Temperate climate within the territory of Western Siberia is characterized by a greater continentality in comparison with the EPR. Inflow increases, increases annual amplitude air, in the southern regions the climate becomes arid. To the east of the ridge, the influence is completely weakened and continental dominates here. The climate of Western Siberia is more homogeneous than on the other side of the Urals on the European territory.
During the cold period, cyclonic activity resumes in the north and cold continental air comes from Central Siberia, which makes temperature regime unstable. In January, in most of Western Siberia, temperature fluctuations from day to day are on average 5 °. (This phenomenon in other regions the globe almost not observed.) Winter is cold, average temperature in January it varies from -18 ° in the south to -28, -30 ° in the northeast. With light winter precipitation in the southern regions, the height is less than 30 cm.In the northeast, in the area of the Verkhne-Tazovskaya and Lower Yenisei uplands, where they are frequent, it increases to 80 cm.
In summer, cyclones develop over the entire territory of Western Siberia. Their number decreases from north to south. The northern regions are invaded by cyclones from the European part of Russia and the Atlantic. V southern regions cyclones come from the west and southwest (from the lower reaches, from the seas). The most intense cyclonic activity is observed between 54 and 60 ° N. NS. During the summer period, precipitation ranges from 300 to 400 mm. To the north and south of this area it decreases. In summer, arctic air comes in, which turns into continental. The influx of air increases the dryness and intensifies the continentality to the south.
Geology and topography: its relatively simple topography, with two mountain systems located more or less parallel to the east and west coasts: the Appalachian or Alentejus hills and the western Cordillera. Geologically and physiographically, it is divided into five relatively homogeneous regions: the Appalachian or Alaskan Mountains, Western Cordillera, Plain, Canadian Shield, and Coastal Plain.
Hydrography: it is closely related to morphological regions. The Central Plain is the widest drainage area, with shorter rivers flowing to the Atlantic and Pacific slopes due to the proximity of the mountains to the coast. Climate: The climatic characteristics are quite varied. The massive conformation of the region has a great influence on the migration of centers of high and low pressure and the displacement of this, in winter and summer, causing different wind regimes.
In most of the territory of Western Siberia, the climate is humid. The zero isoline of the difference in precipitation and evaporation, which is the southern border of the forest, runs approximately along the line - Novosibirsk (56 ° N). the region of Western Siberia is the most waterlogged territory of Russia. There is a significant accumulation of surface waters, the forests are swampy. Precipitation, the annual amount of which is 600 mm, in most of the territory exceeds the evaporation rate by 100 - 200 mm. A lot of solar heat is spent on evaporation. The averages vary from north to south from 14 to 18 °. South of 56 ° N NS. cyclonic activity weakens and annual quantity precipitation decreases to 350 - 400 mm. Potential evaporation exceeds the amount of precipitation, the climate becomes arid. Dominate.
Flora: The floristic cover is determined by the climate and the location of the relief. In Canada, coniferous associations are associated with birch, poplar, beech and maple. And in the Great Basin area, it has desert vegetation. In Mexico, as the coastline develops, forests dominate. Fauna: Being very diverse, also due to weather and other factors. There are relatively few species in the Arctic region such as caribou, musk ox, polar bear, arctic fox, hares, mosquitoes and various migratory birds.
In the subarctic range, the most common predators are black bears, lynx, fox and wolf. In the eastern forest and the coastal plain, there are deer, foxes, musk rats, squirrels, rabbits and hawks, insects and reptiles. The fauna of the desert is poor, with typical foxes, snakes and lizards. And the rainforest is inhabited mainly by monkeys, squirrels, ants, snakes and a huge variety of birds.
The plain has the shape of a trapezoid tapering towards the north: the distance from its southern border to the northern reaches almost 2500 km, its width is from 800 to 1900 km, and the area is only slightly less than 3 million km².
The West Siberian Plain is the most inhabited and developed (especially in the south) part of Siberia. Within its limits are the Tyumen, Kurgan, Omsk, Novosibirsk and Tomsk regions, the eastern regions of the Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions, a significant part of the Altai Territory, the western regions of the Krasnoyarsk Territory (about 1/7 of the area of Russia), as well as the northern and northeastern regions of Kazakhstan.
North America, which accounts for about 7 percent of the world's population, is the most populous region in the Americas, but its population density is lower than the world average. Ethnic composition: about 44% of the population of Canada are of British origin, 305 francs, and 10% are descendants of Germans, Scandinavians and Ukrainians; the natives understand the Indians and the Eskimos, who make up a little over 1%. As for the Mexican population, 30% are pure Indians, 15% are white and 55% are mestizo. The number of Indians, estimated at the time of Columbus, was about 000 in the pre-Mexico region and about 1000 in the region corresponding to the territories of Mexico and Central America.
Relief and geological structure
The surface of the West Siberian Lowland is flat with a rather insignificant height difference. Nevertheless, the relief of the plain is quite varied. The lowest parts of the plain (50-100 m) are located mainly in the central (Kondinskaya and Sredneobskaya lowlands) and northern (Nizhneobskaya, Nadymskaya and Purskaya lowlands) parts of it. Low (up to 200-250 m) elevations stretch along the western, southern and eastern outskirts: Severo-Sosvinskaya and Turin, Ishim Plain, Priobskoe and Chulym-Yeniseiskaya plateau, Ketsko-Tymskaya, Verkhnetazovskaya and Lower Yeniseiskaya heights. In the inner part of the plain, the Siberian Uvaly (average height - 140-150 m), extending from the west from the Ob to the east to the Yenisei, and the Vasyugan plain parallel to them form a pronounced strip of uplands.
After the arrival of the Europeans, these numbers fell sharply due to illness and the war with the colonialists. but since from an anthropological point of view, the American Indians do not have a single physical type, but are mostly Mongoloid. In Mexico, almost the entire population speaks Spanish and follows Catholicism. Several groups native to the region also speak English, French and their language of origin.
Population and Immigration: Between the Ages Settlers such as the French, British and Spanish found in the region inhabited by Mongoloid peoples, highly differentiated in their civilization and way of life. The need for agricultural labor meant that in the vicinity of the Gulf of Mexico, numerous blacks brought from Africa were brought into slavery. The region also received Asian immigrants, who were mostly in California.
The relief of the plain is largely due to its geological structure. At the bottom West Siberian Plain the epigercynian West Siberian plate lies, the basement of which is composed of intensively dislocated Paleozoic deposits. The formation of the West Siberian plate began in the Upper Jurassic, when, as a result of breaking off, destruction and degeneration, the vast territory between the Urals and the Siberian platform sank, and a huge sedimentary basin arose. In the course of its development, the West Siberian Plate was more than once captured by sea transgressions. At the end of the Lower Oligocene, the sea left the West Siberian plate, and it turned into a huge lacustrine-alluvial plain. In the Middle and Late Oligocene and Neogene, the northern part of the plate experienced uplift, which was replaced by subsidence in the Quaternary. The general course of development of the plate with the sinking of colossal spaces resembles the process of oceanization that has not reached the end. This feature of the slab is emphasized by the phenomenal development of swampiness.
Inhabitants are distributed rather irregularly; densely populated areas contrast in sparse, often desert areas, and this arrangement can be correlated with physical environment conditions and the presence natural resources... During the colonial period, several cities were created on the Atlantic coast, where they appeared in Boston, Philadelphia, New York and other urban centers.
Geographic location has played an important role as a factor in the emergence of urban centers. The surplus of natural resources found by the colonialists was the object of predatory exploitation for many centuries. Water: B North America As in other regions of the world, water resources serve a variety of purposes such as domestic use, irrigation, industry, transportation and power generation. Water consumption in the region has risen sharply, mainly driven by population growth and industrial growth.
Separate geological structures, despite a thick layer of deposits, are reflected in the relief of the plain: for example, the Uplands of the Verkhnetazovskaya and Lyulimvor correspond to gentle anticlinal uplifts, and the Barabinskaya and Kondinskaya lowlands are confined to the syneclises of the basement of the plate. However, discordant (inversion) morphostructures are not uncommon in Western Siberia. These include, for example, the Vasyugan plain, formed on the site of a gentle syneclise, and the Chulym-Yenisei plateau, located in the basement deflection zone.
As a result, several areas experienced water shortages due to lack of rainfall or excess consumption. Minerals: large and varied, most iron ore region is in the Canadian shield. The deposits of the Canadian shield along with the rocky mountains play a large role in the economy. A variety of ores occurs in the region. Some, such as sand and stones used in concrete structures, exist in almost all areas, but are of limited cost and expensive to transport.
Others, such as gold and uranium, are less common. In addition to planting corn and other grains, animal husbandry was developed. Rainfall contributes to the creation of cattle as the only safe source of income as it is uncertain and scarce in many parts of the area, limiting agriculture to only irrigated areas. Already north of agricultural areas, climatic restrictions reduce activity almost on hunting, and on the coast to freckles.
In the cuff of loose sediments, there are groundwater horizons - fresh and saline (including brine); there are also hot (up to 100-150 ° C) waters. There are industrial deposits of oil and natural gas (West Siberian oil and gas basin). In the area of the Khanty-Mansiysk syneclise, Krasnoselsky, Salymsky and Surgutsky districts, in the layers of the Bazhenov formation at a depth of 2 km, there are the largest reserves of shale oil in Russia.
The flatness of the territory, allowing cold masses of Arctic air to freely penetrate far to the south from the "ice bag" - the Kara Sea, and warm air masses from Kazakhstan and Central Asia - far to the north
Valuable fur animals are the most targeted, and in some regions, even Alaska, there are several farms that are dedicated to building them systematically. Industry: North America is the most industrialized region on earth. Thus, the New York metropolitan area has the largest and best port in a privileged situation. With a shortage of available land, they do not rely on heavy industries such as textiles, chemicals, food and oil.
Climate
The West Siberian Plain is characterized by a harsh, enough continental climate... Its great length from north to south determines a clearly pronounced zoning of the climate and significant differences climatic conditions northern and southern parts of Western Siberia. The continental climate of Western Siberia is also significantly influenced by the proximity of the Arctic Ocean. Plain terrain facilitates exchange air masses between its northern and southern regions.
In Canada, in many areas, the extractive industry is practiced in isolated locations. In Mexico, oil production and production are noteworthy. Transport: it has an excellent rail system, in addition to intense air and water circulation.
Aviation is the only way to quickly get to such remote locations. Also developed Mexican air Transport which has a focal point in Mexico City and reaches the main cities. From hundreds of airlines and over a thousand airports.
Exploration: Although Scandinavian navigators settled in Greenland during the 19th century. Six years ago, however, Florida bypassed Juan Ponce de Leon, and in the same year Cortez joined Mexico, Alonso de Pineda circled over the Gulf of Mexico. Subsequent expeditions reached the inner continent.
In the cold period, within the plain, the interaction of the region of relatively increased atmospheric pressure located above southern part plains, and areas of low pressure, which in the first half of winter stretches in the form of a hollow of the Icelandic baric minimum over the Kara Sea and the northern peninsulas. In winter, continental air masses prevail temperate latitudes that come from Eastern Siberia or are formed locally as a result of air cooling over the plain.
Peace. In Russia she
Research in English, French, and Dutch: While the Spaniards were exploring low latitudes, other Europeans reached the shores of the North. This exploitation, together with French missionaries, led to the devastation of the St. Lawrence-Great Lakes system.
France, on the other hand, was trying at all costs to extend its sovereignty to North American lands. Meanwhile, the British and Dutch were exploring the regions under the Great Lakes and the E Mississippi. Henry Hudson, who discovered Cal Hudson, excelled at this challenge; James Needham, who explored the Tennessee and Ohio rivers; Arnout Cornelius Vile, who found the Arkansas-Mississippi junction; and Henry Kelsey, Anthony Hyundai and Samuel Hearn, who scoured vast areas unknown to the Canadian interior.
Cyclones often pass in the border zone of areas of high and low pressure. Therefore, in winter, the weather in the coastal provinces is very unstable; on the coast of Yamal and the Gydan Peninsula happen strong winds, the speed of which reaches 35-40 m / s. The temperature here is even slightly higher than in the neighboring forest-tundra provinces, located between 66 and 69 ° C. NS. However, to the south, winter temperatures are gradually increasing again. In general, winter is characterized by stable low temperatures, there are few thaws. The minimum temperatures throughout Western Siberia are almost the same. Even close southern border countries, in Barnaul, there are frosts down to -50 -52 °. The spring is short, dry and relatively cold; April, even in the forest-bog zone, is not yet quite a spring month.
Exploring the Arctic, Northwest and Pacific Coast: Russian explorers took an interest in North America in the early 20th century. James Cook made the Oregon Trail in the Bering Strait, and Father Sylvester Velez de Escalante of Santa Fe explored Utah and the Sevier Lakes and the Upper Virginia River.
Missionary efforts in Virginia failed, but missions sent to the coast of Georgia and the Carolina were successful. English settlers who settled on the Atlantic coast, from Maine to Georgia, devoted themselves to agriculture, trade, fishing and shipbuilding.
In the warm season, a reduced pressure is established over Western Siberia, and an area of higher pressure forms over the Arctic Ocean. In this regard, weak northerly or northeasterly winds prevail in summer and the role of westerly air transport is noticeably enhanced. In May there is a rapid rise in temperatures, but often, during the invasions of the Arctic air masses, there are returns of cold weather and frost. The warmest month is July, the average temperature of which is from 3.6 ° on the White Island to 21-22 ° in the Pavlodar region. The absolute maximum temperature is from 21 ° in the north (Bely Island) to 44 ° in the extreme southern regions (Rubtsovsk). High summer temperatures in the southern half of Western Siberia are explained by the flow of heated continental air here from the south - from Kazakhstan and Central Asia. Autumn comes late.
But the British and Irish also participated in the colonization New France... Immigrants came to Quebec and Montreal, and the American Revolution brought in numerous legalists to transfer them to upper Canada. The main territorial changes: European monarchs understood that their survival extended to their subjects in the New World, and therefore European wars and rivalry in America produced territorial changes in the region. This, in turn, brought Florida to English... Geographically, the landscape is called the Andes.
Atacama Desert on west coast contrasts with regions rainforest Bolivia, Brazil, Peru and Ecuador. It consists of 12 sovereign countries and two European colonies. Geological structure and topography: Africa, which probably consisted of the continent of Honduana, which also included Madagascar, the Arabian Peninsula, India and Austria, in South America were mainly represented by three large crystalline masses, separated by the weapons of the shallow seas: the Guiano shield, the Brazilian shield and the Patonica shield.
The duration of the snow cover in the northern regions reaches 240-270 days, and in the south - 160-170 days. The thickness of the snow cover in the tundra and steppe zones in February is 20-40 cm, in the forest-swamp zone - from 50-60 cm in the west to 70-100 cm in the eastern Yenisei regions.
The harsh climate of the northern regions of Western Siberia contributes to the freezing of soils and widespread permafrost. On the Yamal, Tazovsky and Gydansky peninsulas, permafrost is found everywhere. In these areas of its continuous (continuous) distribution, the thickness of the frozen layer is very significant (up to 300-600 m), and its temperatures are low (in watersheds - 4, -9 °, in the valleys, -2, -8 °). To the south, within the northern taiga up to latitude of about 64 °, permafrost occurs already in the form of isolated islands, interspersed with taliks. Its thickness decreases, temperatures rise to 0.5-1 °, and the depth of summer thawing also increases, especially in areas composed of mineral rocks.
Epicontinental seas are located in areas corresponding to the current basins of the Platinum and Amazon. Once formed mountain range The Andes, this happened almost simultaneously with the regression of the seas, that the low parts between the shields or between them and the Andes.
The climate of the northern regions of Siberia
The evolution of sedimentation in the Orinoco Basin has not been accompanied by a very different sequence of the Amazon Basin, believing that crystalline marine sediment predominates. As for the Pampa Plain, there was a diverse evolution, since it seems that sediment until the end of the Mesozoic occurred in the marine environment or in a group of large lagoons.
Hydrography
The territory of the plain is located within the large West Siberian artesian basin, in which hydrogeologists distinguish several basins of the second order: Tobolsk, Irtysh, Kulundinsko-Barnaul, Chulymsk, Obsk, etc. , sandstones) and water-resistant rocks, artesian basins are characterized by a significant number of aquifers associated with formations of various ages - Jurassic, Cretaceous, Paleogene and Quaternary. The groundwater quality of these horizons is very different. In most cases, artesian waters of deep horizons are more mineralized than those occurring closer to the surface.
More than 2000 rivers flow on the territory of the West Siberian Plain, the total length of which exceeds 250 thousand km. These rivers carry about 1200 km³ of water into the Kara Sea every year - 5 times more than the Volga. The density of the river network is not very large and varies in different places depending on the relief and climatic features: in the Tavda basin it reaches 350 km, and in the Baraba forest-steppe - only 29 km per 1000 km ². Some southern regions of the country with a total area of more than 445 thousand km² belong to the territories of closed flow and are distinguished by an abundance of closed lakes
