Neither financial system, including the system of independent market competition, can be called completely independent, since it cannot operate in the absence of the country's intervention. Since it is the government that takes responsibility for organizing currency circulation, for meeting the needs of specific categories of the population, for compensation or elimination of the negative results of the behavior of participants in the market game.
Progressive is not regulated only with the help of an independent pricing mechanism, since, acting spontaneously, the laws of the market are very active not only provide a useful effect, but also generate bad trends in the economy, such as unemployment and others. Among other things, the market system is not able to ensure the implementation of such a mandatory socio-economic human right as the right to a standard of well-being, that is, to receive such earnings that would be able to provide an individual with a noble existence, regardless of the forms and consequences of his financial work. ... One should not expect from market adjustment either the observance of other socio-economic civil rights, namely, the right to work for those who have the opportunity and desire to act. For a number of impartial circumstances in a market economy, unemployment is considered inevitable in its various guises: structural, regional, scientific and technical, hidden.
Now the main countries of the world are becoming the most intense participants in market relations. They take upon themselves the solution of those tasks that the independent market is not able to solve: the redistribution of public profits, market regulation work force, the offer of material assistance to those people who have not voluntarily lost their jobs and could not find another job for themselves. Countries also take care of the employed, setting them a low level of wages, that is, such a level that would allow them to survive.
Another area of work of countries keeping pace with the times is considered to be the provision of strategic breakthroughs in the field of science and technology, which is especially fundamental in the modern conditions of formation.
The more developed countries are investing large sums of money in basic research, creating financial investments in those new sectors of the economy that will start producing products with still not entirely clear demand possibilities.
To solve the problems listed above, progressive countries use specific methods of municipal regulation of financial life.
All the methods used by the state to influence the economy can be divided into several groups:
First category constitute legal methods, which consist in the fact that the government adopts laws seeking to streamline the relations of accomplices in market interaction. A special place among these laws is occupied by antimonopoly legislation, with its help the government prevents the emergence of monopoly enterprises in the economy, one should not forget the fact that by its very nature it excludes competition, leads the economy to weakening and destruction. Among other things, the governments of different states are adopting laws aimed at consolidating small and medium-sized businesses, thus supporting a different production structure.
To the 2nd group include financial and economic methods - taxes first. Taxes play an intense role in redistributive relations, having a solid influence on creation. By raising or lowering taxes, the government either promotes its development, or maintains the pace of financial recovery.
The government makes a clear impact on the economy and during the implementation of its own monetary policy. The main responsibility for holding the final is usually borne by the powers, which regulates the bank interest rate. Thanks to it, the state bank either restricts or, on the contrary, expands the likelihood of businessmen receiving a loan for the establishment of production.
In addition, the government helps producers by introducing specific customs duties. A duty is referred to as a special country for products purchased overseas. It is introduced so that the products imported from other countries are more expensive than Russian ones and the buyers pick up the latter. Thus, the government seems to be holding, and on the other hand, protecting Russian sectors economy.
The next principal instrument of municipal regulation of the economy is considered (in other words, the state section). The state section is a kind of addition of a market mechanism that acts to ensure large-scale tasks and private orders. The state section is created as a result of the construction of various economic objects by the state, the buyout of companies, real estate and entire sectors of the economy from private owners. The transition of economic objects from private to municipal property is called nationalization. serves as a massive tool for stabilizing the market economy of a power in critical periods of its formation. In states where the share of state ownership in the state economy is significant, it is constantly used in order to align the financial cycle and strengthen the employment of the population.
In the criteria for a downward bias of the conjuncture, depression or decline, when private financial investments in the economy decrease, municipal firms, on the contrary, do not reduce production. Not to mention the fact that, specifically during these periods, they strive to update fixed assets, thereby opposing a sharp decline in production in other sectors of the industrial economy and an increase in unemployment. The structure of the state section is not permanent: as a result of the creation or reorganization with the re-equipment of objects that are disadvantageous for the economy of the state, which are subsequently privatized, that is, they are transferred from state ownership to private ownership. After all, the government is switching to newly emerging spheres and interests of activity, where the activity of private capital is low.
Varieties of planning a market economy
In the market economy, various types of planning are also widespread: at the level of individual companies, regions, and even the entire economy as a whole. Final type programs are created by the state.
The state financial program is called a complex of a chain of goals that are fundamental for the formation of the economy of a state, as well as a set of means of their achievement in a timely manner. Researching and implementing these programs is called municipal financial programming.
Programs are routine and emergency. Emergency programs are developed and executed during critical situations (for example, during natural disasters). Some of these programs are considered preventive, that is, designed to prevent impending unnecessary consequences. By the time of action, municipal programs are divided into short-term, medium-term and long-term. A special place among municipal programs is traditionally occupied by municipal programs of nationalization and privatization. The level of municipal programming in different states is different, although the government's own programming of the economy is present in virtually all states with a market economy.
Thus, in capitalist states keeping pace with the times, the government intensively interferes in the economy, trying to influence, depending on the need, the situation in some market (production, exchange, labor, etc.).
More developed mechanism of municipal regulation of the economy
Such a mechanism was formed in the states Western Europe... In particular, the government plays an essential role in developing countries that are making a free national economy, and in the former socialist countries, which are performing the transition from a planned economy to a market economy.
Despite the obvious effectiveness of state regulation of the economy, the skill of almost all states justifies that such intervention cannot be complete - the economy cannot be kept in full control of the country. That is why the main principle of state regulation of the economy is often expressed by the phrase “do not interfere with the market”. In the financial situation, there are a huge number of examples when the government, relying only on administrative methods of managing the economy, not only was not able to solve pressing difficulties, but also contributed to their aggravation.
If you look at it from a different angle, the government is obliged to implement the measure in the application of financial methods of regulating the market, since some of them, for example, tax or, through its own impact on the economy, can be fully comparable to central planning.
Directions of state and economic work
The main directions of his financial work can be summarized as follows:
- research, adoption and organization of the implementation of market legislation (legal framework of the market);
- ensuring the safety of market adaptation and creating a criterion for its normal operation, smoothing out structural and regional imbalances in the economy, organizing environmentally friendly production;
- guaranteed embodiment of an objective distribution of earnings.
The progressive market places rather strict and special requirements to the financial activity of the country. Wherever the country's work meets these requirements, it helps to strengthen the market mechanism, improve the state of municipal finances and ensure the socio-economic rights of community members.
Russia has undergone significant economic changes since the collapse Soviet Union and has evolved over the past 20 years from a globally isolated, centrally planned economy to a market economy, globally integrated economic system... During the economic reforms in the 1990s, most industrial enterprises... Meanwhile, protection of property rights in Russia is still weak and the private sector is subject to significant government interference.
The changes in the early 1990s could not but affect the country's economy, as a result of which Russia's GDP has been steadily declining for more than 5 years. After the collapse of the USSR, the first marginal economic growth in Russia took place only in 1997. In 1997, however, the Asian financial crisis began, which negatively affected the Russian economy. This led to the fact that in 1998 the Russian government was unable to fully ensure the payment of debts, and the ensuing sharp drop in the ruble exchange rate significantly reduced the already low standard of living of ordinary citizens. Thus, 1998 remained in history as a year of crisis and a large outflow of capital from the country.
Despite such a significant recession, already in 1999 the Russian economy began to recover. The main stimulus for economic growth was the very low exchange rate of the ruble against the leading world currencies, which had a very positive effect on domestic production and exports. Then an era of stable economic growth began for the country. Stable economic growth in last years became possible primarily due to high oil prices, combined with structural reforms carried out by the Russian government in 2000-2001. The growth in GDP has led to an increase in the confidence of business circles and ordinary consumers in a more favorable economic future for Russia, as a result of which the inflow of foreign investment into the economy has significantly increased and the outflow of capital from the country has practically stopped.
Russian industry is primarily split between producers of globally competitive goods - in 2009 Russia was the world's largest exporter of natural gas, the second largest exporter of oil, and the third largest exporter of steel and primary aluminum - and other less competitive heavy industries that remain dependent on the Russian domestic market. This dependence on raw materials exports makes Russia vulnerable to global economic crises and highly volatile world commodity prices. Since 2007, the Russian government has adopted an economic program to reduce this dependence and create a high-tech sector, but the results of the implementation of this program still cannot be boasted.
The Russian economy has grown at an average annual rate of 7% since 1998, doubling the real total net income of citizens and the emergence of a middle class. However, in 2008-2009. Russia's economy was again unprepared for the impact of the global economic crisis, as oil prices plummeted and foreign investment in the economy fell significantly. The Central Bank of Russia then spent one third of its gold and foreign exchange reserves (about $ 600 billion in total) to slow down the devaluation of the ruble. The government also spent about $ 200 billion on the economic bailout plan to increase liquidity in the banking sector and support domestic companies unable to recover large external debts.
The decline in economic activity was overcome in mid-2009 and the Russian economy began to grow in the first quarter of 2010. However, severe drought and fires in central Russia reduced agricultural production, causing a ban on grain exports and slowing growth in other sectors such as manufacturing and retail.
High oil prices supported the growth of the Russian economy in the first quarter of 2011 and helped to help Russia reduce the budget deficit inherited from the 2008-09 crisis, but inflation and increased government spending limited the positive impact of oil revenues.
Russia's long-term problems include a shrinking workforce, high levels of corruption, difficulties in gaining access to capital for small businesses and non-energy companies, and poor infrastructure in need of large investments.
GDP of Russia
In the Russian economy in the last 13 years, GDP growth has been observed, with the exception of 2009 (in 2000 - 10%, in 2001 - 5.1%, in 2002 - 4.7%, in 2003 - 7.3%, in 2004 - 7.2%, in 2005 - 6.4%, in 2006 - 8.2%, in 2007 - 8.5%, in 2008 - 5.2%, in 2010 - 4.3%, in 2011 - 4, 3%, in 2012 - 3.6%, in 2013 - 1.5%), industrial and agricultural production, construction, real incomes of the population. There was a decrease in the number of people living below the poverty level (from 29% in 2000 to 13% in 2007). From 1999 to 2007, the index of production of manufacturing industries increased by 77%, including the production of machinery and equipment - by 91%, textile and clothing production - by 46%, food production - by 64%.
The volume of GDP in 2005 amounted to 21665.0 billion rubles. and increased by 6.4% over the previous year. The increase in industrial production in 2005 was 4.0%, retail trade turnover - 12.0%, investment in fixed assets - 10.5%, freight turnover - 2.6%. The consumer price index was 10.9%, the GDP deflator - 18.8%. Foreign trade turnover in 2005 amounted to $ 370.4 billion. The trade balance was $ 120.1 billion. According to preliminary data, the volume of Russian GDP in 2006 amounted to 26,621 billion rubles, or $ 979.1 billion at the weighted average rate for the year (a year ago - $ 763.2 billion), which is 6.7% more in real terms. Tax revenues transferred by the Federal Tax Service to the federal budget in 2006 amounted to 3,000.7 billion rubles. (an increase of 19.7% compared to 2005). The Russian gold and foreign exchange reserve set another record - as of January 5, 2007, the central bank's gold and foreign exchange reserves amounted to $ 303.9 billion. This provided Russia with the third place in this indicator in the world after China and Japan. According to the federal law of December 1, 2006 No. 197-FZ, the parameters of the federal budget for 2006 were finally approved in the following amount: expenses in the amount of 4 431 076 807.1 thousand rubles, revenues in the amount of 6 170 484 600.0 thousand rubles. Thus, the surplus of the federal budget for 2006 is 1,739,407,792.9 thousand rubles. Official inflation was 9%.
In 2007, the growth rate of the Russian economy (8%) was the highest in recent years. At the end of this year, Russia entered the 7 largest economies in the world, leaving Italy and France behind, and also entered the group of countries with high level human development.
The outbreak of the world economic crisis did not bypass Russia either. According to the World Bank, the 2008 Russian crisis "began as a private sector crisis triggered by excessive private sector borrowing amid a deep triple shock: terms of trade, capital outflows and tightening external borrowing conditions." There was a collapse in the Russian stock market, a devaluation of the ruble, a decline in industrial production, GDP, household income, as well as an increase in unemployment. The government's anti-crisis measures required significant spending. As of July 1, 2009, the international reserves of the Central Bank amounted to $ 412.6 billion. Compared to July 1, 2008, when the volume of Russia's international reserves amounted to $ 569 billion, this figure decreased by 27.5%. In May 2009, Russia's GDP fell by 11% compared to the same month last year. Exports for this month fell by 45% compared to May 2008, amounting to $ 23.4 billion; imports decreased by 44.6% to $ 13.6 billion. The trade balance decreased by 1.8 times. In the second half of 2009, the economic recession was overcome; in the third and fourth quarters of this year, the growth of Russia's GDP, taking into account the seasonality, amounted to 1.1% and 1.9%, respectively.
At the end of 2009, Russia's GDP fell by 7.9%, which was one of the worst indicators of GDP dynamics in the world, while showing better dynamics than several countries the former USSR... These indicators allowed Russia to take the third place in terms of GDP per capita among the countries of the former USSR, overtaking Latvia in this indicator and yielding only to Estonia and Lithuania.
In 2009, Russia's gross domestic product (GDP) was estimated at $ 2.109 billion. Great Britain ($ 2,281 billion), France ($ 2,097 billion) and Brazil ($ 2,030 billion) have a similar GDP. GDP per capita in Russia is $ 14,900, in the United Kingdom - $ 35,900, in France - $ 33,100, in Brazil - $ 10,600.In the fall of 1999, Russia's external debt (including the debt to the USSR) reached $ 160 billion, and by this indicator it came out on top in the world, but this debt was practically completely eliminated in 2005-2007.
In March 2010, a World Bank report noted that the losses to the Russian economy were less than expected at the beginning of the crisis. According to the World Bank, this was partly due to the massive anti-crisis measures that the government has taken.
According to the results of the first quarter of 2010, in terms of GDP growth (2.9%) and industrial production growth (5.8%), Russia ranked second among the G8 countries, behind only Japan. At the end of 2010, Russia's GDP growth amounted to 4.0%, Russia ranked 6th among countries in the world in terms of GDP in terms of PPP. In 2011, Russia's GDP is estimated to have grown by 4.2%.
The volume of industrial production in the Russian Federation in 2012 increased by only 2.6% compared to the result of 2011, when an increase in industrial production was recorded by 4.7%. In 2012, the volume of production in the manufacturing industries - by 4.1%, the production and distribution of electricity, gas and water increased by 1.2%.
Inflation in Russia
Inflation in Russia in recent years has decreased to 6-7% per year, but remained above the target value of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation - less than 6%. In 2012, inflation in Russia was 6.6%, in 2013 - 6.5%. Over the past 5 years, the rate of inflation in the country has decreased by about half and is currently at levels close to the minimum since 1992. The minimum annual inflation rate was observed in April-May 2012 - 3.6%, after which the growth rate of the consumer price index in Russia in connection with the increase in tariffs of natural monopolies significantly accelerated.
See graphs and numerical values:
Mining industry in Russia
Many types of mineral raw materials are extracted: oil and natural gas (Western Siberia is the main base of the country), coal, iron ore(Kursk magnetic anomaly, deposits of the Urals, Western Siberia, etc.), apatites, potash salts, phosphorites, diamonds, etc. The volume of gross value added in the extraction of minerals is 3.1 trillion rubles (2009). Revenues from the export of raw materials traditionally make up a solid part of the country's budget.
In 2012, the volume of mining operations increased by 1.1% compared to the previous year. In 2012, the volume of coal production amounted to 354 million tons, which is 5.2% more than in 2011. Oil production (including gas condensate) reached 517 million tonnes, up 0.9% year on year. Gas production amounted to 653 billion cubic meters, a decrease of 2.7%.
At the end of 2009, Gazprom became the most profitable company in the world, ahead of the American Exxon Mobil, while taking the 50th place in terms of total revenue. In November 2010, Russia was producing an average of 10.24 million barrels per day, which is a record figure since the collapse of the USSR in 1991.
In Yakutia, there is the Elkon uranium deposit, the richest of the explored deposits in Russia, it accounts for more than half of the explored uranium reserves in the country - about 344 thousand tons and is considered one of the largest in the world. It is divided into 8 license areas, one of which is the Yuzhnaya zone, the uranium reserves of which are estimated at over 250 thousand tons. In 2006, sufficiently explored and ready for development uranium reserves in the depths of Russia were estimated at 615 thousand tons.
The Russian company ALROSA is the largest in the world in the exploration, production and sale of diamonds. The Udokan deposit is one of the largest in the world in terms of copper reserves. There are large reserves of copper in Norilsk. The Dukat deposit is one of the largest in the world in terms of silver reserves.
Manufacturing industry in Russia
According to the general director of the Expert media holding Valery Fadeev, the added value in industry per person per year is 1.4 thousand US dollars for the Russian Federation against 6-10 thousand in the developed countries of the West. Over the past 20 years, the country has not paid the necessary attention to the industry, buying cheap products abroad. According to the exact data on the website of the Expert magazine, in 2007, the maximum added value of the manufacturing industry per capita was in the United States, which ranks first in terms of total value added, 5.8 thousand dollars. Russia in the global ranking in terms of value added ranks 9th in terms of total volume, and in per capita terms it surpasses countries such as China, Thailand and Brazil, and is slightly inferior to Mexico and Turkey.
Industrial production growth rates in Russia,% to the previous year
The share of manufacturing industries in the Russian industrial production in 2007 was 66%. The volume of gross value added in manufacturing - 6.3 trillion rubles (2010).
Defense industrial complex... In 2007, the volume of sales of the Russian defense industry amounted to $ 18.6 billion, of which $ 11.6 billion fell on the state order, $ 7 billion - for export. From 2000 to 2007, the volume of sales of the Russian military-industrial complex increased 3.7 times, including the state order - 6.4 times, export - 2.2 times. In 2009, the volume of production in the Russian defense industry grew by about 10%. In 2010, Rosoboronexport's total foreign sales amounted to $ 8.7 billion (since 2001, it has grown tenfold).
The share of Russia in the world arms market is 23%, and is second only to the share of the United States (32%). In monetary terms, in 2010, the export of military products exceeded USD 10 billion for the first time. In 2009, Russia had military-technical cooperation with more than 80 countries of the world, and supplied military products to 62 countries, and the volume of Russian exports of military products in 2009 exceeded 260 billion rubles ($ 8.8 billion). According to SIPRI, the share of deliveries of combat aircraft in the period 2005-2009. amounted to 40% of the total export volume for Russia, according to Rosoboronexport, this share is approximately 50% of the total volume of Russian arms sales.
The Russian Federation has multibillion-dollar contracts for the supply of weapons and dual-use products with India, Venezuela, China, Vietnam, Algeria, Kuwait, Greece, Iran, Brazil, Jordan, Syria, Malaysia, Indonesia, Peru.
In 2006, the Russian state program for the development of weapons for 2007-2015 was approved, which provides for the purchase and development of military equipment (military transport aviation, space vehicles, vehicles, armored vehicles, missile defense and air defense, ships and submarines) for the Russian army. A total of 4.9 trillion rubles will be allocated to finance this program during its operation. At the end of September 2010, Deputy Prime Minister Sergei Ivanov announced a different amount: within ten years, until 2020, the budget for the state armaments program will be at least 22 trillion rubles.
Russian defense enterprises: Izhevsk Machine-Building Plant, Nizhny Novgorod Machine-Building Plant, Votkinsk Plant and others.
Shipbuilding... The shipbuilding industry in Russia is traditionally one of the most technologically advanced sectors of the economy. Russian shipyards have experience in building ships of almost any class, type and tonnage. The industry has the largest manufacturers of power and automation systems. The scientific potential of research and design institutes, industry and academic laboratories allows not only to fulfill unique orders for ship design, but also to develop new conceptual directions in shipbuilding.
In Russia there are more than 1000 enterprises engaged in shipbuilding, ship repair, production of propulsion, hydroacoustic, navigation, auxiliary, deck and other types of equipment, materials and components for ships, as well as carrying out scientific activities in the field of shipbuilding and marine technology.
The largest centers of Russian shipbuilding are St. Petersburg, Severodvinsk, Nizhny Novgorod, Kaliningrad region. In accordance with the decree of the President of the Russian Federation, signed in March 2007, the United Shipbuilding Corporation was created, the main field of activity of which is the development of civil shipbuilding. The United Shipbuilding Corporation has consolidated 19 existing large shipbuilding and ship repair enterprises.
In 1995-2005, Russian shipbuilding enterprises placed 4% of the volume of Russian ship orders. By 2007 this figure had increased to 6%, in 2008 it was 8%. In 2008, sales in the Russian shipbuilding industry amounted to 150 billion rubles. In 2009, the growth of Russian shipbuilding was 62%.
Automotive industry... The largest Russian enterprises of the automotive industry: - AvtoVAZ is the largest manufacturer of passenger cars in Eastern Europe,
KAMAZ - is on the 11th place in the world among the manufacturers of heavy trucks,
GAZ Group: (Pavlovsky Bus Plant LLC (PAZ), Golitsynsky Bus Plant OJSC (GolAZ), Saransk Dump Truck Plant OJSC, Avtodiesel OJSC (Yaroslavl Motor Plant), Likinsky Bus Plant LLC (LiAZ) , JSC "KAVZ", JSC "Automobile plant Ural", JSC "Chelyabinsk road-building machines", JSC "Zavolzhsky plant of caterpillar tractors", JSC "Arzamassky machine-building plant", JSC "Ulyanovsk motor plant", JSC "Kanashsky automobile aggregate plant" )
Sollers
ZIL - Plant named after Likhachev
Bryansk Automobile Plant (BAZ) is a leading manufacturer of heavy-duty wheeled chassis, including those for the oil and gas complex, heavy-duty truck cranes, pipe loaders, tank trucks, tankers, cementing units, and chassis for various military complexes.
At the end of 2008, 1.471 million passenger cars and 256 thousand trucks were produced in Russia. In the same year, 132 thousand cars and 45 thousand trucks were exported from Russia for a total of $ 1.7 billion.
In the period from 2000 to 2010, several dozen automobile factories were opened in Russia, producing cars under the brands renowned manufacturers including Volkswagen, Skoda, BMW, Ford, Renault, Toyota, Chevrolet, Peugeot-Citroen-Mitsubishi Automobile Alliance, Nissan, Opel, Kia, Volvo Truck and some others. The factories are designed for production ranging from SKD to SKD, including Completely Knocked Down (CKD) assembly with a high degree of localization of production, with welding and painting of bodies and assemblies. The opening of new factories continues.
In the automotive industry of the Russian Federation, there are also ambitious projects of the Russian supercar Marussia and a hybrid car by Mikhail Prokhorov.
In Russia, there are enterprises of aviation, tank, rocket and other subsectors of engine building. More than 80% of assets in the field of Russian engine building are controlled by the United Engine Corporation.
Aerospace industry... Strategy for the development of the Russian aviation industry for the period up to 2015 Assets of the Russian aircraft industry are concentrated in two specialized integrated structures: the United Aircraft Corporation (it includes the largest aircraft manufacturing enterprises) and Oboronprom (it includes the largest helicopter and engine manufacturing enterprises). These companies include 214 enterprises and organizations, including 103 industrial, 102 research institutes and design bureaus. The total number of people employed in the Russian aviation industry is more than 411 thousand people. The largest scientific centers of aircraft construction are: VIAM, TsIAM, TsAGI, LII, GosNIIAS, ONPO "Technology".
In terms of the volume of military aircraft production, Russia is in second place in the world, helicopter manufacturing is in third place in the world (6% of the world helicopter market).
In 2010 the volume of proceeds Russian enterprises the aviation industry amounted to more than 504 billion rubles, of which 31% was the share of aircraft construction, 18% - helicopter construction, 24% - engine construction, 8% - aggregate construction, 11% - instrument engineering, 8% - production of special equipment. More than 100 military aircraft were produced in Russia this year. After the BRIC summit in April 2010, it became known that negotiations were underway with the Brazilian aerospace corporation Embraer on the joint development and production of an aircraft for Russian regional aviation. Probably, we are talking about using the capacities of the Kazan Aviation Plant.
There are estimates according to which, in the event of a merger of the Russian and Ukrainian aircraft industries, aircraft builders of the two countries are able to form the third most important - after the United States and Western Europe - the center of world aircraft construction. In April 2010, the UAC and the Ukrainian state-owned company Antonov agreed to establish a company to coordinate the joint production of An-124 aircraft, the production of An-148, An-70 and An-140 aircraft. It is also assumed that UAC will receive control over Antonov in exchange for a block of shares in UAC. Russian manufacturers of the aviation industry cooperate (cooperation, joint production) with almost all the world's leading manufacturers, including Boeing corporations, Airbus, Snecma, Brazilian Embraer, a number of Italian concerns from the Finmeccanica group (for example, Agusta Westland, Alenia Aeronautica), with French manufacturers ( 12 companies), with Chinese manufacturers, with a number of Ukrainian factories.
Recently, Russian aircraft manufacturers have signed multibillion-dollar firm contracts for the supply of civil aircraft to foreign air carriers (SSJ-100 and MS-21, totaling more than $ 7 billion). The structure of Roskosmos, according to the agency's official website, includes 66 enterprises.
By intensity space activities(in terms of the number of launched spaceships and the number of launched spacecraft) Russia has been in the lead over the past few years. In terms of funding for civil space activities, according to recent years, Russia ranks sixth in the world.
At present, the Roscosmos agency has concluded intergovernmental agreements on cooperation in space activities with 19 countries; among them the USA, Japan, India, Brazil, Sweden, Argentina and countries of the European Space Agency (ESA).
In March 2010, France ordered 14 Soyuz carrier rockets from Russia for $ 1 billion. In November 2011, in light of the successful cooperation between Russia and France during the preparation and launch of a carrier construction of 21 Soyuz launch vehicles, the estimated cost is not less than 32 billion rubles. (In addition to this contract, Russian and French specialists will also develop a new generation launch vehicle).
Microelectronics... According to the estimates of Rusnano and Sistema, the volume of the Russian microelectronics market in 2010 amounted to $ 1.5 billion. This is less than 1% of the world market (estimated at $ 280 billion). If the Russian market is not regulated, by 2015 it will grow to $ 2.84 billion, and if import substitution is stimulated - to $ 9.93 billion, AFK and Rusnano predict. According to market participants, the share of Russian chip makers in the segment of industrial microelectronics is about 30-50%, and about 5% in the segment of consumer electrical goods.
In 2008, the growth rate of microelectronics in Russia was about 25%, and in 2009 - about 15%, which exceeded the growth rate of other sectors of the Russian industry. In February 2010, Deputy Minister of Industry and Trade of Russia Yuri Borisov said that the implementation of the strategy of the Russian government in the field of microelectronics reduced the technological lag of Russian manufacturers from Western ones to 5 years (until 2007, this lag was estimated at 20-25 years).
The Russian group of enterprises "Angstrem" and the company "Mikron" are among the largest manufacturers of integrated circuits in Eastern Europe. About 20% of Mikron's production is exported.
In October 2009, SITRONICS-Nano was established to work on a project to create a production of 90 nm integrated circuits in Russia. Sitronics-nano is completing the construction of a factory for the production of such microchips, which should start operating in 2011. Such chips can be used for the production of sim cards, digital set-top boxes, Glonass receivers, etc. The project will cost 16.5 billion rubles. By the end of 2010, Russia began the production of chips using 90 nm technology, used, in particular, in mobile phones. Russian production... In 2011, it is also planned to start production of chips using the 45-65 nm process.
There are plans to create a single innovation center for research and development, an analogue of "Silicon Valley" in the United States, characteristic feature which is a large density of high-tech companies. The location of the future center should be determined in the near future. Presidential aide Arkady Dvorkovich warned against comparing the future innovation center with the well-known center of computer technology in the United States. According to him, "a direct comparison is not suitable here," "in the future Russian center there will be no such focus on one area, in particular, computer technology."
Refining industry... In Russia, there are 30 large oil refineries with a total refining capacity of 261.6 million tons, as well as 80 mini-refineries with a total refining capacity of 11.3 million tons. The average capacity of Russian refineries is 9.1 million tons.
During the period of economic reforms in the 1990s, the oil refining and petrochemical industries experienced a significant reduction in production. Due to a sharp reduction in domestic oil consumption with a total primary processing capacity of 296 million tons per year, in 2000, 168.7 million tons were actually processed, that is, the loading of oil refineries fell to 49.8%. This led to the low depth of oil refining and the low quality of the produced oil products. The oil refining depth in 1999 averaged 67.4% in Russia, and only at the Omsk refinery it reached 81.5%, approaching the standards of Western European countries and the United States.
An encouraging trend has emerged in recent years. A sign of an improvement in the situation is, in particular, a significant increase in investments in oil refining. So, in 2006 they grew by 11.7%, amounting to 40 billion rubles. Domestic demand for petroleum products is also growing. From 2004 to 2008, the total volume of oil refining increased from 194 to 236 million tons, and the volume of refining in these years grew at a faster pace than the volume of production. If in 2004 Russia processed 42.3% of oil produced, then by 2008 this figure was 48.2%. The depth of oil refining for the period from 2005 to 2006 increased from 67.6 to 71.3%. In recent years, a number of refineries have been actively building complexes for deep oil refining.
In 2008, Russia produced 36 million tons of motor gasoline, 69 million tons of diesel fuel, 64 million tons of heating oil. By 2012, with state support, it is planned to build the largest refinery in Russia at the end point of the Eastern Siberia oil pipeline - Pacific Ocean, the depth of oil refining will be 93%, which corresponds to the level reached at the US refineries.
Food industry... The industry includes about 50 thousand enterprises, which employ about 1.5 million people. Production growth in Food Industry for 2000-2008 it was 77%. Baltika Breweries is the largest Russian beer producer, exporting its products to 46 countries of the world.
The Russian company "Cherkizovo" is large manufacturer and a poultry and pork processor. In 2009, the company's revenue amounted to $ 1.02 billion. Currently, the company is building the largest agro-industrial complex in Russia in the Yeletsky district of the Lipetsk region.
There are about 80 tobacco factories operating in Russia, employing about 65 thousand workers. Leading companies in the tobacco industry: BAT Russia (Moscow), ZAO Liggett-Dukat (Moscow), OOO Petro (St. Petersburg), OOO Reemtsma-Volga Tobacco Factory (Volgograd).
In 2008, Russia produced 2.9 million tons of meat, 2.5 million tons of sausages, 3.7 million tons of fish food products, 2.5 million tons of vegetable oil, 120 thousand tons of tea, 50 million decaliters of grape wines , 1.14 billion decaliters of beer, 413 million decaliters mineral waters... In 2009, vodka worth $ 140 million was exported from Russia.
Agricultural engineering... Russian enterprises of agricultural engineering: Rostselmash is one of the leaders in the world agricultural engineering. It accounts for 65% of the Russian agricultural machinery market and 17% of the world agricultural machinery market. In 2008, Russia produced 11.2 thousand wheeled tractors, 8 thousand combine harvesters, 803 forage harvesters.
Railway engineering... Russian enterprises of railway engineering: Transmashholding (as part of 13 large enterprises), Tikhvin Freight Car Building Plant, Uralvagonzavod, Carriage Building Company of Mordovia, Vagonmash, Kaliningrad Carriage Works, Torzhok Carriage Works. In 2008, 49 sections of mainline diesel locomotives, 259 mainline electric locomotives, 2.1 thousand mainline passenger cars, 42.7 thousand mainline freight cars were produced in Russia.
A number of Russian carriage enterprises are actively cooperating in the joint production and development of equipment for the railway industry with a number of foreign companies, including Alstom, Siemens, Starfire Engineering & Technologies, Nippon Sharyo Ltd, American Railcar Industries and Amsted Rail.
In May 2010, Russian Railways signed two contracts with Transmashholding, for the supply of 200 passenger electric locomotives and 221 for freight transportation. The total amount of the contract is over 2 billion euros. Electric passenger locomotives, developed in cooperation with French Alstom, will be delivered in 2012-2020. Freight electric locomotives will be produced and supplied by LLC Uralskie locomotives (a joint venture of German Siemens and Sinara group).
Light industry... Light industry is one of the most important sectors of the Russian economy. It includes 17 sub-sectors, 14 thousand enterprises. V light industry in 2008 463 thousand people were employed, of which 75% were women. The share of light industry in the total production of the country is less than 1.0%. There are 15 specialized research and design institutes in the light industry. Many developments of these institutions meet and exceed the world level.
The main subsectors of light industry are: textile production (45% of the output in the industry); production of clothes, dressing and dyeing of fur (30%); production of leather, leather goods and footwear (25%). The book value of fixed assets in light industry in 2008 was 26.6 billion rubles.
Light industry enterprises are located in almost all regions Russian Federation... Among the Russian regions, the Ivanovo region stands out, in which light industry is the main industry.
The light industry of Russia in 2005 included about 14 thousand enterprises and organizations, of which 1437 were large and medium-sized. 70% of the production volume falls on the 300 largest enterprises. The share of products manufactured by orders of law enforcement agencies was about 11% of the total volume of light industry products.
Furniture industry. As of 2000, about 3 thousand enterprises with 116 thousand employees worked in the furniture industry in Russia. The volume of production in the industry amounted to $ 634 million. In 2008, Russia produced 6.8 million chairs and armchairs, 470 thousand sofa beds, 5.6 million tables, 6.0 million wardrobes, 1.4 million wooden beds.
Chemical and pharmaceutical industry... Share chemical industry in the structure of Russia's GDP in 2006 was about 6%, in the structure of exports - about 5%, almost 7% of the fixed assets of the industry were concentrated in the industry. In 2009, 3.1 million tons of ammonia were exported for $ 626 million, 814 thousand tons of methanol for $ 156 million, 22 million tons of mineral fertilizers for $ 5.6 billion, 702 thousand tons of synthetic rubber for $ 1.2 billion ...
At the APEC 2010 summit, Russia, Japan and China signed a contract for the construction in Tatarstan of a plant for the production of urea fertilizers with a total value of $ 1 billion; commissioning is scheduled for 2015. The Russian pharmaceutical market is one of the fastest growing in the world. In 2008, sales on it amounted to about 360 billion rubles. The pharmaceutical industry in Russia provides about 70% of Russian healthcare.
At the beginning of 2008, there were about 350 enterprises operating in the pharmaceutical industry, which have licenses for the production of drugs. 10 largest factories produce more than 30% of drugs produced in Russia. In 2007, the volume of export of medicines from Russia amounted to about 6 billion rubles.
Negotiations are underway between GK Nanotechnologies (Rusnano) and British partners to create a large pharmaceutical company to create innovative pharmaceuticals. The volume of the project is $ 900 million. Optical and mechanical industry. LOMO is the largest Russian manufacturer of optomechanical and optoelectronic devices.
The Yalamov Ural Optical and Mechanical Plant is one of the largest Russian enterprises for the development and production of military and civil optoelectronic devices.
Nanotechnological production... In 2007, the Russian Corporation of Nanotechnologies was created, the purpose of which is to implement state policy in the field of nanotechnology, develop an innovative infrastructure in the field of nanotechnology, implement projects for the creation of promising nanotechnologies and nanoindustry. 4 May 2008, the Russian government adopted the Program for the Development of the Nanotechnology Industry in the Russian Federation until 2015 of the year.
On April 26, 2010, a plant for the production of monolithic carbide tools with a multilayer nanostructured coating was opened in Rybinsk. This is the first nanotechnological production facility in Russia. The Russian Corporation of Nanotechnologies spent about 500 million rubles to finance this project. Mikhail Kovalchuk, head of the Russian scientific center Kurchatov Institute, said: “In the Rybinsk project, Rusnano played a very important role in the chain between a scientific organization, a funding body and final production. We created intellectual property for budget money, and then, with the help of Rusnano, commercialized it and legally sold a license to use it to manufacturers. Thus, thanks to this state corporation, our technology has been turned into a commercial product. "
As of early June 2010, the Supervisory Board of the Russian Corporation of Nanotechnologies approved funding for 76 industrial projects, which are being implemented in 27 Russian regions... The total investment in them is about $ 8 billion, including the share of Rusnano - about $ 3.5 billion. By mid-May 2010, 1607 applications for financing projects in the field of nanoindustry had been received by Rusnano. Of these, 920 applications were rejected by this time, 321 projects were undergoing scientific, technical and investment expertise, and 290 were under consideration by the Scientific and Technical Council and the Investment Policy Council.
Ferrous metallurgy. The share of ferrous metallurgy in the volume of industrial production in Russia is about 10%. The ferrous metallurgy includes more than 1.5 thousand enterprises and organizations, 70% of them are city-forming, the number of employees is more than 660 thousand people.
More than 80% of the volume of industrial production of ferrous metallurgy in Russia accounts for 9 large companies: EvrazHolding, Severstal, Novolipetsk Iron and Steel Works”,“ Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works ”,“ Management Company Metalloinvest ”,“ Mechel ”,“ Pipe Metallurgical Company ”,“ United Metallurgical Company ”,“ Chelyabinsk Tube Rolling Plant Group ”.
The production volumes of the main types of ferrous metallurgy products in 2006 exceeded the indicators of the early 1990s. In 2000-2007, the production of steel and alloys increased, which was due to the advanced development of modern advanced methods, in particular, electric steel-making production. In 2007, the production of rolled ferrous metals amounted to 59.6 million tons. As of 2008, Russia ranked 4th in the world for steel production (72 million tons per year) and 3rd place in the world for the export of steel products (27.6 million tons per year).
From 2000 to 2007, pipe production in Russia increased 2.7 times. In recent years, about $ 8 billion has been invested in the modernization of the Russian pipe industry, the production of new types of products has been mastered, and the quality has increased. By 2010, about 40% of pipes in Russia were produced using new equipment.
Non-ferrous metallurgy... As of 2010, the share of non-ferrous metallurgy in Russian GDP is 2.6%, in industrial production - 10.2%.
Russian manufacturers of non-ferrous metals:
1.Russian aluminum is the world's largest producer of aluminum and alumina.
2. Norilsk Nickel is the world's largest producer of nickel and palladium.
3. VSMPO-Avisma is the world's largest titanium producer.
4. Novosibirsk Tin Plant is the only producer of tin and its alloys in the CIS.
5.Gaysky ZOTsM Alloy (Gai)
6. Ural Mining and Metallurgical Company (Verkhnyaya Pyshma)
7.Solders and Alloys Plant (Ryazan)
8.Kamensk-Uralsky non-ferrous metal processing plant (Kamensk-Uralsky)
9.Kamensk-Uralsky metallurgical plant(Kamensk-Uralsky)
10.Kirovsky ZOTsM (Kirov)
11.Kolchuginsky ZOTsM (Kolchugino)
12. Krasny Vyborzhets (St. Petersburg)
13.Moscow ZOTsM
14.Nadvoitskiy aluminum smelter (Karelia)
15.Novgorod Metallurgical Plant (Veliky Novgorod)
16.Novorossiysk non-ferrous metal plant
17.Stupino Metallurgical Company (Stupino)
18.Electrozinc (Vladikavkaz)
19.Ural Mining and Metallurgical Company (Revda)
20.Ryaztsvetmet (Ryazan)
Electric power industry of Russia
The united energy systems of the Center, the North-West, the Volga region, the North Caucasus, the Urals, Siberia and Of the Far East... Electricity is produced at thermal, nuclear and hydroelectric power plants.
At the end of 2009, Russia produced 1.04 trillion kWh of electricity (4th place in the world). In the same year, Russia exported 17.9 billion kWh of electricity worth $ 789 million. In 2010, 19.0 billion kWh of electricity worth $ 1.03 billion were exported.
As of 2009, Russia has 15 operating, being completed and under construction, hydraulic power plants over 1000 MW and more than a hundred hydropower plants of lower capacity. Nuclear power. At the beginning of 2010, Russia had 16% of the market for services for the construction and operation of nuclear power plants in the world. According to a RBC study of July 2010, today Atomstroyexport, whose main shareholder is the state corporation Rosatom, retains 20% of the world NPP construction market. This share can increase up to 25%. As of March 2010, Rosatom is building 10 nuclear power units in Russia and 5 abroad.
10 nuclear power plants have been built in Russia, where 31 power units are in operation. Since 1991, 3 new units have been commissioned. At the beginning of 2006, three more were under construction.
In 2007, Russian nuclear power plants generated 159.79 billion kWh of electricity, which amounted to 15.7% of the total generation in the country. Over 4% of the electricity generated in the European part of Russia and the Urals comes from nuclear power plants. In 2009, the increase in uranium production was 25% compared to 2008.
After the launch of the power unit of the Volgodonsk NPP in 2010, Russian Prime Minister V.V. Putin announced plans to bring nuclear generation in the total energy balance of Russia from 16% to 20-30%.
Now Rosatom owns 40% of the world market for uranium enrichment services and 17% of the market for the supply of nuclear fuel for nuclear power plants. Russia has large complex contracts in the field of nuclear energy with India, Bangladesh, Armenia, Venezuela, China, Vietnam, Iran, Turkey, Bulgaria, Belarus and a number of countries Central Europe... Complex contracts are possible in the design, construction of nuclear power units, as well as in the supply of fuel with Argentina, Nigeria, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, and Qatar. Negotiations are underway on joint projects to develop uranium deposits with Mongolia.
There is a large National program for the development of nuclear power, including the construction of 28 nuclear reactors in the coming years, in addition to the 30 already built during the Soviet period. Thus, the commissioning of the first and second power units of the Novovoronezh NPP-2 should take place in 2013-2015.
The Federal Atomic Energy Agency of Russia is carrying out a project that has no analogues in the world to create unique floating nuclear power plants low power. In 2010, the deputy head of the Rosenergoatom concern said that work on the construction of the first copy was proceeding according to schedule. The station is ready at the end of 2012, and it will be put into operation in 2013.
Wind power. The technical potential of wind energy in Russia is estimated at over 50,000 billion kWh / year. The economic potential is about 260 billion kWh / year, that is, about 30% of electricity production by all power plants in Russia. The installed capacity of wind power plants in the country for 2006 is about 15 MW.
One of the largest wind power plants in Russia (5.1 MW) is located near the village of Kulikovo, Zelenogradsky District, Kaliningrad Region. Its average annual output is about 6 million kWh.
All Russian geothermal power plants are located in Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands, the total electrical potential of steam-water baths in Kamchatka alone is estimated at 1 GW of operating electrical power. The Russian potential has been realized only in the amount of slightly more than 80 MW of installed capacity (2009) and about 450 million kWh of annual output (2009).
The volume of electricity production in 2012 amounted to 1 trillion 64 billion kWh, which is 1.1% higher than the result of the previous year; the volume of heat energy output reached 1 billion 312 million Gcal - a decrease of 1% on an annualized basis.
Agriculture of Russia
The volume of gross value added in agriculture, hunting and forestry in Russia is 1.53 trillion rubles (2009). According to Rosstat, in 2007 the total gross agricultural product of Russia amounted to 2,099.6 billion rubles, of which crop production (agriculture) accounted for 1,174.9 billion rubles. (55.96%), and for animal husbandry - 924.7 billion rubles. (44.04%). By category of producers, most of the products were produced by personal subsidiary plots (48.75%, or in the amount of 1,023.6 billion rubles); in second place are agricultural organizations (collective farms, state farms, etc.), which accounted for 43.76% or 918.7 billion rubles; farms produced the least - 7.49%, or 157.3 billion rubles. From 1999 to 2008, the index of agricultural production in Russia increased by 55%. In 2008, the output of Russian agriculture amounted to 87% of the 1990 level, crop production - about 130%, livestock - about 60%.
Amount of loans in agro-industrial complex Russia amounted to 615 billion rubles in 2007 (of which subsidized loans - 285 billion rubles), in 2008 - 715 billion rubles (of which subsidized loans - 310 billion rubles). In 2008, the volume of expenditures of the federal budget of Russia on agriculture amounted to 138.3 billion rubles. The share of agriculture in the expenditure side of the federal budget increased from 0.7% in 2005 to 1.97% in 2008.
In March 2010, the heads of the Agrarian Ministries of Brazil, Russia, India and China (BRIC) signed a declaration on cooperation, which implies the implementation of four areas of multilateral cooperation: in particular, an increase in mutual agricultural commodity turnover between countries, with the creation of an agricultural information base of the BRIC countries.
Grain harvesting in Russia in 1990-2009, million tons. Russia contains 10% of all arable land in the world. More than 4/5 of arable land in Russia falls on the Central Volga region, North Caucasus, Ural and Western Siberia. Main agricultural crops: cereals, sugar beets, sunflowers, potatoes, flax. In 2008, 108 million tons of grain crops were harvested in Russia, the largest harvest since 1990. By the end of 2009, 97 million tons of grain were harvested. During the same year, Russia exported 16.8 million tons of wheat worth $ 2.7 billion. As of the beginning of 2010, Russia is in 3rd place in the world in terms of grain exports (after the United States and the European Union) and 4 m place in the world for the export of wheat (after the United States, the European Union and Canada). The manager of Amundi Funds Global Agriculture Nicolas Fragneau predicts that in 2010 Russia in terms of grain exports may come close to the European Union.
In April 2010, the Le Figaro newspaper wrote that wheat production in Russia could, for the first time in history, exceed its US crop. According to the newspaper, this figure is the result of a new Russian agricultural strategy. In 2008, Russia produced 29.1 million tons of sugar beets, 28.9 million tons of potatoes, 13.0 million tons of vegetables, 7.3 million tons of sunflower.
Meat and dairy and meat and wool animal husbandry is developed in Russia. In 2000-2008, Russia saw a constant increase in the annual volume of meat production. In 2008, it was produced 2.9 million tons, which is 2.6 times more than in 1999. From 2002 to 2008, chicken production in Russia tripled, reaching 2 million tons per year. According to the forecast of the UN food organization, in 2010 the volume of chicken production will reach 2.8 million tons. According to Poultry International magazine, the growth in chicken meat production in Russia is at least partly due to the actions of the state, which allocated more than $ 4 billion in concessional loans to chicken producers in 2009.
According to 2010 data, Russia ranks 7th in the world in terms of chicken meat production.] Poultry International predicts that by 2012 Russia can almost completely self-sufficiency in chicken meat, reducing the share of imports to 10% of consumption. In 2008, Russia produced 32.4 million tons of milk and 51.8 million tons of wool.
In Russia, the quota for poultry meat imports into the country is gradually being reduced: in 2009 it amounted to about 950 thousand tons, in 2010 - slightly over 700 thousand tons, in 2011 it was originally planned to set it at 600 thousand tons. tons, but it was determined twice as low - 350 thousand tons.
Foreign trade of Russia
Russia's foreign trade turnover in 2012 amounted to $ 837.2 billion (+ 1.8%), while turnover with non-CIS countries reached $ 719.5 billion, with CIS countries - $ 117.7 billion. abroad last year amounted to $ 175.1 billion (a decrease of $ 1.3 billion compared to 2011), with the CIS countries - $ 37.1 billion (an increase of $ 2.5 billion).
Exports from Russia in 2012 amounted to $ 524.7 billion (+ 1.6%). At the same time, the share of non-CIS countries accounted for 85.2% of exports, and for the CIS countries - 14.8%. In the commodity structure of exports to the CIS countries in 2012 the share of fuel and energy products amounted to 55.4% of all exports to these countries (in 2011 - 55.3%).
Income from the export of petroleum products from the Russian Federation in 2012 increased by 12% to $ 103.43 billion. From $ 91.31 billion in 2011. This is stated in the materials of the Federal Customs Service (FCS) of the Russian Federation. In physical terms, the export of petroleum products increased by 10.5% - to 137.94 million tons from 124.9 million tons in 2011.
Income from the export of motor gasoline in 2012 decreased by 4% - to $ 2.53 billion from $ 2.64 billion.Export in physical terms increased by 4.5% - to 3.2 million tons from 3.06 million tons.
Revenues from the export of diesel fuel increased by 16%, to $ 36.7 billion from $ 31.7 billion. In physical terms, the export of this type of fuel increased by 4%, to 36.74 million tons from 35.4 million tons.
Revenues from the export of liquid fuels in 2012 compared to 2011 grew by 12.5% - to 48.95 billion dollars from 43.5 billion dollars.In physical terms, exports increased by 6% - to 75.95 million tons from 71.72 million tons.
According to the Ministry of Energy, primary processing of crude oil at Russian refineries in 2012. increased compared to 2011. by 4.5% - up to 265 million 688 thousand tons. Production of gasoline in the Russian Federation in 2012. increased by 5.2% - up to 38.141 million tons; diesel fuel - decreased by 0.1% - to 69.6 million tons; heating oil - increased by 5.4% - up to 74.1 million tons; aviation kerosene - increased by 10.3% - up to 10.029 million tons. Russia's revenues from coal exports in 2012. increased by 14.4% to $ 13.015 billion. Imports to Russia last year amounted to $ 312.5 billion (+ 2.2%). At the same time, the share of non-CIS countries accounted for 87.0% of imports, and the share of CIS countries - 13%.
In 2012, the bulk of Russian exports to non-CIS countries were fuel and energy products, the share of which in exports amounted to 73% against 72.7% in 2011.
In the composition of imports from non-CIS countries last year, machinery and equipment prevailed, accounting for 52.1% of imports against 51% in 2011.
EU countries account for 49% of Russian trade turnover (47.9% in 2011), CIS countries - 14.1% (15.1%), EurAsEC countries - 7.3% (7.6%), APEC countries - 24.0% (23.8%), the countries of the Customs Union - 6.9% (7.3%).
The main trade partners of Russia in 2012 were China, with which trade amounted to $ 87.5 billion (+ 5.1%), the Netherlands - $ 82.7 billion (+ 20.6%), Germany - $ 73.9 billion (+ 2 , 8%), Italy - $ 45.8 billion (-0.5%), Turkey - $ 34.2 billion (-7.9%), Japan - $ 32.2 billion (-5.3%), USA - $ 28 , 3 billion (- 8.8%), Poland - $ 27.4 billion (- 2.4%), Republic of Korea - $ 24.9 billion (- 0.2%), France - $ 24.3 billion (- 13, 6%).
Foreign investment in Russia
As of March 2010, the total volume of accumulated foreign investment in the Russian economy amounted to $ 265.8 billion. As of December 31, 2010, in terms of accumulated foreign investment, Russia is in 17th place in the world. According to the results of a survey conducted in 2003 by the consulting company A.T. Kearney, Russia entered the top ten attractive countries for corporate investors.
In 2005, Russia received $ 53.65 billion of foreign investment. The leaders were Luxembourg ($ 13.8 billion), the Netherlands ($ 8.9 billion), the United Kingdom ($ 8.6 billion), Cyprus ($ 5.1 billion) and Germany ($ 3 billion).
According to the Ministry of Finance of Russia, the net inflow of capital into the country in 2007 should have amounted to $ 80 billion. At the same time, the Ministry of Finance significantly exceeded its initial forecast (about $ 40 billion), calculated on the basis of data on capital inflows for the previous 2006, when this figure reached $ 41 billion mark
In September 2008, UNCTAD published a report according to which Russia is in fourth place on the list of countries that transnational corporations consider the most attractive places for future foreign investment. As noted in the report, the investment attractiveness of Russia in comparison with the data of the 2007 UNCTAD report has increased markedly. At the end of 2008, the inflow of foreign direct investment into Russia amounted to $ 70 billion - the 5th place among the countries of the world.
In March 2010 in Paris, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev, at a meeting with representatives of French and Russian business circles, said that the volume of accumulated French investments in Russia exceeded $ 10 billion: “From 2003 to 2008, that is, in the pre-crisis year, our trade grew by Five times. Indeed, we already have a very decent amount of accumulated French investments. Moreover, about half of them are investments not in raw materials industries, but in processing. "
According to a press release from Boeing for the summer of 2009, over the next 30 years, Boeing's business development plans in the Russian Federation amount to about $ 27 billion. They will be invested in a program of cooperation with Russian partners in titanium production, design and development of civil aircraft, as well as purchase of various services and materials.
In June 2010, the report of the British audit company Ernst & Young noted that in 2009 Russia entered the top 5 countries in terms of the number of attracted new investment projects. According to the report, there is a growing interest of large and medium-sized European companies in the Russian market. JSC Russian railways"(Russian Railways) has placed its debut issue of Eurobonds for $ 1.5 billion. Within the framework of the St. Petersburg International Economic Forum SPIEF-2010, the total volume of investment agreements concluded exceeded 15 billion euros.
Prospects for the development of the Russian economy
The European Commission expects the Russian economy to grow by 2.0-2.5% in 2014. These figures are significantly lower than those predicted at the beginning of 2013 - 3.5-3.7%.
According to the EC experts, despite the fact that Russia quickly recovered from a sharp economic downturn in 2009, the global crisis has also affected its condition. So, in 2012, the GDP of the Russian Federation grew by only 3.4% against 4.3% in 2011. “Looking ahead, we must first of all answer the question of whether Russia will be able to resist this trend without raising the prices of goods. In 2012, Russia's budget deficit amounted to only 0.1% of GDP, but the non-oil budget deficit increased significantly and amounted to 10.6% of GDP, ”the report says. In view of the listed weak indicators, the European Commission believes that it will be difficult for Russia to achieve the projected GDP indicators in 2014. According to European economists, for this the Russian authorities will need to take measures for a significant recovery in the economy.
The head of the Central Bank of Russia Elvira Nabiullina said that the Russian economy can grow by 3-4% per year with the help of various stimulus measures, even if the oil price is not the driver. According to her, first of all, it is necessary to start with stimulating domestic demand. However, the end of 2013 showed that it would be extremely difficult for Russia to achieve even such growth rates without structural reforms and investment attraction.
Such a concept appeared in the time of Aristotle, who was a Greek philosopher. Studying the satisfaction of human needs, he used the word "economics". This concept at that time meant the principles or laws of economic management, which is still relevant today. But still, a lot of time has passed since that moment, and now science with this name covers almost all areas of human life.
Many scientists have devoted their entire lives to the study of such a science as economics. Basically, bright achievements in this science were achieved by people with outstanding abilities in mathematics and it is so multifaceted that it has many subsections, which today have formed as separate types of sciences.
There is no single correct definition
There are quite a few approaches to what this concept means, and we can say that they are all partially correct. Most scientific textbooks say that economics is a science that studies the needs of people for additional benefits, the processes of their creation and increase.
But this definition is not entirely correct, since it does not cover all facets of this science. If we study the concept more objectively, we can conclude that economics is a science that studies the relationship between manufacturers, suppliers, buyers, as well as market relations, the efficiency of resource use and other areas that relate to means of production and economic activity.
This is a system of connections
This definition is quite complex for a common man in the street. The simplified version sounds like this: "The economy is a system of connections at all levels of the life of society, through the study of which it is possible to increase the efficiency of activities and satisfy the needs of all subjects of economic relations."
We can say that economics studies the relationship of people in the process of production, spending, use, redistribution of any resources or funds.
In principle, every modern person will be able to continue the phrase "Economy is ...", since everyone meets with its manifestations on a regular basis. How to spend resources correctly, where to buy raw materials, to whom to sell? There are many more such questions, and they have to be answered daily.
State and international level
Economics is studied both at the international level and at the state level. In the field of international economy, economists study interaction different countries, unions, associations with each other, who are looking for ways of rational use of resources to meet their needs.
If we consider the state level, then we can say that the country's economy is a set of relationships between subjects of economic relations with each other, the use of resources and means of production at the level of one single country. When approached on this scale, science is reduced to the study of the intra-market indicators of a particular country. It is also necessary to take into account the fact that the state economy is not just a science. There is an indicator that is used to determine the level of development of a country, assess the quality of life of the population, as well as in various economic studies.
It can also be said that the country's economy is a complex system that consists of several spheres: social, economic, organizational and other interrelationships formed at the state level.
Government is responsible
The government of a country is responsible for the level economic development... From this point of view, we can say that the state in the economy is a development stimulating or growth-retarding governing body that directly affects the economy through the adoption of legislative reforms that regulate both domestic and foreign markets.
Each country has its own scientists who study the state economy. So, analyzing modern indicators, domestic experts agree that the Russian economy is one of the most competitive.According to various sources, its place in the world is on the 6-8th position. The last two years have not been the best for the Russian Federation in terms of economic development.
We are rich not only in oil
For some reason, in the United States and Europe, most politicians believe that the Russian economy is only oil. This type of raw material, of course, is a large part of all the income of the Russian Federation, but there are a lot of other resources, as well as goods that the country successfully sells in foreign markets in large volumes. For example, gas, weapons, agricultural products are always in demand abroad and also make up a significant share in the country's total income.
The country's economy is the object of study by many specialists in the economic field. Everyone argues that development is far from straightforward, but cyclical is inherent in it, that is, over time, peak levels of development will be observed on an ongoing basis, but after them there will certainly be recessions.
What is the scale?
In research, one should also keep in mind what the levels of the economy are. In simple terms, this is the scale of the processes that are being analyzed. Depending on the scale, macro- and microeconomics can be distinguished.
According to the level of development, countries are divided into the following groups:
Developed (USA, Japan, France and other states with developed relationships at all levels of economic processes);
Developing (India, Brazil, etc.);
Least Africa and others that are just at the stage of creating developed economic ties).
Although all these groups are not axioms. When assessing the level of development according to different indicators, the rating of countries will change. For example, Russia cannot be definitely classified as a developed or developing country. With different approaches in the analysis, its rating will fluctuate, but only within these two groups.
Science has different areas of study
It is imperative to pay attention to such a direction as the social economy. This is a type of economy aimed at studying the relationships of the population, protecting the rights of those segments of the population that are limited and needy.
In this area, satisfaction with the development of the country and the level of one's well-being is becoming a very important indicator. When studying the economy from this side, it becomes clear the importance of the correct distribution of not only the results of labor, but also material resources and other factors of production.
You need to understand that in any case, in the formation of people's own incomes, a class division will arise: the rich, with an average income, or the poor. In order to bridge the gap, it is imperative for the state to intervene in economic processes. Through the adoption of appropriate laws and regulations (taxes, subsidies, subsidies), such resources should be redistributed.
A few final words
Economics as a science is quite subjective; it does not have absolutely correct theories, laws and principles. All observations must be proven. From generation to generation, all theories of correct economic development were challenged by new scientists who came to science. Those principles that were once proved by well-known experts are no longer considered relevant today.
The world is constantly changing, and with it - and human thinking. If earlier it was possible to say with confidence that demand gives rise to supply, then today the statement will already be incorrect. Also, the past ideas about the price of products and services are already incorrect: the price does not always consist of production costs + expected profit.
The modern economy is approaching globalization, acquiring more and more complex forms. The modern understanding of the works of K. Marx is completely different, and many of his statements have long been disputed.
United Kingdom
Advances in artificial intelligence and the oil industry will foster creativity.
If Russia wants to remain a globally significant power in the 21st century, then it will need to succeed in one of the areas of technological development - or, perhaps, in two. The first was identified by President Vladimir Putin in his recent conversation with students, during which he discussed how artificial intelligence creates great opportunities and threats. “Whoever becomes the leader in this area will be the master of the world,” he said. There is no doubt about the periodically demonstrated ability of Russia to compete in the development of the most modern technologies.
Think of the satellite. The country continues to produce world-class mathematicians and engineers, and their reputation bears witness to their ingenuity. Martin Reeves, director of the BCG Henderson Institute, which compiles geographic maps digital potential, believes that "Europe is" completely and completely dead "in some technological areas, but it can boast of real achievements in the field of artificial intelligence. “For Russia, this is a rate with a high debt burden. Here the stake is placed on human potential, ”he stressed.
However, despite Russia's undoubted human potential in this area, it is not yet clear whether it will be able to realize it. Many of the best Russian AI experts currently work in San Francisco, Tel Aviv or London. As for scientific citations and patents in the field of artificial intelligence technologies, Russia is rarely mentioned.
American tech companies appear to be far ahead of their Russian counterparts when it comes to AI research. China, whose economy is eight times larger than Russia's, has already moved much further in this direction and is developing faster. Some Chinese technologists believe that for China, winning the ancient Go game of the AI program AlphaGo, developed by Google's DeepMind's campaign, is comparable to the launch of the first satellite.
Artificial intelligence has become a national strategic priority. As always, Mr. Putin's comments are difficult to interpret and may be simply provocative. It also cannot be ruled out that he hints at a possible military use of artificial intelligence. In an asymmetric war, it is almost impossible to tell how artificial intelligence is being used. Some experts say AI-based programs may have been used by Moscow to interfere in the US presidential election last year.
Moscow's second major stake is related to oil technology. In a recent lecture at the Royal Institute of International Relations, Chatham House, Professor Thane Gustafson of Georgetown University, one of the leading foreign experts in the field of Russian oil industry, named three challenges the industry faces.
First, the shale oil revolution in the United States has made the United States a leading oil producer. Leveraging advanced technologies such as horizontal drilling, multistage fracturing and seismic imaging, and an extremely flexible production process have brought the break-even price down from $ 90 to $ 40. Second, Russia is rapidly depleting cheap brown oil fields in Western Siberia, and Moscow will increasingly rely on more expensive green oil from new fields in Eastern Siberia and, possibly, for "blue" oil from the Arctic Ocean. Third, the rapid transition to electric vehicles and the development of battery technology will reduce dependence on combustion engines and lead to a drop in oil demand. Russia will face serious difficulties when only producers with the lowest production prices will be able to compete.
According to Mr. Gustafson, the only way for Russia to avoid this vicious circle is to carry out its own shale revolution, similar to the American one, in order to increase productivity and profitability. “Something has to push the existing boundaries, and that something can only be technology,” he said. According to Mr. Gustafson, Russia possesses core technologies, but lacks the managerial flexibility to use them effectively. This will require significant changes in the structure of the Russian oil industry, reducing the dominance of state-owned companies, and encouraging smaller and more flexible operators. In other words, the obsession with hardware that has existed for several decades in Russia limits its ability to develop the human “soft” component necessary to compete successfully in a modern economy.
Ultimately, all the benefits of technology come not so much from the inventions themselves as from their skillful application. Russia should provide its people with more space for creativity and initiative than the Kremlin traditionally allows. One London-based Russian entrepreneur who has fled the country due to lack of property rights guarantees and problems with running small businesses hopes that his country's first bet will be successful and his second will fail. Only in this case will Russia ever be able to fully realize its human capital. “Capital and hard power no longer matter.
Everything now depends on the places where the smartest algorithms can be created, he said. "Russia will eventually be able to build a brain-based economy."
Chapter xi. State, law and economy § 1. Correlation between the state and the economy in historically different social systems
The question of the relationship between the state and the economy has practically always existed, since the first state appeared, and will exist as long as the state exists. This is one of the "eternal" questions that each time in a new way confronts each new state organization, both at the initial stages of its emergence and formation, and at subsequent stages of its development.
Naturally, he faces each type of state in different ways. It is solved in completely different ways in relation to, say, a slave-owning and feudal state. At the same time, it is not so much about the different level of economic development as about its different types and character. The economy, which existed along with the slave state and correlated with it, inevitably presupposed the existence of a huge mass of slave people absolutely powerless and completely dependent on the state. The economy of the feudal society and the state was guided by semi-powerless serf labor.
The solution to the problems of the relationship between the state and the economy can be carried out at two different levels and considered in two planes: general theoretical and applied, practical.
Consideration of the problems of the relationship between the state and the economy at the general theoretical level means identifying the general laws of their development, interconnection and interaction, regardless of their types and characters; identification and study of evolutionary trends characteristic of them at different stages and stages of history; solving the traditional question of priority, or rather - the primary or secondary nature of the state and the economy in relation to each other *(337) .
In domestic and foreign scientific literature, the question of the relationship between the state and the economy at the general theoretical level has been and is being resolved far from the same. In some cases, priority is given to the economy over the state and politics. In others, on the contrary, it is the state and politics in front of the economy. In the third cases, a certain parity is seen in the relations between the state and the economy. It is believed that the state is capable of exerting the same influence on the economy as the economy on the state.
The most acute and protracted disputes traditionally arose and continue to be waged around the first position, proceeding, on the one hand, from the relative independence of the state as an integral part of the political structure ("politics") in relation to the economy and the economy - to the state, politics, and on the other - from the primacy of the economy over the state and politics.
This point of view, set forth in its fullest form in numerous works of the classics of Marxism-Leninism and their followers, is not without reason called Marxist. Pre-revolutionary domestic and foreign critics often called it not "Marxism", but "economic materialism", adding "filling" gaps in the argumentation of the terms "vulgar", "dogmatic", etc. *(338)
Its modern critics avoid such epithets, but do not miss the opportunity to talk about the "ideologization" of the concept shared by their opponents, about its unscientific nature, the dubiousness of its conclusions, etc. "As an advantage of the Marxist-Leninist approach to solving economic issues," said in one of the lecture courses on the theory of state and law, - his scientific character was invariably called. However, the fact that the theory and methodology were ideologized made any conclusions and recommendations scientifically questionable " *(339) .
The authors of this judgment are undoubtedly right when they talk about the "ideologization" of this theory or approach to solving the problem of the relationship between the state and the economy. The world has not yet had and does not have such a political, economic or sociological theory that could be classified as non-ideologized.
However, they are very far from the truth, when, contrary to well-known historical facts, they categorically state that "any conclusions and recommendations" that followed from a given theory or approach were scientifically dubious. More than half a century of domination and widespread use of this theory in the practical activities of the USSR and other countries, such as China, which in a historically short period of time have turned from underdeveloped to highly industrialized and technologically advanced countries, rejects these and other similar judgments.
Of course, it is possible and necessary to argue with those provisions of the theory of the primacy of the economy over the state and politics, which absolutize the economic factor, try to explain all phenomena and events occurring in society only by economic reasons, identify the "social" with the "economic", etc. But one cannot dispute what has been repeatedly confirmed by life itself, by the centuries-old history of the development of human society, and in this sense has become obvious. Namely - that economic development ultimately, in general, determines the main trends and directions of the political, ideological, spiritual development of society, and not vice versa.
The emergence of slave labor inevitably determines the emergence of a slave-owning state, the labor of serfs and artisans - the emergence feudal state, hired labor of workers - the capitalist state. This is how the economic and state development, and not vice versa.
Of course, the process of interrelation and interdependence of the state and the economy cannot be presented oversimplified, as a kind of straightforward, one-sided process. This is a very complex process, which is influenced not only by economic, but also by political, spiritual, ideological, national, ethnic and many other factors that go beyond the direct relationship between the state and the economy. The reverse influence of the state on the economy plays an extremely important role in this.
"The economic movement," noted in this connection in the Marxist literature, "by and large will pave its way, but it will also experience the opposite effect of the political movement that it itself created and which has relative independence." *(340) .
In what direction can the "political movement", personified to a large extent by the state and law, be able to reversely influence the economy, the "economic movement"? Answering this question in one of his letters to K. Schmidt, F. Engels explained: a political movement in the person of state power can act on the economy in three directions. Namely - state power can act in the same direction as economic development - then development goes faster. State power can act in the opposite direction - then it sooner or later fails. Finally, it can put obstacles to economic development in certain directions and push it in other directions - then the result of such an impact may ultimately be adequate to one of the previous ones.
In addition to these, there may be other "intermediate" directions of the influence of state power on the economy. However, they are not the point. The essence of the provision under consideration is that it not only details and develops, but also confirms the correctness of the thesis about the primacy of the economy in its relationship with the state and politics.
Naturally, in the theory that justifies the primacy of the economy over the state and politics, there are many blank spots and negative aspects. But there are also many "valuable sides" in it, according to its critics. In general, it is reliable, adequately reflects reality, gives a correct idea of the relationship between the state and the economy, of the processes taking place in society.
Recognizing the existence of "valuable sides" in the concept under consideration, one of the pre-revolutionary critics, Professor I.V. Mikhailovsky wrote that when "economic materialism" emphasizes the importance of the economic principle in history, in the state and law, he asserts the truth, but when he denies the independence of other facts, "he is completely wrong." Indeed, the entire spiritual life of mankind needs a material basis, it is impossible without this basis. *(341) .
So, the author summed up, "part of the truth of economic materialism lies in the fact that among other factors in the history of culture there is also an economic factor, which has not yet been paid enough attention to." "Economic materialism is also right in another respect. Undoubtedly, human needs, worries about obtaining means of livelihood are of a special, prevailing character, because before thinking about any kind of spiritual life, a person must drink, eat, dress, have a home. " It is impossible to live "a human life for someone who is forced to work physically in a terrible environment for more than twelve hours a day in order not to starve to death. Such a person will eventually lose his human appearance, no matter how much spiritual wealth he possesses." Hence, the author made the final conclusion, "the enormous importance of the economic situation in the life of mankind" *(342) .
The problem of the relationship between the state and the economy can and should be considered not only in general theoretical, but also in a purely applied, practical plan in relation to clarifying and solving a specific issue, achieving a specific goal, determining the nature of the relationship of a particular state with a specific economy corresponding to it. ...
Consideration of this problem in applied, practical, as well as in general theoretical terms, is a very complex and multifaceted task. A huge scientific and popular literature is devoted to its solution. However, the topic is still relevant. There are many reasons for this. The main ones as applied, for example, to the modern Russian state, law and economy, are the generalization and use of foreign and domestic experience to determine the optimal ways and forms of their interaction.
The initial prerequisites for this, as well as when considering the problems of the relationship between the state and the economy in historically different social systems, are as follows.
First. The state and the economy are complex, multifaceted phenomena, covering, accordingly, not only the sphere of the political and material life of society, but also having a huge impact on all its other spheres. The opinion that the state is a "purely" superstructure, and the economy is a "purely" basic phenomenon, which is common in domestic and foreign specialized literature, does not "work" in this case. Historical experience shows that the state in any social formation is simultaneously the subject of the most diverse - economic, political, social, ideological and other relations, and in this sense it is not only a superstructure or already - political, but also an economic, ideological and other phenomenon. The economy also, influencing other spheres of society, acts as a multifaceted phenomenon. And so - in all countries without exception.
In practical terms, this means that the relationship between the state and the economy must be monitored not only in the field of politics and economics, but also in other spheres of society.
Second. When considering the relationship between the state and the economy, attention should be paid primarily to the factors that determine the nature of this relationship in various historical conditions, and to the limits of the mutual influence of the state on the economy and the economy on the state. In the conditions of the existence of various social systems, they are far from the same.
In practical terms, this means that it would be more effective and justified to use the accumulated experience in modern Russia to study the nature of the relationship between the state and the economy, not in general, but in relation to a specific historical era and country, to a strictly defined social system. The experience of the USA, Great Britain, France, Japan and other countries is of particular importance.
Third. The relationship between the state and the economy in any country and socio-political system is not a passive, but an active two-way process of their interconnection and interaction, where each of the parties, depending on the prevailing circumstances, can play a decisive or definable role. However, the leading role ultimately belongs to the economy.
And fourth. When analyzing the problems of the relationship between the state and the economy in historically different social systems in practical terms (for solving similar problems in relation to modern Russia), it seems more appropriate to go not along the traditional path, involving the study of the state and the economy from the slave state and law up to the present day, but on a different path. Namely - along the way of their classification and research, depending on the degree of development of the market structure in the country.
In accordance with this criterion, exclusively for practical purposes of researching market relations and the nature of the relationship and interaction between the state and the economy in historically different social systems, the latter can be rather conditionally subdivided into the following three groups:
a) systems in which market elements are completely or almost completely absent;
b) systems with emerging market relations, following the path of the formation of market institutions; and
c) systems with a highly developed market economy.
Each of the identified groups of social systems is characterized by its own specific relationship between the state and the economy, its forms and methods of interaction, its own principles of interconnection, the limits of influence on each other. Theoretically and practically, this is typical for any of those that took place in the history of human development, for currently existing or just emerging social systems.
The historical experience of Russia and other countries clearly indicates that the world does not have a common model, a certain template or pattern in the relationship between the state and the economy, suitable for all social systems without exception. There are only general patterns, historical trends and general principles for the development of the nature of the relationship and interaction between the state and the economy.
As for the specific types of relations between the state and the economy, they are formed either within the framework of each individual social system or within the aforementioned groups of social systems.
The characteristic features of the relationship that arise between the state and the economy, within the first group of social systems in which there are no traditional market relations, are as follows.
First, the undoubted domination of state ownership over all forms of ownership. Article II of the 1977 USSR Constitution, considering state property as "the common property of the entire Soviet people", quite clearly defined that this form of property is "the main form of socialist property." In the same article, the provision was enshrined in accordance with which "the land, its subsoil, waters, forests are in the exclusive ownership of the state," and also proclaimed that the state owned the main means of production in industry, construction and agriculture, means of transport and communications , banks, property of trade, communal and other enterprises organized by the state, the main urban housing stock, as well as "other property necessary for the implementation of the tasks of the state."
Similar provisions, legislating the dominant role of the state and state property over other forms of ownership, are contained in the constitutions of some other countries.
Secondly, an important feature of the relations between the state and the economy existing within the considered group of social systems is their rigid "attachment" to each other, lack of flexibility and, as a consequence, long-term strategic stability and efficiency.
The tight connection and "attachment" of the state and the economy to each other have a positive meaning only in emergency situations (war, catastrophe on a national scale, etc.), when the maximum concentration of all resources available in the country, political, economic and spiritual forces is required in the shortest possible time ... In the conditions of ordinary, everyday life at the present stage of the development of society, such a rigid connection is fraught with the loss of dynamism, initiative and efficiency in the development of the state and the economy. It predetermines in the future the inevitability of stagnant tendencies, as well as the "overflow" of crisis phenomena from the state sphere into the economic sphere, and vice versa.
Third, the excessive centralization of economic levers in the hands of the state and the concentration of the entire mechanism of economic management in central government structures should also be referred to among the features characteristic of the relationship between the state and the economy that exist within the framework of "non-market" social systems. As a consequence of all this - the inevitable swelling of the economic management apparatus, the growth of bureaucracy, the fall of professionalism, an unreasonable increase in the costs of maintaining a large army of bureaucrats. These negative phenomena are especially clearly manifested and develop in countries large in terms of territory, population and national economic complexes.
Fourthly, the strictly planned nature of the economy on a national scale and at the local level, as well as their detailed and strict regulation at all levels, is very characteristic of the relationship between the state and the economy of the social systems under consideration. It should be noted that the plan often acquires a regulatory and legal character, and the consequence of its observance or, conversely, a violation is given legal significance.
Fifth, relations between the state and other subjects of economic ties are not built on a partnership basis, but on the basis of direct instructions - subordination. Authoritarian methods prevail over the so-called liberal methods of economic management. The relationship between state bodies and economic structures is regulated primarily, respectively, not with the help of civil or commercial norms, but administrative and other, similar in nature, branches of law.
In addition to the aforementioned features inherent in the relationship between the state and the economy in the conditions of "non-market" social systems, there are other equally important features. They testify to the complete administrative-command subordination of economic structures to state structures, to the lack of relative independence and autonomy that is significant for their normal existence and development.
A somewhat different picture can be seen in the relationship between the state and the economy, existing within the transition from non-market to market social systems. Typical examples are modern Russia, some other CIS states, which until recently called themselves socialist the Baltic republics and the countries of Eastern Europe.
The most essential features and characteristics of these systems are:
a) a gradual change in the nature of relations between government bodies and economic structures towards partnerships;
b) loss of the monopoly of the state and state property over the economy and other forms of property;
c) changing the methods of state influence on economic relations;
d) the gradual displacement of administrative methods of leadership and levers of influence on the economy by financial and similar means;
e) a sharp departure of government structures from planning in the development of the economy and the inevitable emergence of disorder and even chaos;
f) consistent reorientation of economic and state structures from national priorities to their own financial and other interests, to profit as the main driving factor in their becoming partnerships;
g) strengthening the role of taxes and tax police as a state means of financial influence of state structures on society and on economic structures;
h) the rapid increase in the importance of financial, civil, commercial, tax, banking and other branches of law directly related to the development of the economy.
Despite the fact that during the transition period the economic sphere of the state's activity is gradually narrowing, in general its role in regulating this process should not decrease. The state cannot and should not abandon the regulatory means of influencing the economy, from managing the process of transition from non-market to market relations.
The main directions of the economic activity of the state in this period must inevitably be reduced to the following: development of a common domestic and foreign economic policy on a national scale; legal support of emerging market relations; determination of the circle and legal status of subjects of economic relations; development of social policy and effective means of protecting the economic and other interests of the population; prohibition and suppression of the means of business and commerce that violate the law; creating the most favorable conditions for the development of domestic production, protecting it from unfair competition and protecting it from being crowded out by more developed foreign capital; regulating the procedure for resolving disputes arising in the field of economics and establishing legal responsibility for violation of the law.
The characteristic features of the relationship between the state and the economy under the conditions of the existence of the historically formed third group of market social systems are as follows:
a) the establishment of predominantly partnership relations between government and market structures;
b) minimal state intervention in the economy, the level of which for each country is, as a rule, different;
c) an organic combination of administrative and legal with financial and other "liberal" means of state influence on economic relations;
d) concentration in the hands of the state of only the minimum material resources that are objectively necessary for its normal existence and functioning;
e) full concentration in the hands of the state of the financial and tax systems;
f) domination of private property over state and all other forms of property.
There is a huge scientific literature on the nature of the relationship and interaction between the state and the economy in the conditions of market relations. For this reason, there is no need to dwell here on the coverage of this issue.
