According to the Constitution, Russia is a multinational state, on the territory of which more than 180 large and small nations live. However, this was not always the case: the current ethnic diversity did not appear at once, but is the result of centuries of historical development.
Different nations were part of Russia in different time and under different circumstances, and the origins of many interethnic problems of modern Russian society are rooted in the past, and not only Soviet, but much more ancient.
Currently Bolivia is home to 10, 5 million people. Thus, Bolivia is the only country in South America that still has indigenous groups for the most part. These include Chiquitanos, Guarani, Moxenos and Afro-Bolivians. 26% of the population is mestizo and only 14% are white, most of whom are born in Spanish. Since the Spanish conquest was a big change, many of the indigenous groups died out. However, about half remained. One of the key milestones was the appointment of an indigenous president.
Some peoples became part of Russia due to their small size and weakness, unable to oppose anything to its territorial expansion (the peoples of Siberia, the Russian North and Of the Far East). Others did it voluntarily, seeking to find protection from Russia and protection from dangerous neighbors. Still others became part of the Russian population as a result of conquests or redistribution of territories between Russia and other major powers. Fourth (peoples North Caucasus) - fiercely defended their national independence for almost a century.
Bolivia's religion - Catholicism and Pachamama
More than 90 percent of Bolivians are Roman Catholic. The rest of the population belongs to the Protestant Church, Mennonites, Islam or Baha'itum. Despite the Christianization of the country, a significant part of the population also lives by their natural religions. Beliefs in magic and ghosts are often mixed with Catholicism. During the festivals, ancient deities are also viewed for church saints. They often come from traditional Aimara and Inca myths. As in other South American countries, Pachamama, Mother Earth, is revered.
Historically, the formation of the ethnic composition of Russia was closely connected with the process of formation and development of the Russian ethnos, which constituted the most active, mobile and large part of its population. The Russian ethnos itself was formed and developed in the process of constant development (annexation, conquest) of new territories adjacent to its borders and their incorporation into the Russian state.
In order for a family or livestock to succeed or bring a rich harvest to their land, traditional rituals are performed over and over again, or sacrifices are performed during great ceremonies such as ceremonies. Bolivia's official language is Spanish. However, there are over 30 other indigenous languages that are also recognized official languages... The most important are Aymara and Quechua. In the tropical lowlands, Guarani is most commonly used.
Spanish is predominantly spoken in the cities, while Indian languages are predominant in rural areas. WITH English language you're only making a little progress in Bolivia. Bolivia is one of the poorest countries South America... Despite its rich mineral wealth, it has long been considered the poorest and least exporting country on the continent. More than 60% of Bolivians live below the poverty line, about a quarter even in absolute poverty. Especially in rural areas, the population lives only from their own growing crops.
Over the centuries, the territorial and ethnic composition of Russia has changed and redrawn more than once, following the zigzags of domestic and world history, but at the same time, the size of its territory has constantly grown, as has the number of peoples inhabiting it. These processes continued in the Soviet period - right up to the collapse of the USSR.
The modern Russian Federation has largely inherited the ethnic diversity of the former USSR, despite significant losses of its historical territory. This is explained, in particular, by the fact that the processes of internal migration of the population, which proceeded intensively throughout the Soviet period, were inevitably accompanied by processes of its ethnic mixing. As a result, even after the collapse of the USSR, on the territory new Russia the ethnic groups of practically all the peoples that were formerly part of the Soviet state have survived.
Bolivia lives in a typical two-class society. The gap between rich and poor is very large. In cities, they take up heavy jobs or simple relief jobs. In the countryside, they live like peasants living in simple adobe bricks with no electricity or water. The rest of the mestizos, who are generally middle class, are more likely to make their money in commercial or transport cities.
Indo-European language family
In every sense of the word, their lifestyle is a mixture of whites and indigenous peoples. Indigenous cultures, languages and traditions have regained meaning, and indigenous ethnic groups have become more self-confident. In addition, he successfully fights for better access to the education system for all and thus has reduced the illiteracy rate to 3.8%.
Modern Russia in terms of living standards and economic opportunities remains attractive for most of the peoples of the former union republics, so the multi-ethnic composition Russian Federation continued to “feed off” after the collapse of the USSR due to ethnic migration from the former Soviet republics, which has only increased over the past two decades.
Afrasian language family
With the growth in income from strong economic growth, Bolivia is able to independently develop poverty alleviation programs, in addition to various national and international institutions and companies. However, the social climate, which is still based on Native American roots, remains good and often better than in wealthier neighboring countries.
Table 1: Composition of the population by sex. Figure 1: Composition of the population by sex. The average age of the Czech Republic is 40.9 years. However, the population of the Czech Republic is gradually aging, both in most European countries and generally in developed countries. This is evidenced by the population aged 0-14 years, which is approximately 14.2% of the total population, while people over the age of 65 make up 15.2%.
Until the 1897 census, data on the ethnic composition and population of Russia were not very accurate. The main source of this information was revisions, designed to count the tributary souls. Revisions approximately fixed the number of women and persons of non-taxable estates, and taxable estates tried to evade them in every possible way. The first such revision was carried out under Peter I in 1722, and there were ten of them in total. The ethnic composition of the population at that time could be judged only indirectly, by religious affiliation or confession.
Figure 2: Population composition by age. The Czech Republic is a national homogeneous state. The second largest nationality is Moravian, the third is Slovak nationality, the fourth nationality is Polish and the fifth is German nationality. Among others: Ukrainian, Vietnamese, Hungarian, Russian, Gypsy.
Figure 3: Composition of the population by nationality. The Czech Republic is among the atheist countries in Europe. Similar European countries are, for example, Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Latvia or Estonia. The largest religious minority is the Roman Catholic Church. The second is the Czechoslovak Evangelical Church, and the third is the Czechoslovak Hussite Church. A significant part of the population did not indicate their religious affiliation.
In 1897, the first All-Russian population census was carried out, which recorded its number at the level of 129 million people. According to the 1897 census in Russian Empire there were 146 languages and dialects. However, this figure somewhat underestimated the actual number of ethnic communities due to insufficient ethnographic study of the outskirts.
The first Soviet census of 1926 already recorded over 190 ethnic communities and 150 languages (without adverbs), despite the fact that Poland and Finland were no longer part of the USSR by that time. Subsequent censuses were conducted in 1959, 1970, 1979, 1989, 2002 and 2010.
Here are the data of the last two all-Russian population censuses of 2002. and 2010 by the most numerous ethnic groups:
| Mln. human | In% to those who indicated nationality | |||
| 2002 year | 2010 r. | 2002 year | 2010 r. | |
| All population | 145,17 | 142,86 | ||
| including those indicating nationality | 143,71 | 137,23 | 100,0 | 100,0 |
| russians | 115,89 | 111,02 | 80,64 | 80,90 |
| Tatars | 5,55 | 5,31 | 3,87 | 3,87 |
| Ukrainians | 2,94 | 1,93 | 2,05 | 1,41 |
| Bashkirs | 1,67 | 1,58 | 1,16 | 1,15 |
| Chuvash | 1,64 | 1,44 | 1,14 | 1,05 |
| Chechens | 1,36 | 1,43 | 0,95 | 1,04 |
| Armenians | 1,13 | 1,18 | 0,79 | 0,86 |
| Avars | 0,81 | 0,91 | 0,57 | 0,66 |
| Mordovians | 0,84 | 0,74 | 0,59 | 0,54 |
| Kazakhs | 0,65 | 0,65 | 0,46 | 0,47 |
| Azerbaijanis | 0,62 | 0,60 | 0,43 | 0,44 |
| Dargins | 0,51 | 0,59 | 0,35 | 0,43 |
| Udmurts | 0,64 | 0,55 | 0,44 | 0,40 |
| Mari | 0,60 | 0,55 | 0,42 | 0,40 |
| Ossetians | 0,51 | 0,53 | 0,36 | 0,39 |
| Belarusians | 0,81 | 0,52 | 0,56 | 0,38 |
| Kabardians | 0,52 | 0,52 | 0,36 | 0,38 |
| kumyks | 0,42 | 0,50 | 0,29 | 0,37 |
| Yakuts (Sakha) | 0,44 | 0,48 | 0,31 | 0,35 |
| Lezgins | 0,41 | 0,47 | 0,29 | 0,35 |
| Buryats | 0,45 | 0,46 | 0,31 | 0,34 |
| Ingush | 0,41 | 0,44 | 0,29 | 0,32 |
| other nationalities | 4,85 | 4,81 | 3,40 | 3,51 |
When evaluating the above results, it should be borne in mind that they carry a certain amount of convention. So, in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, nationality in the course of the population census is indicated by the respondents themselves on the basis of self-determination and is recorded by the census workers strictly from the words of the respondents. The population size of certain nationalities can also be influenced by the fact that the population has the right not to answer the question of nationality. In this regard, in 2010, 5.6 million people (almost 4.0%, in 2002 - 1.5 million people, or 1%) do not have information about their ethnicity, of which about 3.6 million people received information from administrative sources, and 2 million people did not determine their nationality.
The general results of the 2010 census on the ethnic composition of the Russian population are as follows.
The population of modern Russia includes more than 190 representatives of various ethnic groups. Most of the peoples living on the territory of the Russian Federation are indigenous peoples and peoples for whom Russia is the main or even the only habitat. In addition, in Russia there are representatives of other peoples, whose main place of residence is outside the Russian Federation.
The indigenous peoples of Russia make up more than 95% of the population, of which over 80.9% are Russians. The peoples of the neighboring countries - for example, Ukrainians, Armenians, Kazakhs, Azerbaijanis, Belarusians, Georgians, Moldovans, Turkmens, Tajiks, etc. - make up approximately 4.3% of the Russian population. And finally, about 0.7% of the population of Russia is accounted for by the peoples of the far abroad - Germans, Turks, Finns, Koreans, etc.
Ethnographers unite the indigenous peoples of Russia into several regional groups that are close not only geographically, but also, to a certain extent, culturally and historically. The peoples of the Volga region and the Urals - Bashkirs, Kalmyks, Komi, Mari, Mordovians, Tatars, Udmurts and Chuvashes - account for less than 7.7% of the country's population (of which 3.9% are Tatars - the second largest people in Russia). Traditional religion Tatars and Bashkirs - Islam, Kalmyks - Buddhism, the rest - Orthodoxy.
The peoples of the North Caucasus: Abaza, Adyghe, Balkar, Ingush, Kabardin, Karachai, Ossetian, Circassian, Chechen, peoples of Dagestan (Avars, Aguls, Dargins, Kumyks, Laks, Lezgins, Nogais, Rutuls, Tabasaran and Tsakhurs) % of the population of Russia. Besides the majority of Ossetians who are Christians, they traditionally practice Islam.
The peoples of Siberia and the North - Altai, Buryats, Tuvans, Khakass, Shors, Yakuts and almost three dozen so-called small peoples of the North - are about 1% of the total population of the country. Buryats and Tuvans are Buddhists, the rest are Orthodox, with strong remnants of paganism and are simply pagans.
According to the 2010 census, 138 million people or 99.4% of the respondents speak Russian, in 2002 - 142.6 million people (99.2%). Among other languages, the most common are English, Tatar, German, Chechen, Bashkir, Ukrainian, Chuvash.
What is state of the art interethnic relations in the Russian Federation? In any, even the most prosperous multi-ethnic country, problems arise in interethnic relations from time to time. And such problems become inevitable when the country is forced to carry out radical social transformations of the type that Russia faced at the turn of the 90s. XX century.
The first decade after the collapse of the USSR was accompanied by a sharp exacerbation of interethnic problems both within Russia and on its borders - numerous grievances and social injustices accumulated by peoples during their entire stay as part of a single Soviet state spilled out onto the surface. The collapse of the USSR was accompanied by the activation of numerous national movements and political parties that sought power, demanded "compensation for the damage inflicted on the people" and state sovereignty.
Discrimination against the Russian-speaking population in the former Soviet republics, armed conflicts in the North Caucasus, and a “parade of sovereignties” within the Russian Federation itself gave rise to mass migration of the population from areas of national tension. The main migration flows of this period were refugees and internally displaced persons.
By the beginning of the 21st century, most of the national movements and parties had lost their popularity, the “parade of sovereignties” had ceased, and the conflict in the North Caucasus entered the stage of settlement. The former sources of interethnic tension have largely lost their acuteness, but new factors have come into play - now not refugees and internally displaced persons, but flows of migrants from the near abroad rushed to Russia in search of work and a better life.
The increase in interethnic tension between the arriving migrants and the local, mainly Russian population, was accompanied by a general spread of ethno-xenophobia towards all representatives of the Caucasian and Asian peoples, including those with Russian citizenship.
The growth of negativism towards representatives of "non-Russian" peoples could not but cause a response from them - a massive increase in Russophobic sentiments. In all regions with the highest concentration of newcomers on both sides, there was an increase in the number of extremist (and primarily youth) ethnic groups and cases of ethnic violence.
These processes did not have an all-Russian scale, but they affected the Central, North-West and Ural federal districts and primarily the Moscow region and the city of St. Petersburg. Today, it is here that the main centers of interethnic tension are located, and their settlement is an important task of the Russian national policy.
The process of the emergence of interethnic conflicts always involves a lot of economic, political and other factors that do not initially have any ethnic orientation, but are capable of acquiring such under certain conditions. Objectively formed imbalances in the economic and social development of regions, miscalculations in financing and forecasting the needs for labor resources, themselves are ethnically neutral, but under certain circumstances they can cause an increase in interethnic tensions. However, it would be a mistake to believe that by eliminating imbalances and miscalculations in the economy and social spheres, we eliminate the main causes of interethnic conflicts.
In multi-ethnic communities, to the category of which belongs and modern Russia, there are deeper regulators of interethnic relations that are not directly related to economic and social processes. Such a regulator is the presence or absence of developed general civil consciousness and its combination with ethnic self-awareness. In relation to Russia, this means a combination of the all-Russian civil consciousness and the self-consciousness of ethnic groups living in the territory of the Russian Federation.
It is important to emphasize here that civic consciousness does not mean formal Russian citizenship, but “ internally conscious belonging to the Russian community, in other words, national-state self-awareness ”, which is the dominant feature in relation to ethnic self-awareness.
During the period between the censuses, changes in the ethnic composition of the Russian population occurred under the influence of several factors: differences in natural movement among different ethnic groups, external migration processes that developed as a result of the collapse of the USSR, changes in ethnic identity among representatives of different ethnic groups.
The 2002 census recorded that in Russia there are 23 most numerous nationalities, the number of which exceeds 400 thousand people; in 1989, there were 17 such nationalities. Due to the growth of the population, this group included Azerbaijanis, Kabardians, Dargins, Kumyks, Ingush, Lezgins and Yakuts, and the Jews left because of the decrease in the population.
As in 1989, the number of seven peoples exceeds 1 million people: Russians, Tatars, Ukrainians, Bashkirs, Chuvashs, Chechens and Armenians. During the intercensal period, changes took place in the composition of this group: Chechens and Armenians entered the group, and Belarusians and Mordovians left it.
The population of Russia belongs mainly to four language families: Indo-European (87% of the population), Altai (8%), Ural (2%) and Caucasian (2%), which, in turn, are divided into groups. The largest in number is the Slavic group of the Indo-European family, which includes 86% of the population of Russia.
The largest among Slavic peoples- Russians - in 2002 amounted to 115.87 million people, or 79.8% of the population of Russia. The number of Russians in comparison with 1989 has decreased in Russia by 4 million people. This was mainly due to the natural loss of almost 8 million people, which could not be compensated for by a little more than three million migratory inflows. Russians are settled everywhere, but most of them are concentrated within the main zone of settlement. The most mononational are the central and northwestern regions of the European part, where the Russian state was born. Here the share of Russians in the population exceeds 93%. As a result of long migrations, Russians settled in the areas of residence of other peoples of Russia, and now in most of the republics and in almost all autonomous okrugs, the Russian population is numerically predominant.
The area of settlement of the Russian ethnos does not coincide with the state borders of Russia. During the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, about 25 million (about 17% of all Russians in the USSR) ethnic Russians remained outside the Russian Federation on the territory of other union republics, who at various times moved from Russia or were born in a new place. Distinctive features Russian population former republics The USSR is, the fact that most of them are predominantly urban residents and during the Soviet era traditionally had a high social status.
Most of all Russians outside Russia live in Ukraine. According to the 1989 census, there were 11 million people, or 22% of the country's population, and according to the last Ukrainian census (2001) - 8.2 million people. (17.3% of the population of Ukraine). Russians in Ukraine live in eastern regions where heavy industry is developed, as well as in the central and southern regions.
There are many Russians in Kazakhstan: in 1989, 6.2 million, or 38% of the population were recorded, according to the 1999 Kazakh census, 4.5 million, or 30% of the population (the main reason for the decrease is a large migration outflow to Russia). A significant part of the Russians in Kazakhstan are descendants of immigrants from the tsarist era, who plowed the fertile lands of Northern Kazakhstan, or who came in the 50s to develop virgin and fallow lands in the same areas. Therefore, Russians make up the majority of the population in the North Kazakhstan and East Kazakhstan regions, a significant share in such an industrial region as Karaganda.
In Belarus, after the collapse of the USSR, there were 1.3 million Russians, in Uzbekistan - 1.6 million, in Kyrgyzstan - 0.9 million. A special situation developed in Latvia, where a little less than 1 million of the total population of 2.6 million were Russians. In the capital of Latvia - Riga - Russians still make up the majority of the population. The Latvian government seeks to preserve a number of advantages for the indigenous population and restrict the rights of “migrants”, which primarily concerns obtaining citizenship and the possibility of studying in Russian. A similar situation has developed in Estonia, although there are fewer Russians (0.5 million, or 30%).
In other republics the former USSR the number of Russians who ended up there varied from 50 thousand (Armenia) to 500 thousand (Moldova), and their share in the population is much smaller.
Population censuses were not carried out in all CIS states, so it is difficult to talk about trends in the number of Russians living in the territory of the former USSR. We can judge this from the data on the migration of Russians to Russia. In general, in terms of the rate of migration loss (in relative terms - that is, as a percentage of the number of Russians in 1989) in the last decade of the XX century. among the states of the new abroad, the leaders were the countries of the Caucasus, and in Central Asia - Tajikistan. But in terms of the absolute values of migration to Russia, Kazakhstan is in first place - more than a million people moved from there.
The Slavic group of the Indo-European family also includes 2.9 million Ukrainians, 810 thousand Belarusians and 73 thousand Poles. A significant part of Ukrainians live in the regions of the Black Earth region bordering on Ukraine and in Krasnodar Territory... Agrarian resettlements at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries formed an increased share of Ukrainians in the population of the Primorsky Territory; in the Soviet period, the northern regions of new development - from Vorkuta to Magadan - became the main direction of migration. The most massive was the migration to oil and gas producing regions Western Siberia: in the population of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the share of Ukrainians in 1989 was 17%, in the Khanty-Mansiysk - 12%, while the average Russian level is 3% (for 2002 the corresponding figures are 13%, 9% and 2%).
The Indo-European family also includes the peoples of the German group - Germans (597 thousand), living mainly in the south of Western Siberia, and Jews (230 thousand), living mainly in large cities the European part of the country (in the population of the Jewish Autonomous Region, their share is less than 5%). The number of these peoples has significantly decreased over the past 10 years due to emigration to Germany and Israel. A separate language group includes the Armenians, whose number in Russia in the 1990s. increased more than twice and amounted to 1.13 million in 2002. Most of the Armenians live in the North Caucasus. The largest people of the Iranian group on the territory of Russia are the Ossetians (510 thousand). The languages of the Iranian group are spoken by Tajiks (there are 120 thousand of them in Russia), Tats (2 thousand) living in the North Caucasus and Mountain Jews (3 thousand). The number of peoples of the Baltic group (Latvians (29 thousand), Lithuanians (45 thousand)) in Russia is relatively small; more Moldovans (172 thousand), whose language belongs to the Romance group.
The Altai language family is represented by several groups, the largest of which is Turkic. The areas of settlement of the peoples of the Turkic group are located in the Ural-Volga region, in Siberia, in the North Caucasus. This group includes the second largest people of Russia - the Tatars (5.5 million). Only a quarter of Russian Tatars live in Tatarstan, a significant part of them are settled in Bashkiria, where they outnumbered the Bashkirs until recently, in the regions of the Volga region and in the south of Western Siberia. Almost 1 million Tatars live in Central Asia(Uzbekistan) and Kazakhstan. This group also includes the Chuvash (1.64 million) living in the Middle Volga, the Bashkirs (1.67 million) inhabiting the south of the Cis-Urals.
In the North Caucasus, the Turkic peoples include the Kumyks (420 thousand) and Nogais (91 thousand), who live mainly in Dagestan, as well as the Karachais (192 thousand) and Balkars (108 thousand). In Siberia and the Far East, the Turkic group is represented by Yakuts (440 thousand), Tuvinians (244 thousand), significantly smaller Khakass (76 thousand), Altai (67 thousand), Shors (14 thousand), as well as Dolgans living in the Far North (7 thousand).
Of the Turkic peoples of the near abroad in Russia, most of all Kazakhs (655 thousand), they are concentrated in the regions bordering with Kazakhstan in the Ural-Volga region and in the south of Western Siberia. Central Asian peoples are represented mainly by Uzbeks (123 thousand), Kirghiz and Turkmens are 3 times less. The number of Azerbaijanis living in Russia is noticeably higher - 621 thousand, the area of their settlement is also very wide: less than 1/3 live in the border North Caucasian region.
The Mongolian group of the Altai language family is represented by two related peoples - the Buryats (445 thousand) and the Kalmyks (166 thousand), who migrated from the south of Siberia to the Lower Volga in the 17th century. The Tungus-Manchu group of the same family includes the small peoples of Siberia and the Far East - the Evenks (35 thousand), the Evens (19 thousand) and the Amur peoples (Nanais, Ulchi, etc.). Koreans (148 thousand) make up a separate linguistic family, most of them live in the Far East.
The peoples of the Ural family live mainly in the north of the European part of Russia, in Volgo-Vyatka region and the Urals. In the Finno-Ugric group, the largest and most widely settled ethnic group is the Mordovians (979 thousand), whose number is decreasing due to assimilation. This group also includes Udmurts (637 thousand), Mari (605 thousand), Komi (293 thousand), Komi-Perm (125 thousand) and Karelians (93 thousand). The number of Karelians for 30 years has decreased by 1/4 due to the rapid assimilation, and their share in the Republic of Karelia is only 10%. There are 28 thousand Estonians and 34 thousand Finns living in Russia, quite a few Hungarians, Vepsians and Sami, also belonging to this language group. Beyond the Urals, the Finno-Ugric peoples are the Khanty (29 thousand) and Mansi (12 thousand), whose share in their Autonomous Okrug decreased to 1.5% after the mass migration of the Slavic population during the development of the largest oil and gas fields. The Samoyedic group of the Ural family includes the Nenets (41 thousand) living in the Far North and the very small Selkups (4 thousand) and Nganasans (1 thousand).
The peoples of the North Caucasian language family are represented by two groups. The northwestern part is inhabited by the Adyghe (129 thousand) and related Kabardians (520 thousand), Circassians (61 thousand) and Abazins (38 thousand). All of them belong to the Abkhaz-Adyghe group. It also includes Abkhazians living mainly in the Transcaucasus. The Nakh-Dagestan group unites the peoples of the southeastern part of the region. The largest people of the North Caucasus are the Chechens (1.36 million); 412 thousand Ingush close to them in language. In the Dagestan subgroup, the largest people are Avars (757 thousand), followed by Dargins (510 thousand), Lezgins (412 thousand), Laks (156 thousand) and Tabasaran (132 thousand), in addition to them, Dagestan is inhabited by many small ethnic groups and sub-ethnic groups (Rutuls, Aguls, Tsakhurs, Udins, etc.).
The Chukchi-Kamchatka language family is extremely small; it includes the Chukchi (16 thousand), Koryaks (9 thousand) and Itelmen (3 thousand). There are even fewer Eskimos and Aleuts in Russia (3 thousand), united in a separate family. The languages of two small peoples (Kets and Nivkhs) do not belong to any of the existing language families and stand out as isolated.
Ethnic structure of Russian regions. Of the 83 regions - subjects of the federation, 26 are national-territorial entities: 21 republics, 1 autonomous region, 4 autonomous okrugs.
Of the 21 republics of Russia, only 9 “titular” peoples make up more than half of all residents. These are the majority of the North Caucasian republics: Dagestan (over 80%), Chechnya (over 93%), Ingushetia (over 80%), Kabardino-Balkaria (67%) and North Ossetia (63%), as well as Kalmykia (53%), Chuvashia (68%), Tatarstan (53%) and Tuva (77%). The minimum values are in Karelia (9%) and Khakassia (12%).
In the autonomous okrugs, the "titular" peoples constitute a minority of the population. Khanty-Mansi (1.9%) and Yamalo-Nenets (about 6%) okrugs have minimal values due to the influx of new settlers in recent decades.
Dispersed distribution of many peoples, their intensive
contacts with each other and, especially with the Russians, contributed to the process
assimilation ("dissolution" of some peoples among others). Among the Finno-Ugric peoples, the ethnic territory of the Mordovians is most dispersed:
only 1/3 of it lives on the territory of Mordovia. Among the entire population of Mordovia, the Mordovians make up only about 30%, the rest of the population is mainly Russians, a few Tatars and Chuvashes. The share of the “titular” nation in Karelia is even smaller: there Karelians make up only 9% of all inhabitants. As a result, the number of Karelians and Mordovians has been decreasing in recent decades due to assimilation among Russians.
The value of the Russian language for the peoples of Russia. The Russian language is spoken not only by almost all Russians living in Russia (99.8%), but also by representatives of other peoples. Of the 29 million people in the non-Russian population of Russia, 27 million people said they speak Russian. In total, 98.4% of the population of Russia speaks Russian.
Thus, the overwhelming majority of the Russian population can communicate with each other in Russian. This is especially important for regions where peoples speak different languages, for example, in Dagestan, where Russian serves as a language of interethnic communication. This is also important for other republics where the "titular" peoples speak very different languages, for example, for Kabardino-Balkaria (where the Kabardian language belongs to the North Caucasian family, and Balkar belongs to the Turkic group of the Altai family).
In addition, the knowledge of the Russian language by representatives of non-Russian peoples allows them to join Russian culture (and through it to the world), receive education not only at home, but also in any region of Russia, and participate in solving all-Russian problems.
In the late 1980s, numerous national movements emerged with the goal of reviving the native language and culture. Often their activities were accompanied by the strengthening of ethnocentrism and nationalism, ethnic conflicts. In the struggle of the Russian republics for sovereignty and the rise in status, ethnic reasons were far from always the main ones. More often than not, the main driving force behind the conflict with the federal authorities was the desire of the republican elites for greater independence from the center, for which the national card was played.
The real manifestations of separatism were strongest in Chechnya, where the conflict lasted for more than 10 years. In the early 1990s, separatism was also noticeable in Tuva, which had its own statehood for several decades and only in 1944 was annexed to the The Soviet Union... A positive example of reaching a compromise between the federal and republican authorities was the Republic of Tatarstan, which was the first to conclude an agreement on the delineation of powers, which put an end to the confrontation.
Another reason for the emergence of conflicts is interethnic contradictions resulting from the deportations of some peoples during the war years (see the section "Migration of the population") and the repeated redistribution of the borders of the republics. The most acute were the armed clashes between the Ingush and Ossetians over the Prigorodny region, which belongs to North Ossetia, but was previously part of the Chechen-Ingush Republic. Similar contradictions exist between the peoples of Dagestan, but they are resolved peacefully. The change in the borders of the republics led to the transfer of part of the flat lands inhabited by the Cossacks to them. The growing agrarian overpopulation of the republics of the North Caucasus has intensified competition for land, which now leads to the ousting of Russians from these regions, and the growth of contradictions between various ethnic groups.
Conflicts related to the numerical predominance of one of the two ethnic groups and the concentration of power in the hands of its representatives exist in Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay-Cherkessia. Somewhat different problems are characteristic of Bashkiria, where until recently the Bashkirs were only the third largest nation after the Russians and Tatars (the 2002 census recorded a slightly larger number of Bashkirs than Tatars in Bashkiria).
Most interethnic conflicts have their roots in long-standing and recent Russian history, are exacerbated by ethno-demographic and economic problems, so there are no easy ways to reach agreement. To resolve interethnic problems, it is necessary to improve national policy, strengthen real federalism, create conditions for the free development of languages and cultures, strengthen guarantees that exclude infringement of the rights of citizens on ethnic grounds, take into account the vital interests of small peoples when implementing large projects in the main territory of their residence.
Confessional (religious) composition of the population Russia is characterized by the absolute predominance of Orthodoxy. Orthodoxy is professed by the overwhelming majority of believers among the East Slavic peoples - Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, the Ugric peoples of Russia - Mordovians, Udmurts, Mari, Komi, Permian Komi, Karelians, a number of Turkic peoples - Chuvash, Khakass, Yakuts. Among the peoples of the North Caucasus, only Ossetians profess Orthodoxy.
The second largest religion in Russia is Islam. It is professed by the Tatars, Bashkirs and almost all the peoples of the North Caucasus (except for the Ossetians).
Buddhism became widespread among Mongolian-speaking peoples - Buryats, Kalmyks, and also among Tuvans.
Most believers among representatives of small ethnic groups of the North, Siberia and the Far East (Nenets, Khanty, Mansi, Shors, Evenks, Nanais, etc.) are officially considered Orthodox, but in most cases they also profess tribal, pagan beliefs (shamanism).
The number of believers of supporters of other confessions in Russia is small. Recently, there has been an active missionary activity of representatives of non-traditional confessions for Russia.
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POPULATION OF RUSSIA
ECONOMY OF RUSSIA FUEL ENERGY COMPLEX The composition of the fuel energy complex... Around Russian oil is produced in the Middle Ob region mainly in ... The second large oil production area is the Volgo Ural.
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