We give a general description of Africa. Africa. Inland waters

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12.3. Africa

industry

farms

Africa, together with the islands belonging to it (the largest of them is Madagascar) has an area of 30.3 million sq. km, the population is more than 750 million people.

In terms of the size of its territory, Africa surpasses all other large regions of the world, and in terms of the main indicators of economic and social development, it is significantly inferior to them. Africa ranks last in terms of industrialization, transport availability, health and science development, crop yields and livestock productivity.

In the international division of labor, Africa is represented by the products of the extractive industry, branches of tropical and subtropical agriculture. Its share is especially large in the world production of gold and diamonds, uranium and bauxite, phosphorites, coconuts in palm oil, coffee and cocoa.

Some geographic features of the region:

1. Among other continents, Africa occupies a special geographical position. The equator crosses it almost in the middle and divides it into two parts, approximately equally located (to the north and south) in the equatorial, tropical and subtropical latitudes. Therefore, a huge amount of heat enters the entire territory of Africa evenly throughout the year, and the seasons in its northern and southern parts opposite: while in the northern hemisphere it is summer, in the southern hemisphere it is winter.

The nature of the geographical position provides the possibility of year-round navigation off the coast of Africa, since the seas washing it do not freeze.

The Strait of Gibraltar separating Africa and Europe (its distance is only 14 km) and the Suez Canal connecting the Mediterranean and Red Seas are of great importance for shipping. Many African countries are landlocked.

2. Africa is ahead of all other regions of the world in terms of pace natural growth population (more than 3% per year), as it stands out for its high birth rate. However, Africa is the region with the highest mortality rates. As a result, the age structure of the population is characterized by a high proportion (about 45%) of children and adolescents under 15 years of age.

With an average density of 25 people per 1 sq. km, the population is distributed very unevenly across Africa. The most densely populated are the sea coasts, coastal regions of South Africa, Zambia, Zaire and Zimbabwe. In these areas, the population density ranges from 50 to 1000 people per 1 sq. km. In the vast areas of the Sahara, Kalahari, Namib deserts, the population density barely reaches 1 person per 1 sq. km.

Despite the world's highest rates of urbanization, Africa lags behind other regions in terms of the share of urban population (about 30%).

Linguistically, half of the African population belongs to the Niger-Kordofan family, and a third to the Afrozian family. Residents of European descent make up only 1%.

3. Africa is characterized by significant population migration (external and internal). The main centers of attraction work force from the African continent are Western Europe and Western Asia (especially the Gulf countries). Within the continent, migration flows of labor mainly go from the poorest countries to the richer ones (South Africa, Nigeria, Cote d'Ivoire, Libya, Morocco, Egypt, Tanzania, Kenya, Zaire, Zimbabwe).

4. On political map Africa is represented by 55 states, the overwhelming majority of which are developing countries. The only economically developed country is South Africa. Among the countries, the overwhelming majority are republics (with the exception of Morocco, Lesotho and Swaziland, which are constitutional monarchies). The administrative-territorial structure of states, with the exception of South Africa and Nigeria, is unitary.

5. Geopolitically and economically, Africa is divided into two parts: North Africa and Tropical Africa.

North Africa includes an area (about 10 million square kilometers with a population of 160 million people) adjacent to the Mediterranean, inhabited mainly by Arabs professing Islam. The countries located on this territory (Algeria, Egypt, Western Sahara, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia), thanks to their geographic location(seaside, neighboring countries Southern Europe and Western Asia) and a higher (in comparison with the states of Tropical Africa) level of economic and industrial development, are distinguished by greater involvement in the international division of labor (export of oil, gas, phosphorites, etc.). Tropical Africa includes the territory located south of the Sahara, within which, in turn, Western, Central, East and South Africa are distinguished. The overwhelming majority of the population of the countries located on their territory belongs to the equatorial (Negroid) race. Ethnic composition The population is very diverse (there are more than 200 peoples), multinational states prevail. The main sphere of activity of the population is agriculture (with the exception of the countries of South Africa, in whose economy industry and the service sector play a decisive role). Tropical Africa is the most economically backward, least industrialized and least urbanized part of the developing world. Of the 49 countries within its borders, 32 belong to the group of "least developed countries of the world". Average per capita GNP in the countries of Eastern, Western and Central Africa several times (5-7 or more times) less than in the countries of North and South Africa.

Economy: minerals, leading industries

industry

Extractive industries dominate in Africa's industry, the share of manufacturing industries is small, and many branches of modern industry (precision engineering, instrument making, machine tool construction, etc.) are generally absent.

Among other continents, Africa ranks first in reserves of diamonds, gold, platinum, manganese, chromite, bauxite and phosphorite. There are large reserves of coal, oil and natural gas, copper, iron, uranium, cobalt ores.

The main branches of the extractive industry are developed in the places of occurrence of the largest and most well-developed minerals:

South Africa is distinguished by the concentration of reserves and mining of coal (South Africa), gold (South Africa, Zaire, Zimbabwe, Tanzania) and diamonds (Zaire, South Africa, Botswana), manganese, chromium (South Africa), iron (Angola), copper (Zaire, Zambia and South Africa) and uranium (South Africa, Namibia) ores;

North Africa - phosphorites (Morocco, Algeria »Tunisia), oil and natural gas (Algeria, Libya);

West africa- bauxite (Guinea, Ghana, Cameroon), oil (Nigeria), iron (Mauritania, Liberia, Gabon) and uranium (Niger) ores.

The mining industry in Africa is weakly connected with other sectors of the economy, most of its products are exported. A few branches of heavy industry (smelting copper, alumina and aluminum, the production of phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers, mining equipment, the oil refining industry, etc.) occupy a very modest position in the economy of African countries.

Among the branches of the manufacturing industry, the textile and food industries have received the greatest development. Leading industries textile industry- production of cotton fabrics (Egypt, Sudan, Algeria), food - production of vegetable oils (palm, peanut, olive), coffee, cocoa, sugar, wine, canned fish.

Economy: natural conditions, leading agricultural sectors

farms

The prevailing flat relief (the Atlas, Futa-Djallon, Cape and Drakonov mountains are located only on the outskirts of the continent), a high supply of thermal resources (the sum of active temperatures is 6,000-10,000 ° C), the presence of fertile soils (red-yellow, black, brown soil equatorial forests, brown soils of subtropics, alluvial soils of river valleys), vast natural pastures (areas of savannas, steppes and semi-deserts occupy about half of Africa's area) are favorable for various types of agricultural activities.

However, the conditions of moisture supply significantly limit the possibilities for the development of agriculture in this region. In almost 2/3 of Africa's territory, sustainable agriculture is possible only with land reclamation. In the equatorial region of Africa, where the amount of precipitation is 1500 mm or more per year, there is an excess of moisture, in the semi-deserts and deserts of the northern and southern hemisphere(Sahara, Namib, Kalahari) - on the contrary, its lack. The most favorable natural conditions for agriculture are the windward slopes of the Atlas and Cape Mountains, the Mediterranean regions, the eastern marginal regions of South Africa, where the amount of precipitation is 800-1000 mm per year.

The leading branch of agriculture in Africa is crop production. In the structure of crop production, two areas are distinguished: the production of food crops for local consumption and the production of export crops.

Crops consumed in African countries include millet, sorghum, rice, wheat, corn, cassava (or cassava), yams, and sweet potatoes (yams).

The main grain crops of the African continent, millet and sorghum, are cultivated almost everywhere. Corn is the main food crop of the savannah zone. Wheat crops are concentrated in North Africa and South Africa. Rice is mainly grown in well-humid regions of East Africa (Nile Valley, Madagascar, etc.) - The scale of wheat and rice production does not cover the domestic needs of the region, so many African countries import wheat and rice.

The main export crops of Africa are coffee, cocoa, tea, cotton, peanuts, bananas, agave (sisal). Most of the coffee production is provided by Ethiopia and the Republic of Cote d "Ivoire, cocoa beans - Ghana and the Republic of Cote d" Ivoire, raw cotton - the countries of East Africa (Egypt, Sudan, Uganda, Tanzania, Mozambique), peanuts - Nigeria, Senegal.

Africa is a major supplier of coconut kernels and palm oil and olives to the world market. The oil palm is a culture of West and Equatorial Africa. The olive tree grows mainly in the countries of North Africa (Tunisia and others). The countries of North and South Africa produce citrus fruits (oranges, tangerines, lemons, grapefruits, etc.), tea, tobacco, and grapes.

Livestock production is characterized by low productivity. Nomadic, semi-nomadic and distant pasture animal husbandry prevails. The main branches of animal husbandry are sheep (wool and meat and wool), cattle (mainly meat), camel breeding.

Transport. Length railways small - vehicles cover more significant territories. For some countries of Central and East Africa, the internal water transport... In terms of length and intensity of use, the basins of the Congo, Nile and Niger rivers stand out.

External transportation is carried out by sea transport. More than 90% of exports of African countries are mineral and agricultural raw materials and food. The main export items are oil (Nigeria, Libya, Algeria), copper (Zambia, Zaire), iron ore(Liberia, Mauritania), manganese ores (Gabon), phosphorites (Morocco), uranium (Niger, Gabon), cotton (Egypt, Sudan, Chad, Mali, Tanzania, etc.), coffee (Ethiopia, Angola, Rwanda, Burundi and etc.), cocoa beans (Cote d "-Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria, etc.), peanuts (Senegal, Gambia, Sudan), olive oil (Tunisia, Morocco), tobacco (Malawi, etc.), citrus fruits, grape wines (Algeria, Tunisia, etc.).

African countries mainly import machinery and equipment, manufactured goods, and foodstuffs.

ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY OF AFRICA

Africa together with the islands belonging to it (the largest of them Madagascar) has an area of 30.3 million square meters. km., population over 750 million people.

Africa occupies a special geographical position among other continents. The equator crosses it almost in the middle and divides it into two parts, approximately equally located (to the north and south) in the equatorial, tropical and subtropical latitudes. Therefore, a huge amount of heat enters the entire territory of Africa evenly throughout the year, and the seasons in its northern and southern parts are opposite: while in the northern hemisphere it is summer, in the southern hemisphere it is winter.

The nature of the geographical position provides the possibility of year-round navigation off the coast of Africa, since the seas washing it do not freeze.

Africa is ahead of all other regions of the world in terms of natural increase population(more than 3% per year), as it stands out for its high birth rate. However, Africa is the region with the highest mortality rates. As a result, the age structure of the population is characterized by a high proportion (about 45%) of children and adolescents under 15 years of age.

With an average density of 25 people per 1 sq. Km, the population is distributed very unevenly across Africa. The most densely populated are the sea coasts, coastal islands, the lower reaches of the Nile and Niger rivers, mining regions of South Africa, Zambia, Zaire and Zimbabwe. In these areas, the population density ranges from 50 to 1000 people per 1 sq. km. In the vast areas of the Sahara, Kalahari, Namib deserts, the population density barely reaches 1 person per 1 sq. Km.

Despite the world's highest rates of urbanization, Africa is inferior to other regions in terms of the share of urban population (about 30%).

Linguistically, half of the African population belongs to the Niger-Kordofan family, and a third to the Afrozian family. Residents of European descent make up only 1%.

Africa is characterized by significant population migration (external and internal). The main centers of attraction for labor from the African continent are Western Europe and Western Asia (especially the countries of the Persian Gulf). Within the continent, migration flows of labor mainly go from the poorest countries to the richer ones (South Africa, Nigeria, Cote d'Ivoire, Libya, Morocco, Egypt, Tanzania, Kenya, Zaire, Zimbabwe).

Africa is represented on the political map by 55 states, the overwhelming majority of which are developing countries. The only economically developed country is South Africa. Among the countries, the overwhelming majority are republics (with the exception of Morocco, Lesotho and Swaziland, which are constitutional monarchies). The administrative-territorial structure of states, with the exception of South Africa and Nigeria, is unitary.

Farm: useful fossils, leading industries industry.

Extractive industries dominate in Africa's industry, the share of manufacturing industries is small, many branches of modern industry ( precision engineering, instrument making, machine tool building, etc.) are generally absent.

The main branches of the extractive industry are developed in the places of occurrence of the largest and most well-developed minerals:

North Africa - phosphorites (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia), oil and natural gas (Algeria, Libya);

Western Africa - bauxite (Guinea, Ghana, Cameroon), oil (Nigeria), iron (Mauritania, Liberia, Gabon) and uranium (Niger) ores.

Mining industry Africa is weakly connected with other sectors of the economy, most of its products are exported. A few branches of heavy industry (smelting copper, alumina and aluminum, the production of phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers, mining equipment, the oil refining industry, etc.) occupy a very modest position in the economy of African countries.

Among the branches of the manufacturing industry, the textile and food industries have received the greatest development. The leading sectors of the textile industry are the production of cotton fabrics (Egypt, Sudan, Algeria), food - the production of vegetable oils (palm, peanut, olive), coffee, cocoa, sugar, wine, canned fish.

Farm: natural conditions, leading industries rural farms.

The prevailing flat relief (the Atlas, Futa-Djallon, Cape and Drakonov mountains are located only on the outskirts of the continent), a high supply of thermal resources (the sum of active temperatures is 6000 - 10000 o C), the presence of fertile soils (red-yellow, black, brown equatorial soils). forests, brown soils of subtropics, alluvial soils of river valleys), vast natural pastures (savannah, steppe and semi-desert areas occupy about half of Africa's area) are favorable for various types of agricultural activities.

However, the conditions of moisture supply significantly limit the possibilities for the development of agriculture in this region. In almost 2/3 of Africa's territory, sustainable agriculture is possible only with land reclamation. In the equatorial region of Africa, where the amount of precipitation is 1500 mm or more per year, there is an excess of moisture, in the semi-deserts and deserts of the northern and southern hemispheres (Sahara, Namib, Kalahari), on the contrary, its lack. The most favorable natural conditions for agriculture are the windward slopes of the Atlas and Cape mountains, the Mediterranean regions, the eastern marginal regions of South Africa, where the amount of precipitation is 800 - 1000 mm per year.

Leading industry rural farms African - crop production ... In the structure of crop production, two areas are distinguished: the production of food crops for local consumption and the production of export crops.

Crops consumed in African countries include millet, sorghum, rice, wheat, corn, cassava (or cassava), yams, and sweet potatoes (yams).

The main grain crops of the African continent, millet and sorghum, are cultivated almost everywhere. Corn is the main food crop of the savannah zone. Wheat crops are concentrated in North Africa and South Africa. Rice is mainly grown in well-humid regions of East Africa (Nile Valley, Madagascar, etc.). The scale of wheat and rice production does not cover the internal needs of the region, so many African countries import wheat and rice.

Major export crops of Africa- coffee, cocoa, tea, cotton, peanuts, bananas, agave (sisal). Most of the coffee production is provided by Ethiopia and the Republic of Cote d, Ivoire, cocoa beans - Ghana and the Republic of Cote d, Ivoire, raw cotton - the countries of East Africa (Egypt, Sudan, Uganda, Tanzania, Mozambique), peanuts - Nigeria, Senegal.

Africa is a major supplier of coconut kernels and palm oil and olives to the world market. Oil palm - culture of Western and Equatorial Africa... The olive tree grows mainly in the countries of North Africa (Tunisia and others). The countries of North and South Africa produce citrus fruits (oranges, tangerines, lemons, grapefruits, etc.), tea, tobacco, and grapes.

Livestock breeding differs in low productivity. Nomadic, semi-nomadic and distant pasture animal husbandry prevails. The main branches of animal husbandry are sheep (wool and meat and wool), livestock (mainly meat), camel breeding.

Transport... The length of the railways is short - vehicles cover larger areas. For some countries in Central and East Africa, a large economic value has inland waterway transport. In terms of length and intensity of use, the basins of the Congo, Nile and Niger rivers stand out.

External transportation is carried out sea transport... More than 90% of exports of African countries are mineral and agricultural raw materials and food. The main export items are oil (Nigeria, Libya, Algeria), copper (Zambia, Zaire), iron ore (Liberia, Mauritania), manganese ores (Gabon), phosphorites (Morocco), uranium (Niger, Gabon), cotton (Egypt, Sudan, Chad, Mali, Tanzania, etc.), coffee (Ethiopia, Angola, Rwanda, Burundi, etc.), cocoa beans (Cote d, Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria, etc.), peanuts (Senegal, Gambia , Sudan), olive oil (Tunisia, Morocco), tobacco (Malawi, etc.), citrus fruits, grape wines (Algeria, Tunisia, etc.).

Import African countries mainly machinery and equipment, industrial goods, foodstuffs.

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1 Demo version of the final intermediate certification in geography Grade 7 Option 1 1. What is the name of the mainland through which the Mekong and Ayeyarwaddy rivers flow? 1.South America 2.Australia 2.In which ocean is the Mariana Trench? 1.Indian 3.Atlantic 2.Quiet 4.North Arctic 3.Representatives of the animal world, which of the listed continents are the platypus and the echidna. 1.Africa 4.Africa is second only to: 1.Eurasia 3.Australia 2.South America 4.North America 5.The discoverers of Antarctica are 1.Rual Amundsen 3.Robert Scott 2.James Cook 4.F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev 6. On what continent does sequoia grow in natural conditions? 2.Australia 7.Trades winds prevail 1.in temperate latitudes 3. in the tropics 2. at the poles 4. over Antarctica 8. Which of the following lakes is the highest? 1. Titicaca 3. Chad 2. Air 4. Onega 9. On the coast of which of the listed continents is the ocean current of the Gulf Stream? 1. Australia 3. North America 10. What are the longest mountains in the world? 1.Cordilleras 3.Himalayas 2.Andas 4.Alps 11.Mainland, which is home to more than half of the world's population is 12.Indemic of the flora of the mainland of Australia is 1.sequoia 3.Larch 2.Oak 4.Eucalyptus 13.What mountain system the number of altitudinal zones is the greatest 1. Carpathians 3. Himalayas 2. Pyrenees 4. Altai 14. Drake Passage separates 1. Asia and Africa 3. Europe and Africa 2. South America and Antarctica 4. Asia and North America 15. Formation of which of the listed deserts cold current related? 1.Atakama 3.Gobi 2.Sahara 4.Great Victoria Desert 16.Scream it

2 1. Drying rivers 3. Swamp 2. Drying lakes 4. Thickets of bushes 17. The shortest people on Earth, living in Africa 1. Bushmen 3. Pygmies 2. Ethiopians 4. Berbers 18. For what type air masses characterized by high summer temperatures and low humidity? 1.Arctic 3.Moderate 2.Tropical 4.Equatorial 19. Which of the following cities is the capital of Great Britain? 1.Warsaw 3.Paris 2.Rome 4.London B1. Establish a correspondence between the sea and the ocean to which it belongs 1. Atlantic Ocean A. Yellow Sea 2. Pacific Ocean B. White Sea 3. Indian Ocean B. Black Sea 4. Arctic Ocean D. Red Sea В2. Establish a correspondence between the mainland and the animals living there 1. Africa A. Echidna 2. Australia B. Coyote 3. South America C. Capybara 4. North America G. Okapi Q.3. Which three of the following rivers are located on the mainland of North America? 1. Parana 5. Mackenzie 2. Mississippi 6. Orinoco 3. St. Lawrence 7. Zambezi 4. Murray 8. Orange B4 Establish a correspondence between the mainland and the plant growing there 1. Africa A. Eucalyptus 2. Australia B. Baobab 3. South America B. Sequoia 4. North America G. Ceiba C1. Why are swamps widespread on the Florida Peninsula? Give at least two reasons. Demo version of the final intermediate certification in geography Grade 7 Option 2 1. What is the name of the mainland on the territory of which Niagara Falls? 1.South America 2.North America 2.What is the deepest lake? 1. Michigan 3. Baikal

3 2. Victoria 4. Chad 3. Antarctica is 1. Drifting ice 3. Continent 2. Island covered with ice 4. Iceberg 4. To the basin, which ocean does the Nile River belong to? 1.North Arctic 3.Indian 2.Quiet 4.Atlantic 5.What is the largest peninsula in terms of area? 1. Arabian 3. Labrador 2. Balkan 4. Indochina 6. On which of the following continents are the Cordillera mountains? 1.Antarctica 3.Australia 2.North America 7.Where Earth's crust has the greatest thickness? 1.To the West Siberian Plain 3.In the Himalayas 2.The Amazonian lowland 4.On the ocean floor 8.What map of Eurasia should be chosen in order to study the direction of the winds in July 1.Political 3.Physical 2.Natural zones 4.Climatic 9.Wadi is 1.Drying rivers 3. Swamps 2. Drying lakes 4. Thickets of bushes 10 Representatives flora which mainland are baobab and date palm? 3.Africa 11. What type of air masses are characterized by high summer temperatures and low humidity? 1.Equatorial 3.Tropical 2.Arctic 4.Moderate 12.Barkhans refer to landforms created by 1.Wind processes 3.Freezing waters 2.Glacier activity 4.Volcanic activity 13.The deepest oceanic depression on Earth is 1.Aleutian trench 3.Marian Trench 2.Kurilo Kamchatka Trench 4.Fillipino Trench 14.A battleship is a typical representative of the animal world 1.South America 3.Africa 2.Australia 4.Eurasia 15.This African river crosses the equator twice, indicate it 1.Zambesi 3.Niger 2.Congo 4.Senegal 16.Specify the mainland on which the zone tropical deserts takes largest area 3.Africa 17. What bay of North America do sailors call an "ice bag"? 1.Mexican 3Alaskan 2.California 4.Hudson 18.Where is Takla Makan Desert located? 1.c South America 3.in Eurasia

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4 2.c North America 4.In Africa 19. Which continent is the wettest? 3. Africa 4. Eurasia. Q1. Establish a correspondence between the sea and the ocean to which it belongs 1. Atlantic Ocean A. Baltic Sea 2. Pacific Ocean B. Chukchi Sea 3. Indian Ocean C. Red Sea 4. Arctic Ocean D. Sea of Japan B2. Choose three correct answers characterizing the natural zone - steppe 1. The zone consists of coniferous forests 2. On the territory of the zone grow such trees as oak, hornbeam, beech 3. Moss and lichen flora, as well as shrubs grow 4. Open plain landscapes prevail. Various grasses grow 5. Vegetation is rather scarce, in places it is absent, a typical plant is saxaul 6. Vegetation is almost absent, only lichens and mosses are found 7. Soils are mainly chernozems 8. Mostly plowed B3. Insert the meaning of the missing words in the text and write them down in order: North America is completely located in and in the hemispheres. Mountains stretch in the east of the mainland. The most high point the mainland is in the mountains, it is -. AT 4. Establish a correspondence between the mainland and the animals living there 1. Africa A. Koala 2. Australia B. Skunk 3. South America C. Gorilla 4. North America D. Lama C.1 Why is the Barents Sea much warmer than the White Sea? Answers to questions 1 option 2 option

5 B 2 1-G 3-B 1-A 2-G 3-B 4,7,8 3 2,3,5 North, West, Appalachian, Cordillera, McKinley 4 1-B 4-B 1-C 1 1. Large amount of precipitation, lowland. 2. Cold air penetrates far to the south, as the mountains are located meridionally. 1. Influence of warm flow. 2. Tropical belt, downdrafts of air, no clouds, during the day with a clear sky - heats up very much, quickly cools down at night. Evaluation criteria: estimated at 1 point for each correct answer. (maximum number of points scored 19) - the maximum number of points that can be scored 7.5 points (0.5 points for each match). 2 points. "5" 28.5-27 "4" "3" "2"

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SURNAME CLASS - NAME Check the correct answer. Time to complete the work - 90 minutes. Part I. For each correctly completed task, 3 points are awarded. 1. Solve the puzzle and indicate the meaning of this concept.

Africa, together with the islands belonging to it (the largest of them is Madagascar) has an area of 30.3 million sq. km, the population is more than 750 million people.

Some geographic features region:

1. Among other continents, Africa occupies a special geographical position. The equator crosses it almost in the middle and divides it into two parts, approximately equally located (to the north and south) in the equatorial, tropical and subtropical latitudes. Therefore, a huge amount of heat enters the entire territory of Africa evenly throughout the year, and the seasons in its northern and southern parts are opposite: while in the northern hemisphere it is summer, in the southern hemisphere it is winter.

The nature of the geographical position provides the possibility of year-round navigation off the coast of Africa, since the seas washing it do not freeze.

2. Africa is ahead of all other regions of the world in terms of natural population growth (more than 3% per year), as it stands out for its high birth rate. However, Africa is the region with the highest mortality rates. As a result, the age structure of the population is characterized by a high proportion (about 45%) of children and adolescents under 15 years of age.

Despite the world's highest rates of urbanization, Africa lags behind other regions in terms of the share of urban population (about 30%).

Linguistically, half of the African population belongs to the Niger-Kordofan family, and a third to the Afrozian family.

Residents of European descent make up only 1%.

3. Africa is characterized by significant population migration (external and internal). The main centers of attraction for labor from the African continent are Western Europe and Western Asia (especially the countries of the Persian Gulf). Within the continent, migration flows of labor mainly go from the poorest countries to the richer ones (South Africa, Nigeria, Cote d'Ivoire, Libya, Morocco, Egypt, Tanzania, Kenya, Zaire, Zimbabwe).

4. Africa is represented on the political map by 55 states, the overwhelming majority of which are developing countries. The only economically developed country is South Africa. Among the countries, the overwhelming majority are republics (with the exception of Morocco, Lesotho and Swaziland, which are constitutional monarchies). The administrative-territorial structure of states, with the exception of South Africa and Nigeria, is unitary.

5. Geopolitically and economically, Africa is divided into two parts: North Africa and Tropical Africa.

North Africa includes an area (about 10 million square kilometers with a population of 160 million people) adjacent to the Mediterranean, inhabited mainly by Arabs who profess Islam. The countries located on this territory (Algeria, Egypt, Western Sahara, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia), due to their geographical position (coastal, neighboring in relation to the countries of Southern Europe and Western Asia) and higher (in comparison with the states Tropical Africa) level of economic and industrial development, are more involved in international division labor (export of oil, gas, phosphorites, etc.). Tropical Africa includes the territory located south of the Sahara, within which, in turn, Western, Central, East and South Africa are distinguished. The overwhelming majority of the population of the countries located on their territory belongs to the equatorial (Negroid) race. The ethnic composition of the population is very variegated (there are more than 200 peoples), multinational states prevail. The main sphere of activity of the population is agriculture (with the exception of the countries of South Africa, in whose economy industry and the service sector play a decisive role). Tropical Africa is the most economically backward, least industrialized and least urbanized part of the developing world. Of the 49 countries within its borders, 32 belong to the group of "least developed countries of the world". The per capita GNP in the countries of East, West and Central Africa is several times (5-7 times or more) less than in the countries of North and South Africa.

Option 1

Part A

Choose the correct answer

Africa's area is

a) 30.3 thousand km 2

b) 30.3 million km 2

c) 303 million km 2

Extreme north point mainland is a cape

a) Ras Khafun

b) Ras-Engela

c) Almadi

Most of Africa is located between

a) the equator and the northern tropic

b) the equator and the southern tropic

c) northern and southern tropics

Crossed South Africa from west to east, explored the Zambezi River

a) Vasco da Gama

b) David Livingston

c) N.I. Vavilov

The Atlas Mountains are located

a) on an ancient platform

b) in the area of new folding

c) in the area of ancient folding

The relief of Africa is dominated by

a) lowlands

b) hills and plateaus

Highest peak African

a) Kenya

b) Toubkal

c) Kilimanjaro city

The highest temperature º on Earth (+ 58º С) was recorded in

a) Tripoli

in Algeria

The formation of the Namib coastal desert is associated

a) with mountainous terrain on the coast

b) with the influence of Antarctica

c) with a cold Benguela current

The most long river African

The longest freshwater lake in the world

a) Victoria

c) Tanganyika

Natural area covering 40% of the mainland

a) equatorial forests

b) savannah

c) deserts

Most changed economic activities human

a) deserts

b) equatorial forests

c) savannah

The largest country in Africa by area

b) Egypt

Pygmies, Nilots, Tutsis belong to the race

a) Caucasian

b) equatorial

c) intermediate

Part B

Set correspondence

Natural area Plants and Animals

1. Equatorial forests a) herbs, baobabs, giraffes, elephants

2. Savannah b) palms, ficuses, lianas, gorillas, okapis, 3. Deserts c) thorny bushes, lizards, snakes, scorpions

Set correspondence

1. Equatorial a) change of TVM and UVM, hot dry summers and wet winters

2. Tropical b) warm and humid throughout the year 3. Subtropical c) hot, dry, dominance of TBM

Give definition

The climate is ...

The reserve is ...

Part C

Determine the extent of Africa from west to east along the equator.

Test assignments on the topic: "Africa" (grade 7)

Option 2

Part A - Choose the correct answer

In terms of territory, Africa is inferior to

a) Eurasia

b) North America

In South America

Extreme east point mainland is a cape

a) Ras-Engela

b) Ras Khafun

c) Needle

Unlike other continents, Africa is crossed

a) the southern polar circle

b) the zero meridian

c) almost in the middle of the equator

Circled South Africa, opened the sea route to India

a) Vasco da Gama

b) David Livingston

c) V.V. Juncker

At the base of most of the mainland lies

a) the area of ancient folding

b) area of new folding

c) ancient platform

Raised to a height of over 1000 m

a) North and South Africa

b) South and East Africa

c) North and West Africa

Most high mountains are

a) Cape

b) Draconic

In most of Africa, the average annual t º of air

a) from 10 to 20 ° C

b) below 10 ° С

c) above 20 ° С

The maximum amount of precipitation falls

a) on the Ethiopian Highlands

b) on the southwestern slopes of Mount Cameroon

c) in the Congo basin

The most deep river African

a) Zambezi

The largest lake in area

a) Victoria

c) Tanganyika

Natural area occupying 30% of the mainland

a) equatorial forests

b) savannah

c) deserts

The worst natural disaster in Africa

a) droughts

b) floods

c) earthquakes

The most large country by population

a) Egypt

b) Nigeria

Arabs, Egyptians, Libyans belong to the race

a) Caucasian

b) equatorial

c) intermediate

Part B

Set correspondence

Natural area Plants, animals

1. Equatorial forests a) aloe, euphorbia, jackals, hyenas

2. Savannah b) palms, ebony, okapi, chimpanzee

3. Deserts c) grasses, umbrella acacias, zebras, hippos

Set correspondence

Climate zone Climate features

1. Equatorial a) 2 seasons: dry winter and wet summer, change of computers and TVM

2. Subequatorial b) constancy, high t º, high humidity

3. Tropical c) hot, dry, large daily amplitude t º

Give definition

The relief is ...

The desert is ...

Part C

Determine the extent of Africa from north to south at 20º E.

Keys (Africa)

Option I

Part A

Part B

1-b; 2-a; 3-in

1-b; 2-in; 3-a

3. Climate is a long-term weather regime typical for a given area.

Reserve - an area in which they are preserved in their natural state natural complexes.

Part C

43 o - 9 o = 34 o

34 o * 111.3 km = 3784.2 km

Option II

Part A

Part B

1-b; 2-in; 3-a

1-b; 2-a; 3-in

Relief - a set of irregularities earth surface, differing in size, origin and age.

Desert - natural area where there is very little rainfall, vegetation is very rare or absent.

Part C

32 o + 35 o = 67 o

67 o * 111.3 km = 7457.1 km

Assessment rates

In part A, 1 point is given for each correct answer (maximum 15 points).

In part B in tasks 1 and 2, for each correctly established correspondence - 1 point; in 3 tasks for each definition - 2 points (maximum 10 points).

For part C - 3 points.

"5" - 26 - 28 points

"4" - 22 - 25 points

"3" - 18 - 21 points

"2" - 17 or less points