URBAN AGLOMERATION (from the Latin aggloméra - to attach, accumulate, pile up), a compact territorial grouping of settlements (mainly urban), united by diverse and intensive ties (economic, labor, cultural, household, recreational, etc.). An urban agglomeration as an integral territorial socio-economic formation arises on the basis of the functional and spatial development of a large core city (or several core cities). Settlements are formed surrounded by a large city different types(suburbs, satellite cities, etc.) serving as its production, transport, recreational, utilities and other additions. Spatial proximity and complementarity of urban agglomeration settlements contribute to the creation of favorable conditions for the development of various fields of activity in them.
Distinguish: monocentric urban agglomerations with one core city, which is focused on the development and functioning of the surrounding settlements located in its suburban or in the so-called external, peripheral zone (for example, the largest urban agglomerations in Russia - Moscow, St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Yekaterinburg and etc.); polycentric urban agglomerations with several cores located relatively close to each other major cities-centers [for example, the Lower Rhine-Ruhr agglomeration in Germany, its main centers are actually the merged cities of Duisburg, Essen, Bochum and Dortmund (the so-called Ruhrstadt), as well as Cologne, Dusseldorf and Bonn; see Conurbation]. In large urban agglomerations, local settlement nests are often formed - agglomerations of the second order (for example, Noginsko-Elektrostalskaya, Orekhovo-Zuevskaya, Kolomenskaya, Serpukhovskaya and other agglomerations surrounded by the Moscow metropolis). In places with the most favorable conditions for the territorial concentration of various types of activity and population, expanding urban agglomerations are combined into megalopolises. These include: the chain of agglomerations of the Atlantic coast of the United States, stretching from Boston to Washington (Bosswash), the Pacific coast of California - from San Francisco to San Diego (San San); Japan - from Tokyo to Osaka (Tokaido), etc.
An urban agglomeration, as an area of interconnected settlement, usually encloses the weekly life cycle of the population. The outer boundaries of an urban agglomeration, as a rule, are determined by 1.5-2.0 hours of time required to reach the city-center; as the ways of communication and Vehicle the boundaries of the urban agglomeration are expanding.
The formation of an urban agglomeration contributes to a fuller use of the potential of large cities, at the same time being an effective means of solving their problems. The disordered growth of urban agglomeration leads to negative consequences (more large scale and more acutely reproducing the shortcomings of large cities): excessive population density and concentration of spheres economic activity in a limited area, a sharp exacerbation of environmental and transport problems, an acute shortage of water resources, etc. Improving the spatial organization of urban agglomeration on a planned basis is an important task of the state policy in the field of urban development.
In most countries of the world in the 20th century (especially in the 2nd half of the 20th century), urban agglomerations become the most important links territorial organization farms, powerful nodes in the support frame of the settlement. In highly developed countries, the growth of urban agglomerations occurs as a result of the "unloading" of the core cities from the excessively expanded spheres of economic activity in them due to the growth of their suburban areas - the development of suburbanization processes (see the article Urbanization); the population of suburban areas usually exceeds the population of city centers.
In Russia, the development of urban agglomerations occurs mainly by attracting new industrial facilities and services, as well as the population (including from other regions of the country) to the gravitational zone of large centers. The practice of constantly expanding the urban boundaries, that is, the absorption of settlements in suburban areas by the core cities, obscures the real picture of the development of agglomeration processes in the country. On average, the share of suburbs and satellite cities in the population of Russian urban agglomerations is about 20% (mid-2000s), this figure has not changed since the early 1990s. In total, there are 53 large urban agglomerations in Russia (with a population of at least 250 thousand people in central cities; 2002, census). They are home to 66.0 million people (45.5% of the country's population), including 46.2 million in urban centers of agglomerations, and 19.8 million in suburban areas. During 1989-2002, the number of urban agglomerations did not increase, and their population decreased by 2.1% (city centers - by 1.1%, suburban areas - by 4.3%).
Lit .: Dubrovin P.I. Agglomerations of cities (genesis, economics, morphology) // Questions of geography. M., 1959.Sat. 45; Lappo G. M. Development of urban agglomerations in the USSR. M., 1978; Problems of studying urban agglomerations. M., 1988; Animitsa E.G., Vlasova N.Yu. Gradology. Yekaterinburg, 1998; Pertsik E. N. Cities of the world. Geography of world urbanization. M., 1999.
Type II - urban agglomerations with industrial production. Urbanized territories in Bashkortostan (Ufa, Sterlitamak, Salavat, Meleuz, Kumertau, Oktyabrsky, Neftekamsk, Birsk, Baimak, Sibay, Uchaly, etc.) occupy a small area, but have an impact on large areas. Among the anthropogenically disturbed regions of Bashkortostan, for example, the Ufa-Blagoveshchensky, Sterlitamak-Salavatsky, Oktyabrsko-Tuimazinsky industrial centers are in the most dangerous position. They are characterized by a high class of natural vulnerability. [...]
Creation of urban agglomerations and industrial centers with a developed infrastructure significantly changes the hydrogeological conditions and the state of the surface layers of the lithosphere. Construction and asphalting of territories suppresses infiltration processes atmospheric precipitation... Leaks from underground utilities increase the level groundwater, leading to flooding of structures and soil destruction. Under heating mains, the soil temperature rises to 25-30 ° C, which leads to an increase in soil temperature by an average of 0.1 ° C for every 10 years. This promotes the development of microflora in soils, including pathogenic microorganisms, and an increase in the aggressiveness of groundwater to building materials. Construction in cities and industrial zones has intensified the processes of destruction and leaching of rocks that make up the pounds. This was facilitated by the intensive withdrawal of groundwater, their chemical and thermal pollution, an increase in the microbiological and chemical activity of water in relation to carbonates and sulfates. [...]
The presence in urban areas of significant areas with a closed surface (asphalt, asphalt concrete, cobblestone, etc.), as well as the concentration of gas and aerosol pollution in the urban atmosphere leads to disturbances in the balance solar radiation... The combination of these factors leads to the formation of the so-called urban "heat island", ie, to the fact that the surface air layer is several degrees warmer within the city than in the suburban area. The amount of heating depends on the time of day, time of year, location and population of the city. Taking into account the growing trend towards urbanization and the intensive growth of the size of urban agglomerations in non-tropical (temperate and colder) zones, it becomes necessary to take into account energy savings in calculating energy consumption and assessing resources, their reserves and the intensity of withdrawal for the whole world (V.V. Klimenko and Klimenko A.V., 1996, pp. 93-97). [...]
The emergence of megalopolises and urban agglomerations significantly changes the living conditions of warm-blooded animals, increasing the fragmentation and dynamism of the environment, and the mosaic nature of resource distribution. The most important for the existence of animals in large cities the ability to exploit unpredictable changes in spectrum and resource abundance becomes [...]
The increasing urbanization of urban agglomerations leads to the appearance of ecological functions that are not characteristic of them (Kavtaradze, 1993). There is a need to revise the urban infrastructure and reorganize urban development so that they can ensure the environmental sustainability of "wild" nature in the zone of influence of the city and the environmental safety of its inhabitants. This new task of urban development and urbanization dictates the need for a new structural and functional framework for the ecosystem of a modern city, the concept of which was introduced by us earlier (Simkin, 1988, 1995; Kavtaradze, 1993). By the ecological framework of a city, we mean a functionally organized system of natural areas connected by ecological corridors and supplemented by areas of ecosystems restored to the "necessary proportion of wild nature", capable of ensuring the safety and sustainable functioning of a full-fledged set of their components in a city. Only such a system, strictly speaking, can be called natural complex cities, in contrast to the aggregate of disparate territories, in which the "wreckage" of natural landscapes and island settlements of species straying from the city have not yet disappeared. [...]
MEGAPOLIS is a very large urban agglomeration, which includes numerous residential settlements (a functional connection of a number of urban agglomerations). The population of Moscow is more than 1 million inhabitants. The largest M. - Boston - New York - Philadelphia-Washington (about 400 km long) and Tokyo-Osaka-Nagoya. [...]
Development of planning projects for agglomerations as complex project placement on the territory of the projected area of all types of construction according to a single economic, architectural and engineering plan should be carried out taking into account the issues of air environment and water resources protection. This is all the more necessary for: urban agglomerations, on the territory of which large enterprises of leading industries are located. Therefore, along with technological and sanitary-technical measures (improvement of production technology in terms of maximizing the extraction of valuable waste and reducing their entry into gas and dust emissions and waste water), special planning measures should be recommended. In particular, the expediency of group placement of enterprises is noted, which makes it possible to provide a cascade sequence of technological processes, in which the waste of each previous process becomes a raw material for the next one, and a centralized cleaning of gas, dust and liquid emissions. At the same time, it becomes more realistic to perform the task of removing gas and dust or liquid emissions into the external atmosphere of the atmosphere or outside settlements.[ ...]
At present, the city has grown into an urban agglomeration - a spatially and functionally unified grouping of urban-type settlements, constituting a common socio-economic and ecological system. Agglomeration within a country or region is characterized by functional links formed as a result of production activities and industrial relations. Distinguish between conurbation and megalopolis. [...]
Currently, the main element of urban settlement is the agglomeration, where the complex of cities and towns is closely related to each other in economic, labor and cultural terms. By 1970, there were 514 urban agglomerations in the USSR, in which 110 million people lived, that is, more than 80% of the total urban population of the USSR. Among them there are 20 agglomerations of "millionaires" and 24 - with the number of inhabitants from 0.5 to 1 million inhabitants in each [...]
A satellite city is a city or urban-type settlement, which is split up near a large city and gravitates towards it as a center in an industrial, economic, cultural and everyday life. Often forms a peripheral element of urban agglomeration. The satellite city does not tend to merge with the central city, the distance between them depends on transport conditions. The basis for the creation of satellite cities are industrial enterprises, research institutions, higher educational institutions, etc., which are being built near a large center or removed from it as a result of reconstruction. The creation of satellite cities helps to eliminate the excessive concentration of industry and population in a large city and to streamline the development of the entire agglomeration. Zelenograd near Moscow, Akademgorodok near Novosibirsk can serve as examples of satellite cities. [...]
PLANNING AND TRANSPORTATION PROBLEMS OF URBAN AGLOMERATION. [...]
Industrial areas and associated urban agglomerations and transport hubs cause massive pollution of the channels and floodplains of small rivers with construction and household waste, mechanical changes in the shape of channels by erecting various engineering structures, artificial straightening and displacement, and often, the complete elimination of channels when they are taken into pipes. [...]
There are 1,060 cities and 2,070 urban-type settlements in Russia with a population of about 110 million people. The 33 largest urban agglomerations of Russia are home to 40% of the country's population. In Moscow, St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Yekaterinburg, Rostov-on-Don, Chelyabinsk, Samara, Volgograd, Kazan, Perm, Saratov, Ufa, Omsk, Novosibirsk, the population exceeds 1 million people. . [...]
The high concentration of the population in the Moscow urban agglomeration, combined with long-term intensive industrial and agricultural development, has led to the emergence of environmental problems affecting the living conditions of people (environmental pollution) and the state of natural resource potential (felling and destruction of forests, depletion of water, development of areas with valuable agricultural land, impoverishment of flora and fauna). In terms of pollution level, the Moscow region is on a par with the Urals and Kuzbass. [...]
When solving water supply and sewerage schemes for urban agglomerations, the water balance is taken into account, which consists of the input part (the flow of rivers and the useful output of reservoirs, small reservoirs, underground, return and waste water) and consumption (drinking, cultural and recreational, technological needs, needs for irrigation and etc.). [...]
In the most developed countries, as a result of the growth of urban agglomerations, hyper-urbanized areas - megalopolises - have appeared. Megalopolis is a very large urban agglomeration that includes numerous residential settlements, i.e. functional connection of a number of urban agglomerations. The population of the megalopolis significantly exceeds 1 million people. The three largest megalopolises are located in the United States. In the northeastern United States, as a result of the merger of the metropolitan areas of Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington, the largest megalopolis with a population of 40 million people, occupying 150 thousand km2, was formed. Another megalopolis, numbering 30 million inhabitants, was formed on the southern coast of the Great Lakes (Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Pittsburgh). The megalopolis of Southern California (Los Angeles, San Diego) concentrates more than 11 million people. [...]
The multi-layered technosphere distinguishes megalopolises, large urban agglomerations and large cities, as a rule, absorbing all closely located settlements during growth. Both a certain type of CO and the corresponding way of life of the inhabitants arose in it. The resource basis of the technosphere, especially at the I and II stages of its development in localities, as well as at the last three lower levels in the hierarchy of its structure, is the biosphere. [...]
CONSIDERED TASKS AND URBAN CONDITIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN TRANSPORT IN THE USSR. ATTENTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERCONNECTED SETTLEMENTS, INTERACTION OF PUBLIC MASS AND INDIVIDUAL TRANSPORT. A SPECIAL PLACE IS DEDICATED TO THE PROBLEM OF PROTECTION OF THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT. RESEARCHES OF TRANSPORTATION AND PLANNING SOLUTIONS OF PROJECTS FOR RECONSTRUCTION OF INDIVIDUAL CITIES - CENTERS OF URBAN AGGLOMERATION OF WESTERN EUROPE. [...]
One of the most important components of quality environment in the urban agglomeration is water. Used for household and drinking purposes, it is also necessary to ensure the technological processes of enterprises. In this regard, it is of great importance to assess the quality of water, to predict its dynamics under the influence of technogenic factors and to search for ways to radically increase the rehabilitation characteristics of aquatic ecosystems. [...]
An acute ecological situation has arisen in the areas of the largest urban agglomerations - St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Perm, Yekaterinburg. The most important environmental problems here are the pollution of air, water and soil and the violation of the water regime of the territory. Environmental conditions are deteriorating in many medium and small towns, which is usually associated with the lack of effective treatment facilities, for example, in Novgorod (production of nitrogen fertilizers), Cherepovets (ferrous metallurgy), Kirishi (energy, petrochemistry), Nizhny Tagil (ferrous metallurgy ). [...]
From the second half of the 60s. XX century marsh frog was recorded on the territory of the urban agglomeration of Yekaterinburg (Vershinin, Kamkina, 1 999). The presence of thermal anomalies in the urban area contributes to the preservation of populations of this species outside the natural range. Regular observations began in 1977. Reproduction was first noted in 1980; in 23 years it was observed 15 times. During the observation period, the number of populations of R. ridibunda and their numbers underwent a number of serious changes. If in the initial period of observations there were two permanent groups of marsh frogs within the zone of multi-storey buildings (Table 1), then at present there are four breeding populations in zones of multi-, low-rise buildings, in a forest-park zone, some individuals were noted outside the city limits. [...]
Soluble forms of copper in soil solutions exist mainly in the form of organic complexes, although free Cu2 + ions can exist at low pH values of soil or rock. With depth, the content of heavy metals in soils decreases (see Fig. 1.2.9). The solubility of copper compounds increases in acidic conditions and decreases in reducing [...]
MEGAPOLIS (gr. Megas large + polis city-state in the ancient world] is a very large urban agglomeration, including numerous previously merged residential settlements. The population of M is more than i million inhabitants. [...]
Urbanization of the territory, associated with the development of industrial production and the growth of the urban population, the construction of new cities and the emergence of urban agglomerations, changes the river network and catchment areas, water runoff and sediment runoff, the temperature and ice regime of watercourses, affects the course channel processes... Attempts to identify and take into account the factors of urbanization were undertaken initially in hydrology (works by V.V. Kupriyanov, I. A. Shiklomanov). The methodology for forecasting channel processes in river sections subject to urbanization was developed by BF Snishchenko. [...]
An extremely alarming ecological situation has developed in most regions of Russia and urban agglomerations. [...]
Large cities, merging with each other, together with the adjacent territories form urban agglomerations. Here, the replacement of natural biogeocenoses by urban and agrocenoses takes place especially intensively. Diverse human activities associated with the transformation of nature go far beyond the city limits and affect all components of the natural environment. Large cities and agglomerations affect the natural environment within a radius 50-65 times the size of the city itself. Changes in soils, groundwater and other components of the lithosphere are observed within a radius of 25-30 km. General criteria for the scale of anthropogenic pressure on the natural environment within the urban system are the size of the city, the density of population and buildings, developed industries, the degree of development of recreational zones. [...]
The study of the material and isotopic composition of the snow cover in the territories of large urban agglomerations has taken an important place in the complex of geoecological studies. By chemical composition snow changes in the area of the amount of substances that fall out of the atmosphere in winter (including pollutants). The consequence of this is the determination of sources of pollution and halos of their influence, as well as an approximate estimate of the amount of pollutants carried out from the territory of the city by melt water and entering the soil and groundwater. [...]
The ecological problems of the city are multifaceted. Influencing the environment, cities, urban agglomerations and the person himself experience negative reactions from it, often leading to conflict situations in the architecture of the city and urban planning - the destruction of urban forests, a sharp shortage of water resources, etc. To improve the human environment in the city, preserving its positive qualities, it is necessary to take care of the formation of a rational territorial structure urban landscape. This concept includes the identification of areas unfavorable for construction in terms of relief, hydrological regime, transport links, organization of storm water runoff and sewerage, as well as a vertical layout favorable for traffic, the placement of underground structures, etc. The effectiveness of the ecological organization of the city depends on how well the qualities of the environmental components are taken into account, their resistance to anthropogenic impacts. [...]
Hardly recorded now in a number of countries Western Europe and the United States, there is a tendency towards some outflow of the urban population from urban agglomerations to the countryside, i.e. counter-urbanization, or de-urbanization, can stop the accelerating growth of urban infrastructure. [...]
A particularly rapid migration of radionuclides into underground horizons was observed in the area of the Kiev urban agglomeration, where a water intake system operates from depths of up to 250 m. Their total productivity is 500-700 thousand m3 / day. Based on the determination of the content of 34Cz, 137Cw and 908g in these waters in 1992-1993. the rate of migration of radionuclides from the day surface was estimated. It amounted to at least 50 m / year. [...]
The spectrum "of the impact of modern cities on the environment is extremely wide. The main, most pressing problems of environmental protection and improvement in urbanized territories are briefly discussed below. [...]
Given the complex nature of the impact of urban planning activities on the overall ecological state urban environment, the main goal of urban planning at this stage is the formation of a comfortable living environment in a large urban agglomeration by increasing the number of storeys of territories by creating a multifunctional underground space with highly efficient use of urban territory, material resources and a comprehensive solution to urgent urban planning problems. Due to the vertical development of multifunctional zones at integrated use underground space creates the prerequisites for the formation of urban ensembles with qualitatively new spatial, aesthetic and environmental characteristics. [...]
Seegofer Yu.O., Klyukvin A.N., Pashkovsky I.S., Roshal A.A. Constantly operating models of the hydro-lithosphere of the territories of urban agglomerations. Moscow: Nauka, 1991. 198 p. [...]
The socio-economic situation has led to the unmanageability of the urbanization process in many countries. The percentage of urban population in individual countries is: Argentina - 83, Uruguay - 82, Australia - 75, USA - 80, Japan - 76, Germany - 90, Sweden - 83. In addition to large cities with millionaires, urban agglomerations or merged cities (associations ). These are Washington-Boston, Los Angeles, San Francisco in the USA; the city of the Ruhr in Germany; Moscow, Donbass and Kuzbass in the CIS. [...]
The technogenic environment also consists of several macrosystems, including man-made structures and buildings, cities, urban agglomerations, industrial zones and regions, as well as engineering networks and communications, transport systems etc. One of the components is the "building system" as a kind of "natural-technogenic system" (PTS). Thus, by "building system" we mean buildings, structures and their complexes with the infrastructure of engineering networks that ensure their functioning, as well as the technologies concentrated in them. In most cases, the building system serves as a shell separating the man-made and natural environment. Construction system - a set of all stages of the investment and construction process of the project and its participants, which has an object-legal orientation and is implemented under the influence of specific environmental factors. [...]
The nature of the emergence and formation of the structure of cities in the mining and industrial zone of the Urals determined the presence of mining and processing enterprises within urban agglomerations, which have a significant impact on the development of urban infrastructure and form, in some cases, the ecological situation of the urban area. As a result, within the limits of urban areas, as a result of the growth, expansion and development of industrial zones, places of extraction and processing of mineral raw materials and associated technogenic-mineral formations and deposits are included. The most prominent representatives of such urban agglomerations are the first cities of the mining-and-plant Urals - Nizhny Tagil, Kamensk-Uralsky, Polevskoy and others. [...]
At the same time, it was found that the centers of anomalously high content of pollutants in the city are localized on insignificant areas around large industrial facilities, and the main part of the city's territory is characterized by either background or slightly higher levels of pollution. Nevertheless, given its multicomponent nature, which determines the almost ubiquitous distribution of certain toxicants, and their accumulation progressing in the last decade in natural sites, in connection with the development of industrial production and the consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, it can be concluded that the ecological situation in Gomel is currently unsatisfactory. [...]
Apparently, on the contrary, freshly fallen snow is depleted or does not contain NO at all and is saturated with it during the life of the urban agglomeration. The presence of nitrites was not established by analysis in most samples of fresh snow in places of limited car traffic and limited movement of pedestrians (Lefortovsky Park, Kuryanovsky Boulevard, M. Krasnoselskaya Street, Savinskaya Embankment, forest near Moscow). At the same time, fresh snow already contained a fairly large amount of organic pollutants (oxidizability from 1.6 to 2.4 mgO / l). With such oxidizability, low (0.02-0.05) values of W) also appear (TsPKiO, Pokrovskoe-Streshnevo, Skotopogonnaya street). The highest content of N0 (0.1-0.2) corresponds to the high oxidizability (3.6-3.9). [...]
One of the effective ways to restore the peregrine falcon population in the center of the European part of Russia is the introduction of chicks obtained in nurseries. In the Moscow urban agglomeration, there are good prospects for the restoration of the once existing population of peregrine falcon nesting in anthropogenic conditions. [...]
It enters the environment during the production of various organic substances, solvents and as a fuel component. The content in the filtrate of solid waste landfills and landfills of low-toxic TBPO urban agglomerations is about 0.6-2.0 mg / l. Like benzene, it enters the body by inhalation of vapors and subcutaneous absorption. Harmful to the nervous system and skin, causing acute depression, memory loss, dermatitis, etc. [...]
For engineering and technical workers in the field of environmental protection, instrumentation for quality control of air and water basins. It is the basis of the course "Engineering Ecology of Cities and Urban Agglomerations" taught at the Moscow Institute of Geodesy, Aerial Photography and Cartography. [...]
However, the most serious social problem during the massive closure of mines is the release of large numbers of able-bodied workers, whose employment, especially in mining cities and towns far from large urban agglomerations, is an intractable task. [...]
Zinc oxide is a by-product of welding and rubber production. It enters the environment during the smelting of non-ferrous metals and in the areas of chemical plants (see Fig. 1.2.5, 1.2.7). The content in the filtrate of solid waste landfills and landfills of low-toxic TBPO urban agglomerations is about 4.11 mg / l. In the human body, zinc levels are controlled by homeostasis. Both the excess and the lack of this metal are equally harmful. MPC in air - 5 mg / m3, in water - 1 mg / l. It enters the body by inhalation of dust or vapors, with food. Causes "metal fever", intoxication, chills, etc. Compared to other metals, zinc is less dangerous for humans, and, apparently, the main danger of poisoning with them is the presence of a joint presence with toxic cadmium (in the form of pollution). [... ]
Urbanization has a significant impact on hydrological processes, which proceed in a fairly uniform manner in various climatic and socio-economic conditions. This uniformity manifests itself within any urbanized area, since the infrastructure of urban agglomerations does not depend on their size. The latter determine only the magnitude of anthropogenic loads and the rate of transformation of the environment into the living environment of the urban population. [...]
The house sparrow and the rock dove also dominate in the building blocks of these cities. The house sparrow, among the dominants of five dominants, was also noted in the urban agglomeration of Dakar (Senegal), after the start of active construction of multi-storey buildings in place of the demolished green areas (Reynaud, 2002). However, the total abundance of birds in the residential area of Omsk is slightly higher than in the listed cities, and lower than in Moscow (Vakhrushev, Shvetsov, 1978). This is explained by the significant difference between the compared cities in terms of area and density of the urban population, the antiquity of the settlement, the development and greenery of the city territory (Repa, 1982). The uniformity of dominants in cities and towns is established within large regions (Drozdov, 1967; Milovidov, 1980; Gyngazov, 1981), however geographical position the city adds specific views (Amelichev, 1978). Thus, in Omsk, the dominants do not include the great tit and the field sparrow, as in Novosibirsk (Kozlov, 1988). But the latter dominates in habitats with the remains of natural vegetation and on the territory of the oil refinery, along with the rook and magpie. On the whole, the composition of dominants in a number of habitats in the vicinity of Omsk is relatively original. So, in open low-lying bogs, the light-winged tern and the yellow wagtail act in this capacity, and in the second half of summer, besides it, the mallard, and on the floodplain water bodies, black-headed gull, crested duck and coot. On the territory of the airport, where birds are attracted by dry meadows, and on construction sites with pegs, the list of dominants will be supplemented by a black-headed chasing, in landfills - by a starling and a gray gull. On flowing water bodies, the white wagtail, the carrier, prevails, and on the concrete embankment, the dove and the house sparrow. In the second half of summer, in most habitats, the participation of synanthropic species and nomadic larks, linnet and great tits increases. [...]
Another feedback in the "human-climate" system is due to the dependence of the level of energy consumption on climatic conditions and first of all, on the ambient temperature. This feedback will allow, under certain conditions, to take into account the saving of energy (resources!) As a result of the development of the global warming process, as well as due to the effect of local warming ("heat island"), typical for areas of large urban agglomerations and regions with high density concentration of industrial facilities. [...]
Generalization of the patterns of transformation of EPL in urbanized territories made it possible to formulate the following provisions: a) changes in space and time - a natural process of their development in the course of the Earth's evolution, including urbanization; b) all four EPLs undergo transformation; c) the change occurs under the influence of both natural and man-made factors, the natural component is still predetermining, although the dynamics of man-made changes in the territory of urban agglomerations is very high; d) anthropogenic impact causes predominantly local, less often - regionally pronounced transformation; e) the change in the near-surface part of the lithosphere during urbanization has led to the complication of the structure of the fields and their spatial distribution. [...]
The study of the response of forest ecosystems to the impact of technogenic and recreational loads, assessed by indicators of changes in the viability of forest stands, showed that pine phytocenoses are generally characterized by the healthiest state (Volodko, 1983; Sidorovich et al., 1995). When studying the growth indicators of forest phytocenoses, the most pronounced decrease in the size of their radial growth was found either in the immediate vicinity of sources of industrial emissions, or in recreation zones, which have a negative impact on the nature of forest growing conditions of plantations. Despite the revealed weakening with distance from the industrial centers of inhibition of the growth function of forest stands, in most of the urban agglomeration, a decrease in the size of their radial growth was noted, accompanied by an expansion of the amplitude of its annual fluctuations relative to reserved analogs.
In our region there will be two agglomerations - "Chelyabinsk" and "Gorny Ural", and Chelyabinsk itself will enter the agglomeration with Yekaterinburg. The new word "agglomeration" is firmly included in our life, although many South Urals do not fully understand its essence. "Guberniya" decided to help its readers understand this issue.
What is agglomeration?
Agglomeration is a compact arrangement, a grouping of settlements, united among themselves not only in a spatial sense, but possessing developed industrial, cultural, household, labor, organizational, economic, administrative, and recreational ties.
One of the criteria for agglomeration is the so-called pendulum migrations. This complex term hides well-known trips, for example, from the suburbs to the city or from a small settlement to a larger one to work, study, or go shopping. Another important sign by which we can recognize an agglomeration is transport accessibility. Simply put, the inhabitants of the agglomeration have no problems with movement within it - the settlements are connected with each other by automobile and railways, sometimes - by water transport.
What are the metropolitan areas?
Agglomerations are of two types - monocentric and polycentric. The former have one core - a large city, which attracts smaller settlements, such as, for example, the Chelyabinsk agglomeration. Polycentric agglomerations have several centers that are interconnected. They are also called conurbations. For example, the agglomeration of Chelyabinsk and Yekaterinburg.
Why are agglomerations needed?
The agglomeration process is economically beneficial and ultimately brings “dividends” to residents. If we unite our efforts, it will be easier for the territories to solve, for example, the issues of employment of the population and improving the quality of life. Social infrastructure facilities that can be used by all residents of the agglomeration are becoming more accessible. The investment attractiveness of the territories is increasing.
What agglomerations will be created in the Chelyabinsk region?
It became known this week that the ministry economic development The Russian Federation has chosen an agglomeration for implementation on a pilot basis. It includes seven monotowns Chelyabinsk region- Miass, Zlatoust, Trekhgorny, Chebarkul, Karabash, Satka and Bakal.
Chelyabinsk agglomeration in addition to the capital of the Southern Urals, it includes the nearby territories - Kopeysk, Krasnoarmeisky, Sosnovsky, Emanzhelinsky, Etkulsky and Korkinsky districts.
It will combine the financial and economic potential of two large cities. This will be facilitated by the construction of the Chelyabinsk-Yekaterinburg high-speed highway, which will make it possible to get from one metropolis to another in just an hour.
"Gorny Ural" - the first agglomeration in the South Urals
Gorny Ural will become one of the pilot agglomerations in Russia. The total population will be more than 530 thousand people. The core of the agglomeration will be Miass and Zlatoust, and it will be headed by the head of the Zlatoust urban district, Vyacheslav Zhilin.
- There is an instruction from the President and the Governor to deal with this project. Currently, there is a stable established cooperation between the territories. We have a clear idea of Roscosmos and the rest industrial enterprises... We can strengthen ourselves internally at the expense of the resources and competencies that exist in the territories, create new enterprises, strengthen small and medium-sized businesses. When we are together, we are even more interesting for any entrepreneur. All territories are equal, but the center, of course, is Zlatoust and Miass, and the cities that are in the core, - the site "First Regional" quotes Vyacheslav Zhilin.
Noted by Vyacheslav Zhilin, Miass and Zlatoust are not competitors, but rather partners. The head of Miass, Gennady Vaskov, agrees with him.
- One of the important aspects of creating an agglomeration for the Miass district is the socioeconomic one. The municipalities included in it are close in spirit. Today, clear relationships have been built between neighboring cities. The sphere of business and the labor market is the most striking illustration. So, people from Zlatoust live on their territory, but work in Miass and vice versa. Another example is the construction of the Syrostan-Zlatoust road, which will reduce the travel time from Zlatoust to Miass and back, - said Gennady Vaskov.
The head of the Satka region, Alexander Glazkov, also confirms that cooperation between the cities existed before, but now, when the project is implemented at the federal level, the territories will be able to get away from mono-dependence.
- This is, of course, important and necessary for us - residents of the region, - the head of the Satka region, Alexander Glazkov. - Because the participants of this project are given the opportunity to be among the first to radically change the format of the economy, to get away from its mono-profile. As for cooperation with neighboring cities, we, for example, have long been partners in the tourism sector with Zlatoust, attracting tourists to our territories. After all, what we do not have, they have, or is in Miass.
What will be done for the residents of the Gorny Ural agglomeration?
Formation of the road infrastructure of the agglomeration
Construction of the highway "Railway station Khrebet - Highway Miass - Zlatoust".
Construction of a highway from the station. Turgoyak to the Solnechnaya Dolina GLTs.
Construction of a road connecting st. Olympic with the recreation area "Turgoyak-Inyshko" and a bridge over the Miass river.
Expansion of the route Miass-Resort Kisegach-Chebarkul.
Construction of a road from the Turgoyak highway to st. Gottwald in Miass.
Gasification activities
Looping of the Miass-Karabash gas pipeline (elimination of risks associated with the failure of the only gas distribution station; gasification of the villages of Tyelga, Novoandreevka, Novotagilka, Mikheevka; normalization of pressure in the existing network (today the pressure is insufficient).
Construction of a high-pressure gas pipeline from GTRP-1 to a ceramic granite plant in Zlatoust.
Construction of the Syrostan - Khrebet gas pipeline and a high pressure gas pipeline from the connection point of GTRP-1 to Taganai station.
Development of sports and tourism
In Miass, it is planned to expand the Solnechnaya Dolina GLK (a climbing wall will be built) and the Golden Beach club-hotel. An Olympic training center "Urenga" will open in Zlatoust, a track and a tourist route "Asia-Europe-Asia" will appear.
According to preliminary estimates of the regional ministry of economic development, by 2022, thanks to the creation of an agglomeration, the growth of incomes of the population will increase by 12 percent compared to 2016, the industrial production index will increase, unemployment will decrease to the natural level, and population growth will reach a positive level. 1 ruble of budget investments will account for 2.3 rubles of private investment and 0.6 rubles of taxes to the budget.
10:40 Photo booths, interactive adult games and a meeting-concert: on November 4, Chelyabinsk residents will host a grand celebration on Kirovka
Residents and guests of the capital of the South Urals are invited to celebrate the Day of National Unity together
09:52 Modern stadiums, fabulous parks and beautiful courtyards: in the South Urals, an urban improvement program is coming to an end
The implementation of the all-Russian project "Formation of a comfortable urban environment" in the Chelyabinsk region this year is nearing completion. Today, the average readiness indicator of facilities in the region is 90 percent. Ten municipalities have completed the program in full. Among the leaders are Zlatoust, Yuzhnouralsk, as well as Agapovsky, Verkhneuralsky, Oktyabrsky, Kizilsky, Kusinsky, Plastovsky, Uysky and Chesmensky districts.
URBAN AGGLOMERATION (from Lat. Agglomero - add, accumulate, heap). A compact spatial grouping of settlements (mainly urban), united by a variety of intensive connections (industrial, labor, cultural, household, recreational) into a complex multicomponent dynamic. system. As a holistic terr. socio-economic. G.'s education and. arises on the basis of the functional and spatial development of a large core city (or several core cities). Monocentric (single-center) G. and. Are distinguished. with one core city, to-ry subordinates to its influence all other settlements located in its suburban area (or in the so-called external, peripheral, zone of G. and - suburbs, satellite cities, etc.), and far surpasses them in size and economy. potential; polycentric (multi-center) G. and. having several. interconnected city centers (see. Conurbation). Suburban (peripheral) zone G. and. serves in relation to the central city-core as a diverse addition and reserve of development, in a polycentric. G. a. is a collection of suburban areas of core cities.
G. a. are distinguished by a high degree of terr. concentration produces. forces, primarily industry, infrastructure facilities, scientific. and uch. institutions as well as high density of us .; have a strong transformative effect on the surrounding area, modifying its economy. structure and social aspects of our life .; characterized by a high degree of complexity of the economy and the interconnectedness of population resettlement. The specified features of G. and. determine the specifics of their development as multifunctional centers of nat. (general) values with specialization in the most complex, knowledge-intensive industries National economy.
G. a. can be considered simultaneously as a subsystem of nar.-households. systems of placement of production-va and sootvetstv. settlement systems. G. a. (together with large cities, which have not yet become the nuclei of urban armaments) and the highways (polyhighways) connecting them, constitute the supporting frame of settlement. At the same time, G. and. - the most active, dynamic links of this system.
G.'s formation and. is the result of objective processes of economics. and social development, in particular the process of deepening the territory. division of labor; promotes a fuller use of the benefits of economic-geogr. location and prerequisites for the growth of a large city together with the surrounding area. Econ. a prerequisite for G.'s relatively rapid development and. are the advantages inherent in this form of placement of production and resettlement of us. (causing the so-called close-link effect, or agglomeration effect): a high degree of concentration and diversification of production; concentration qual. personnel, close connection of production with science and educational centers; the most efficient use of production facilities and social infrastructure.
G.'s unregulated development and. leads to a number of negative consequences: environmental pollution, overloading of transport, an acute shortage of water resources, etc. In capitalist. countries unordered hypertrophied development of a number of G. and. reached critical states (see Hyperurbanization). In the industrially developed capitalist. state-wakh the growth of the majority of large G. and. carried out by ch. arr. due to the growth of their suburban areas (see. Suburbanization); in some districts fusion means. the number of neighboring G. and. leads to the formation of megalopolises. The planned management of the economy under socialism creates the prerequisites for managing the growth of economic activity, weakening the negative properties inherent in them, and making more complete use of the economics contained in them. potential. In the USSR, the policy of managing the development of G. and. includes measures for purposeful planning of the national economic functions performed by them and their scale; great importance is also attached to urban planning and planning methods.
V different countries ah of the world, depending on the degree of development of the process of urbanization, the peculiarities of the location of production and the resettlement of us. isolation (delimitation) G. and. carried out on the basis of decomp. criteria (see, for example, Metropolitan Territory). According to the methodology developed during the preparation of the “General Scheme of Settlement on the Territory of the USSR until 2000”, TsNIIP Urban Planning of the State Committee on Civil. structure and architecture under the State Construction Committee of the USSR (1984), a group of interconnected settlements is distinguished as an established or emerging urban architecture, if the population density of the largest of its constituent cities is at least 100 tons, and in the area of group settlement that gravitates towards it (delineated by an isochron of 2-hour availability by all types of public. terrestrial and water transport) there are at least 2 more mountains. settlement. At the same time in the structure of selected G. and. mountains are also included. and sat down. settlements subordinate to regional (city) Soviets of Nar. deputies, if the centers correspond. units of administrative-terr. divisions are located within 2-hour transport. accessibility central city(in polycentric G. and. - the largest of the central cities). In the USSR (1979) there were 193 G. and., Of which: with a population of 100-250 tons. Hours - 15; 250-500 tons - 69; 500-1000 tons - 74; 1-2 million hours - 29; St. 2 million hours - 6. Within these G. and. lived 146,008.5 tons (55.6% of the total population of the country), including: urban pass. - 114,513 tons (70% of the total urban population of the USSR), rural population. 31,495.5 tons (31.9% of the total rural population).
Urban agglomerations began to appear from ancient times. They are formed and grow to this day. It is worth explaining what the term "agglomeration" means. The simplest definition is: "an agglomeration is a compact spatial aggregate of settlements united by intensive industrial and cultural ties."
The issue of creating urban agglomerations has recently become one of the most urgent and often discussed. Moreover, he is interested in the widest sections of the population. On this topic, scientific and practical conferences are held, special issues of magazines are published, meetings of regional governments are held. This question was on everyone's lips after the Ministry of Regional Development in 2007 announced that large urban agglomerations should become part of Russia's long-term development strategy.
If large cities were called monsters condemned to continuous growth (in the words of the French geographers J. Beaugeo-Gortier and J. Chabot), then agglomerations - close clusters of cities - are true titans. Such growth is intimidating to many, resulting in fierce criticism of such entities. Agglomerations are considered to be the result of unsystematic urban growth that spreads like an oily stain. The swelling metropolis, absorbing the accumulation of surrounding satellite settlements, is likened to destructive diseases or elemental forces of nature. It's like an avalanche or an unstoppable flood sweeping away everything that gets in the way. Agglomeration researcher Michel Rouge called agglomerations "a cancerous form of urban formations."
The opposite points of view are also known. Agglomerations are described as optimal forms of modern settlement, with a deep future, believing that they will solve the problem of non-systemic settlements and improve living conditions.
The range of opinions, the wide range of assessments are by no means accidental. This is due to the fact that, like a city, an agglomeration is very contradictory in its essence and unites both obvious negative and undoubtedly positive features.
Despite the way people perceive agglomerations, they are an inevitable reality that follows the laws of development. Today, in many countries, not cities, but urban agglomerations are the main form of settlement. And they continue to multiply in number and size. According to the Moscow design institute "Giprogor", 34 most large agglomerations Russia, occupying only 153.7 thousand km2, concentrates 50.5 million people, i.e. 1/3 of the country's population.
The main advantages of an agglomeration are the opportunity for all its residents to use the services available to those living in large cities, and a wider choice of place of work than in a single settlement.
I must say that in Russia today the prospects of Moscow, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Chelyabinsk, Vladivostok, Tomsk and other agglomerations are being discussed. In any case, interest in agglomerations is an interest in finding additional development opportunities outside the formal administrative-territorial boundaries. In modern conditions, agglomeration provides opportunities for increasing the efficiency of using labor potential, building up human capital, and improving the quality of life. And these are powerful factors for the growth of the competitiveness and attractiveness of territorial systems.
In the historical evolution of settlement forms, the traditional types of settlements - urban and rural settlements developing relatively autonomously - are increasingly being replaced by new "group" forms of highly concentrated settlement, which are formed when settlements are closely located and intensive ties are formed between them.
Such are urban agglomerations - rapidly developing clusters of settlements all over the world, often consisting of a dozen, and sometimes hundreds of settlements, including rural settlements closely related to each other. We can say that "global cities" -agglomerations have become centers modern world became "global cities" - agglomerations endowed with colossal financial and political functions. No state can be among the leaders if it does not have at least one “global city”. Even a cursory acquaintance with statistics allows us to understand that the economic potential of global cities is enormous. Their top ten gives more than 1/10 of the total GDP of the world.
There is no single terminology for these population clusters. Along with the term “urban agglomeration”, the terms “local settlement systems”, “areas of large cities”, “group settlement systems”, and “constellation of cities” are used. However, the most commonly used concept is "urban agglomeration".
At the moment, there is no generally accepted definition of an urban agglomeration. Meanwhile, the concept of agglomeration is significant not only for theorists, but also for practitioners who, in specific cases, need to determine whether a certain territory (settlement) belongs to an agglomeration. The answer to this question depends not only on the formation of strategies, but also on elementary statistics.
The term agglomeration (from Latin agglome-rare - to add, accumulate) - eng. agglomeration; German Agglomeration, in relation to settlement, was introduced by the French geographer M. Rouge, according to which agglomeration occurs when the concentration of urban activities goes beyond the administrative boundaries and spreads to neighboring settlements.
V economic geography different countries, this concept is defined by different terms. Common to all these concepts is that they all characterize a set of settlements, between which there are functional connections. At the same time, all countries have established clear criteria according to which a particular cluster of settlements can be attributed to urban agglomerations.
It is necessary to understand the nature of the urban agglomeration, for this purpose, we will consider the criteria by which the clusters of settlements are classified as agglomerations.
These criteria are usually the population size of the central city, the volume of commuting, the population density of the territory.
In the domestic literature, the concept of urban agglomeration was used, and quite widely, already in the 10s and 20s, although under different names: this is also the “economic district of the city” by A.A. Kruber, and the "agglomeration" of M.G. Dikansky, and the "economic city" of V.P. Semenov-Tyan-Shanskiy.
Consider the data in the literature for the definition of the word "agglomeration".
In Russian geography, agglomeration is understood as the accumulation of settlements, mainly urban, in places merging into a single whole by intensive economic, labor and cultural ties. This definition was formulated in the late 50s - early 60s. G. M. Lappo and V. G. Davidovich, and then fixed in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
According to N.V. Petrov, urban agglomerations are compact clusters of geographically concentrated cities and other populated areas, which in the process of their growth converge (sometimes grow together) and between which various economic, labor, cultural and everyday relationships are strengthened.
E.N. Pertsik gives a different definition: an urban agglomeration is a system of geographically close and economically interconnected settlements, united by stable labor, cultural, household and industrial ties, a common social and technical infrastructure, - qualitatively new form settlement, it arises as a receiver of the city in its compact (autonomous, point) form, a special product of modern urbanization. And large urban agglomerations are the most important areas in which progressive industries, administrative and economic, scientific and design organizations, unique cultural and art institutions, and the most qualified personnel are concentrated.
In accordance with the definition, the agglomeration is distinguished by the common everyday life of the population of its territory, the presence of daily labor commuting on weekdays, and the use of a single set of recreational facilities on weekends.
The boundaries of the urban agglomeration are mobile in time due to a change in the most important parameter of the agglomeration - the distance of daily movement from the place of residence to the places of employment: within the framework of the spatial self-organization of these movements, their distance increases in proportion to the increase in the speed of the means of transport, and the time spent increases insignificantly.
The development of urban agglomerations is characterized by: the build-up of gigantic urban clusters, including non-stop growing and spreading cores, drawing ever new territories into their orbit, and the concentration of large masses of the population in them; the rapid development of suburbs and the gradual (although not clearly visible everywhere) redistribution of the population between city centers and suburban areas; engaging the rural population in non-agricultural work, especially in urban areas; pendulum migrations and systematic movement of people within agglomerations to work, to places of study, cultural services and recreation, acquiring an unprecedented scale.
E.N. Pertsik proposes various criteria for urban agglomerations: urban density and building continuity; the presence of a large city-center (as a rule, with a population of at least 100 thousand people); the intensity and distance of labor and cultural and domestic trips; the proportion of non-agricultural workers; the proportion of those working outside the place of residence; the number of satellite urban settlements and the intensity of their ties with the city center; the number of telephone conversations with the center; industrial relations; communications on social, household and technical infrastructure (unified engineering systems for water supply, power supply, sewerage, transport, etc.). In some cases, a combination of features is taken as a criterion, in others, it is guided by one of them (for example, the boundaries of agglomeration are distinguished by 1.5- or 2-hour isochrones of labor movements from the city center).
Kharchenko K.V. emphasizes that the external context of the concept of agglomeration is outlined by the concepts of city, outskirts, suburbs, rural areas, and regions. In spatial terms, an agglomeration includes the entire suburb (less often separate suburban areas) and part of the countryside (depending on the orientations of its inhabitants), i.e. some share of the region's territory. In terms of content, life within an agglomeration may not differ from life on the outskirts of the city.
Sometimes the spatial aspect of an agglomeration is determined through the unity of signs of proximity and remoteness in relation to the core city. So, E.N. Koroleva notes that "in Russian science, agglomeration is understood as a territorial grouping of urban and rural settlements, close but separated by spatial gaps." Nevertheless, the development of transport and information communications leads to the fact that the factor of proximity to distance ceases to play a key role in determining the profile of the territory: relatively remote settlements can also enter the agglomeration. Remoteness is also not characteristic feature as intensive construction both in the city and in the suburbs leads to a reduction in the gaps between settlements.
The difficulty in defining the concept of agglomeration lies in the fact that opinions on this matter gravitate towards two poles: is the agglomeration a continuous territory around the city-core, or is it a collection of centers of the urban environment among the countryside.
The choice of a specific position on this matter is important insofar as it determines the further understanding of agglomeration processes. So, the question is whether it is possible to recognize the role of the subjective factor (the perceptions of residents) in determining the outer border of the agglomeration, as well as in what sign of referring a territory to an agglomeration is primary, territorial or functional. In the first case, spatial factors will be put at the forefront, and in the second, social factors (specialization of the territory, occupation of the population, the ratio between workers and residents in a given territory).
From a formal point of view, an agglomeration can include a certain continuous territory that meets one of the following characteristics:
transport availability for a certain time, for example, one hour;
administrative compliance with several municipal areas adjacent to the area of the core city.
This approach has a right to exist, since it offers clear objective criteria. Nevertheless, the scope of its application is a macroscale, for example, the framework of a regional development strategy. If we go down one level, understanding the agglomeration as a continuous territory will reveal a number of shortcomings.
The suburban area includes territories that differ significantly in their purpose. In addition to settlements with an urban lifestyle, these can be the following types of territories:
villages, the population of which is employed in the agricultural sector, which are no different from remote areas;
summer cottages, in which most of the buildings are suitable only for seasonal living;
cottage settlements, i.e. comfortable "second" housing;
other territories for individual housing construction (for example, houses of young families - participants in mortgage programs; the only housing intended for permanent residence).
Understanding the agglomeration as a set of foci of the urban environment adds to the definition of this concept such a characteristic feature as the inconstancy of external boundaries. This means that over time, new settlements can be included in the orbit of the core city (theoretically, the reverse process is also possible), and in this case, the determining factor will not be administrative decisions, but the total will of people as a result of the actions of individuals.
A qualitative feature of an agglomeration is the unification of its settlements into a dynamic system of diverse ties. The nature of these connections determines whether the agglomeration of the territory will be a social problem or a source of economic growth.
The most typical connection for Russian agglomerations is the pendulum migration of the majority of the population, directed towards the core city. Note that the actual pendulum migration should not be a “qualitative sign” of agglomeration due to negative effects - unnecessary waste of time for people, pressure on the natural environment. Moreover, it is necessary to avoid pendulum migration even within the boundaries of the city proper, developing jobs and social infrastructure in the outskirts.
For Russian realities, a sign transport accessibility is decisive in the formation of an agglomeration: in fact, without a developed public transport pendulum migration will disappear, and if a settlement cannot be self-sufficient, it will disappear due to migration in the strict sense of the word.
Currently, the economic, institutional analysis of agglomeration processes, analysis and forecasting of external effects are becoming increasingly important. Agglomeration processes in the institutional sense are characterized as follows. Agglomeration presupposes the creation of fundamentally new system territorial development and planning management. Agglomeration involves building contractual relationship independent municipalities regarding subjects of common interest, such as general economic or infrastructural processes. World experience shows that agglomerations created on an administrative initiative, as a rule, are unstable and disintegrate upon completion of administrative intervention and funding.
The main ways to accelerate agglomeration processes in publications are named:
* accelerated development of transport and communication infrastructures, the creation of common logistics centers;
* coordination of the system of territorial development and land use, coordinated environmental policy;
* implementation of projects aimed at expanding "bottlenecks" in the resource supply of the agglomeration (supply of building materials, electricity, water, etc.);
* development of socio-cultural space.
The formation of large modern agglomerations provides the following effects. First, agglomeration increases the population's ability to access scientific, industrial and cultural information, the ability to choose the type of work, access to educational, medical and cultural institutions. Secondly, economies of scale for the regional economy, modern trade formats, promising production of consumer goods and, most importantly, the service sector. The emergence of an agglomeration creates both an opportunity for large business to enter the region and an opportunity for local companies to grow to the level of market leaders.
Third, the creation of a capacious and diverse labor market. People have the opportunity to quickly find a job that matches their qualifications and personal life strategy. Fourth, the "infrastructure effect", which is of paramount importance.
Projects for the construction of new energy facilities, powerful transport complexes - ports, airports, multimodal logistics centers and information hubs - are justified and have a great economic return specifically for agglomerations. The same applies to educational and especially innovation infrastructure.
The positive effects of agglomeration are described in Losch A., 1944, Maier G., Todtling F., 1992, Giffinger R., 2004 and others.
As a result, conditions for accelerated socio-economic development of territories, which allows the "cores" of agglomerations to raise their own status in the urban and regional hierarchy.
It must also be said that modern Russian agglomerations are children. Soviet system... At that time, cities were often established in hard-to-reach areas rich in oil and gas, and it was extremely costly to ensure their functioning. A large number of cities have a single city-forming enterprise. A number of megalopolises have large industrial facilities located in central regions... There are summer cottages around many cities.
But our agglomerations also have global features: the development of the land and real estate market, reflecting the real value of objects in different regions; gradual elimination of large industrial production to the outskirts; development of transport links between the center and the outskirts; other adaptations of the urban environment to the needs of the population.
It should be noted that when discussing the prospects for the formation of agglomerations in Russia, much less attention is paid to the study of the negative external effects of agglomeration. This makes it difficult to systematize practical experience in order to regulate and predict agglomeration processes. In this regard, the results of studies of socio-economic restructuring taking place in the city of Perm and neighboring municipal districts are of interest.
So, an urban agglomeration is a compact spatial grouping of settlements, united by diverse connections (production, labor, cultural, everyday, recreational) into a complex system. As a rule, it appears around the core city. Among the settlements included in the agglomeration, satellite cities often appear.
The main features of agglomeration are:
The density of the urban population and the continuity of development; the presence of a large city-center (as a rule, with a population of at least 100 thousand people);
Pendulum migrations and systematic movement of people within agglomerations to work, to places of study, cultural services and recreation, acquiring an unprecedented scale;
Share of people working outside the place of residence;
The number of satellite urban settlements and the intensity of their ties with the city center;
Number of telephone calls with the center;
Industrial ties;
Communications on social, household and technical infrastructure (unified engineering systems for water supply, energy supply, sewerage, transport, etc.)
