This article is about all types of territorial divisions, including municipal, military and economic. For territorial units of the upper level in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, see Subjects of the Russian Federation; about the political structure, see the State system of Russia; for the history of Russian federalism since 1918, see Federal structure of Russia.
This leads to a negative balance of payments, and lately the union has been left economically without money. Gorbachev's reforms and dissolution. The following two phenomena characterize the next decade: the increasingly evident collapse of economic and political structures Soviet Union and attempts at a phased set of reforms to reverse this process. Gorbachev began to implement significant changes in the economy and party leadership.
Many of them first liberalized Soviet-era elections in their own national legislatures. They put forward legislation that contradicted the laws of the Union in the so-called war of laws. Boris Yeltsin was elected Chairman of the Congress.
Subjects of the Federation
- the combination of two types of division - the boundaries of municipal districts coincide with the boundaries of the administrative districts. Example: Administrative division of the Chelyabinsk region
- legal separation of two types of division - the boundaries of administrative and municipal units can change independently, within the boundaries of an administrative district, two municipal districts or a municipal district and an urban district can operate. Example: Administrative division of the Sverdlovsk region
In addition, additional administrative levels can be created in the subjects of the Federation. For example:
However, the signing of the treaty was interrupted by the August coup d'état against Gorbachev by extremist members of the Marxist government who sought to reverse Gorbachev's reforms and reassert central state control over the republics. After the failed coup, Yeltsin became a hero, and Gorbachev's power subsided. The political balance was markedly inclined towards the republics.
The Russian Federation is composed of a large number of different political subdivisions, for a total of 83 components. There are 21 republics in the federation that enjoy a greater degree of autonomy on most domestic issues, and this corresponds to some ethnic minorities in Russia. Each republic has its own constitution. The rest of the territory consists of 9 provinces, 46 provinces known as Orlasts, 4 autonomous regions and an autonomous region. Besides them, there are two federal cities- Moscow and St. Petersburg.
- in terms of municipal division, Moscow is divided into
- 146 "inner-city territories of the city of federal significance" (see Local government in Moscow)
- administratively Moscow is divided into:
- 12 administrative districts (for example: North-Eastern Administrative District) - an administrative level that is absent in the municipal division scheme
- Districts (coincide in territory with municipalities)
- 12 administrative districts (for example: North-Eastern Administrative District) - an administrative level that is absent in the municipal division scheme
Administrative and territorial structure
The administrative-territorial structure of the subjects of the Russian Federation is established by the charters or constitutions of the subjects of the Russian Federation, the regional laws of the subjects of the Russian Federation "On the administrative-territorial structure" and the corresponding registers of the administrative-territorial units of the subjects of the Russian Federation, according to which most of the subjects of the Russian Federation are divided into administrative-territorial units, to which in mainly at the upper level are the districts and cities that are not part of them - cities of regional (regional, republican, district) significance, as well as in some regions and closed administrative-territorial formations (for example, in the Moscow region). Within the framework of local self-government, municipalities with the status of a municipal district and an urban district. At the lower level of the administrative-territorial structure of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, rural districts (village councils) or settlements are sometimes distinguished, as well as rural settlements, urban-type settlements (workers' settlements) and cities (regional significance) and inner-city districts. Within the framework of local self-government, they usually correspond to municipalities with the status of a rural settlement or urban settlement with their constituent settlements.
Seven major federal districts were added to a new layer between the aforementioned divisions and the national level. The Russian Federation extends over most of the northern part of the supercontinent Eurasia, so there are many landscapes and climates. Most of the landscape consists of huge plains, both in the European part and in the Asian part, commonly known as Siberia. These plains are predominantly steppe to the south and dense forests to the north, with tundra along the northern coast.
There are mountain ranges along southern borders, such as the Caucasus and Altai, as well as in the eastern part, for example, the Cordillera Verdzhyansk or volcanoes in Kamchatka. The Ural Mountains in the central part are known, which are the main section between Europe and Asia. This work aims to leave some input for ninth semester students of the Faculty of Law and Political Science to learn and clarify some doubts about the Russian constitution. We hope that this work will be reviewed by the teacher and companions, whom we are guided by this monographic work, which was implemented according to the parameters set by the teacher of the comparative constitutional law course. We are grateful for the opportunity and hope that this work will please the teacher and classmates. Developing in them the political forces of their state, historical reviews and others. The themes we are going to develop are based on those set in the Russian constitution as the starting points that we are going to discuss in this paper. Second, we refer to its governance structure; developing each of their powers and the way they manage or stability each of them. And to conclude that we are avocamos of the existing constitution. Under this treaty, Russia was officially denominated by the Soviet Socialist Federal Republic of Russia. The Treaty of Alliance was included in the first Soviet constitution promulgated in theory. The boundaries of each subunit were traced to include the territory of a particular nationality. The constitution endowed the new republics with sovereignty, although they had to delegate most of their sovereign powers to the central Soviet government. Sovereignty was formally expressed by the presence of flags, constitutions and other state symbols, as well as the constitutionally guaranteed right to liberate the republics. Russia was the largest of the republics both in terms of territory and population. In May, Congress elected Boris Yeltsin as chairman of the permanent body of the congress, the Supreme Soviet. Boris Yeltsin was once a protégé of Gorbachev, but was expelled from the party leadership due to the radicalism of his reformist proposals. The next month, Congress declared Russian sovereignty over its natural resources and the supremacy of Russian laws over the heads of the Soviet government. Russia held elections that brought popular legitimacy to the office, and Gorbachev was elected by the Soviet parliament. Yeltsin used the presidency of Russia to defend Russian sovereignty and Russian nationalism and that his legitimacy in the presidency was greater due to the failure of the coup d'état undertaken by the hard line party and the army against Gorbachev in August Los Angeles coup leaders tried to overthrow Gorbachev to stop him the plan of a confederation treaty, which, in his opinion, will defeat the Soviet Union. Yeltsin opposed the conspirators and defended to the public that power had returned to Gorbachev. The opposition, led by Yeltsin, together with the lack of permission from the conspirators, caused the coup to fail three days later. After the failure of the coup d'état, Gorbachev found a different picture, with Yeltsin effectively controlling much of the sometimes rebellious Soviet administrative apparatus. Although Gorbachev returned to the presidency of the Soviet Union, events became overwhelmed. The activities of the Communist Party were suspended. Most of the republics of the union declared their independence, although it seemed that some of them were ready to unite in the imprecise Confederation of States created in the Gorbachev treaty. The Baltic republics received full independence and received diplomatic recognition from many states. This convention was developed for the passage of parliament, which was developing its constitutional draft. As expected, both drafts expressed opposing views on legislative-executive relations. However, the bill did not endorse the bill. On September 27, military units surrounded the Legislative Assembly, but 180 deputies refused to leave the building. The next day, under the leadership of Defense Minister Pavel Grakhov, several tanks fired at the White House, while military forces occupied the building and the rest of the city. On October 3, Yeltsin chose a radical solution to resolve his dispute with parliament: he ordered tanks to bomb the parliament seat in order to evict his opponents. While Yeltsin was making the unconstitutional decision to dissolve the assembly, Russia was approaching the greatest risk of conflict since the revolution in post-imperial Russia, this was the fifth constitution; however, it has been formally approved by the nation. Its adoption was the subject of lengthy political debate and preceded an intense power struggle that pushed the country to the brink of civil war... The referendum marked the beginning of a new period for the Russian state... After many centuries of tsarist rule that followed 70 years of communist dictatorship, Russia deliberately embarked on the path of further democratic development based on the principles stipulated in the Constitution. Although the inevitable process of democratization was clearly felt during the latter with the government of Mikhail Gorbachev, it was only with the adoption of the new Constitution that Russia became a truly democratic country. According to her, Russia has been proclaimed a democratic state that prioritizes human rights, freedoms and the separation of powers. The constitution also guaranteed ideological pluralism, promoted the ideals of a free market economy, and recognized the nation as the sole repository of state sovereignty. As in many other countries with economies in transition, democratization in Russia has suffered a series of setbacks and is characterized by a number of human rights violations, certain restrictions on political freedoms and the establishment of close media. Until now, the country has often been criticized because it has used the force of fact rather than the rule of law. The adjective “sovereign” means that Russia reserves the right to determine what is democratic for it in terms of its national interests. For example, the most prominent politicians in the legislature and in the executive branch had opposing views on Russia's political leadership and what government instruments should be used to achieve them. This event marked the end of the first constitutional period in Russia, which was defined by a significantly amended constitution adopted by the Russian Republic. With a new constitution and a new parliament representing various parties and factions, the Russian political structure began to show signs of stabilization. The executive branch was the center of reforms, the lower house of parliament, the Duma, a bastion of communists and nationalists who opposed such reforms. Currently, there are 83 federal structures that make up Russia. There are 21 republics, 46 regions, 9 territories, 1 autonomous region, 4 autonomous districts and 2 federal cities - Moscow and St. Petersburg. The two main principles on which the State Department in Russia is based are territorial-national and territorial-administrative. The first of them is based on the existence of republics, autonomous regions and autonomous regions. General characteristics... The extent of the territories with a relatively low population density and, at the same time, communication problems dictate the need to adjust the political model of the country with some frequency. The Russian Federation consists of 83 constituent components, of which 21 are republics in the Federation, which enjoy a high degree of autonomy in relation to internal issues. The rest of the territory consists of 9 regions, 46 provinces, 4 autonomous regions and an autonomous province. In addition, there are two federal cities - Moscow and St. Petersburg. Article 3 states: “National sovereignty and the only source of power in Russian Federation correspond to its multinational people ”. The powers of the state are exercised by the President, the Federal Assembly, the Government and the Courts. The Russian Constitution enshrines the separation of powers in the country. The judiciary is exercised exclusively by the courts. As for the executive branch, the Russian Constitution stipulates that such power belongs to the government, whereas in practice a dual system is created between the president and the prime minister, with the president being the dominant figure. The strong presidency of Russia is sometimes compared to the strong presidency of Charles de Gaulle during the Fifth French Republic. President The President is the head of state and is elected by universal suffrage every six years for a maximum of two consecutive terms. The new rules were applied for the first time during the presidential elections. The official residence of the president is the Moscow Kremlin. Government The functions of government are divided among several ministries, some of which have different federal services and responsible federal agencies. The President of the country proposes the candidacy of the Prime Minister, and the State Duma confirms this. The government is located in the so-called White House in Moscow. Legislatures The bicameral Federal Assembly approves federal laws, treaties, declarations of war and has the right to approve financial projects. Their headquarters are located in Moscow. Federation Council The Council of the Russian Federation is the upper house of the Russian legislative assembly. It is forbidden to create political groups in the Council. Unlike the State Duma, the Council is not directly elected. It includes representatives of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Of the two senators elected by district or region, one is elected by the legislature of each district or region and the other by the governor. The rules for the election of members are not uniform throughout the country, but depend on the rules of the electoral bodies of each of the constituent entities of the federation. The Federation Council has special powers such as calling presidential elections, dismissing the president, and deciding on the use of military forces outside Russian territory... State Duma The State Duma is the Lower House of the Federal Assembly of Russia. Any Russian citizen over the age of 21 has the right to apply to join the State Duma. Now the system has changed and all MPs are elected from party lists by proportional representation. The term "Duma" comes from the Russian verb dumat, "to think." Compared to some European democracies, the Russian Duma is quite young. All bills, including those proposed by the Federation Council, must be approved by the State Duma. If the project is approved by the majority in the Duma, it is submitted to the Federation Council. In the late 1990s, the Ministry of Justice included more than 90 political parties in its official registers. Over the years, this figure has decreased. The other three political parties - Yabloko, Patriots of Russia and Kausa Justa - did not surpass the 7% barrier of support and remained on the verge of forming the lower house. The main slogans of the parliamentary parties are: "United Russia: freedom, rule of law, social justice", "Concordia". Communist Party: all power before the people, social justice, equality, patriotism, responsibility of citizens before society and society before citizens, unity of rights and responsibilities, socialism and communism in the future. Liberal Democratic Party: individual freedom, domination of private property, free market economy. Fair Russia: justice, freedom, solidarity, responsible welfare state, moderate socialism. The Judiciary Three types of courts make up the Russian judicial system: the courts of general jurisdiction, subordinate to the Supreme Court. Arbitration system. The Municipal Court is the body of first instance for the general judicial system... Municipal courts administer justice in every city or rural area and handle over 90% of all civil and criminal cases. The last case is the Supreme Court. The decisions of the courts of lower courts can only be considered in a higher instance. Arbitration tribunals are specialized courts for resolving issues of ownership and trade between economic agents. The latest example of economic disputes is the Supreme Arbitration Court. The Constitutional Court reviews the compliance of laws or presidential decrees with the Constitution. If the judges believe that the law is unconstitutional, the law becomes inapplicable and the state authorities must reject it. The judges of the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court and the Supreme Arbitration Court are elected by the Supreme Chamber of the Federal Assembly and the Federation Council. Local government Local government is one of the expressions of popular power as it is one of the basic constitutional elements of regional energy governance. Local government is exercised through the organs of popular representation, which can enjoy privileges transferred and controlled by the state. The executive power in the constituent entities of the Federation is headed by governors. The presidential representative is a civil servant and is part of the highest administration of the state. In general, the Russian politic system is now a symbiosis of doctrines and political theories that have previously proven their viability in other countries. But Russia has always been distinguished by a number of features that are a logical consequence of the country's vast space, the presence on its territory of numerous ethnic groups with a certain culture, language and customs, as well as historical factors of a different nature. The vast territory of Siberia, barely inhabited, explains that the whole country presents a very low figure of population density.
As of January 1, 2010, the constituent entities of the Russian Federation included: 1868 administrative districts, 579 cities of republican, regional, regional and district subordination (a total of 1099 cities), 328 inner-city districts, 1295 urban-type settlements.
Municipal structure
A municipal formation is a territory where, within the framework of the municipal structure in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local self-government is carried out by elected bodies, there is municipal property and a local budget. In municipalities, the executive and legislative branches are elected (as a rule, the mayor and the city council). Municipal division is provided for the creation of local self-government bodies in these territories in accordance with the constitution and legislation. Municipal authorities are not part of the system of public authorities.
Since May 2014, the legislation of the Russian Federation provides for the possibility of creating 7 types of municipalities: a rural settlement, an urban settlement, a municipal district, an urban district, an inner city territory of a federal city, an urban district with an inner city division, an inner city district. The largest municipal entity in Russia in terms of area is the Taimyr Dolgano-Nenets municipal district, in terms of population - the city of Novosibirsk.
For various purposes, a more convenient grouping of subjects can be used, which, however, does not affect other areas where this goal is not realized. For economic and statistical purposes, the subjects of the federation are united into 12 economic regions. Also, 10 economic macrozones have been identified (for example, the economic zone of the Baikal-Amur Mainline in several regions). In order to defend the country, the association is used in military districts, the names and composition of which are determined by the decree of the President of the Russian Federation. Also, in order to increase efficiency, since 2000, instead of each constituent entity of the federation, the president has appointed his authorized representatives to the federal districts, the composition of which is determined by decree. Plenipotentiaries are employees of the presidential administration, they have no constitutional powers. The time zones of Russia are determined by federal law, only in one case the subject of the federation is not included in the entire time zone (Yakutia). In accordance with Article 28 of the Water Code, 20 basin districts have been established in the Russian Federation. The modern postal division of Russia was introduced in 1971, and the first three digits of the index correspond to a certain subject of the federation.
Experts can also identify informal territorial divisions that are not defined by official documents. For example, they distinguish urban agglomerations and carry out calculations within the framework of such a division that does not coincide with the regional and administrative ones. Unlike a number of other countries, agglomerations in Russia are not specifically managed by unified authorities. For example, in meteorology or mobile communications, it is difficult to separate Moscow and the Moscow region due to geographic proximity, despite the fact that de jure these are two different subjects.
SARFTI NRNU MEPhI
ECONOMIC AND MATHEMATICS FACULTY
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC THEORY AND SPECIFIC ECONOMY
ON THE TOPIC: " Modern administrative-territorial division of the Russian Federation »
Performed by a student of the group Fin-10/2
Patrakova Tatiana Viktorovna
Checked by: Senior Lecturer
Shirenina Tatiana Vladimirovna.
SAROV
2010
1. The concept of the administrative-territorial structure of the Russian Federation …………… 3
2. Significance of the administrative-territorial structure of Russia …… ..6
3. Historical and geographical features of the structure of Russia …………… ..9
4. The main elements of the system of the administrative-territorial structure of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 13
5. Legal and organizational bases of administrative-territorial transformations ………………………………………………………… ... 16
6. Political and economic rights and obligations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation …… 20
List of sources used …………………………………… .... 21
1. The concept of the administrative-territorial structure of the Russian Federation
The administrative-territorial structure is one of the most important components territorial organization society, and on how it corresponds to the general strategy of socio-economic development; the success of reforms and the formation of a new society depends. On its basis, a system of state authorities, local self-government bodies, a set of market institutions, as well as a system of public associations are built. In the conditions of Russia, the role of the administrative - territorial structure is especially important due to the vastness of the territory and the diversity of economic, geographic, demographic, natural and national conditions.
The administrative-territorial structure in modern society is not just a list of geographical names of a territory, but a complex state-legal mechanism that is closely related to the state and public form of government and serves as the basis for the economic, political, ideological and organizational activities of the state and its subjects.
The administrative-territorial structure plays a double role in the socio-economic development of society, acting simultaneously as a factor of development and as its result.
Currently, the administrative-territorial structure in Russia is characterized by a qualitatively new level, having turned from an administrative-territorial structure union republic as part of the USSR in the administrative-territorial structure independent state... This gives particular urgency to the study of issues related to the reform of the administrative - territorial structure of the Russian Federation.
As an integral system, the administrative-territorial structure is characterized by the following features:
The unity of the foundations of the constitutional system of the Russian state, the tasks and goals of the multinational people living in various federal subjects and administrative-territorial units;
Close connection of the administrative and territorial structure with the main functions of the Russian state, with the tasks of state, economic, political and socio-cultural development;
Unity of the territory of the Russian Federation (Articles 5, 65, 67 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation);
Equality of subjects of the federation (Article 5 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation);
A unified network of administrative-territorial units in the subjects of the federation (city of subject subordination, district, city, city);
Unified principles underlying the entire administrative-territorial structure of the Russian Federation (clause 3, article 5 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation);
The unity of the system of government bodies in the subject of the federation in accordance with the administrative-territorial structure;
The autonomy of some administrative-territorial entities in relation to others.
Of course, the listed signs are far from being exhaustive, but even they are enough to consider the territorial structure of the Russian state as an integral structure.
The Russian state is a distinctive, unique federation built on a treaty-constitutional legal foundation. This is reflected in the first article of our Constitution, adopted in 1993. The mechanism of regulation and self-construction of federal relations is bilateral agreements between federal authorities and subjects of the Federation on the delimitation of jurisdictions and powers. A lot of peculiarities and problems give rise to the inconsistency of the two principles initially laid in the basis of the state structure of Russia: national-territorial (republics, autonomous oblasts, autonomous okrugs) and administrative-territorial (territories, oblasts, cities of federal significance). And in terms of the number of constituent entities, the Russian Federation ranks first in the world. A large number of such actors can lead to unmanageable quality.
Administratively, Russia (Russian Federation) consists of 89 equal subjects (regions)... Among them are republics, territories, regions, autonomous districts, one autonomous region and two cities of federal significance (Moscow, St. Petersburg). These regions differ sharply in terms of territory, population, economic potential (thousands of times). But they all belong to the same level of state zoning, since they have the same legal status of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation.
Each subject of the Russian Federation (except for Moscow and St. Petersburg) is divided into administrative districts. In addition, the administrative-territorial division includes cities, urban areas and districts, urban-type settlements, village councils and volosts. As of January 1, 1999, there were:
- 21 republics;
- 46 regions;
- 1 autonomous region;
- 4 autonomous regions;
- 9 edges;
- 2 cities of federal significance - Moscow and St. Petersburg.
Russia is a state with rich history, therefore, it is impossible to consider its administrative-territorial structure without looking back into the past. For this reason, this work will also consider the historical and geographical features of the administrative-territorial structure of Russia.
2. The importance of the administrative-territorial structure of Russia
The territorial organization of state power in the Russian Federation is one of the most acute problems of state building. It consists in finding and maintaining an optimal balance between the activities of the federal government to ensure territorial integrity, the unity of the state and the desire of the regions for greater independence.
Any distortions are quite dangerous here. The immense strengthening of federal power, the illegality of its actions in this area is the path to centralism and unitarianism. The result of the unlimited independence of the regions can be separatism, weakening and destruction of statehood. Hence, the task of science and practice is to find a form of state structure in which the natural striving of the regions for sovereignty will not pose a threat to the integrity of Russia.
The territorial structure has its roots in antiquity. Already the ancient eastern despotisms - empires - were divided into provinces, cities, satrapies, conquered territories, etc. These territorial entities had their own authorities and administration.
So it, in fact, should have been during the transition of humanity to IV - III thousand... BC. to the state form of organization of society. After all, it was the emergence of initially city-states, and then of their various forms, that led to the replacement of the kinship ties that were characteristic of primitive society with the territorial organization of society. But this territorial organization objectively entailed the division of states into smaller formations, the emergence of a complex structure of state bodies.
Of course, the state is not the sum of its territorial entities, but without this structure the state cannot function. There are several types of territorial (national-state and administrative-territorial) structure of the state.
Unitary form state structure takes place in many countries. It is characterized by a unified structure of the state apparatus throughout the country. Parliament, head of state, government extend their jurisdiction over the entire country. Their competence (functional, subject, territorial) is neither legally nor in fact limited by the powers of any local authorities.
All administrative-territorial units have the same legal status and equal position in relation to the central authorities. They may be based on legal acts that define and consolidate their legal status (for example, statutes). Administrative-territorial units cannot have any political independence. However, in the field of economic, socio-cultural, their powers can be wide enough to allow the management of the territory, taking into account its peculiarities. Prominent examples of a unitary device are: France, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Turkey, Italy, Algeria, Great Britain, Iran, etc.
Federated form the state structure is even more multifaceted than the unitary one. Each federation has unique, specific characteristics. Nevertheless, it is possible to single out the features that characterize all federal states. So, unlike unitary state federal in political and administrative terms does not represent a single whole. It consists of the territories of the subjects of the federation and is a union state. State entities that are part of a federal state may not be states in the proper sense of the word, since they do not have full sovereignty, that is, independence and independence in all matters of internal and external political life. The degree of sovereignty can vary. However, a range of issues is highlighted that cannot be resolved without the participation of the central government. But, in any case, the subjects of the federation, along with economic and socio-cultural independence, acquire a certain political independence, and this distinguishes them from the administrative-territorial formations of a unitary state. Federations are divided into two types: national-state and administrative-territorial. The national-state federation is based on national factors, and therefore it takes place in a multinational state. Such a federation is characterized by republics that are part of a federation, autonomous forms of statehood, etc., and cultural autonomy can also take place. The basis of an administrative-territorial federation, as a rule, is based on economic, geographical, transport and other territorial factors. Historical traditions, linguistic and other cultural factors play an important role. By the beginning of the XXI century. there are about 20 federal states in the world. These are Australia, the Austrian Republic, the Argentine Republic, the Federal Republic of Brazil, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Republic of India, the Russian Federation, the USA, Canada, the United Mexican States, the Republic of Venezuela, etc.
Although there are many other forms of the country's territorial structure (confederation, protectorate, etc.), they are not as common as the unitary and federal forms, therefore they will not be considered in this work.
3. Historical and geographical features of the structure of Russia
In the pre-revolutionary period.
In pre-revolutionary Russia, there were several administrative-territorial units, which were subsequently abolished by the Bolsheviks, and which served as the prototype of modern administrative-territorial units. These are volosts, counties, provinces and general governorships.
Volost in ancient Russia, the entire territory of the land (principality) was considered; semi-independent destiny; rural area subordinated to the city. From the end of the XIV century. - part of the county. Since 1861 - a unit of the estate peasant administration.
The county from the XIII century. the aggregate of volosts that gravitated towards some center was recognized. Ruled by princely governors, from the beginning of the 17th century. - voivode. WITH early XVIII v. was part of the province, since 1775 the lowest administrative, judicial and financial unit; the police-administrative power was exercised by the police chief.
Province- the main administrative-territorial unit in Russia since 1708. It was divided into counties. Some of the provinces were united into governors general. By 1917, there were 78 provinces, 25 of them went to Poland, Finland, the Baltic states.
General Government existed in Russia from 1775 to 1917. Includes one or more provinces or regions; governed by the governor-general.
In 1909, at Far East independent regions were allocated from the Primorsky region - Kamchatka(was abolished in 1856) and Sakhalin(center - Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinsky). In April 1914, in the south of Siberia, the territory of present-day Tuva was annexed to Russia under the name Uryankhai region as part of the Yenisei province. In 1914, in addition to provincial and regional division, most of the regions (they were usually located on the outskirts of the empire) were part of 4 general governorships (Irkutsk, Amur, Steppe, Turkestan). There were 5 regions in the Caucasian governorship (established in 1844, liquidated in 1881 and restored again in 1905). The regions of the Don, Ural, Turgai troops were independent on the basis of the rights of provinces. Since 1865, part of the provinces turned into "zemstvo" - the institute of local government (zemstvo) was introduced in them. In 1865, Voronezh, Kazan, Kaluga, Kostroma, Kursk, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Novgorod, Penza, Poltava, Pskov, Ryazan, Samara, St. Petersburg, Tambov, Tverskaya, Tula, Kharkiv, Kherson, Chernigov, Yaroslavl; in 1866 - Vladimirskaya, Ekaterinoslavskaya, Orlovskaya, Saratovskaya, Simbirskaya, Smolenskaya, Tavricheskaya, Ufa; in 1867 - Vyatka and Olonets; in 1869 - Bessarabian; in 1870 - Vologda and Perm. In 1875-1882. zemstvo institutions existed in the area of the Don army. A total of 34 provinces. The average size of a province (region) in the European part of the country (excluding provinces along western border) in 1917 was 95 thousand km2, and in Asia - 630 thousand km2.
In the first quarter of the twentieth century.
It can be definitely said, however, that the number of levels in the hierarchies of the administrative-territorial structure in politically stable and economically prosperous states is not more than three, maximum four (state-state-county; state-land-municipal district; etc.). An increase in the number of levels of administrative-territorial division, as a rule, leads to conflicts between levels. The number of levels in the hierarchy of administrative-territorial division in the USSR was 5 (in the republics with the regional division "USSR-republic-district-city-settlement"), and 6 (in the republics with regional division: "USSR-republic-region (territory) - city-district-settlement "). The collapse of the USSR, as well as the regionalization of Russia, can be viewed as a structural deformation of the hierarchies of the administrative-territorial structure, accompanied by a decrease in the number of levels. The phenomenological diversity of forms of disintegration (ethnic, regional, political, territorial, etc. conflicts) hides a single structural basis of these processes - the principles of organizing social space in the administrative market and conflicts between hierarchical levels and units of administrative-territorial division during the transformation of the administrative market.
In a five-tier structure, an administrative district may be "older" than a city, which entails significant differences in their political behavior and properties of the system as a whole. This is not a structural property of the administrative-territorial division, but a functional one, associated primarily with the fact that cities were based industrial enterprises union and republican subordination, and therefore more significant from the point of view of the Center. At the same time, ethnospecific (and therefore more significant for the leadership of the republics) industries were based in the regions.
In general, the system of administrative-territorial division was built in such a way as to minimize the number and types of conflicts that are resolved at the lower levels of the administrative-territorial hierarchy.
In general, the administrative-territorial division of the USSR was quite logical. Conflicts were institutionalized in the system of representative bodies of power, where they were resolved with more or less success.
Modern state structure Russia.
The Russian Federation is characterized by a number of features that significantly distinguish it from other federations. A federation is usually formed by combining two or more states into a single union state. However, the formation of the Russian Federation followed a completely different path. Russia is not a federation created as a union of several states. It was formed as a result of the creation within it of a number of autonomous states and autonomous national-state formations of the peoples inhabiting the territory of Russia. These states, as well as national-state formations, were recognized as its subjects. That is why the Russian Federation from the very beginning of its creation was both the national state of the Russian people, which constituted the overwhelming majority of its population and gave the name of the republic, and based on autonomy, which united the Russian and many other peoples.
The procedure for the formation of the Russian Federation indicates that from the moment of its inception, this federation was of a treaty-constitutional or treaty nature, since it was created not as a result of the conclusion of an agreement between its subjects, but on the basis of what it was proclaimed by the Constitution.
Lacking the classic features of a federal state, Russia as a federation has caused a lot of controversy. However, the main argument in defense of its federal character was not one or another formal features of the federation, but the will of its peoples, who expressed a desire to consider their state as federal.
Today, the Russian Federation is more like a classical federal state than its predecessor, the RSFSR. Currently, the subjects of the Russian Federation are not only former or current autonomies, but also oblasts, territories, cities of federal significance. Thus, at present, not a part, as it was before, but the entire territory of the Russian Federation is made up of the territories of its constituent entities. However, despite the change in many of its features, the Russian Federation was and remains a constitutional and legal federation.
The Russian Federation retained all the main features of the administrative-territorial structure of the USSR and, along with them, those relations that led to the collapse of the USSR. This is, first of all, the difference between regions (analogs of the republics of the USSR with regional division) and republics (analog of the republics of the USSR with regional division) and the specific discrepancy between their internal hierarchies between the levels "region-city". This system of administrative-territorial division was inherited by Russia and practically did not provide sustainable development in the new economic conditions.
The long overdue need to change the country's administrative-territorial structure predetermined the current stage of its cardinal reform. The first step in this direction was the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 13.05.2000 on the creation of 7 federal districts and the approval of the Regulations and the Plenipotentiary of the President of the Russian Federation in the federal district.
Federal districts, without affecting the main (constitutional) administrative-territorial division, are currently a strategic form of strengthening the vertical of state power in Russia. Further federal districts will act as the basis for the modern territorial organization of the economy and the administrative-territorial structure of the Russian Federation.
4. The main elements of the system of the administrative-territorial structure of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation
The system of the administrative - territorial structure of the Russian state is made up of two structural links: basic and grassroots. The basic link is made up of districts, cities, districts in cities, cities with a territorial region of federal-subject subordination. The lower level includes cities of district subordination, village councils, settlements and other rural settlements that are part of the subjects of the federation. Therefore, in relation to each link of the administrative - territorial structure, the corresponding constitutional and legal regulation will be used.
According to Art. 131 of the Constitution, local self-government is exercised in urban, rural settlements and other territories, taking into account historical and other local traditions, i.e., in cities, towns, villages, villages, kishlaks, auls and other settlements, as well as within the framework of possible municipalities in borders of administrative-territorial units.
Thus, the Constitution of the Russian Federation essentially recognized urban and rural settlements as the territorial basis of local self-government, allowing at the same time the exercise of local self-government in other territories. The concept of "other territories" should be concretized by the legislative (representative) authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, adopting legislative and other legal acts on the organization of local self-government in their territories. Of course, effective local self-government is possible only under certain conditions, among which the reformed territorial basis of local self-government is of great importance.
The development of real local self-government implies fundamentally new approaches to solving the issue of the territorial basis of local self-government in the Russian Federation.
With the adoption of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, a natural question arises: who can act as the subject of state-legal relations at the municipal level. In a known way, the Civil Code of the Russian Federation clarifies this issue. According to his Art. 2, 124 and 125 entities civil law are urban, rural settlements and other municipalities. On behalf of municipalities, local self-government bodies can acquire and exercise rights and obligations within the framework of their competence, as established by acts that determine the status of these bodies.
All municipalities, urban and rural settlements, as well as other territories of local self-government are subdivided (combined) into two groups: settlements and administrative-territorial units (a settlement is a part of the territory built up for the population that has received such a status in the manner prescribed by law and has within their borders, the relevant state authorities or their representatives, local authorities, enterprises, institutions and organizations.
The settlements in Russia include cities, towns, villages, villages, stanitsa (farms, settlements, auls and others), etc. From the moment of registration of a settlement, citizens are given the right to demand the opening of appropriate institutions and organizations or their branches, departments , points of the social sphere, as well as education services of authorities and local governments.
A locality, as a state-legal institution, can be part of an administrative-territorial unit, be a separate administrative-territorial unit, and also have administrative-territorial units in its composition.
A city is a settlement that has received this statute in the manner prescribed by law, which is an economic cultural center with a population that allows it to be classified as an urban settlement of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation or regional significance.
Rural settlements in the Russian Federation include the following rural settlements of citizens: a village, a township, a village, a stanitsa, a farm, a tract, a farm, aul, a settlement, etc.
Administrative-territorial unit - a part of the territory of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation within certain boundaries with one or several settlements, recognized in the manner prescribed by law as an independently controlled element of the administrative-territorial structure.
Municipal administrative - territorial units in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are: a district, a city of republican, regional and district subordination, a district in a city, a city with a territorial district, a city of district subordination, a village council, a village (worker).
The constituent entities of the Russian Federation may also include closed administrative-territorial units (formations), national districts and village councils, territories with a special management regime.
All municipalities make up two links of the administrative-territorial structure: middle and lower (rural settlements, townships and village councils as administrative-territorial units).
So, the middle link in the system of administrative - territorial structure is made up of districts, cities, districts in cities, cities with a territorial region, closed administrative-territorial units of the subjects of the Russian Federation.
This link occupies an important place in the administrative-territorial structure, serves as a "frame" for it, thanks to which the bodies of state power of the subjects of the federation are connected into a workable organism with the bodies of local self-government by the population.
All urban municipalities can be divided into cities of the subjects of the Russian Federation of subordination (republican, regional, regional, district) and cities of municipal - district significance (subordination).
The legal and organizational implementation of administrative-territorial transformations in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation should be carried out on the appropriate principles of the administrative-territorial structure. In our study, the principles of the administrative-territorial structure are understood as the fundamental principles, on the basis of which the policy should be formed in relation to the territorial organization of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
5. Legal and organizational foundations of administrative-territorial transformations
The administrative-territorial structure of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and the implementation of administrative-territorial transformations are based on the following requirements, which concretize the previously named principles of the administrative-territorial structure:
a) compliance with the historically established settlement system in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and the stable trends of its development;
b) the creation of economic, financial and organizational conditions for the formation and operation of public authorities and local self-government, as well as the participation of citizens in their work;
c) promoting the rational use of natural and material resources, the development of a system of engineering networks and communications, social infrastructure;
d) providing the population with a healthy and environmentally safe living environment and life;
e) development of national cultures, customs and traditions, original species economic activity all national and ethnic groups, small ethnic groups living in the region;
f) participation of the population in the discussion and resolution of issues of the administrative - territorial structure.
The following criteria for the formation and transformation of administrative-territorial units can be distinguished.
When forming village councils, it is necessary to take into account the presence of a relatively large rural settlement or a group of neighboring small rural settlements, gravitating towards one of them as an administrative, commercial, cultural and welfare center, transport accessibility such a settlement, the possibility of organizing within the boundaries of a given territory the minimum necessary communal and social and cultural services to the local population.
When forming districts, it is necessary to take into account the combination of agricultural and other production that has developed in a given territory, serving the needs of agriculture and the population, the gravitation of village councils and urban settlements to a certain center, the state of communication routes and means of communication between settlements, population size and general economic potential sufficient for functioning. objects of industrial and social infrastructure of inter-settlement significance.
When assigning settlements to the category of municipal settlements, the presence of an industrial or socio-cultural facility at which the given settlement was formed, or its use as a place for treatment or seasonal recreation, as well as the number and nature of employment of the population, should be taken into account.
When referring a settlement to district or subjective (republican, district, regional and regional) cities, the number and nature of employment of the population, economic socio-cultural and historical meaning this settlement, its impact on the socio-economic development of the adjacent territories.
When forming districts in cities, the population of the city, the nature of its development, the interests of the rational organization of urban management and socio-cultural and communal services for the population should be taken into account.
Specific criteria for the formation and transformation of administrative-territorial units are established by the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
As for the legal status of a national-territorial entity - a subject of the federation, which is a part of the subject of the Russian Federation, it is determined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal (constitutional) law.
For all the proposed transformations of the administrative-territorial structure, the opinion of the population, whom it directly concerns, must be revealed without fail. Revealing the opinion of the population of the relevant territories can be carried out by conducting opinion polls, collecting signatures on petitions, meetings (gatherings), conferences of residents. On issues of administrative-territorial transformations, referendums of both consultative and mandatory nature can also be held.
The study of the documents that are attached to the submissions on decision-making on the issues of transformations in the administrative-territorial structure of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation provides grounds for generalizing the information received and formulating proposals on the list of materials in the administrative-territorial case.
So, the following materials should be attached as an attachment to the idea of the formation, change, abolition of administrative-territorial units and settlements, borders, name and renaming, etc.
A detailed rationale for the need for the proposed transformation, taking into account the established principles and criteria for changes administrative-territorial devices, prospects for the development of the settlement system, economic and social development of the territory, improvement of the living environment of the population, rational use natural resources, strengthening the material and financial base and organization of local self-government;
A schematic map or description of the proposed conversions;
An estimate of the costs required to carry out the proposed transformation, indicating the sources of their coverage;
Information on the results of revealing the opinion of the population on the proposed transformation;
Conclusions of specialists, institutions and organizations, as well as elected bodies of local self-government, the territory of which is affected by the proposed transformations, etc.
Any consideration of administrative-territorial cases in the legislative (representative) authority of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and in the elected body of local self-government is carried out in the manner determined by the relevant legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
At the initiative of citizens, the right to submit for consideration by the legislative (representative) authority of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation and the elected body of local self-government drafts of legal acts and acts and proposals on issues of administrative-territorial transformations belongs to the relevant commissions (permanent, special, etc.) of these bodies, to the jurisdiction of which the solution of issues of the administrative-territorial structure is attributed to the leaders executive body authorities of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation and local governments.
When considering cases of administrative-territorial structure, the following circumstances are subject to clarification: whether the administrative-territorial transformation corresponds to the historical, national, cultural, everyday trends in the development of the territory; whether the case falls within the competence of this body; whether there are economic, financial and organizational conditions for the implementation of the proposed proposal; whether the procedure for considering this proposal was followed in accordance with the law; whether the opinion of the citizens of the respective territory on the administrative-territorial transformation is taken into account; whether in this case economic, social, managerial problems are resolved in a particular territory; whether the interests and needs of the population are being met.
The very procedure and procedure for considering the circumstances to be clarified when considering cases of administrative-territorial transformations, as well as the procedure for making an appropriate decision on them, are determined by the Regulations of the legislative (representative) authority of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation or an elected body of local self-government.
As practice shows, in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the legislative (representative) authority of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation on the issues of the administrative-territorial structure adopts laws and regulations. The elected body of local self-government on the issues of the administrative-territorial structure makes decisions (resolutions). The content of legal acts and the requirements for them are established by the legislation of the subject of the Russian Federation.
It should be noted that legal acts of the legislative (representative) authority of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation, local authorities on administrative-territorial transformations, adopted within their powers, are binding on all local authorities, enterprises, institutions, organizations, public associations, officials and citizens.
All administrative-territorial units and all settlements that have a territory assigned to them and the population permanently residing in them are subject to registration and registration. All changes in the administrative - territorial structure are subject to registration.
6. Political and economic rights and obligations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation
The Russian Federation, like any other federation, is not a union, but a single state. Therefore, the states - republics within its structure cannot conclude interstate agreements with it on the same grounds as with foreign states. Another thing is multilateral and bilateral agreements of the Russian Federation and its subjects on the distribution of powers between them. Such an agreement is the Treaty of March 31, 1992 on the delimitation of the subjects of jurisdiction and powers between the federal bodies of state power of the Russian Federation and the bodies of power of the sovereign republics within the Russian Federation.
Formal equality of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is achieved by the fact that they have characteristics common to all constituent entities. These are:
1. Like the state as a whole, and state-like formations (subjects) are characterized by the presence of their own territory and the population living in this territory. The territories of the constituent entities of the Federation constitute the territory of the Russian Federation. At the same time, the Federation does not have the right, at its own discretion, to change the boundaries of its subjects. The boundaries between them can be changed only with their mutual consent.
2. The presence of its own supreme law (constitutions in the republics, statutes in the regions).
3. Existence of its own legislative body.
4. The right to pass laws in force on the territory of the subject, if they do not contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation and general federal laws.
5. The presence of its own system of executive power (they have different names) and the head of the executive power - the highest official (in the republics - the President, in the regions - the head of the administration, the governor, in the cities of federal significance (Moscow, St. Petersburg) - the mayor).
6. Availability of its own judicial bodies aimed at state protection of the status of a constituent entity of the Federation.
7. Formal signs: the city-center of the subject (in the republics - the capital, in the regions - administrative center), state symbols (flag, coat of arms, anthem).
List of sources used
1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation. - M., 1993.
2. Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On the General Principles of Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation" of October 6, 2003 N 131-FZ (as amended by Federal Law of 21.07.2005 N 97-FZ).
3. Alaev EB Socio-economic geography: Conceptual and terminological dictionary. - M., 1983.
4. Arinin A. Problems of the development of Russian statehood at the end of the XX century // Federalism of power and the power of federalism. M., 1997.
5. Zhukov D.V., Postnikov A.E. et al. Review of the constitutions of the republics that are part of the Russian Federation // Federal structure: implementation of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. M., 1995.
6. Chirkin V.E. Modern federal state. M., 1997
7. Sharif M.A. Administrative and territorial structure of the Soviet state: Constitutional foundations. - M., 1983.
