Salair Ridge is a plateau-like upland in the mountains of Southern Siberia, located in the Altai Territory, Kemerovo and Novosibirsk regions. Through the territory of the Novosibirsk region, the Salair ridge stretches along the Iskitimsky, Toguchinsky and Maslyaninsky districts.
At the end of the 18th century, the Salair Ridge was perceived as a part of Altai. Later, like the Kuznetsk Alatau, the Salair ridge received from the Russians the original name of the Kuznetsk mountains. Description of the Salair Ridge From a great height, the ridge looks like a green island, raised on one side over the Kuznetsk Basin, on the other - over the Ob plain. The main ridge and spurs are most pronounced in the central part of the ridge. The Salair ridge forms an arc facing the northeast with a bulge. In the northwest, the ridge reaches the Bugotak (from the Turkic buga means "bull", tag - "mountain") hills: Kholodnaya (380 m), Mokhnataya (373 m) and Bolshoi (361 m). From the Bugotak hills, the Salair ridge turns sharply to the southwest into the bend of the Ob River. The length of the Salair ridge from south to north is about 300 kilometers, the width is 15-40 kilometers. The ridge is strongly flattened, its average height is slightly less than 400 meters above sea level. The most significant of them: Kivda (618 m), Pikhtovaya (585 m), Barsuk (566 m), Gusyok (589 m), Tyagun (562 m), Mokhnataya (555 m), Sinyukha (536 m), Kopna (509 m). The ridge begins in the upper reaches of the Nenya, the right tributary of the Viya, and Antrop, the left-bank tributary of the Kondoma. It ends with the Bugotak hills in the Novosibirsk region, with the highest elevation of 379 meters. The direction of the main ridge of the Salair is almost parallel to the Kuznetsk Alatau.
The Salair Ridge is not high, it does not have snowfields and mountain lakes, but several rivers flowing eastward to Inya and westward to Berd and Chumysh originate from it. And Chumysh itself begins on Salair.
Salair ridge and pre-Salair regions are quite rich minerals... In the vicinity of the village of Peteni, there is a well-known marble quarry in the Novosibirsk region. The type of the quarry is quite peculiar - stepped. With the help of special equipment, marble blocks are cut out of the total mass of stone. The marble of the Petenyovskoe deposit has various colors and is famous for its quality, but Salair is best known for its loose gold. Almost all rivers of the ridge are gold-bearing. The local population has long been engaged in artisanal mining. The historical center of gold mining in Salair is the village of Yegoryevskoe, located in picturesque valley the Suengi River.
Fauna and flora
In the hard-to-reach places of the Salair Ridge, dense, difficult-to-pass taiga, consisting of fir and aspen, is still preserved. These gloomy dark coniferous forests in Siberia are called black or black taiga. But there are practically no large areas of fir left. One of the islets of the fir forest has survived in the vicinity of the former village of Kotorovo. Here is organized a natural monument "Black forests of the Salair". A number of plants, rare for Siberia, are found in Salair. The fauna of Salair is also rich: bears, elks, wolves, lynxes, hares, etc., many species of birds, insects. Grayling is found in the rivers of Salair. Salair's nature is beautiful at any time of the year. But she needs protection. On the territory of Maslyaninsky and Toguchinsky districts, a number of specially protected natural areas have been created. Care for the unique nature of the Salair Ridge is a guarantee that its pristine beauty and wealth will be preserved for future generations.
Salair Ridge is a plateau-like upland in the mountains of Southern Siberia, located in the Altai Territory, Kemerovo and Novosibirsk regions. Through the territory of the Novosibirsk region, the Salair ridge stretches along the Iskitimsky, Toguchinsky and Maslyaninsky districts.
At the end of the 18th century, the Salair Ridge was perceived as a part of Altai. Later, like the Kuznetsk Alatau, the Salair ridge received from the Russians the original name of the Kuznetsk mountains. From a great height, the ridge looks like a green island, raised on one side over the Kuznetsk Basin, on the other - over the Ob plain. The main ridge and spurs are most pronounced in the central part of the ridge.
The Salair Ridge forms an arc facing the northeast with a bulge. In the northwest, the ridge reaches the Bugotak (from the Turkic buga means "bull", tag - "mountain") hills: Kholodnaya (380 m), Mokhnataya (373 m) and Bolshoi (361 m). From the Bugotak hills, the Salair ridge turns sharply to the southwest into a bend in the river.
The length of the Salair Ridge from south to north is about 300 kilometers, width is 15-40 kilometers. The ridge is strongly flattened, its average height is slightly less than 400 meters above sea level. The most significant of them: Kivda (618 m), Pikhtovaya (585 m), Barsuk (566 m), Gusyok (589 m), Tyagun (562 m), Mokhnataya (555 m), Sinyukha (536 m), Kopna (509 m).
The ridge begins in the upper reaches of the Nenya, the right tributary of the Viya, and Antrop, the left-bank tributary of the Kondoma. It ends with the Bugotak hills in the Novosibirsk region, with the highest elevation of 379 meters. The direction of the main ridge of the Salair is almost parallel to the Kuznetsk Alatau.
The Salair ridge is not high, it does not have snowfields and mountain lakes, but several rivers flowing to the east - to Inya and to the west - to Berd and begin from it. And he himself begins on Salair.
The Salair ridge and the pre-Salair regions are quite rich in minerals. In the vicinity of the village of Peteni, there is a well-known marble quarry in the Novosibirsk region. The type of the quarry is quite peculiar - stepped. With the help of special equipment, marble blocks are cut out of the total mass of stone. Marble from the Petenyovskoye deposit has various colors and is famous for its quality.
But Salair is best known for its loose gold. Almost all rivers of the ridge are gold-bearing. The local population has long been engaged in artisanal mining. The historical center of gold mining on Salair is the village of Yegoryevskoye, located in the picturesque valley of the Suengi River.
In the hard-to-reach places of the Salair Ridge, dense, difficult-to-pass taiga, consisting of fir and aspen, is still preserved. These gloomy dark coniferous forests in Siberia are called black or black taiga. But there are practically no large areas of fir left. One of the islets of the fir forest has survived in the vicinity of the former village of Kotorovo. Here is organized a natural monument "Black forests of the Salair". A number of plants, rare for Siberia, are found in Salair. The fauna of Salair is also rich: bears, elks, wolves, lynxes, hares, etc., many species of birds, insects. Grayling is found in the rivers of Salair.
Salair's nature is beautiful at any time of the year. But she needs protection. On the territory of Maslyaninsky and Toguchinsky districts, a number of specially protected natural areas have been created. Care for the unique nature of the Salair Ridge is a guarantee that its pristine beauty and wealth will be preserved for future generations.
One of beautiful places Novosibirsk region - Salair ridge. They are ancient, badly destroyed low mountains, which first rose in the folded area more than four hundred million years ago. Salair is located on the border between West Siberian Plain, Altai and Kuznetsk Alatau. Part of the Salair Ridge extends into Kemerovo region and the Altai Territory. The ancient Paleozoic foundation here is slightly covered with sedimentary rocks, and in some places mountain streams cut through their valleys, exposing ancient rocks, forming picturesque rocky shores. There are especially many ancient remnants in the Berd River. Some of them locals and the tourists gave the names: Dog Stone, Mill, Falcon Stone, Alpinist, St. John's Wort - which makes this river somewhat similar to the Ural rivers, especially the Chusovaya River, and attractive for travel lovers.
Initially, the name Salair belonged to one of the rivers of the Kemerovo region. The names of many Siberian rivers and lakes have Turkic roots. Among the various translations of the names of the rivers Salair and Salairka are: "a small river with a drying bed, with pebbles", "a tributary of a river, a minor river", as well as "a branch of a river, a bend, a bend." At the beginning of the seventeenth century. on the land of Kuznetsk, silver ores were discovered - this is how the village of Salair appeared. Later, a silver smelting plant was built. Now Salair is an industrial city of Kuzbass. The name of the hilly ridge Salair ridge appeared later.
The development of the Salair Ridge proceeded from the side of Kuznetsk, from the east, and from the side of Tomsk, from the north. The first prison on the Berd River appeared in the second decade of the 18th century. There is a legend that Khan Kuchum presented the river Berd to one of his sons, hence, presumably, the name of the river (from the Tatar “take”, “dal”, “gift”, that is, a gift). The prison was named in the same way, then the village located at the mouth of this river. Berdsk has the status of a city since 1944.
Salair, like Altai and Kuznetsk land, attracted the attention of miners. After the conquest of Western Siberia by Yermak and his followers and its annexation to Russia, the development of the South Siberian lands begins. In 1717, a privilege was declared to all "ore hunters", the freedom to search for and develop minerals, and prizes were promised to miners. And the hunters were found.
Ural industrialist Akinfiy Nikitich Demidov became interested in discovered copper, silver and other ores in Altai and Kuznetsk Alatau. He builds the Kolyvano-Voskresensky and other factories and receives privileges to develop the mining resources of the Kuznetsk land and Salair. By the middle of the 18th century. in these places more than 90 deposits of various ores were discovered, many smelters were built, among which silver smelting prevailed. Such a rapid growth in production and the rapid enrichment of Demidov forced the reigning person, Elizaveta Petrovna, to pay attention to rich Siberia. After the death of A.N. Demidov, by a decree of May 1, 1747, all Demidov factories in Siberia were withdrawn from the property of his heirs (with payment) and became the property of the imperial family. All minerals, metals, forests, fields, rivers, lakes and Kuznetsk Alatau, Kuznetsk Basin, Salair, Altai and the foothill plains between the Ob and Irtysh became the possessions of the tsars. These possessions included the counties of Barnaul, Biysk, Zmeinogorsk, Kuznetsk, on the territory of which Salair was located, Eastern the future Novosibirsk region and the city of Novosibirsk. The area of this entire territory was more than 41 million dessiatines or 400 thousand square miles, that is, it was larger than Prussia and was equal to 5/6 of the area of France. On behalf of the tsar, this property was ruled until 1830 by the Cabinet of His Imperial Majesty, the center of which was in the city of Barnaul.
In 1830, these lands and the growing mining industry of Altai and Salair were transferred under the control of the Ministry of Finance of Russia. But, transferring his property, the king negotiated his rights to it. Only management was transferred to the Ministry in terms of the Department of Mining and Salt Affairs. The Minister of Finance at that time was Georgy Kankrin, he also became the manager of the Cabinet of the royal estate in Siberia.
At that time, it was believed that Western Siberia hopeless for finding gold. In October 1830, the prospecting party of the charge master Mordvinov discovered a rich placer of gold on the Fomikha River in the Berdi basin in Salair. The gold content in the placer was up to four spools (17 g) per 100 poods of sand (1,600 kg). And already in November, a mining settlement appeared here and industrial gold mining began. New settlers, digging vegetable gardens or cellars, often found large nuggets. In April 1831, the Minister of Finance Georgy Kankrin loyally "had the good fortune to present to the tsar, together with congratulations, an egg for Christ's day" - an ingot of gold alloyed from the Fomikha deposit weighing three pounds (1200 g). The tsar, grateful to his Minister and Chief Administrator of the royal estates for the gift, ordered to call the new mines Georgievsky. Having undergone some transcription (Georgy - in the Russian pronunciation Egor), this name has stuck with the village and the mine to this day. Now it is the village of Yegoryevskoe in the Maslyaninsky district of the Novosibirsk region.
The Fomikha placer was the richest in Salair at that time. Over the 13 years since the opening of the mine, 545 kg of gold have been mined, and 15 years later, placers were found on other Berd tributaries. The first mining was carried out in open pits, later underground works began to be used. In the first decades of the “golden fever”, the Salair placers brought large profits, and there was no need to mechanize the mining and washing processes. Therefore, a real gold mining industry was not created, only fishing was carried out.
The first workers in the gold mines were mostly exiles. In 1834 they made up 82% of all workers. The remaining 18% were recruited by the mining department (berg-collegium) for mobilization from peasants assigned to the district and were called "bergal". Bergals were exempted from compulsory recruitment. The working day lasted at first 10 hours, in 1838 - up to 15 hours, and in 1850 - up to 18 hours. Wage was low. The main reason for employment in the mine was "lifting gold", that is, large nuggets that workers could find in the mine. They had to be handed over to the overseer right in the mine, for which they paid half or three quarters of the cost of the precious metal. Sometimes workers took out the nuggets in secret and handed them over to the store at full cost. But if, during a search, gold was found from a worker, he was flogged with rods, and the gold was taken away. If the finder of the nugget managed to bring it to the store, the guards had no right to take it away.
In 1950, state gold mining and mechanization of works were organized in Yegoryevsk. The introduction of technology leads to serious environmental disruption natural complexes: the structure of the river valley changes, the water becomes polluted, the rivers become shallow, sometimes it is necessary to create ponds for the work of the dredge, the vegetative balance of the coastal strip of the pristine rivers of Salair is disturbed. Gold mining at the Yegoryevsky mine brought many changes to the life of the original village. He grew up in a large village with a school, shops, and a library. The work associated with the mine influenced the emergence of new geographical names. So, for example, its tributaries Big and Small Tayly (from the Turkic "thail" - "willow thickets along the banks of the river") belonged to the basin of the Suenga River ("taiga water"). But when a dredge appeared on the Malye Tayly river, at first the workers in conversations, then in the documents, this influx was called Drazhnye Tiles. This is how a new name appeared on the map of Salair.
The Klondike of the region is the only region in the region where gold is mined: the inhabitants of the villages of Yegoryevskoye and Novolushnikovo are employed at the Yegoryevsky open-pit "Zapsibzolota". The gold of the Maslyaninsky region is one of the finest in Russia. Previously, working on a dredge was considered a profitable business, and the career flourished. The management could afford to keep a construction site of 120 people. Now, due to debts, only 18 builders are left. They practically feed the gold miners.
The folded area of the Salair Ridge, in addition to limestone, sandstone, quartzite, mudstone, is rich in other rocks. Small deposits of bauxite (aluminum ore), cinnabar (mercury ore), scheelite (tungsten ore), tin ores, which are not yet of industrial importance, have been discovered here. Near the village of Peteni, up to a dozen different colors of multicolored marbles were found. Only the inaccessibility of the deposit, the lack of roads and the fracturing of the marble limited the started mining for the needs of the Novosibirsk metro. Clay shale, marl and limestone of the Chernorechenskoye field are used to obtain cement in the city of Iskitim. The Gorlovsky and Kuznetsky tectonic troughs, which are adjacent to Salair, are composed of sedimentary rocks and are rich in thick coal seams. In the Gorlovka Basin, high-quality coal is mined - anthracite, which is processed at the Linevsky Electrode Plant into powerful electrodes for metallurgical furnaces. On the territory of the Salair Ridge there is also highest point region - the Pikhtovy Ridge hill, the height of which is 494 m. This made it possible to form an altitudinal zonation on Salair. At the foot there are forest-steppes, above - birch-aspen forests; the most elevated part of Salair is covered with black fir and aspen taiga with an admixture of birch, bushes and herbs. The tops of the highest hills are “bare”, treeless, close to mountain tundra.
Authors: Nikolay Balatsky, Andrey Mugako
The nature of the Novosibirsk region is usually associated with endless plains, but we also have mountains, or rather low mountains. The Iskitimsky, Toguchinsky and Maslyaninsky districts include the northernmost spur of the Altai-Sayan mountain system - the Salair ridge.
Once upon a time, millions of years ago, Salair raised its peaks high, was a real mountainous country, but everything in this world is aging, even the mountains, and now the ridge can only be called mountains at a stretch. Nevertheless, the highest point of our region is located on Salair - 502 meters above sea level, mountain rivers rustle on the rifts, there are rocky outcrops, and in some places there are even caves.
For many, the journey to Salair begins from the Novosibirsk - Leninsk-Kuznetsky highway. In the vicinity of the village of Lebedevo, the northernmost peak of the Salair Ridge, Ulantova Mountain, is clearly visible from this route. As a kind of outpost of Salair, it rises among the surrounding plains. If you go further, then soon the foggy outlines of the main massif of the Salair Ridge, towering as a wall against the background of the surrounding meadows and steppes, will appear on the horizon.
The settlements of Salair are located mainly along the river valleys. Most of the ridge is covered with difficult-to-pass taiga and is practically not inhabited. In works of fiction about Siberia, for example, in the novel "Shadows disappear at noon", these places are described as wild taiga jungle.
The climate of Salair is more humid and cooler than, say, the climate of the environs of Novosibirsk. It often rains here in summer, after which the whole taiga is saturated with water and humid fumes.
The Salair Ridge is composed of very ancient Paleozoic rocks, which in places, usually along river banks, come out from under a thick cover of sedimentary deposits - clays, sandstones, shales.
The Salair ridge and the pre-Salair regions are quite rich in minerals. In the vicinity of the village of Peteni, there is a well-known marble quarry in our area. This quarry looks peculiar - in the form of steps. With the help of special equipment, marble blocks are cut out of the total mass of stone here. The marble of the Petenevskoe deposit has various colors and is famous for its quality.
But Salair is best known for its loose gold. Almost all the rivers of Salair are gold-bearing. The population of these places has long been engaged in artisanal mining. The historical center of gold mining on Salair is the village of Yegoryevskoye, located in the picturesque valley of the Suengi River. The entire, almost 200-year-old history of this village is associated with gold mining. Over the entire period of use of placers of the Yegoryevsky gold-bearing region alone, more than 10 tons of precious metal have been mined. Currently, commercial gold mining is carried out on the Suenga and its tributaries. For this, a special technical structure is intended - a dredge.
Unfortunately, gold mining leads to serious environmental problems. Many picturesque rivers of the Salair. For example, Drazhnye Tiles are now disfigured by the activities of the miners.
On the slopes of the Salair Ridge, among the stones and shady taiga thickets, hundreds of streams and rivers run. River valleys are the most interesting and picturesque places in Salair.
The main river of the Salair Ridge, flowing through its very heart, is Berd. The riverbed of Birdie is winding, replete with long sandy streams. The current is mostly calm.
The second largest Salair river is Suenga. Suenga is also very picturesque. Rough rifts are often found on it. Grayling is found in the rivers of Salair. This fish is typical for mountain rivers.
A number of plants, rare for Siberia, are found on Salair. In spring, the slopes of the Salair Ridge are a luxurious carpet of primroses. The snow has not yet completely melted, and from under last year's foliage wonderful flowers are already making their way towards spring - kandyk, Altai anemone, gusinoluk, holatka, lumbago.
The European hoof is a relict plant that has survived on the Salair Ridge since the era when the climate in Siberia was much milder and deciduous forests prevailed.
The taiga is also very beautiful in autumn. The evergreen color of pines and firs complements the yellow, orange and red tones of deciduous trees at this time. Here and there, bright lights of the fruits of mountain ash, raspberries, rose hips, currants glow among the foliage.
Large amounts of snow in winter and humid Salair summer contribute to the gigantic growth of grasses. Even ordinary plants sometimes reach enormous sizes here and form rugged thickets - a real grass jungle.
There are forests on Salair different types... Most often these are mixed forests. In places, light, cheerful birches predominate in them, sometimes pine forests are found. Extensive areas of clean aspen forests are characteristic of Salair.
In hard-to-reach places, dense, difficult-to-pass taiga, consisting of fir and aspen, is still preserved. These gloomy dark coniferous forests in Siberia are called black or black taiga. In such a forest, dampness is always felt and twilight prevails - here is the kingdom of mosses, ferns and lichens. The mob is gloomy, gloomy, littered with dead wood. These are typical bearish spots. It seems that the owner of the forest is about to emerge from the thicket.
The most beautiful and valuable areas of Salair are areas of pure fir forest. In recent decades, fir forests have suffered greatly from the activities of loggers. There are practically no large areas of fir left. One of the islets of the fir forest has survived in the vicinity of the former village of Kotorovo. Here is organized a natural monument "Black forests of the Salair".
On the territory of the natural monument laid ecological trail, which is used by scientists studying the biocenoses of the Salair taiga.
In this untouched corner of the black taiga, there are interesting representatives of the fauna, such as, for example, this Upland Owl.
The fauna of Salair is very rich. First of all, insects attract attention - the ubiquitous ants, forest bugs, bright and bizarre butterflies. A number of rare insects are found on Salair, for example, the Apollo butterfly, listed in the Red Book of Russia. In the taiga, on dead tree trunks, the work of barbel beetles and bark beetles is clearly visible. They tirelessly recycle the trunks of dead trees.
Wet, rich in herbaceous vegetation, the Salair taiga creates ideal conditions for the existence of the taiga tick - the vector of encephalitis. There are many ticks on Salair. What can you do - taiga - there is taiga! And in the real taiga there must be bears. Sometimes you can even see them. You shouldn't stay here for a long time - the mother of a bear cub may be nearby. Bats can be found in caves and hollows. All species of bats living in our area are listed in the Red Book. Scientists are researching these peculiar animals, developing measures for their protection.
Salair taiga is an abundance of birds. More than a hundred species of birds live and breed here. The blue nightingale is one of them. He made his nest at the edge of the forest. The female will incubate a clutch of 5 greenish eggs for about two weeks until the chicks appear.
In the second half of summer, chicks leave the nests, become fledglings, join independent life, and there are much more birds in the Salair taiga. At this time, you can hear the melodic roll call of hazel grouses. Finches and long-tailed tits are looking for insects in the crowns of trees. And in the grass and on the inflorescences of umbrella plants, they look for insects with warblers, warblers and warblers.
In winter, the taiga is like a fairy tale. Slender firs are covered with sparkling fluffy snow. At such a time, it seems that everything is asleep in the taiga. But even in this harsh time, many animals are active. Squirrels and crossbills deftly peel seeds from cones of conifers. The pine tree also provides food for the largest taiga birds - wood grouse. All winter they feed on pine needles. The Great Gray Owl catches unwary mice that have gone about their business from under the snow. The lynx prefers hares, but it is not always possible to catch them. There are also wolves on Salair.
Salair's nature is beautiful at any time of the year. But she needs protection. On the territory of Maslyaninsky and Toguchinsky districts, a number of specially protected natural areas have been created, but their number must be increased.
Care for the unique nature of the Salair Ridge is a guarantee that its pristine beauty and wealth will be preserved for future generations.
Location
Salair Ridge is a plateau-like upland in the mountains of Southern Siberia, Altai Territory, Kemerovo and Novosibirsk regions. The length of the ridge is about 300 km. with a width of 20 to 40 kilometers with an altitude of 400 - 500 meters. These are ancient, badly destroyed low mountains, which first rose in the folded region more than four hundred million years ago.
Initially, the name Salair belonged to one of the rivers of the Kemerovo region. Linguists-etymologists do not give a solid explanation of the origin of this word. The names of many Siberian rivers and lakes have Turkic roots.
Among the various translations of the names of the rivers Salair and Salairka are: "a small river with a drying bed, with pebbles", "a tributary of a river, a minor river", as well as "a branch of a river, a bend, a bend." At the beginning of the seventeenth century. on the land of Kuznetsk, silver ores were discovered - this is how the village of Salair appeared. Later, a silver smelting plant was built. Now Salair is an industrial city of Kuzbass. The name of the hilly ridge Salair ridge appeared later.
Geographic data
Relief
Salair ridge begins in the upper reaches of the river. Neni, the right tributary of the Biya and Ditrop, the left tributary of the Kondoma, and stretches to the northwest, between the upper and middle reaches of the river. Chumysh and the left bank of the Kondoma, then further to the west, it passes between the left bank of the Tom River and the steppes of the left bank of the Ini, a tributary of the Ob, on the one hand, and the valley of the Berdi River, on the other, serving as a continuation of the Kangura spur, extending from the Kuznetsk Alatau in the upper reaches rivers Swans and Kondoms. The length of the ridge is about 300 km., To the north-west of its tip it decreases, ending in a whole series of small hills, such as Medvezhya, Golaya and others, which do not rise more than 1000 and 1100 ft., And then gradually merges with the adjacent undulating terrain ...
In the plastics of the S. ridge, there is a sharp difference between the northeast and the east and the south and southwestern slopes. The first drop off to the adjacent undulating steppe plain with steep cliffs, often rising in an almost sheer wall, with gently undulating contours, to a height of up to 400 feet. over the adjacent terrain, although as it moves towards the North-West along these steep slopes, narrow ridges begin to occur. On the southern and southwestern slopes of Salair, there are numerous and rather long spurs heading to the west and southwest and retaining a height in the interfluvial spaces that is not inferior to the ridge itself.
The slopes of the Salair Ridge are asymmetrical. The western, gently sloping, gradually turn into the flat part of the Altai Territory. Outcrops of ancient bedrock are visible everywhere: crystalline limestones, sandstones and shales. In the northern part, the ridge smoothes out and imperceptibly passes into the Kuznetsk depression, and the southern end, which is more elevated, merges with mountain system Mountain Shoria.
The relief of the Salair Ridge was formed over a long period. In the Cretaceous period of the Mesozoic and the fieldogenic period of the Cenozoic era, the ridge area was a plain with a thick weathering cover. The intensification of volcanic activity in the Quaternary period led to the displacement of the Salair basement and the resumption of weathering, which contributed to the formation of deposits of bauxite, nickel, gold and refractory clays.
The karst of the Salair Ridge is developed in Cambrian limestones with craters, sinkholes, hollows, dry lands, disappearing rivers and high-flow rate springs, niches and caves. All caves known on the Salair Ridge are small in length, but the possibility of the existence of cave systems more than 1 kilometer long is not excluded. Research is hampered by the presence of nature reserves (Kemerovo region) and gold mines (Novosibirsk region).
Geology
The Salair Ridge was formed as a mountain structure as a result of uneven uplifts in the Neogene on the site of a flooded plain. The rocks of the Paleozoic basement are overlain by a stratum of the Meso-Cenozoic weathering crust - bauxite-bearing clays, loams and pebbles.
Its rocks, ranging from more ancient to newer, stretch in the form of successive stripes, almost parallel to its direction, and have the same strike as the ridge itself. Metamorphic schists and crystalline limestones, deposits of the Devonian system, are expressed in all three of its sections, of which its lower section (Hercynian) is well characterized paleontologically. Deposits of the lower layer of the Carboniferous system are also known and paleontologically sufficiently characterized. Igneous rocks and volcanic tuffs are confined exclusively to the area of metamorphic and Devonian rocks. The sediments of the post-Pliocene epoch, which are in the form of reddish sandy clays, abound in talc and boulders of various rocks and often gold-bearing, belong to the rocks of the latest formation. they also contain the bones of a mammoth, Siberian rhino, and a primitive bull. These deposits, in turn, are covered with newer sandy clays or sands in which boulders are not found. The entire surface of the Salair Ridge is covered with clayey sediment of varying thickness of the post-Pliocene age, formed in situ from the destruction and weathering of bedrocks, which completely hid them for considerable stretches and contributed to the development of dense woody and grassy vegetation. Fossils abound in both Devonian and Carboniferous deposits. The Salair Ridge and its foothills are rich in minerals, between which play a prominent role coal, then gold-bearing placers, silver-lead ores, disseminated copper ores, stocks of brown and red iron ore, layers and bedded deposits of spherosiderite, brown iron ore and others.
Climate
The climate of Salair is more humid and cooler than, say, the climate of the environs of Novosibirsk. It often rains here in summer, after which the whole taiga is saturated with water and humid fumes.
Water resources
On the slopes of the Salair Ridge, among the stones and shady taiga thickets, hundreds of streams and rivers run. River valleys are the most interesting and scenic spots Salair.
The main river of the Salair Ridge, flowing through its very heart, is Berd. The riverbed of Birdie is winding, replete with long sandy streams. The current is mostly calm.
The second largest Salair river is Suenga. Suenga is also very picturesque. Rough rifts are often found on it.
Vegetable and animal world
On the territory of the Salair Ridge there is also the highest point of the region - the Pikhtovy Ridge hill, the height of which is 494 m. This made it possible to form an altitudinal zonation on Salair. At the foot there are forest-steppes, above - birch-aspen forests; the most elevated part of Salair is covered with black fir and aspen taiga with an admixture of birch, bushes and herbs. The tops of the highest hills are “bare”, treeless, close to mountain tundra.
A number of plants rare for Siberia are found on Salair: the European hoof is a relict plant that has survived on the Salair Ridge since the era when the climate in Siberia was much milder, and deciduous forests prevailed.
There are different types of forests on Salair. Most often these are mixed forests: birch, pine, aspen. In hard-to-reach places, dense, difficult-to-pass taiga, consisting of fir and aspen, is still preserved. These gloomy dark coniferous forests in Siberia are called black or black taiga. In such a forest, dampness is always felt and twilight prevails - here is the kingdom of mosses, ferns and lichens. The mob is gloomy, gloomy, littered with dead wood. These are typical bearish spots. The most beautiful and valuable areas of Salair are areas of pure fir forest.
The fauna of Salair is very rich.
History of the place
The development of the Salair Ridge proceeded from the side of Kuznetsk, from the east, and from the side of Tomsk, from the north. The first prison on the Berd River appeared in the second decade of the 18th century. There is a legend that Khan Kuchum presented the river Berd to one of his sons, hence, presumably, the name of the river (from the Tatar "take", "dal", "gift", that is, a gift). The prison was named in the same way, then the village located at the mouth of this river. Berdsk has the status of a city since 1944.
Salair, like Altai and Kuznetsk land, attracted the attention of miners. After the conquest of Western Siberia by Yermak and his followers and its annexation to Russia, the development of the South Siberian lands begins. In 1717, a privilege was declared to all "ore hunters", the freedom to search and develop minerals, and prizes were promised to miners. And the hunters were found.
Ural industrialist Akinfiy Nikitich Demidov became interested in discovered copper, silver and other ores in Altai and Kuznetsk Alatau. By the middle of the 18th century. in these places more than 90 deposits of various ores were discovered, many smelters were built, among which silver smelting prevailed. Such a rapid growth in production and the rapid enrichment of Demidov forced the reigning person, Elizaveta Petrovna, to pay attention to rich Siberia. After the death of A.N. Demidov, by a decree of May 1, 1747, all Demidov factories in Siberia were withdrawn from the property of his heirs (with payment) and became the property of the imperial family.
At that time, it was believed that Western Siberia was unpromising for finding gold. In October 1830, the prospecting party of the charge master Mordvinov discovered a rich placer of gold on the Fomikha River in the Berdi basin in Salair. The gold content in the placer was up to four spools (17 g) per 100 poods of sand (1,600 kg). The Fomikha placer was the richest in Salair at that time. Over the 13 years since the opening of the mine, 545 kg of gold have been mined, and 15 years later, placers were found on other Berd tributaries.
Characteristic Place of Power
An ancient natural place of power. The elements have ruled here for centuries. At the present stage of development, this place is dominated by the element of life on the substrate of land and water. Fire and air are weaker. The mountains are low, of the correct rounded shape, affect the subconscious, forming the effect of power, stability, strength and are spatially oriented along the ridge from Novosibirsk to Altai. It is recommended to engage in energy exchange with the Place first with the element of the Earth - a simple connection of the etheric body with the relief and fixation of the contact. Then the gradual "entry" into the element of water and maintaining the connection with the element of water until the feeling of sufficiency. If there is an opportunity to enhance the effect of the penetration of consciousness into this Place of Power, then it is better to use it (for example, staying alone in a cave until the state of calmness or pouring cold water over it, etc.). It is recommended to unite with the body of plants after contact with the elements of earth and water. Spread very carefully through the body of the plants and demonstrate your intentions (show other places where you have been, show the future of where you are now). Do this until you feel how the place wakes up and begins to "feed" you. This can be easily sensed by the increasing positive emotional activity. Likewise, get in touch with the body of the animals and demonstrate your own intentions to a clear (tangible) feedback. After that, you can start programming the Salair Ridge and its anchoring. This work can be carried out anywhere in the Salair Ridge, subject to your personal presence there.
Here is a description of one of numerous places Salair's powers:
(Mirny - Starogutovo - Kourak) hereinafter "Mirny"
Location: Novosibirsk region,
Toguchinsky district, Kourak village, Starogutovo, Mirny.
One of the many Places of Power located within the Salair Ridge
Peaceful
This Place of Power should be seen as a natural entity with excellent healing effects and the ability to support your long-term goals when properly aligned with it.
Fully immersing yourself in the natural circulation of the processes taking place in this place, you can (in a fairly short time) acquaint your mind with the harmonious combination of natural manifestations, such as water, earth, flora and fauna and the underlying elements of fire and air.
The place can have a long-term impact on human consciousness, activating "dormant" instincts suppressed by social dynamics, contributing to survival and procreation. And when using special, energy-informational practices, it becomes possible to extend this place Forces into one's own etheric body and further into the usual conditions of existence, thus exerting a healing effect not only on oneself, but also on one's immediate environment.
Local residents are well aware of certain natural phenomena that have a territorial connection and have a noticeable effect on psychoemotional activity. The so-called "Pillars" manifest themselves, in the subjective perception of a person, as follows:
- Direction of attention towards the "Pillar";
- Through the visual channel, the projection of the tactile sensation of contact;
- As a result of the analysis - a positive desire and an increase in the power of the upward flow;
- When approaching the center of the pillar, the sensations change.
Within a radius of 50-70 meters from the center of the "Pillar", psychoemotional activity noticeably increases, causing a slight euphoria. Anahatic characteristics predominate in the etheric body. There is a feeling of Power and an expansion of spatial sensitivity.
This state is stable. The energy of the ascending flow, combined with positive desire, predominates.
Simply directing attention through the visual channel creates a tactile projection in the etheric body.
This can be easily traced even from a photograph.
Closer to the center of the "Pillar" (15-30 meters), there is a noticeable overabundance of the Ascending stream, and as a result, the emergence of "Bumpiness" turns into mild anxiety. Already at this stage, thinking must be controlled in the direction of the "desired" images.
In the very center of the "Pillar" there are intense vibrations throughout the body. Tingling sensation around wrists and ankles. Judgment is dulled.
Vegetation behaves in a special way. Trees surround central part"Pillars", as if moving away from the center, and actively grow within a radius of 30-70 meters, as if "feeding" the energy emanating from the center.
Sometimes, with peripheral vision, a color glow is noted. Some photographs show the spectral refraction of sunlight in the air, near the center of the "Pillar".
In the district, there are coniferous trees with a split top, which is associated with the same period of natural mutations. Those. flora and fauna reacts to changes in natural processes by increasing mutational changes.
Spring water has a special healing property. The so-called "Living water" can cause intense bowel cleansing, and is very useful for both internal and external use.
Places of Power of this type evoke involuntary attention and form an aura of attraction.
But only man, penetrating into natural environment, begins to make active changes in the circulation of natural energy.
Our goal is to extend elemental energy into society, and not extend society to the Place of Power.
1. Mongolian Altai - The Altai Mountains are a mountain range in Central and East Asia, where Russia, China, Mongolia, and Kazakhstan come together, and are where the rivers Irtysh and Ob have their headwaters. The name Altai means Gold Mountain in Mongolian, alt and tai and also in its Chinese name, in Turkic languages altin means gold and dag means mountain. The proposed Altaic language family takes its name from this mountain range and their mean elevation is 1,500 to 1,750 m. The snow-line runs at 2,000 m on the side and at 2,400 m on the southern. Mountain passes across the range are few and difficult, the chief being the Ulan-daban at 2,827 m, and this region is studded with large lakes, e. g. The north western and northern slopes of the Sailughem Mountains are extremely steep, on this side lies the highest summit of the range, the double-headed Belukha, whose summits reach 4,506 and 4,440 m respectively, and give origin to several glaciers. Altaians call it Kadyn Bazhy, but is also called Uch-Sumer, the second highest peak of the range is in Mongolian part named Khüiten Peak. This massive peak reaches 4374 m, numerous spurs, striking in all directions from the Sailughem mountains, fill up the space between that range and the lowlands of Tomsk. The Katun and the Biya together form the Ob, the next valley is that of the Charysh, which has the Korgon and Tigeretsk Alps on one side and the Talitsk and Bashalatsk Alps on the other. The Altai, seen from this valley, presents the most romantic scenes, including the small but deep Kolyvan lake, farther west the valleys of the Uba, the Ulba and the Bukhtarma open south-westwards towards the Irtysh. The lower part of the first, like the valley of the Charysh, is thickly populated, in the valley of the Ulba is the Riddersk mine, at the foot of the Ivanovsk Peak. Its upper parts abound in glaciers, the best known of which is the Berel, on the northern side of the range which separates the upper Bukhtarma from the upper Katun is the Katun glacier, which after two ice-falls widens out to 700 to 900 meters ... From a grotto in this glacier bursts tumultuously the Katun river, the high valleys farther north, on the same western face of the Sailughem range, are but little known, their only visitors being Kyrgyz shepherds. Those of Bashkaus, Chulyshman, and Chulcha, all three leading to the lake of Teletskoye, are inhabited by Telengit people. The shores of the lake rise almost sheer to over 1,800 m, from this lake issues the Biya, which joins the Katun at Biysk, and then meanders through the prairies of the north-west of the Altai. Farther north the Altai highlands are continued in the Kuznetsk district, which has a different geological aspect. But the Abakan River, which rises on the shoulder of the Sayan mountains. East of 94 ° E the range is continued by a series of mountain chains
Mongolian Altai - Map of the Altai mountain rangeMongolian Altai - Lake Kucherla in the Altai Mountains
Mongolian Altai - Belukha mountain
Mongolian Altai - Belukha -the highest mountain in Altay and Siberia
2. RU-ALT - Altai Krai is a federal subject of Russia. It borders with, clockwise from the west, Kazakhstan, Novosibirsk and Kemerovo Oblasts, the krais administrative center is the city of Barnaul. As of the 2010 Census, the population of the krai was 2,419,755, Altai Krai has rolling foothills, grasslands, lakes, rivers, and mountains. The climate is severe with long dry winters and hot. The regions main waterway is the Ob River, the Biya and Katun Rivers are also important. The biggest lakes are Lake Kulundinskoye, Lake Kuchukskoye, and Lake Mikhaylovskoye, Altai Krai has huge reserves of raw materials, especially materials used for building, as well as significant mineral reserves. These include nonferrous metals, lead and iron ores, manganese, tungsten, molybdenum, bauxite, forests cover about 60,000 km² of the krais land. See also Geography of South-Central Siberia, the Altai bees are hardy and healthy they are renowned for producing some of the worlds finest organic honeys. Historically honey was used by the peoples of Altai and Bashkiria as payment or yasak to the Russian Tsars and this area is part of a great crossroads in the ancient world. Nomadic tribes crossed through the territory during periods of migration, the nomadic tribes were composed of different peoples. Archeological sites reveal that ancient humans lived in the area, the Altay people are a Turkic people, some of whom have settled here, who were originally nomadic and date back to the 2nd millennium BCE. The territory of the krai has been controlled by the Xiongnu Empire and Mongolian Xianbei state, Rouran Khaganate, Mongol Empire, Golden Horde, Northern Yuan and Zunghar Khanate. Ref. Lietuvos žydų tremtinių sąrašas Parengė Galina Žirikova pagal, „Genocido aukų vardynas 1939-1941 m. “Lietuvos gyventojų genocido ir rezistencijos centras, the flag of Altai Krai is red and blue with a yellow stripe on it as a symbol of agriculture. In the center of the flag is the coat of arms of Altai Krai, the coat of arms of Altai Krai was established in 2000. It includes a shield of French heraldry form with a basement of 8 / 10th of its height, bottom edges of the shield are rounded. The shield is divided with a horizontal stripe into two equal parts, in the upper part has a blue background, which is a symbol of glory, is a steamy oven of the 18th century, which reflects a historical past of the krai. In the bottom part on the red background, which is a symbol of dignity, braveness and courage, is an image of the Koluvan Queen of Vases mainly in green color, which is kept in the Hermitage Museum. The shield is framed with golden wheat ears which represent agriculture as an industry of Altai Krai
RU-ALTRU-ALT - Flag
RU-ALT - Krai Administration seat in the Soviets Square, Barnaul
3. Berd River - Berd is a river in Russia, the right arm of the Ob River. The Berd begins on the slopes of the Salair ridge, flows 30 kilometers in Altai Krai territory. The river empties into the Novosibirsk water reservoir, which submerged 40 kilometers of the original Berd river after construction, the Berd is 363 kilometers long and was formerly 416 kilometers long. Its drainage basin covers 8,740 square kilometers, discharge averages 45.8 cubic meters per second. Ice forms on the river in the first weeks of November, naming, it is thought, is from Turkic languages berdu with the meaning of beru or taken. Two cities, Berdsk and Iskitim, are along the river, variety of the underwater and maritime vegetation for Berd river, Some ecological problems of the Berd river and their solution approach, P. M. Kipriyanova
Berd River - Berd river, the city of Berdsk and the Berdsk gulf4. Boxite - Bauxite, an aluminum ore, is the worlds main source of aluminum. It consists mostly of the minerals gibbsite, boehmite and diaspore, mixed with the two iron oxides goethite and haematite, the mineral kaolinite and small amounts of anatase. In 1821 the French geologist Pierre Berthier discovered bauxite near the village of Les Baux in Provence, in 1861, French chemist Henri Sainte-Claire Deville named the mineral bauxite. Lateritic bauxites are distinguished from karst bauxite ores, the lateritic bauxites are found mostly in the countries of the tropics. They were formed by lateritization of various silicate rocks such as granite, gneiss, basalt, syenite, in comparison with the iron-rich laterites, the formation of bauxites depends even more on intense weathering conditions in a location with very good drainage. This enables the dissolution of the kaolinite and the precipitation of the gibbsite, zones with highest aluminum content are frequently located below a ferruginous surface layer. The aluminum hydroxide in the bauxite deposits is almost exclusively gibbsite. In 2009, Australia was the top producer of bauxite with almost one-third of the production, followed by China, Brazil, India. Although aluminum demand is increasing, known reserves of its bauxite ore are sufficient to meet the worldwide demands for aluminum for many centuries. Increased aluminum recycling, which has the advantage of lowering the cost in power in producing aluminum. In November 2010, Nguyen Tan Dung, the minister of Vietnam, announced that Vietnams bauxite reserves might total 11000 Mt. Bauxite is usually strip mined because it is almost always found near the surface of the terrain, as of 2010, approximately 70% to 80% of the worlds dry bauxite production is processed first into alumina and then into aluminum by electrolysis. Bauxite rocks are classified according to their intended commercial application, metallurgical, abrasive, cement, chemical. Usually, bauxite ore is heated in a vessel along with a sodium hydroxide solution at a temperature of 150 to 200 ° C. At these temperatures, the aluminum is dissolved as sodium aluminum, the aluminum compounds in the bauxite may be present as gibbsite, boehmite or diaspore, the different forms of the aluminum component will dictate the extraction conditions. The undissolved waste, bauxite tailings, after the aluminum compounds are extracted contains iron oxides, silica, calcia, titania, after separation of the residue by filtering, pure gibbsite is precipitated when the liquid is cooled, and then seeded with fine-grained aluminum hydroxide ... The gibbsite is usually converted into aluminum oxide, Al2O3, by heating in rotary kilns or fluid flash calciners to a temperature in excess of 1000oC and this aluminum oxide is dissolved at a temperature of about 960 ° C in molten cryolite. Prior to the invention of this process in 1886, elemental aluminum was made by heating ore along with sodium or potassium in a vacuum
Boxite - Bauxite with US penny for comparisonBoxite - Bauxite in Les Baux-de-Provence, France
Boxite - Bauxite with core of unweathered rock
Boxite - One of the world "s largest bauxite mines in Weipa, Australia
5. Guryevsk, Kemerovo Oblast - Guryevsk is a town in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia, located 195 kilometers southeast of Kemerovo, the administrative center of the oblast. It was founded in 1815 and was granted town status in 1938, within the framework of administrative divisions, Guryevsk serves as the administrative center of Guryevsky District, even though is not a part of it. As a municipal division, the town of Guryevsk is incorporated within Guryevsky Municipal District as Guryevskoye Urban Settlement, the town of Salair and the two rural localities are incorporated within Guryevsky Municipal District as Salairskoye Urban Settlement. Law No. 215-OZ dated December 27, 2007, "On the administrative-territorial structure of the Kemerovo region", as amended by Law No. 131-OZ dated December 22, 2014, "On Amendments to the Law of the Kemerovo Region On the Status and Boundaries of Municipal Formations and the Law of the Kemerovo Region On the Administrative Territorial Structure of the Kemerovo Region." Entered into force on the day following the day. official publication, Published, Kuzbass, No. 243, December 28, 2007. Law No. 104-OZ dated December 17, 2004, "On the status and boundaries of municipalities", as amended. Law No. 123-OZ dated December 22, 2015, "On Amendments to the Law of the Kemerovo Region On the Status and Boundaries of Municipal Formations." Entered into force from the date of official publication, Published, Kuzbass, No. 242, December 24, 2004
Guryevsk, Kemerovo Oblast - Location of Kemerovo Oblast in Russia6. Guryevsky District, Kemerovo Oblast - Guryevsky District is an administrative district, one of the nineteen in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Guryevsky Municipal District and it is located in the west of the oblast and borders with Prokopyevsky, Belovsky, and Leninsk-Kuznetsky Districts of Kemerovo Oblast and with Altai Krai and Novosibirsk Oblast in the west. The area of the district is 2,180 square kilometers and its administrative center is the town of Guryevsk. Gurevsky District is on the east slope of the Salair Ridge and it is on the west edge of the Kuznetsk Depression, site of the Kuznetsk Basin, although the district itself is just off the main coal bearing ground. The district is 10 km west of the town of Belovo, Kemerovo Oblast. The terrain is that of eroded plateau-type mountains and hills as the district follows the northwest-to-southeast orientation of the ridge, vegetation is mountain forest and forest-steppe, with patches of forest scattered around the region. The district is about 80 km north-to-south, and 50 km west-to-east and it is located about 160 km south of the regional city of Kemerovo. Subdivisions of the district include 2 urban and 7 rural settlements, the climate of the district is humid continental. The major industries of the district are metallurgy and timber, the district has explored reserves of copper-pyrites ores, and also produces and processes limestone and cement. The modern Altai-Kuzbass highway passes west – east through the middle of Guryevsky District, tsar Alexander I estalished a silver mining complex in the district in 1816. After a dozen years the plant was converted to an iron works, the current district structure was established in 1988, having been a part of Belovsky District from 1963 to 1986. Within the framework of administrative divisions, Guryevsky District is one of the nineteen in the oblast, as a municipal division, the district is incorporated as Guryevsky Municipal District. The town of Guryevsk is incorporated within it as Guryevskoye Urban Settlement, the town of Salair and the two rural localities are incorporated within the municipal district as Salairskoye Urban Settlement. Law No. 215-OZ dated December 27, 2007, "On the administrative-territorial structure of the Kemerovo region", as amended by Law No. 131-OZ dated December 22, 2014, "On Amendments to the Law of the Kemerovo Region On the Status and Boundaries of Municipal Formations and the Law of the Kemerovo Region On the Administrative Territorial Structure of the Kemerovo Region." Entered into force on the day following the day of official publication, Published, Kuzbass, No. 243, December 28, 2007. Law No. 104-OZ of December 17, 2004, "On the status and boundaries of municipalities", as amended. Law No. 123-OZ dated December 22, 2015, "On Amendments to the Law of the Kemerovo Region On the Status and Boundaries of Municipal Formations"
Guryevsky District, Kemerovo Oblast - Guryevsky District Guryevsky District (Russian)7. Fluviokarst - Karst topography is a landscape formed from the dissolution of soluble rocks such as limestone, dolomite, and gypsum. It is characterized by underground drainage systems with sinkholes and caves and it has also been documented for more weathering-resistant rocks, such as quartzite, given the right conditions. Subterranean drainage may limit surface water, with few to no rivers or lakes, the English word karst was borrowed from German Karst in the late 19th century. The German word came into use before the 19th century, according to the prevalent interpretation, the term is derived from the German name for the Karst region, a limestone plateau above the city of Trieste in the northern Adriatic. Scholars disagree, however, on whether the German word was borrowed from Slovene, the Slovene common noun kras was first attested in the 18th century, and the adjective form kraški in the 16th century. The Slovene words arose through metathesis from the reconstructed form * korsъ, ultimately, the word is of Mediterranean origin, believed to derive from some Romanized Illyrian base. It has been suggested that the word may derive from the Proto-Indo-European root karra-rock, the name may also be connected to the oronym Karsádios oros cited by Ptolemy, and perhaps also to Latin Carusardius. The development of karst occurs whenever acidic water starts to break down the surface of bedrock near its cracks, as the bedrock continues to degrade, its cracks tend to get bigger. As time goes on, these fractures will become wider, if this underground drainage system does form, it will speed up the development of karst formations there because more water will be able to flow through the region, giving it more erosive power. The carbonic acid that causes karstic features is formed as rain passes through the atmosphere picking up carbon dioxide, once the rain reaches the ground, it may pass through soil that can provide much more CO2 to form a weak carbonic acid solution, which dissolves calcium carbonate ... The oxidation of sulfides leading to the formation of acid can also be one of the corrosion factors in karst formation. As oxygen -rich surface waters seep into deep anoxic karst systems, they bring oxygen, sulfuric acid then reacts with calcium carbonate, causing increased erosion within the limestone formation. This chain of reactions is, This reaction chain forms gypsum, the karstification of a landscape may result in a variety of large- or small-scale features both on the surface and beneath. On exposed surfaces, small features may include solution flutes, runnels, limestone pavement, medium-sized surface features may include sinkholes or cenotes, vertical shafts, foibe, disappearing streams, and reappearing springs. Large-scale features may include limestone pavements, poljes, and karst valleys, mature karst landscapes, where more bedrock has been removed than remains, may result in karst towers, or haystack / eggbox landscapes. Beneath the surface, complex underground systems and extensive caves. Some of the most dramatic of these formations can be seen in Thailands Phangnga Bay, calcium carbonate dissolved into water may precipitate out where the water discharges some of its dissolved carbon dioxide. Rivers which emerge from springs may produce tufa terraces, consisting of layers of calcite deposited over extended periods of time, in caves, a variety of features collectively called speleothems are formed by deposition of calcium carbonate and other dissolved minerals
Fluviokarst - Škocjan Caves, SloveniaFluviokarst - A karst landscape in Minerve, Hérault, France
Fluviokarst - The Puerto Princesa Underground River, Philippines.
Fluviokarst - Global distribution of major outcrops of carbonate rocks (mainly limestone, except evaporites)
8. RU-KEM - Kemerovo Oblast, also known as Kuzbass after the Kuznetsk Basin, is a federal subject of Russia, located in southwestern Siberia, where the West Siberian Plain meets the South Siberian mountains. Kemerovo is the center of the oblast, though Novokuznetsk is the largest city in the oblast. Kemerovo Oblast is one of Russias most urbanized regions, with over 70% of the living in its nine principal cities. Its ethnic composition is predominantly Russian, but Ukrainians, Tatars, the population recorded during the 2010 Census was 2,763,135. The oblast was established on January 26,1943, but it has considerably older antecedents, shors, Teleuts and Siberian Tatars are native peoples of the region. The oldest city in Kemerovo Oblast is Novokuznetsk, founded in 1618, the territory of modern Kemerovo Oblast has been inhabited for several thousand years. In 1618, Kuznetsk fort was established in the south of the future oblast to protect the land from Russian and Mongolian Dzhungarian invaders, during the 19th century, the territory of the modern oblast was a part of Tomsk Governorate. After the October Revolution Kuzbass becomes part of the West Siberian Krai, industrial enterprises are being built near the workers settlements, which quickly became a city, Kiselevsk Osinniki Krasnobrodsky, Tashtagol Kaltan Mezhdurechensk and others. During the Great Patriotic War, Kemerovo region became a supplier of coal and metal. From Novokuznetsk steel produced over 50,000 tanks and 45,000 aircraft, in Kuzbass from the occupied areas were evacuated equipment 71 enterprises, most of which have remained in the Kuzbass. In the new Oblast included 17.5% of the Novosibirsk region, 9 of the 12 cities of regional subordination, 17 of the 20 workers settlements, 23 of the 75 districts, the population of the Kemerovo Oblast was 42% of the total population of the Novosibirsk Oblast. The climate of the oblast is continental, winters are cold and long, summers are warm, the average January temperature ranges from −17 to −20 ° C, the average in July is 17 to 18 ° C. Average annual precipitation ranges from 300 millimeters on the plains and the foothills of up to 1,000 millimeters or more in mountainous areas. The duration of the period is 100 days in the north area. Kemerovo Oblast is one of Russias most important industrial regions, with some of the worlds largest deposits of coal, the south of the region is dominated by metallurgy and the mining industry, as well as mechanical engineering and chemical production. The northern area of the region is more agricultural, the region has a dense railway network, including the Trans-Siberian Railway, which passes through the oblast. Prokopevsk, Kiselevsk, and Andzhero-Sudzhensk are coal-producing centers, and Novokuznetsk is the center of the engineering industry, since 1991, CPSU lost all the power, and the head of the Oblast administration, and eventually the governor was appointed / elected alongside elected regional parliament. The Charter of Kemerovo Oblast is the law of the region
RU-KEM - Building of the Oblast GovernmentRU-KEM - Flag
9. Kondoma River - Kondoma is a river in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia. It is tributary to the west of the Tom River and it is 392 kilometers long, with a drainage basin of 8,270 square kilometers. The towns of Tashtagol, Osinniki and Kaltan are situated by the Kondoma and its main tributaries are the Mundybash, Tesh, and Telbes rivers
Kondoma River - Kondoma River near Osinniki in June 201110. Main chain - A ridge or mountain ridge is a geological feature consisting of a chain of mountains or hills that form a continuous elevated crest for some distance. Ridges are usually termed hills or mountains as well, depending on size, there are several main types of ridges, Dendritic ridge, In typical dissected plateau terrain, the stream drainage valleys will leave intervening ridges. These are by far the most common ridges and these ridges usually represent slightly more erosion resistant rock, but not always - they often remain because there were more joints where the valleys formed, or other chance occurrences. This type of ridge is somewhat random in orientation, often changing direction frequently. Similar ridges have formed in such as the Black Hills. Sometimes these ridges are called hogback ridges, oceanic spreading ridge, In tectonic spreading zones around the world, such as at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, the volcanic activity forming new plate boundary forms volcanic ridges at the spreading zone. Isostatic settling and erosion gradually reduce the moving away from the zone. Crater ridges, Large meteorite strikes typically form large impact craters bordered by circular ridges, volcanic crater / caldera ridges, Large volcanoes often leave behind a central crater / caldera bordered by circular ridges. Fault ridges, Faults often form escarpments, sometimes the tops of the escarpments form not plateaus, but slope back so that the edges of the escarpments form ridges. Dune ridges, In areas of large-scale dune activity, certain types of dunes result in sand ridges, moraines and eskers, Glacial activity may leave ridges in the form of moraines and eskers. An arête is a ridge of rock that is formed by glacial erosion. Volcanic subglacial ridges, Many subglacial volcanoes create ridge-like formations when lava erupts through a glacier or ice sheet. Shutter ridges, A shutter ridge is a ridge which has moved along a fault line, typically, a shutter ridge creates a valley corresponding to the alignment of the fault that produces it
Main chain - A mountain ridge in JapanMain chain - A stratigraphic ridge within the Appalachian Mountains.
Main chain - The edges of tuyas can form ridges.
11. RU-NVS - Novosibirsk Oblast is a federal subject of Russia located in southwestern Siberia. Its administrative and economic center is the city of Novosibirsk, the population was 2,665,911 as of the 2010 Census. Novosibirsk Oblast is located in the south of the West Siberian Plain, at the foothills of low Salair ridge, the oblast borders Omsk Oblast in the west, Tomsk Oblast in the north, Kemerovo Oblast in the east, and Altai Krai together with Kazakhstan in the south. The territory of the oblast extends for more than 600 kilometers from west to east, the oblast is mainly plain, in the south the steppes prevail, in the north enormous tracts of woodland with great number of marshes prevail. There are many lakes, the largest ones located at the south, the majority of the rivers belong to the Ob basin, many of them falling in dead lakes. Largest lakes are Chany, Sartlan, Ubinskoye, and some others, as of 2007, the oil reserves of the region to 204 million tons. In addition, Novosibirsk Oblast had free gas reserves of 600 million cubic meters, solute gas reserves of 5.2 billion cubic meters, most of the oil and gas reserves are located in the Severny and Kyshtovsky districts. The following metals can be found in the region, zirconium dioxide, titanium dioxide, bauxite, in addition, there are twenty-three fields of alluvial placer gold in the region and seven residual soil gold fields suitable for open-cut mining in the southeast. Novosibirsk Oblast has 5.527 million tons of high-quality anthracite, as well as 2.720 million tons of long-flame, most of these are located in the Iskitim and Toguchin districts. The north part of the region also has peat fields with estimated reserves of 7.6 billion tons, prospected mineral water reserves in the region amount to 6,948 cubic meters per day. The popular Karachinskaya mineral water originates from the region, the oblast has 4,531,800 hectares of forests, with 509.88 million cubic meters of timber reserves. Most of the forests consist of softwood. Softwood forests cover an area of 3,481,300 hectares, coniferous forests - located mostly near the Ob River and the Salair Ridge - cover an area of 1,011,900 hectares with timber reserves of 121.39 million cubic meters. The economic potential of the forests is reduced by the fact that most of them are located in the north of the region, Novosibirsk Oblast has a continental climate. Average temperature is −19 ° C in January and +19 ° C in July, during the Middle Ages the region was populated by Siberian Tatar and Teleut tribes. The first Russian village Maslyanino was founded in 1644, in 1716, officer Ivan Butkeyev built the Berd fortress that later became the city of Berdsk, the main center of future colonization and development of the region. Like many other parts of Siberia, the Berd lands became a haven for political dissents, fugitive serfs. The turning point in history of the region was the construction of the Trans-Siberian, founded in 1893, Novosibirsk, then Novonikolayevsk, became a transport hub of sub-regional importance and surpassed other major Siberian cities like Omsk and Tomsk in mere decades
RU-NVS - Karachinskaya mineral waterRU-NVS - Flag
RU-NVS - Novosibirsk Oblast Government building
12. Cave - A cave is a hollow place in the ground, specifically a natural underground space large enough for a human to enter. Caves form naturally by the weathering of rock and often extend deep underground, the word cave can also refer to much smaller openings such as sea caves, rock shelters, and grottos. A cavern is a type of cave, naturally formed in soluble rock with the ability to grow speleothems. Speleology is the science of exploration and study of all aspects of caves, visiting or exploring caves for recreation may be called caving, potholing, or spelunking. The formation and development of caves is known as speleogenesis, which can occur over the course of millions of years, caves are formed by various geologic processes and can be variable sizes. These may involve a combination of processes, erosion from water, tectonic forces, microorganisms, pressure. Isotopic dating techniques can be applied to cave sediments, in order to determine the timescale when geologic events may have occurred to help form and it is estimated that the maximum depth of a cave cannot be more than 3,000 meters due to the pressure of overlying rocks. For karst caves the maximum depth is determined on the basis of the limit of karst forming processes. Most caves are formed in limestone by dissolution, solutional caves or karst caves are the most frequently occurring caves and such caves form in rock that is soluble. Most occur in limestone, but they can form in other rocks including chalk, dolomite, marble, salt. Rock is dissolved by acid in groundwater that seeps through bedding planes, faults, joints. Over geological epochs cracks expand to become caves and cave systems, the largest and most abundant solutional caves are located in limestone. Limestone dissolves under the action of rainwater and groundwater charged with H2CO3, the dissolution process produces a distinctive landform known as karst, characterized by sinkholes and underground drainage. Limestone caves are often adorned with calcium carbonate formations produced through slow precipitation and these include flowstones, stalactites, stalagmites, helictites, soda straws and columns. These secondary mineral deposits in caves are called speleothems, the portions of a solutional cave that are below the water table or the local level of the groundwater will be flooded. Lechuguilla Cave in New Mexico and nearby Carlsbad Cavern are now believed to be examples of type of solutional cave. They were formed by H2S gas rising from below, where reservoirs of oil give off sulfurous fumes and this gas mixes with ground water and forms H2SO4. The acid then dissolves the limestone from below, rather than from above, caves formed at the same time as the surrounding rock are called primary caves
Cave - Lechuguilla Cave, New Mexico, USACave - Speleothems in Hall of the Mountain King of Ogof Craig a Ffynnon, a solutional cave in South Wales.
Cave - Exploring a lava tube in Hawaii.
Cave - Painted Cave, a large sea cave, Santa Cruz Island, California
13. Area - Area is the quantity that expresses the extent of a two-dimensional figure or shape, or planar lamina, in the plane. Surface area is its analog on the surface of a three-dimensional object. It is the analog of the length of a curve or the volume of a solid. The area of a shape can be measured by comparing the shape to squares of a fixed size, in the International System of Units, the standard unit of area is the square meter, which is the area of a square whose sides are one meter long. A shape with an area of three square meters would have the area as three such squares. In mathematics, the square is defined to have area one. There are several formulas for the areas of simple shapes such as triangles, rectangles. Using these formulas, the area of any polygon can be found by dividing the polygon into triangles, for shapes with curved boundary, calculus is usually required to compute the area. Indeed, the problem of determining the area of plane figures was a motivation for the historical development of calculus. For a solid such as a sphere, cone, or cylinder. Formulas for the areas of simple shapes were computed by the ancient Greeks. Area plays an important role in modern mathematics, in addition to its obvious importance in geometry and calculus, area is related to the definition of determinants in linear algebra, and is a basic property of surfaces in differential geometry. In analysis, the area of a subset of the plane is defined using Lebesgue measure, in general, area in higher mathematics is seen as a special case of volume for two-dimensional regions. Area can be defined through the use of axioms, defining it as a function of a collection of certain plane figures to the set of real numbers and it can be proved that such a function exists. An approach to defining what is meant by area is through axioms, area can be defined as a function from a collection M of special kind of plane figures to the set of real numbers which satisfies the following properties, For all S in M, a ≥ 0. If S and T are in M then so are S ∪ T and S ∩ T, if S and T are in M with S ⊆ T then T - S is in M and a = a - a. If a set S is in M and S is congruent to T then T is also in M, every rectangle R is in M. If the rectangle has length h and breadth k then a = hk, let Q be a set enclosed between two step regions S and T
