Almost until the beginning of the 20th century, mankind had little understanding of the oceans. The focus was on the continents and. It was they that opened to the eyes of travelers in the era of the Great Discoveries and at a later time. About the ocean during this time, it became known basically only that it is almost three times larger than the entire land. A huge unknown world remained under the surface of the water, the life of which could only be guessed at and based on scattered observations, various assumptions could be made. There was no lack of hypotheses, especially fantastic ones, but fantasy turned out to be poorer than reality.
In front of such passages in the history book, the legitimate question is: where are those who are called to accept an attitude in the face of such confrontations? All you have to do is taste a bitter taste for the cowardice of those who know but prefer to remain silent. Everyone disputes what he doesn't understand.
The idea that we should stop “demolishing values” is, in essence, the promotion of a new elitism, but also a new immobility. We have elites, but it is becoming more and more obvious that they are not the ones who say they are. How can you say that a university professor is part of the intellectual elite when not a day goes by when you don’t learn about a new plagiarism, a new influence of influence. Joining the ranks of the elite is not just an act of simony; elites are recognized by society, not "anointed" with a doctorate.
The oceanographic expedition, carried out on the Challenger corvette in 1872-1876, received so much new information that 70 scientists worked on their processing for 20 years. The published research results were 50 large volumes.
This expedition discovered for the first time that the bottom of the ocean has a very complex relief, that life exists in the depths of the ocean, despite the darkness and cold reigning here. Much of what we now know about the oceans was discovered for the first time, although the Challenger expedition only lifted the edge of the veil over the unknown world of the ocean depths.
Faced with the democratization of access to information, the role of message presenters has been significantly eroded. Moreover, anyone who would like to know information can do so simply by accessing search engine The Internet. However, the Internet also means ignorance, means a waste of time, but also means the ability to form your own point of view articulated and argued about a certain topic.
Almost a hundred years ago, there were many voices - and in Romania - who opposed new forms of art, cinema. It would distort the spirit, promote a perverse thought, and reduce the person to a mere spectator scene. After all, cinema is not dead, on the contrary. And, yes, we have porn just like we are a work of art. But apparently popular culture is the anonymity of cultural elitism.
During the First World War, the study of great depths of the ocean became possible thanks to the use of an echo sounder. Its principle of operation is very simple. A device is installed at the bottom of the vessel that sends signals to the depths of the ocean. They reach the bottom and are reflected from it. A special sound detector picks up the reflected signals. Knowing the speed of propagation of the signal in the water, according to the time spent on the passage of the signal to the bottom and back, it is possible to determine the depth of the ocean at a given point. With the invention of the ultrasonic echo sounder, the study of the ocean floor has advanced significantly. In the 40s of our century, scuba diving (from the Latin aqua - water and English lung - lung) was invented. This is a device that helps a person breathe underwater. Two scuba tanks contain a supply of air that allows a person to stay in the ocean at a diving depth of no more than 100 meters for 1.5-2 hours. Scuba diving was invented by the French J.I. Cousteau and E. Gagnan.
Into the world of tomorrow or passion of passion? In a book on the history of mankind, Yuval Noah Harari talks about the revolutions that brought us to where we are today. The first would be the knowledge revolution, then the agricultural revolution, and finally the scientific revolution. All this contributed to the emergence of today's world, as we can see. But, says the historian, we are now turning to a turn. "History is something that very few people did, and everyone else was plush fields and carried water buckets."
Today we are moving towards an exacerbation of individualism, which, despite the desire to establish equality of opportunity for all, can turn out to be a new source of inequality. However, there is no doubt that more and more people are wondering what tomorrow's society will look like, preoccupied with ideas such as equal opportunity, social justice or community development. These are the ones who set the pace for new debates, even if the Romanian “elite establishment” seeks to ignore them or simply does not understand them.
When exploring great depths, such underwater vehicles as bathyscaphes and bathyspheres are used. Bathyscaphe (Greek bathus - deep and skaphos - ship) is a self-guided apparatus for exploring the depths of the sea. The displacement of the bathyscaphe is up to 220 tons, the crew consists of 1-3 people. It sinks freely to the bottom and rises to the surface. The bathyscaphe consists of a durable ball - a gondola for accommodating the crew and equipment, life support systems, and communications. The lightweight body is filled with ballast and liquid lighter than water. This liquid provides the bathyscaphe with good buoyancy. On the bathyscaphe "Trieste" in 1960, Jacques Piccard and his assistant dived into the Mariana Trench (see) about 11,000 meters deep to explore the great depths of the ocean.
There is no doubt that the information revolution and the automation of more and more actions have changed and will change more and more in social architecture. In a world where the economy is moving towards automation, it is increasingly clear that the role of education is not to learn a profession, but to learn to learn. In fact, modern education as we know it today also emerged from economic demand in industrial societies. The Industrial Revolution required skilled workers who could only be acquired through coordinated training.
The bathysphere, in contrast to the bathyscaphe, is an apparatus consisting of a steel cabin, which is lowered from the side of the ship on a steel cable. In modern bathyscaphes and bathyspheres, special compartments with portholes equipped with searchlights are arranged. Through special cameras, scientists can get out of the vehicles and travel around. At the end of 1965, the apparatus of the French oceanologist J.I. Cousteau was successfully tested. This apparatus contains devices with the help of which, in the event of an accident, it can float up on its own.
The problem for the breeders was that the trained workers could go where they wanted. Hence, the idea is to become a reality in time - of state-sponsored "vocational" training. We continue to believe that agriculture can be a form of filling the gaps that separate us from the Western model, or that tourism can be a source of development for a country.
In the third edition of History and Myth, Lucian Boaa noted that "the problems of the present are solved by means of the present and from the point of view of the present." And, although he was perceived as a historian of "crisis", Boa drew attention to the need for myths, created cohesion and imposed a certain rhythm for the development of any society. The fascist generation believed in the creation of the modern Romanian state in a truly western world... My generation lives with the myth of "returning to the West."
V last years for exploring the oceans at the bottom, at a depth of 10-20 meters, underwater laboratories are installed, submarines are equipped with scientific equipment. Special ships, airplanes, earth satellites participate in the exploration of the World Ocean, photographing and filming are carried out. Scientists from different countries join forces to study vast areas of the ocean.
The results of the study of the vastness of the seas and oceans are of great importance for fishing, shipping, prospecting and production.
»Exploration of the World Ocean
Russians round the world travel the first half of the XIX centuries undoubtedly played a significant role in the history of the study Oceans.
The first Russian round-the-world expedition was commanded by Lieutenant Commander I.F. Kruzenshtern- on the ship "Nadezhda", and Yu.F. Lisyansky- on the ship "Neva". The mission of the expedition included not only the delivery of goods to Alaska and the export of furs for sale in China, but also the establishment trade relations with Japan. And, of course, as without geographical discoveries and research!
"Nadezhda" and "Neva" crossed Atlantic Ocean, and went out into the vastness of the Pacific Ocean. Near the Hawaiian Islands, the "Nadezhda" went to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, and the "Neva" went to Russian America. During the year of their stay in Russian America, the sailors managed to clarify the position of the coast on the map. On the way back the ship "Neva" ran into a coral reef off the island, which was not marked on any map. Only by a miracle did the sailors manage to escape. This is how the island named after Lisyansky was discovered.
As for the "Nadezhda", the Japanese authorities greeted the sailors unfriendly. But when Kruzenshtern returned to Kamchatka, he managed to describe the western shores of Japan, as well as some islands Kuril ridge... In addition, it was he who for the first time accurately put on the map east coast Sakhalin.
Many discoveries in subsequent voyages around the world were made in Pacific... What is the cost of opening new Marshall Islands and Tuamotu Islands! And the expedition F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazareva on sloops "Peaceful" and "East" while sailing in southern hemisphere discovered an independent group of 17 islands, which soon received the name archipelago of Russians.
Many discoveries belong to the Russian navigator-scientist F.P. Litke... It is worth noting circumnavigation under the command of Litke on the Senyavin sloop in 1826-1829. It was then in Carolina Archipelago he managed to discover a group of new islands, which were named after Admiral Senyavin.
Incredible! - by the middle of the 19th century, the Russians made about 40 round-the-world and semicircular voyages, during which about 100 unknown islands of Oceania were discovered and mapped. The Russians made a great contribution to the knowledge of the nature of the World Ocean. For example, on board the "Nadezhda" spacecraft, for the first time, water temperatures at depths of up to 400 meters were investigated using a special thermometer. However, the first reliable measurements of the temperature of the deep layers of water were made during the second voyage of Kotzebue, in which a Russian physicist E.Kh. Lenz... Why reliable? Because Lenz invented bathometer, with the help of which it was possible to collect water from one depth or another and bring it in without admixture of the overlying layer of water and with the temperature that was at the depth.
Foreign round-the-world expeditions were also significant enough. What was the cost of the French expedition on the ship "Astrolabe" under the command of J.S. Dumont-D'Urville... As a result of this voyage, the northern shores of the islands were put on the map. New Zealand and New Guinea... And the first is detailed and accurate description most of the Pacific coast South America managed to make the English expedition under the command R. Fitz-Roy... The famous naturalist was also present on the ship "Beagle" Charles Darwin which later created theory of life development.
Great contribution to the study of the ocean was made by the English round the world expedition 1872-1876 on the Challenger. During the voyage, they measured the depth, took soil samples and water samples from different depths, measured the water temperature at different horizons, studied animal plants, and observed currents. As a result, not only general patterns were revealed natural phenomena The world's oceans, but for the first time a map of the depths of three oceans - Atlantic, Indian and Pacific - was compiled.
