Tatarstan) to Nizhny Novgorod, through which no
only Volga oil, but also Siberian oil.
The laid network of gas pipelines makes it possible to transport natural
gas from Western Siberia and the Volga region.
Dominance of products of manufacturing industries
determined the excess of imports of products over exports.
The Volga-Vyatka region has an underdeveloped foreign economic
activity. The main exporter of the region is the Nizhny Novgorod region,
which accounts for 58% of all export deliveries. Active output
district to international markets is hindered by factors such as low
the level of scientific and technological development of production, imperfection of forms and
methods of including the region's economy in foreign economic relations. Almost
half of the region's export supplies come from mechanical engineering, which
corresponds to the structure of its industrial production. At the same time
manufactured products of machine-building enterprises of the region in the majority
cases is of low quality and does not meet the high requirements of the world
standards. Currently, a new mechanism for the participation of the republics is being created,
territories and regions in the international division of labor, taking into account more fully
local characteristics and interests in increasing exports and designed for
wide use of local resources in the foreign trade turnover of Russia.
5. Territorial organization of the economy
Characteristic feature territorial organization farms
Volgo-Vyatka economic region is a significant unevenness
in the allocation of productive forces. The core of the region's economic development
the Nizhny Novgorod region acts. Its production profile is determined by
automotive, shipbuilding, machine tool, diesel and related
them are enterprises of other industries. However, there is a decrease
share of the region in economic complex Volga-Vyatka region.
This is due to the fact that the high rates industrial development were noted in
republics of the region. So, in the Chuvash Republic, at a decisive pace
the branches of qualified mechanical engineering - electrical engineering and
instrumentation; in the Republic of Mordovia - lighting, cement and
rubber production; in the Republic of Mari El - instrumentation and
radio electronics.
In terms of industrial production, the Kirov region occupies
second place in the area. It accounts for 18% of industrial
production of the Volgo-Vyatka region. The main branches of specialization in
areas are mechanical engineering, including electronic, manufacturing
household appliances, machine tools, forestry, woodworking and pulp
paper, chemical and food.
The economy of the Republic of Mari El is dominated by industry. V
in the structure of industrial production, mechanical engineering accounts for
over 1/4 of the industrial production of the republic. In structure
in mechanical engineering, the largest share falls on complex and science-intensive
industries such as electronics and instrumentation. In the republic
61% of all domestic commercial refrigeration equipment is produced. On
share of forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries
accounts for 13%.
The Republic of Mordovia is classified as an industrial-agrarian one. In it alongside
with industry, the agro-industrial
complex. The leading industry in the republic is
mechanical engineering, which accounts for more than 50% of the production
industrial products of the republic. Among the branches of mechanical engineering
instrumentation, lighting engineering, and semiconductor manufacturing are distinguished.
The share of the food industry is large - almost 1/5 of all industrial products
republics.
In the Chuvash Republic in the structure of production of industrial
of products, the share of mechanical engineering accounts for more than 1/3 of industrial
production. Weaving machines and electric forklifts are manufactured here,
bulldozers. Among the machine-building enterprises of the Republic, JSC stands out
"Promtraktor" is the only enterprise in Russia and Europe for the production of
powerful multi-purpose tractors used in
coal mining, gold mining and gas industry. V
the structure of the industrial complex also includes light, food and
chemical industry.
The main industrial production concentrated in the republics in
capital cities. Small and medium-sized towns of the Volgo-Vyatka region are developed
On the territory of the Volga-Vyatka region in recent years, received
development of industrial units. So, the Saransk-Ruzaevsky industrial hub
formed in the Republic of Mordovia on the basis of the development of lighting technology,
instrumentation and other branches of mechanical engineering. Formation
Cheboksary industrial hub in the Chuvash Republic "contributed to
construction of the Cheboksary hydroelectric power station, a tractor plant and a chemical plant
with related industries. Volzhsky industrial hub in the Republic
Mari El arose on the basis of the development of woodworking and various types of
mechanical engineering.
Conclusion
Economic reforms and the formation of market relations,
granting greater independence to regions and republics require
taking into account regional specifics in all areas of economic and
social development of areas.
One of the main tasks of the regional development is to change
industrial structure, especially in the Nizhny Novgorod region with a high
concentration of defense enterprises, as well as reconstruction
heavy industry enterprises through the conversion of defense civil
industries.
Unreasonably low level in the industry structure of light and food
industry requires changes in investment policy, i.e.
increasing investment in the development of these industries, which could
to meet the needs of the population in the necessary goods of the national
consumption and food.
With the development of market relations in the agro-industrial complex, new forms of
farming: more farms appear, rental
forms, personal subsidiary plots are developing. Is increasing
specialization of the region on more productive grain crops, more active
the privatization of processing enterprises of the district is carried out and
broken economic ties are restored.
It is necessary to modernize infrastructure facilities, modern
the state of which does not adequately ensure the development of market
structures in the area.
Stimulating the development of export and import substitution industries
will allow to strengthen external and internal economic ties of the Volgo-Vyatka
The region has great opportunities for the creation of technopolises
as regional centers for the implementation of the achievement of domestic and world
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