Crimea today is the blessed land of the Crimean peninsula washed by the Black and Azov seas. In the north it stretches a plain, in the south - the Crimean mountains with a necklace near the coastal strip of seaside resort cities: Yalta, Mishor, Alupka, Simeiz, Gurzuf, Alushta, Feodosia, Evpatoria and seaports - Kerch, Sevastopol.
Crimea is located within 44 ° 23 "(Cape Sarych) and 46 ° 15" (Perekop ditch) north latitude, 32 ° 30 "(Cape Karamrun) and 36 ° 40" (Cape Fonar) east longitude. The area of the Crimean peninsula is 26.0 thous. Km. the maximum distance from north to south is 205 km, from west to east - 325 km.
A narrow eight-kilometer strip of land to the north (the Perekop Isthmus) connects the Crimea with the continents, and 4-5 km - the width of the Kerch Strait in the east (the length of the strait is about 41 km) - separates it from the Taman Peninsula. The total length of the Crimean borders exceeds 2500 km (taking into account the extreme tortuosity of the northeast coastline). In general, the shores of Crimea are little indented, Black Sea forms three large bays: Karkinitsky, Kalamitsky and Feodosia; The Sea of Azov also formed three gulfs: Kazantip, Arabat and Sivash.
The physical and geographical position of Crimea as a whole differs in the following most characteristic features... First, the location of the peninsula at 45 ° north latitude determines its equidistance from the equator and the North Pole, which is associated with a fairly large amount of incoming solar energy and a large number of hours of sunshine. Secondly, Crimea is almost an island. Associated with this, on the one hand, is a large number of endemics (plant species that are not found anywhere except in this area) and endemics (similar animal species); on the other hand, this explains the significant impoverishment of the Crimean fauna; in addition, the climate and other components of nature are significantly influenced by the marine environment. Thirdly, the position of the peninsula in relation to the general circulation of the Earth's atmosphere is especially important, leading to the prevalence of westerly winds in Crimea. Crimea occupies a borderline position between the temperate and subtropical geographic zones.
The peculiarities of the transport and geographical position of Crimea in the past determined the nature of the population of the peninsula and the specifics of its economy. In the Middle Ages, Crimea was a kind of dead end on the path of many nomadic tribes. Many settled here and perceived the local languages, culture and religion.
The maritime environment of Crimea determined not only the peculiarities of external economic ties, but also the development of seaside recreation. Through the Danube and Dnieper rivers, Crimea has access to the ports of the countries of Central Europe, the Baltic States and Scandinavia, and through the Don and the canal system of European Russia - to the Baltic and White seas, the Caspian states.
A favorable feature of the economic and geographical position of Crimea is its proximity to the economically developed Kherson and Zaporozhye regions of Ukraine and the Krasnodar Territory of the Russian Federation.
The nature of the Crimea is called a natural museum. There are few places in the world where diverse, comfortable and picturesque landscapes would be combined in such an original way. They are largely due to the originality of the geographical location, geological structure, relief, climate of the peninsula. The Crimean mountains divide the peninsula into two unequal parts. Big - northern - located in the extreme south temperate zone, southern - Crimean sub-Mediterranean - refers to the northern edge of the subtropical belt.
The flora of Crimea is especially rich and interesting. Only wild higher plants account for more than 65% of the flora of the entire European part of the Commonwealth countries. Along with this, about 1000 species of foreign plants are cultivated here. Almost all the flora of Crimea is concentrated in its southern mountainous part. This is a truly museum richness of flora.
The climate of most of Crimea is the climate of the temperate zone: mild steppe - in the flat part; more humid, typical for deciduous forests - in the mountains. The southern coast of Crimea is characterized by a sub-Mediterranean climate of dry forests and shrubs.
Crimea, especially its mountainous part, due to its comfortable climate, richness of clean air toned with phytoncides, sea salts, pleasant aroma of plants, also has great healing power. The bowels of the earth also contain healing mud and mineral waters.
The Crimean peninsula is provided with a lot of heat not only in summer, but also in winter. In December and January here per unit earth surface per day, heat is supplied 8-10 times more than, for example, in St. Petersburg. Crimea receives the greatest amount of solar heat in summer, especially in July. Spring is cooler here than autumn. And autumn is the best season of the year. The weather is calm, sunny and moderately warm.
True, sharp fluctuations in pressure during the day exacerbate cardiovascular diseases in people who are not completely healthy. In Crimea, which is well supplied with heat, the biological productivity of plants, including agricultural crops, and the resistance of landscapes to stress largely depend on the amount of moisture. And the need for water is constantly growing among the local population and the national economy, primarily in agriculture and health resorts. So the water in Crimea is a true engine of life and culture.
A relatively small amount of atmospheric precipitation, a long dry summer, the spread of karst rocks in the mountains led to the poverty of the Crimea in surface waters.
Crimea is divided into two parts: a plain steppe with a very small number of surface watercourses and a mountain forest with a relatively dense river network. There are no large freshwater lakes here. In the coastal strip of the flat Crimea there are about 50 lakes with a total area of 5.3 thousand km2.
In Crimea, there are 1,657 rivers and temporary watercourses with a total length of 5996 km. Of these, about 150 rivers are dwarf rivers up to 10 km in length. The Salgir River alone is more than 200 km long. The river network is extremely unevenly developed on the peninsula.
Depending on the direction of surface water runoff, the Crimean rivers are divided into three groups: rivers on the northwestern slopes Crimean mountains, rivers of the southern coast of Crimea, rivers of the northern slopes of the Crimean mountains.
All rivers on the northwestern slopes run almost parallel to each other. Until about the middle of their course, they look like typical mountain streams. The largest of them are Alma, Kacha, Belbek and Chernaya.
The rivers of the southern coast of Crimea are short, have very steep channel slopes, stormy temper in floods.
In the west, besides the usually dry ravines and the Khastabash brook, the largest is the Uchan-Su river. Quickly running down to the sea, it forms waterfalls in four places. The uppermost and largest of them is Uchan-Su (Flying Water).
The rivers of the northern slopes of the Crimean mountains are distinguished by the fact that outside the mountains they deviate to the east and flow into the Sivash - the lagoon Sea of Azov... In the upper reaches of the river, it is constantly with water, and within the plains in summer, their channels are often dry.
Salgir is the longest river in Crimea. Together with the tributary Biyuk-Karasu, it represents the largest water system in Crimea. The upper reaches of the Salgir are formed from the confluence of the Angara and Kizil-Koba rivers. Near the village of Zarechnoye it flows into Salgir large inflow Ayan.
Salgir fills the large Simferopol reservoir, built in 1951-1955. Below Simferopol, the river receives its right tributaries - the Beshterek, Zuya, Burulcha rivers, and 27 km from Sivash - Biyuk-Karasu. The Taiganskoye and Belogorskoye reservoirs have been built on Biyuk-Karasu.
The population of Crimea is unevenly distributed throughout the territory. 50% of the population of the republic lives on the coast. In 1991, 69% lived in cities, and 31% in rural areas. 43% of the Crimean population lives in four large cities: Sevastopol (371.4 thousand people in 1991), Simferopol (357 thousand people), Kerch (189.5 thousand people) and Evpatoria (113.3 thousand people).
Crimea is characterized by an increase in the number of cities and urban-type settlements and the relative stability of rural settlements. V last years such cities as Sudak, Krasnoperekopsk, Armyansk, Shchelkino appeared on the map of Crimea. The number of urban-type settlements is growing rapidly - since 1959 more than doubled.
The bulk of the population of Crimea is made up of workers (about 60 percent), office workers - 28, peasants - less than 11 percent.
Crimea has always been distinguished not only by a high proportion of the urban population, but also by a high level of literacy and education of its inhabitants. For every thousand inhabitants in cities there were 900, and in villages 730 people with higher, secondary specialized and secondary education.
The training of highly qualified specialists is carried out by 6 state higher educational institutions (Simferopol State University, Crimean Medical Institute, Crimean Agricultural Institute. Sevastopol Instrument-Making Institute, Crimean Institute of Environmental Protection and Resort Construction. Crimean State Industrial Pedagogical Institute), two branches of universities - Kiev Economic University (in Simferopol) and the Kaliningrad Fish University (in Kerch), as well as several commercial universities.
Military specialists are trained by the military institute in Sevastopol and the civil engineering school in Simferopol.
In recent years, colleges have been established on a commercial basis. 30 secondary specialized educational institutions are engaged in the training of specialists. Vocational schools train personnel in 120 specialties.
In Crimea, there are academic institutes and cultural institutions. In Simferopol there is the Crimean branch of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, the production association "Efirmaslo", "KrymNIIproekt", in the village of Nauchny - the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory and others.
There are several professional theaters and a philharmonic society, an art gallery in Feodosia. A large number of newspapers are published. Publishing houses "Tavrida", "Tavria", "Krymuchpedgiz" and others work. There are a large number of museums in Crimea, many of which are associated with the destinies of prominent writers, artists, scientists who lived on the peninsula.
The economic appearance of the Crimea, the structure, the nature of the location of industries and the population evolved mainly in accordance with its natural and socio-economic conditions.
Until 1917, the republic's economy was predominantly agrarian. Gradually, it developed into an industrial-agrarian one.
Crimea is distinguished by a diversified agriculture and recreational economy, the production of soda ash, titanium dioxide, sulfuric acid, technological equipment for the food industry, televisions, ocean ships, fish and fish products. In addition to mechanical engineering, chemical industry, agriculture and recreation, the industries of specialization also include the food industry, which produces grape wines, canned fruits and vegetables, and essential oils.
In the structure of industrial production, the leading place belongs to Food Industry followed by mechanical engineering and metalworking, chemical industry, building materials industry.
Agriculture of the Crimea is specialized in grain and animal husbandry, viticulture, horticulture, vegetable growing, as well as in the cultivation of essential oil crops (lavender, rose, sage). The volumes of gross production of animal husbandry and crop production are balanced.
Sea transport is of great importance for the republic. Export-import transportation of various cargoes is carried out through the Crimean ports. The most important ports are Kerch, Feodosia, Yalta, Evpatoria. The largest port city is Sevastopol.
Crimea is connected by air with all CIS countries and many non-CIS countries.
The recreational economy is one of the leading industries in the republic. WITH Latin recreation is translated as "recovery", meaning the restoration of the physical and psychophysiological conditions of a person. The recreational facilities include: sanatoriums, boarding houses, houses and recreation centers, tourist hotels and tourist centers, campings, children's camps. The recreational farm operates on beach, balneological and climatic resources, therapeutic mud, sea water, landscape resources.
Branches of the social infrastructure of Crimea - utilities, consumer services, public education, catering, trade, health care, social security, culture, physical education, credit and insurance, science and scientific services - are distinguished by a high level of development.
Geographical position of Crimea
The Crimean peninsula has a relatively small territory: for comparison, we can say that it is 20 times smaller in area of the Iberian and Balkan peninsulas, and 15 times smaller than Kamchatka and Asia Minor. Crimea is located at 44 and 46 degrees. w., i.e. this is the southern territory, it corresponds to the south of France, the Ciscaucasia or the Great American Lakes in North America.
Crimea is an integral part of the huge continent of Eurasia, while it is located almost at an equal distance from both the North Pole and the equator, since a latitude of 45 degrees crosses the peninsula near the city of Dzhankoy. Approximately here is the border of two climatic zones: temperate zone and subtropics, therefore, in Crimea, on this small peninsula, you can observe atmospheric and natural processes and phenomena characteristic of both zones.
The Crimean peninsula occupies a relatively small territory - in area it is 20 times smaller than the Iberian and Balkan peninsulas, 15 times smaller than Kamchatka and Asia Minor. But Crimea became famous, significant and attractive largely due to the peculiarities of its nature, and above all to its peculiar geographical position.
Perekop isthmus - extreme north point Crimean peninsula. It is located at a distance of 207 km from Cape Sarych (the southernmost point). From the extreme western point - Cape Kara-Mrun, located on the Tarkhankut Peninsula, to Cape Fonar on the Kerch Peninsula - 324 km. And the three capes, like the three legendary biblical whales lying in the Black and Azov Seas, seem to "support" the peninsula afloat.
In shape, Crimea resembles a slightly distorted rhombus, but if you turn on your imagination, you can see in the outlines of the peninsula - a bird that dives into the waters of the Black Sea. But the beauty of the peninsula, in combination with its outlines, gave the famous Chilean poet Pablo Neruda a dream to call Crimea "the most magnificent medal on the breast of the Earth."
The figurative expression "Crimea Island" is also close to the truth. The thing is that only the Perekop Isthmus connects it with the land, the width of which narrows in places to only 7 km. And all transport highways in the Chongar Strait area, they were laid across the Sivash Bay on an embankment dam and a bridge.
Sometimes, in old guidebooks, the Isthmus of Perekop was compared with the Isthmus of Panama by its geographic significance, but instead of deep ocean waters, it is surrounded by shallow waters and viscous gray mud of the Rotten Sea (Sivash). In the distant revolutionary times, the isthmus was dug by a deep, up to 10 m, ditch, next to which an 8-meter high earthen rampart was built, up to 11 km long.
The almost "insular" geographical position of Crimea, surrounded by two - the Black and Azov seas, enhances the isolation of the peninsula, and is noticeably reflected in the features of its landscapes, flora and fauna. That is why not only many rare species are found here, but also endemic species found on Earth only in the Crimea.
The Crimea is also characterized by a circular (circum-island) distribution of climatic phenomena, which manifests itself in less precipitation, longer sunshine, the presence of breezes on the coast, which distinguishes them from the central parts of the peninsula. A special place of the peninsula is the Crimean Mountains, which form another internal "island" with their own special and unique features and characteristics.
The Crimean peninsula, located in the extreme east of the vast Mediterranean, is a connecting "bridge" connecting the East European Plain, Asia Minor and the Caucasus. Therefore, in the Crimea, there is a change in the areas of the geographical distribution of a number of plant and animal species, which gives originality to the flora and fauna of the peninsula.
The landscapes of the peninsula are also varied, where extensive flat plains alternate with dissected hills, and in the south they are replaced mountain ranges, which abruptly drop off to the Black Sea. Due to the sublatitudinal location of the Crimean Mountains, even in a relatively small area of the peninsula, there is a sharp contrast between the temperate steppe climate of the plains and the almost sub-Mediterranean climate on the southern coast of Crimea.
Located at latitude southern France and northern Italy.
Crimean rivers
The main river is Salgir. Her 232 -km channel begins in the Angarsk Pass area and is lost off the coast of the Azov Sea. A total of about 150 rivers. The most fertile and picturesque valleys located between Bakhchisarai and Sevastopol. They are formed by the rivers Alma, Kacha, Belbek, Chernaya.
Being essentially an island, it has become a kind of reserve for some endemic (not found anywhere, except for this area) representatives of flora and fauna. Vegetable and animal world.
Rare plants and animals, unique landscapes, which the peninsula is so rich in, are under conservation protection. Their total area is about 700 square kilometers, it is more 2,5% from the territory, one of the highest indicators of reserve saturation for the CIS. Many of the protected sites are visited by tourists; here you are required to be especially careful with nature.
Crimea - the golden mean of the earth
This land is beautiful, washed by one of the most festive seas the globe.
K. Paustovsky.
Each of us has an inalienable right to love our native land and to assert that there is no land more beautiful, more blessed, and unique. Only a fool will argue, a wise person will agree, although he will add: "Of course, you are right, dear friend, but my homeland is also beautiful ..."
Crimeans behave this way and not otherwise: after all, millions of people from all over the world come to Crimea every year. Of course, Crimeans agree that there are blessed corners of the earth somewhere else. They do not ask: "Why did you come to us, and not we to you?" Without a doubt, Crimeans are wise people, they say in such cases: "Of course, you are right, dear friend, but my Crimea is beautiful too, let me tell you about it."
Let's open the map and orient ourselves on the terrain. The most southern point Crimea (44 ° 23 ") - Cape Sarych, near the village of Foros, located between Sevastopol and Alupka. The northernmost (46 ° 15") is located on the Perekop Isthmus, near the village of Perekop. This means that Crimea is located at the 45th latitude, in the middle between the North Pole and the equator. Perhaps someone else has some other thoughts on this, but in the middle means in the middle, and not somewhere else. At the 45th latitude, by the way, is the geographical center of France, such European cities as Budapest, Bucharest, Milan, Bern, the Canadian city of Montreal, the American cities of Minneapolis and Portland. They are all right with latitude, but longitude ...
The westernmost point of Crimea (32 ° 29 ") is Cape Priboyny (Kapa-Mryn) on the Tarkhankut Peninsula, the most eastern (36 ° 39") is Cape Fonar on the Kerch Peninsula. So, Crimea is located near 30 ° east longitude, that is, in the middle between the Greenwich meridian and the Urals, separating Europe and Asia. Please open a map of the world, do not be lazy. At what longitude is it bent in half, where is its middle? Of course, along the line of 30 "east longitude. Approximately at this longitude are St. Petersburg, Moscow, Kharkov, Ankara, Cairo, Lake Victoria, highest point Africa - Kilimanjaro Volcano, North and South Poles. They were lucky with longitude, but only Crimea was lucky.
If you look at the sky, then it will point to the Crimea. The Milky Way is called Chumatsky Shlyakh in Ukrainian. The nebula, pointing to the south, seemed to have been created for the correct orientation of our ancestors, the Chumaks, who traveled to the Crimea for salt.
Before closing the map, let's take another look at the peninsula depicted on it. What is Crimea like? Of course - in the heart. A heart shaken by the Creator's Plan. A heart delighted with the incomprehensible wisdom and endless beauty of Nature. The Crimea also looks like outstretched arms and a cross sent down to people to comprehend the great unity of Faith, Love and Hope. Cross connecting North and South, West and East. But most of all, Crimea is like a flower dropped by the Creator on the Earth.
Of course, you are right, dear friend, your homeland is beautiful, but my Crimea is beautiful too! Let me tell you a little more about it.
The area of the Crimean peninsula exceeds 26 thousand km2, the maximum distance from north to south is 205 km, from west to east - 325 km. Yes, this is smaller than Switzerland, the Netherlands or Belgium, but Crimea is almost 56 times larger than Andorra, 82 times larger than Malta and 165 (!) Times larger than such a venerable European principality as Liechtenstein. With such small states like San Marino, we will not compare Crimea.
In many countries of the world there is not a single sea, but in Crimea there are two of them: the Black and the Azov. The Black Sea forms three large bays off the coast of the peninsula: Karkinitsky, Kalamitsky and Feodosia; The Sea of Azov also has three large bays: Kazantip, Arabat and Sivash.
Crimea in the north is connected to the mainland by a narrow eight-kilometer strip of land called the Perekop Isthmus. Kerch Strait, the width of which is 4-5 km, separates the Crimean peninsula from Taman - the western end Krasnodar Territory Russia. The total length of the peninsula's borders exceeds 2500 km, the shores are little indented, except for the very winding coastline of a part of the peninsula near Sevastopol. In the coastal strip of the flat Crimea there are 50 estuary lakes with a total area of 53 thousand km2. Of course, this is not as much as, say, in Finland or Norway, but the Crimean lakes are valuable because they are filled with brine, a concentrated saline solution that has absorbed the power of the sea, sun and earth.
At the beginning of the XX century. in Crimea, about 40% of table salt was mined Russian Empire... DI Mendeleev's statement is well known that using oil as fuel is equivalent to burning banknotes. To paraphrase the words of the great chemist, we can say that using the Crimean salt as a table salt is like salting the soup with gold. The ecologically chaste chemical industry of the peninsula at the Saki and Krasnoperekop chemical plants produces various compounds of sodium, calcium, magnesium, bromine from lake and Sivash salt. However, the therapeutic use of the Crimean estuaries is much more famous, but this is a separate topic.
Once upon a time, palaces were erected on the South Coast of Crimea by monarchs and their entourage. The ruler of the next historical period invited here to the section post-war world Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Winston Churchill. Why did the highly esteemed guests of Crimea prefer it to all other places on Earth? Because they were attracted by the unique Crimean climate, whose indisputable advantages are not due to several reasons.
The first is the aforementioned equidistance from the equator and the North Pole, which determines a long summer day, and not a miserable 12 hours in the tropics, and a sufficient amount of beneficial heat - namely heat, and not equatorial heat or polar cold.
The second is the union of the sea and the mountains. On hot sunny days of summer, Crimea is refreshed by a breeze, a cool breeze from the sea. In the evening, cool hours, it is replaced by warm air from the mountains.
The third is the unique position of the peninsula in relation to the general circulation of the atmosphere, the prevalence of westerly winds and stable anticyclones with clear weather and, as a result, a record number of sunny days, the absence of the sweltering heat carried by the air currents from Africa, and, naturally, the minimal impact of cold air masses with north, from which the mountains serve as an additional barrier.
The Crimean mountains are small, their maximum height (Mount Roman-Kosh) reaches 1545 m, much less than Everest, but this height is quite enough to create a subtropical paradise on the South Coast, without simultaneously erecting an insurmountable barrier between warm sea and the northern, steppe part of the peninsula.
Perhaps, in some other place on Earth, the expression "mountains of gold" is an exaggeration, a metaphor, but not in Crimea. Crimean marls are used as raw materials for obtaining cement, facing slabs are made from marble-like limestones, beautiful white buildings are being built from blocks of the famous Inkerman stone from the time of Chersonesos to the present day. Diabases of magmatic origin, due to their high strength, richness of color shades and good polishing qualities, are used for the manufacture of monuments and facing slabs. At Karadag and in other places, there are such minerals (gems) as agate, jet, onyx, opal, carnelian, brocade jasper.
Why are there gems! Even the clay in the Crimea is precious. The Crimean bentonite formed from volcanic ash, popularly called keel, soap earth or mountain soap, has very unusual properties. Previously, it was used to clarify wines, make soap, wash and bleach, today it is used in high technology.
The flat plateaus of the Crimean mountains combine the properties of plains and mountains, representing another “golden mean” of Crimea. Yailas, not closed from the merciless sun, seem to the uninitiated a symbol of dehydration, but this is not at all the case: underlain by porous limestones, they absorb sediments like a sponge, so that, together with shady forests, drop by drop accumulate water that feeds the Crimean rivers.
Everything is in Crimea, but in order not to jinx it, its inhabitants love to grumble just in case. And since it is quite difficult to find a reason for grunting in this corner of paradise, they habitually get annoyed by the lack of water. Indeed, there are only 1,657 rivers on the peninsula, and only 150 of them are less than 10 km long. The total length of watercourses is 5966 km, more than the length of the Amur from the mouth to the headwaters of the Argun, but somewhat less than the Nile.
However, it must be honestly said that the natural water resources of the peninsula were clearly insufficient in its steppe part. We have heard a lot of bad things about global reclamation projects, and most likely this is the case. Probably, the turn of the northern rivers to the south threatened the Earth environmental disaster, but the turn of the southern river to the south, that is, the creation of the North Crimean Canal, solved many of the problems of the peninsula.
Crimean drinking water is generally poorly mineralized, which is beneficial for the human body, but if you are used to water enriched with wastewater from industrial giants, you should not be upset prematurely. After all, Crimea has everything, even black water. The water of the Adzhi-Su mineral spring saturated with hydrogen sulfide in the village of Kuibyshevo, Bakhchisarai region, forms a black sediment from biologically active gummines and bitumen, healing in hot medicinal baths. In total, more than a hundred sources of medicinal resources have been explored in Crimea. mineral waters rich in many trace elements - from fluorine to radium.
Geographical position, climate, steppe areas on the tops of mountains, transparent and black waters - we are everywhere talking about combining opposite principles. If you mix all the colors into one, you get a dirty gray color. To avoid misunderstandings, we will immediately make an official explanation: Crimea is the Golden Mean, not mediocrity. The colors of his palette sparkle without mixing, and at the same time create a unique flavor.
Combining the steppe and subtropics, Crimea not only does not mix them, but complements the zone of forests and forest-steppe. Yayla is not a half-steppe-half-mountain, but a unique one a natural phenomenon, which is difficult to find analogues. Combining different principles in itself, Crimea preserves their originality and supplements them with new, only inherent qualities. Natural sciences unanimously prove the insular origin of Crimea - we will talk about this more than once and give the arguments of scientists - therefore, on the peninsula, in addition to the amazing combination of steppe and Mediterranean nature, there is a great variety of endemic species of plants and animals found only on the peninsula.
Among the natural areas of Crimea, man-made landscapes are scattered with fancy mosaics: intertwining architectural styles of many centuries and peoples of cities, towns and villages, majestic parks, well-groomed fields, lush gardens, fragrant plantations of roses and lavender, unique vineyards. In 1963, a period of intensive irrigated agriculture began in Crimea. Almost 40 types of vegetable crops are grown in open and closed ground. The quality of Crimean products is famous far beyond the borders of the autonomous republic.
Essential oil enterprises in the cities of Simferopol, Bakhchisarai, Alushta, Sudak and the urban-type settlement of Nizhnegorsk produce rose, lavender and sage oils. Food is one of the leading industries in Crimea. The largest fishing port on the Black Sea with refrigerators, canning and ship repair factories has been built in Sevastopol. but high level The development of the peninsula's food industry is due not only to the high-end agriculture of the peninsula and the rich resources of the seas. Its development is facilitated by a relatively high level of food consumption, especially in summer time... Thus, the issue of welcoming guests has been raised on a grand scale in Crimea.
Crimea is the unity of the sea, steppe and mountains. It is necessary to remove a layer of soil from the surface of the earth in the steppe Crimea, and on the surface there will be a wonderful, easy-to-work building material - shell limestone. Buildings that have a shell rock layer in their walls, like the sea, keep them warm in winter and cool in summer.
However, one should not think that only shell rock is hidden under the fertile Crimean soil. The iron ores of the Kerch basin are so shallow that they are mined in an open pit. These ores are unique in their high manganese content, so when alloyed steels are smelted, this element is added in a minimal amount or not at all.
Since the mid 60s. industrial development of natural gas fields is underway on the Tarkhankut Peninsula, in the Northern Crimea and on the Arabat Spit. The ramified system of gas pipelines made it possible to gasify most of the settlements, transfer thermal power plants to environmentally friendly fuel and enter the country's unified gas pipeline system.
The pinnacle of the industrial pyramid of the Crimean Autonomous Republic are high-tech industries: electronics, automotive, defense, construction of supertankers.
The complex development of the Crimean industry is based on an extensive network of communication routes. There are two main railway lines in Crimea. Sea transport carries out small coastal communication in the Azov-Black Sea basin and distant international flights... However, the main transport of the autonomous republic is automobile. It accounts for about 90% of domestic freight and passenger traffic. In the early 60s. the mountain trolleybus route Simferopol - Yalta was put into operation, which makes it possible to connect the capital of the republic with South Shore by convenient and inexpensive transport.
The environmental safety of the Crimean industry has a long tradition. Back in 1931, the first in the USSR, the most powerful wind power plant in Europe at that time, was built in Balaklava. The generator blades had a diameter of 30 meters. The unique power plant was destroyed during the war. In 1986, a 5 MW solar power plant was built in Crimea. The total area of the mirrors is 40 thousand m2. Several ecologically perfect projects have been implemented on the peninsula, using tidal energy, solar and geothermal energy to generate electricity to supply heat to residential buildings, sanatoriums and hotels.
The intercity trolleybus service clearly demonstrates the level of environmental requirements for the development of the Crimean industry.
It would take a very long time to talk about Crimean science, about the great scientists who worked here, but instead of a huge list of discoveries, we will limit ourselves to a single brief remark: several sciences were created in Crimea, including virology, physics of the sea, and helioseismology.
People of many nationalities inhabit Crimea, all of them are representatives of an endemic species called "Crimeans". Crimeans are hardworking, quick-witted, hospitable and inclined to have fun. Men are wise, strong, women are kind and unusually beautiful. In a word, they are the same as other people on Earth, and only one thing distinguishes them from the rest of the inhabitants of the planet: they are more patient with the geographical bragging of visitors. Crimeans listen attentively to the guests, treat them with amazing Crimean wines, feed them with dishes made from ecologically pure Crimean products, take them to caves, reserves, beaches, dolphinariums, tasting rooms, arrange sea excursions ... Further - all the content of the book.
The population of Crimea in summer and early autumn increases, but many times. When millions of guests go home, it turns out that there are about 2.5 million true Crimeans. As of 1998, 363.8 thousand people lived in the Crimean capital Simferopol, 167.4 thousand in Kerch, 371.4 thousand in Sevastopol, and 113.5 thousand in Evpatoria. Given the small number of the above-described endemic species, we propose to put it in the Red Book and, if there is no way to stop all talk about the unsurpassed (?!) Charm of other lands, then at least give the Crimeans a word in defense of their homeland.
Alas, this is not always possible, because in holiday season Crimeans are a minority on the peninsula. But they came up with a way out and told about themselves and their land in the coat of arms.
Coat of arms of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea
Columns are a symbol of the ancient Crimean civilization, the memory of Naples, Panticapaeum, Tmutarakan, Chersonesos, Theodoro, and other cities and kingdoms that once existed on the territory of Crimea. Griffin is a symbol of the guardian and protector of Crimea. The blue pearl in his paw symbolizes the uniqueness of Crimea, the unity of all its peoples, religions and cultures. The Varangian shield is a symbol of the intersection of trade routes, and its red color is a symbol of courage and bravery of the peoples of Crimea. Rising Sun at the top - a symbol of rebirth, prosperity, warmth and light.
In general, everything that is reflected in the words of the wise writer is embodied: "Everyone is rewarded according to his faith ..."
© Chapters from the book "All about Crimea. With love." publishing house "World of Information", 2002 (text - G. Dubovis, responsible for the issue A. Ganzh, R. Tsyupko, ed. T. Esadze)
