Oil chemical industry is a branch of heavy industry that covers the production of synthetic materials and products based on the products of processing of natural combustible gases and oil. The petrochemical industry produces products of basic organic synthesis (propylene, ethylene, polyethylene, detergents, surfactants, some types of mineral fertilizers), synthetic rubber, rubber products (rubber products, car tires, consumer goods), asbestos products, soot ...
The key to success is the very good infrastructure that Germany has. France, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands have well-developed material and port facilities. In contrast, Spain and Belgium have petrochemical production centers in Antwerp and Tarragona that provide economies of scale.
The EU has the highest surplus in Asia, with a total of 12 billion
The chemical industry employs the largest number of employees in small businesses, but the volume of production is in large companies. This means that microenterprises are dominant in the European Union, but large companies dominate in terms of sales. Compared to other regions of the world, the development of the chemical industry in Europe is hampered, in particular, by insufficient investment and high operating costs. Countries like Latin America, North America, Asia, surpass the construction of new installations with world production in Europe. For some time, the chemical industry in Poland has been characterized by slow, steady growth in sales and production.
Among other things, among the chemical industry stands out
In Poland, the largest producers are petrochemicals, fertilizers and plastics. Artists and paints can be significant too. On the other hand, the rest of the sections are less important and secondary. The chemical industry is characterized by high water absorption, therefore, a characteristic feature of the location of the centers is their concentration in the Odra and Vistula river basins.Dmitry Mendeleev was one of the first to point to oil as the most important source of chemical raw materials. Fundamental work in the field of petrochemistry was carried out in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. They were carried out by such outstanding scientists as V.V. Markovnikov, L.G. Gurvichev, L.G. Zelinsky, A.A. Letniy, S.S. Nametkin, as well as foreign scientists J. Houndy (USA), Berthelot M. . (France), Peer M. (Germany).
For people and the environment, gases, waste water and waste are very dangerous and dangerous. Polish chemical companies had to comply with EU environmental regulations when they joined the European Union. Industrial industry uses and progressively fulfills pollution reduction targets. For their pollution mitigation plan to succeed, they need to take further action, including.
Reduce the amount of hazardous waste, reduce the emissions of fluids and gases into the atmosphere, control the impact on environment, reduce wastewater discharge. In order for the Polish chemical industry to catch up with the chemical industry in Europe, it was necessary to create a competitive environment for Polish companies, including the use of EU funds, the intensification of activities in the European forum, the implementation of a development program aimed at eliminating the foreign trade deficit and improving infrastructure. and the supply of oil and gas.
However, at first, during the First World War, 1914-1918. industrial production organic products was based only on the processing of food raw materials and coking coal... Subsequently, thanks to the use of petroleum hydrocarbons, the raw material base industry and it became possible to carry out the most economical production processes (basic organic synthesis, petrochemical synthesis).
This high quality industrial packaging factory is ideally located in the center of the industrial region of Upper Silesia and has an efficient local management staff. V last years the plant is certified for manufacturers food packaging and meets all applicable standards, including.
Heat-resistant solutions for the chemical and petrochemical industry. Claus reactors are used for the industrial recovery of sulfur from sulfur compounds contained in the flue gases accompanying the conversion of coal to coke. Claus reactors are also used for the desulfurization of crude oil in refineries.
The conditions for the emergence of the petrochemical industry were created as a result of the introduction and use of new methods of oil refining - pyrolysis and cracking. From cracking gases in the United States of America, the production of isopropyl alcohol was mastered in 1918, and in 1920 the production of aliphatic chemical products, vinyl chloride, etc.
Klause kilns are used in specially designed refractory ceramic materials, which must be well matched in various conditions depending on the way the kiln is installed. This type of construction uses low alloyed clay and andalusite. Various grades of corundum bricks are also suitable for extreme loads.
This is not the only problem with this process. Other conditions, such as temperature and atmospheric changes or extreme flows combined with pressure differences, are also very high loads for refractory materials. This process uses corundum and mullite based materials specially designed for this type of load.
The formation of the petrochemical industry in the USSR took place during the very first five-year plans of 1929-40. During this time period, industrial production of synthetic rubber was mastered and established at some enterprises in the cities of Yaroslavl, Efremov, Voronezh. In 1932, the tire plant of the Yaroslavl rubber-asbestos plant was commissioned. Reconstruction of production and commissioning of new capacities in 1940 made it possible to produce 35 times more tires than in 1927-1928. By the end of the first five-year plan in 1932, the production of industrial rubber goods had increased fivefold and in the total volume of the rubber industry amounted to 35%.
European network chemical regions unites representatives of 20 regions with a highly developed chemical industry from all over Europe. The member of the Board of the European Network of Chemical Regions is Piotr Popik, member of the Board of the Mazovian Development Agency and secretary of the Steering Committee of the Mazovian Chemical Cluster.
The main objectives of the Network are to: Maintain the current level and work to improve the competitiveness of the chemical sector, encouraging the cooperation of European regional participants, expressing the common interests of chemical regions in relation to European institutions, exchanging knowledge and experience between partners and developing joint research, development and innovation projects.
After the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945. many enterprises of the petrochemical industry were reconstructed and restored. In 1949, the world's first joint production of acetone and phenol was created using the most progressive method developed by Soviet scientists. It's called the cumene method. Promising in economically regions of the country. The construction of petrochemical and oil refineries was unfolded in them.
Design Council of the European Network of Chemical Regions. Marzena Meisner from the Department of Chemistry and Organic Technology of the Warsaw University of Technology, the Plock branch and others. Martha Valo from the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology. The participation of the persons named in the work of the Council Project of the European Network of Chemical Regions is dictated by the cooperation of business and science in developing the best solutions for the chemical industry. The task of the Council is to create international relations between the leading players in the chemical industry in the regions of the European Chemical Regions Network.
The development of the petrochemical industry is primarily associated with the improvement of oil refining processes and an increase in scale. The petrochemical industry of the USSR is characterized by very high growth rates.
Compared to 1965, in 1970 the production of nitrogen fertilizers and plastics doubled, synthetic fatty acids 1.6 times, synthetic detergents 1.7 times, and the production of synthetic rubber increased more than 1.5 times. ... This increase was achieved primarily as a result of the construction of large-capacity facilities intended for the production of new stereoregular rubbers.
German partners open cooperation with the Mazovian Chemical Cluster
The Council provides a forum for identifying the challenges facing the chemical industry and a platform for the exchange of best practices. The newly created structure acts as a broker for European projects and initiatives. Mazovia is a region with high economic potential. There is no shortage of companies and institutions willing to cooperate in Europe and the world. Gottschald, emphasize that "Mazovia has a future ahead" - this is a valuable opinion and at the same time the best statement of the conclusions of the visit to Germany. A. Mazovian Development Agency and the Institute for Nuclear Chemistry and Technology took part in a training meeting in Saxony-Anhalt.
In the USSR in 1966-1970. for the first time in the world, mass production of new high-quality pneumatic tires, in which natural rubber was not used, was organized, large enterprises for the production of radial tires were created.
In the rubber-asbestos industry, the total volume of production increased in 1972 in comparison with 1960 by 272%. The production of rubber footwear and other consumer goods increased significantly.
In the discussion moderated by Mr. Andreas Fiedler, there was no sign of motivation to increase the activity of German partners in the development of the chemical sector in Mazovia. Compared to other emerging economies, Poland is becoming an attractive partner for Western countries, thanks to the increasingly developed business cooperation with the local and academic sectors, said Katrin Gutovsky from the Ministry of Science and Economy of Saxony-Anhalt. Over the next five years, it is estimated that the Mazovian Voivodeship and its companies will reach levels that can compete steadily with the leading players in the chemical industry in Europe.
The development of the petrochemical industry is characterized by very high rates and a constant increase in production efficiency. In the industry, highly specialized multi-tonnage production facilities are being created, high-performance plants are being introduced, catalytic systems are being improved, automated systems management.
In the current geopolitical conditions, the world map of the places of the greatest investment attractiveness is increasingly showing Poland. In the face of new trends, Mazovia faces a very serious challenge. Much of the discussion focused on logistics issues and a method for effective exchange of practices between co-operators.
The internationalization of the activities of the European Network of Chemical Regions is a topic in which representatives of European chemical clusters, including the Mazovian Chemical Cluster, participate. It is used in the fields of renewable energy, petrochemical industry, pharmaceutical industry, Food Industry.
Plants for the production of isoprene are widely used in the production of synthetic rubber. Their unit capacity has increased by 2-3 times. This equipment makes it possible to reduce specific capital investments by 20%, to reduce the cost of isoprene by 5% and to double labor productivity.
During the Soviet years, the production of such important petrochemical products as copolymers of ethylene and polyethylene, as well as car tires, is growing.
In addition, the entire range of fittings can be customized according to customer requirements. Together with our range of ductile iron pipes, we provide our customers with a complete range of fittings. They are produced by the foam molding method. This process provides exceptional surface quality and minimizes the possibility of pore formation.
Products through a co-extrusion process, recommended for wastewater and wastewater applications. Gheorghe Ivanus supported a speech called "Petrochemical Attractions", which was followed by a lot of interest from all the help. Rodica Vilku, President of the Section, read the answer given by Acad. Radu Voinea, President of the Academy of Technical Sciences in Romania.
Petrochemical engineering is a branch of mechanical engineering that manufactures process equipment, as well as plants and complete technological lines for petrochemical, chemical, petroleum and gas industry... This industry arose in the 19th century. It received its wide development in the 60-70s. in many countries of the world due to the accelerated development of oil and gas production, chemical, petrochemical, oil refining and some other industries. The very rapid development of these industries has led to an intensive influx of capital investments, improvement and renewal of the structure of production assets. The share of expenditures on equipment and machinery has sharply increased.
Regardless of the name, these two names imply a change in raw materials to obtain certain organic chemical substances... Immediately after the end of hostilities, American, British and Canadian companies, with the consent of the respective governments, sent teams of chemistry experts, some of whom were still in military attire, to Germany to "learn" how the German chemical industry worked to provide strategic chemicals. of interest during the war.
In eastern Germany, events took place in a much more "decisive" way, euphemistically speaking: the Soviet occupier relocated from Germany - Leuna - all petrochemical plants in the field of basic petrochemical and chemical fibers, along with all the design documentation and German specialists required to operate the relocated installations. In another occupied area to the east, Romania, the Soviets acted formally above, but with the same consequences.
In Russia, the production of chemical and oil equipment began at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries.
Modern petrochemical engineering includes a number of sub-sectors. They manufacture and develop specialized products (polymer, chemical, paper, oilfield equipment, equipment and installations for the oil refining industry), as well as equipment for general industrial use (refrigeration plants and compressors, air distribution equipment, pumps of various types, pipeline fittings and gas cleaning equipment)
They got to the point where they posed the question and they set up so-called joint ventures in Rome and the Soviet Union without bringing in any capital. Gaseous petrochemical feedstocks and unsaturated liquids can only be obtained after suitable units such as thermal cracking, hydrocracking, fixed bed catalytic cracking, fluidized catalytic cracking. It was also the time of the big cartels, the conclusion of bilateral know-how and licensing agreements, the exchange of markets and zones of influence, which forced the oil groups "restrictive clubs" to discourage newcomers.
In the world market of equipment and services for the chemical and oil and gas industry high growth rates are observed. The rapid growth in demand on the part of the domestic market for fuels and lubricants determines investment activity in the gas processing, oil refining and petrochemical industries. In addition, the petrochemical engineering industry has increased attractiveness due to the various investment programs of oil refining and petrochemical companies.
The history of ethylene production has evolved since its extraction from coke oven gas, from acetylene gas through the oxidation of cracking methane gas and, finally, from the pyrolysis of petroleum fractions. Chemical engineering developed so-called "unitary operations" in the years leading up to World War II, with a particular emphasis on refining and converting petroleum fractions. These methods are what we call the essence of the practice. chemical engineering taken as a whole, representing new form applied science that has given American companies a head start for a long time.
Today, large Russian industrial groups are being created. They combine specialized industrial enterprises, engineering, research and service companies.
GC "TAIF"
Open Joint Stock Company TAIF Group of Companies was established in August 1995. The priority and dominant direction of this new enterprise was the implementation of investment programs, which are of paramount importance for the economy of Tatarstan. At the same time, it influenced both its formation and the formation of the market. This is how the popular TAIF trademark appeared, one of the first domestic brands, a symbol of the best quality of work.
In 1995, the TAIF Group of Companies employed only four people. The company currently employs over 40,000 people. On the this moment the company is a diversified structure that unites enterprises of oil refining and telecommunications, construction industry, banking, stock, insurance and customs services. In total, it has more than 40 subsidiaries and affiliates. All of them are closely related technically, technologically, financially and in management.
The TAIF company is in the forefront of enterprises that ensure the progress of Russia and Tatarstan.
For PSC "TAIF" petrochemistry and oil refining have always been one of the most important areas of work. 1995 marked the beginning of production and commercial activities for the company in the oil and oil products market. At that time, TAIF began to ship its first tens of thousands of tons of oil products for various needs of Tatarstan enterprises.
Taking into account the importance of further development of firms and companies in the promising oil and gas chemical sector, PSC "TAIF" takes an active part in the implementation of programs for the development of companies in the petrochemical, chemical and oil refining industries, which are part of the group of companies "TAIF". Today the potential of TAIF Group is mainly focused on large-scale projects related to the modernization of the petrochemical industry. Investment programs in the field of petrochemistry, oil production and oil refining of TAIF GC up to 1212 amount to 200 billion rubles. This will provide an opportunity to produce industrial products for a total amount of over 400 billion rubles.
Salavatnefteorgsintez
Salavatnefteorgsintez OJSC is one of the leading petrochemical companies in Russia. Thanks to the use of environmentally friendly technologies, care for the improvement of the technical and technological base, continuous renewal of the range of products and high professionalism of the personnel, Salavatnefteorgsintez OJSC occupies a leading position in the industry.
The priority line of development of the open joint-stock company today is the implementation of a large-scale investment program, which is aimed at the construction of new, as well as the modernization of existing production facilities. This must be achieved using the most modern, environmentally friendly technologies. An important task of the joint-stock company is also taking care of the employees of its company and the residents of the city.
The list of commercial products manufactured by Salavatnefteorgsintez OJSC includes over 120 items, including 70 items of the main products: diesel fuels, motor gasolines, heating oils, kerosene, solvent, liquefied gases, toluene, styrene, benzene, ethylbenzene, phthalic anhydride and plasticizers, butyl alcohols, polystyrene, polyethylene, corrosion inhibitors, silica gels and zeolite catalysts, glycols and amines, elemental sulfur, ammonia and urea, surfactants, a wide range of household goods from plastics and much more.
Salavatnefteorgsintez OJSC is the largest exporter of the country. The company supplies over a third of its products to foreign consumers. Exports are carried out to more than twenty countries of the near and far abroad, including China, Finland, Great Britain, the USA, the Baltic countries and Western Europe and others. Export products include more than 20 items.
At the moment, Salavatnefteorgsintez OJSC is reconstructing existing ones, as well as building new ones, actively introducing automated control systems for all technological processes, constantly improving the management structure in order to optimize the enterprise's activities.
Phosagro Group of Companies
The key business segment of Phosagro Group is the production of various phosphorus-containing products for industry and agriculture. Phosagro maintains a leading position in the phosphorus-containing fertilizer market. The Phosagro Group of Companies integrates production, processing, applied research and logistics. The company diversifies its activities, develops new markets for sales and produces new types of fertilizers.
The enterprises produce and process two main types of raw materials for the manufacture of mineral fertilizers - ammonia and apatite concentrate. Flexible production platform and security raw materials provide an opportunity to quickly and efficiently reorient production depending on fluctuations in demand for the production of a particular type of fertilizer.
The Russian market is the most important and priority one for Phosagro Group. For a share Russian Federation in 2010 accounted for 35% in value terms of the company's total sales. Fertilizers such as monoammonium phosphate (MAP) and phosphorus-containing complex NPK are the most popular among domestic agricultural producers. In terms of sales of these types of fertilizers, Phosagro Group occupies half of the Russian market share.
The company's products are also exported to over 60 countries.
Acron Group
The Akron Group is one of the leading Russian and world producers of mineral fertilizers. The group unites three large agrochemical enterprises: Open Joint Stock Company "Akron" located in the city of Veliky Novgorod, Open Joint Stock Company "Dorogobuzh" located in Smolensk region and Hongri Akron Joint Stock Company, headquartered in China. The Acron Group manufactures a wide range of products. It includes more than forty items, primarily nitrogen and mineral fertilizers. The range of products includes both complex fertilizers (for example, dry mixes and NPK) and nitrogen fertilizers (ammonium nitrate, urea and urea-ammonium nitrate). The main markets for the enterprises are Russia, China, as well as other countries of Europe, Asia, the countries of the former CIS and Latin America.
All Acron Group businesses enjoy favorable geographical position, which has a positive effect on the development of the market. The Acron Group is an active member of the International Fertilizer Industry Association, which includes more than 450 enterprises located in 80 countries of the world. Acron is also a member of the All-Russian Fertilizer Producers Association.
Uralkali
Uralkali is one of the leading producers of potassium and potash fertilizers not only in Russia, but also in the world. The market share is about 20%. The company is committed to organic development and increased production efficiency.
Uralkali is a vertically integrated company. It controls the entire production chain, from the extraction of potash ore to the supply of potassium chloride to end users.
Uralkali is developing one of the world's largest Verkhnekamskoye deposits of potassium and magnesium salts. The field is being developed jointly with the Silvinit company. Uralkali's reserves of sylvinite, which is the main raw material for the production of potassium chloride, account for 22% of the global total in relative terms. The reserves of the lying salts in absolute terms are equal to 4.27 billion tons. At current production levels, these reserves can provide the company with raw materials for another 200 years.
A significant part of natural potash salts is processed into a technical product - potassium chloride. It is used as a fertilizer, which is applied either directly to the soil, or as a part of complex complex fertilizers. In addition, potassium chloride is used in other industries, namely in the petrochemical, chemical, pharmaceutical and food industries.
The Uralkali enterprise produces about 11% of the total world volume of potash fertilizers, and 90% of all production is exported. The main buyers are India, Brazil and China. The company's share in the global potash market is 10%.
In May 2011, two Russian companies Uralkali and Silvinit OJSC merged.
JSC "Silvinit"
The company "Silvinit", which is one of the leading chemical enterprises in Russia, owns the largest mining and industrial complex in the country, which produces and produces potash fertilizers, as well as various types of salts. This enterprise is developing the Verkhnekamskoye field, where magnesium-potassium salts are mined. This field is the only one in the Russian Federation, and ranks second in the world in terms of reserves. This deposit has industrial reserves, which amount to almost four billion tons of ore. This is in terms of 100% K₂O.
Potash fertilizers produced by JSC "Silvinit" are supplied to almost all regions of Russia and exported to more than forty countries of the world. The raw material for magnesium metal is enriched carnallite, which ensures the production of more than half of the metal magnesium produced in the Russian Federation.
Three quarters of all the company's products are sold through the International Potash Company. JSC "Silvinit" is the legal successor of the Solikamsk potash plant, founded in 1934, which is considered the ancestor of the potash industry in our country.
In May 2011, two Russian companies, Uralkali and OJSC Silvinit, merged.
"Kuibyshevazot"
Kuibyshevazot JSC is one of the leading enterprises of the chemical industry in the Russian Federation. The enterprise carries out its activities in two main directions:
Ammonia and nitrogen fertilizers;
Caprolactam, as well as products of its processing (namely, high-strength industrial threads, polyamide-6, engineering plastics).
In addition, Kuibyshevazot JSC produces process gases that meet the needs of the main business areas. At the same time, they are independent commercial products.
The product range of Kuibyshevazot JSC includes about 30 items. The main products of the enterprise are polyamide-6, caprolactam, ammonium nitrate, industrial thread, ammonium sulfate, ammonia carbamide.
Today Kuibyshevazot JSC ranks first among the countries of the former CIS in caprolactam production. The joint-stock company is one of the ten largest world manufacturers. The plant is the only Russian enterprise that produces cord fabric based on strong and high-quality technical yarn. The enterprise occupies one of the first positions in the production of polyamide-6.
UHK "URALCHEM"
URALCHEM, OJSC is a reputable company for the production of mineral fertilizers in the markets of the Russian Federation, former countries CIS and Eastern Europe.
UHK URALCHEM is a leader in the production of ammonium nitrate. The enterprise ranks second in Russia in terms of total production of nitrogen fertilizers.
The company produces ammonia, ammonium nitrate, mono- and diammonium phosphates, compound fertilizers, urea, etc.
The main significant advantage of the company is that in addition to standard fertilizers such as urea and ammonium nitrate, innovative products are produced here. The enterprise expects to gradually reduce the production of standard types of phosphorus, nitrogen and complex fertilizers and increase the share of niche products with high added value. Natural gas is the main raw material for the production of nitrogen fertilizers. In December 2007, UCC URALCHEM signed five-year gas supply contracts with OJSC Gazprom and OJSC NOVATEK. Thus, the company was able to meet 99% of all its natural gas needs up to 2012.
GC "Titan"
CJSC "GC" Titan "(Closed Joint Stock Company" Group of Companies "Titan") is a Russian corporation, which is one of the largest companies in the countries of the former CIS. The company is engaged in the production and sale of phenol, synthetic rubber, as well as developments in the field of biotechnology.
The structure of the company consists, firstly, of the petrochemical complex, which includes CJSC Ecooil and OJSC Omsk Rubber, and secondly, of the agro-industrial complex, which includes LLC APK Titan and LLC Titan-Agro and , thirdly, from the infrastructure enterprises, which include Investkhimprom LLC, Titan-VKM-Trans LLC and other enterprises.
Today the enterprise occupies more than a quarter of the Russian market for phenol and about 30% of the Russian market for SKMS rubbers.
The group of companies "Titan" includes a complex petrochemical industries with a total investment of more than $ 300 million, agro-industrial complex and large transport company... The company has representative offices and branches in Moscow, Bashkiria, St. Petersburg and other regions of Russia, as well as in Azerbaijan, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, China, Germany and other countries of the world.
According to the Forbes magazine, the Titan Group of Companies has been one of the two hundred largest non-public companies since 2006.
"Mineral fertilizers"
The open joint-stock company "Minudobreniya" is located in the city of Rossosh and is the only producer of mineral fertilizers in the entire Central Black Earth Region of Russia. The enterprise has been producing high-quality products for over 30 years. Its dignity was appreciated by both domestic producers and foreign farmers.
The company pays very serious attention to both improving the quality of products and improving the quality of its activities. In 1994, the products of Minudobreniya OJSC were awarded the highest quality award - the Diamond Star.
The priority for the enterprise in the mineral fertilizer markets is the domestic market. The company participates in federal programs to support the countryside, actively supports domestic agricultural producers and is developing its own strategy to provide Russian farmers with mineral fertilizers.
"Togliattiazot"
Togliattiazot is a Russian chemical company. She is large manufacturer ammonia. The enterprise also produces carbon dioxide, basalt fiber, urea, reaction tubes, methanol, etc.
The main investment project of Togliattiazot is the construction of the largest ammonia loading terminal in the Krasnodar Territory in the port of Taman. However, due to a conflict with local authorities, Togliattiazot has been delaying the commissioning of the first stage of the port for several years.
The supply of ammonia for export is currently carried out mainly through the "Togliatti-Odessa" ammonia pipeline built in the 8s, which was built American companies... Its length is 2,417 km. This ammonia pipeline is fully capable of meeting the export demand and amounts to about 2.12 million tons per year.
The ammonia pipeline is operated by Transammiak OJSC, and the Ukrainian section is operated by Ukrhimtransammiak UGP.
"Oil resources"
The open joint-stock company "Nefteresursy" for oil and petroleum products was created as a result of the transformation of the state-owned enterprise "Nefteresursy" in 1993. The Company organizes and carries out work on the formation of economic ties for the supply of crude oil, petrochemical products and petroleum products for government and other needs. In addition, the company carries out export-import operations for the sale of refined petroleum products on the foreign market, as well as their purchase.
"Soda"
Today the open joint-stock company "Soda" is one of the leading Russian enterprises chemical industry. The company has several industries that produce over 20 items chemical products... Among them: purified sodium bicarbonate (baking soda), soda ash, calcium chloride, white soot, washing powders of the Zeva series, lime, etc. The products of OJSC "Soda" are used by more than tens of thousands of institutions, enterprises and organizations throughout Russian territory and in some countries of the world, the number of which reaches several dozen.
The complex of chemical and petrochemical industries is one of the most progressive and rapidly developing in the world industry. The enterprises of the industry are capable of producing raw materials (for example, plastics) that are absent in the natural environment, and allow expanding the capabilities of other sectors of the economy for the production of final products. Most often, products of oil refining, associated and natural gas, coal, various mineral salts, etc. are used as raw materials. Chemical products are used in all spheres of material production. The largest consumers are the chemical industry itself (up to 60%), mechanical engineering, construction, agriculture, nonferrous metallurgy, textile, leather and footwear, woodworking, furniture, pulp and paper, food industry industry.
The chemical industry of Russia includes 20 sub-sectors, produces about 16 thousand types of products at 7.6 thousand enterprises, using about 5% of the oil and natural gas resources processed in the country to obtain them, 25% - table salt, phosphate rock, potassium salts, boron raw materials. About 80% of the output of the chemical complex and 25% of the nomenclature produced falls on large-scale chemical products: ammonia, nitrogen, phosphoric and potassium fertilizers, caustic and soda ash, sulfuric acid, methanol, plastics and synthetic resins, chemical fibers and threads, synthetic rubbers, tires, industrial rubber goods, synthetic detergents, aniline dyes, paints and varnishes, chemical plant protection products. About 600 enterprises are engaged in the production of these products. The share of chemical products in the industrial structure of the Russian Federation is 7.2%.
Due to the fact that almost all raw materials for the production of nitrogen fertilizers are obtained from natural gas, the factories are mainly located along the routes of main gas pipelines, taking into account the consumer orientation (the cities of Novomoskovsk and Shchekino in Tula region, Togliatti in Samara region, Dorogobuzh in the Smolensk region, Rossosh in Voronezh region and etc.). Centers for the production of nitrogen fertilizers remain in the coal and metallurgical regions (Kemerovo, Cherepovets, Lipetsk).
The production of phosphate fertilizers is still developed only in areas of old industrial development (Kingisepp and Volkhov in Leningrad region, Voskresensk in the Moscow region, Balakovo in the Saratov region, Togliatti in the Samara region).
The production of potash fertilizers is confined only to the places of extraction of raw materials, therefore in Russia it is concentrated in the area of the unique Verkhne-Kamskoye potash salt deposit. The main centers are Berezniki and Solikamsk (Perm Territory).
The main raw material for the industry polymer materials is polyethylene. Of 3.4 million tons of synthetic resins and plastics, it accounts for over 30% by weight, PVC resin and vinyl chloride copolymers - almost 17%, polypropylene over 10%, polystyrene and styrene copolymers - almost 7% (2005) ... Among the regions of Russia for the production of synthetic resins and plastics, the Republic of Tatarstan and the Republic of Bashkortostan stand out.
The industry of synthetic resins and plastics has already overcome the consequences of the crisis of the 1990s, but the situation in the production of synthetic fibers and threads has not yet changed for the better.
More than half of the plastics industry is in the tire industry. In recent years, the production of tires for passenger cars has been growing steadily, reaching 27.3 million units in 2005, i.e. since the 1990s. there was an increase of more than 71%. Tires are produced in 13 constituent entities of the Russian Federation, and more than 2/3 of the production falls on the Republic of Tatarstan, Kirov, Yaroslavl and Omsk regions.
The paint and varnish industry is one of the most material-intensive industries, since the share of costs for raw materials and materials in the cost of its products reaches 88%. Most of the initial components for the production of all types of products (except for vegetable oils) are produced by enterprises in the Urals and the eastern regions of the country; about 90% of ready-to-use types of commercial products are produced in the European part of Russia.
The leading positions in the production of paints and varnishes are occupied by Moscow, the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, the Stavropol Territory, Krasnodar region, Moscow, Rostov, Tambov, Yaroslavl regions.
