Modes of transport in italy. Characteristics of the transport infrastructure of italy

The success of foreign tourism in Italy is undoubtedly aided by an efficient, country-wide transport service. The mobility of foreign tourists on the Apennine Peninsula is associated with the convenience of choosing any high-speed means of transportation. Reasonable prices, cumulative speed, guaranteed safety, frequency of flights at regular intervals, modern comfort, technological reliability and quality of service - these are the basic characteristics of the transport system in Italy. All this has a positive effect on tourist flows from abroad. The following types of transport are developed in Italy:

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There are around 133 airports in Italy, including two hubs, Malpensa International, in the suburbs of Milan, and Leonardo Da Vinci International, near Rome.

The main domestic carriers are Alitalya, ATI and several subsidiaries. Flights from Russia are carried out on a regular basis by the Alitalya and Aeroflot companies, and in Italy itself, in addition to flights with Milan, Rome and Venice, more than 45 airports are covered by regular flights. A characteristic indicator that most reflects the tastes and moods of Russian tourists is the increase in the number of seasonal and charter flights to Rimini, Trieste, Genoa, Ancona, Catania, Naples, Forlì, Palermo. Water transport also plays an important role in the external and internal transport of the country. This is due to the significant length of the coastline, the general position of Italy on the sea route, as well as the presence of the islands that make up the country. 144 ports - there are so many of them on the shores of Italy. The largest is the port of Genoa, which is famous all over the world. The largest passenger port in Italy is Naples, which is the center of connections with Sardinia, Sicily and other islands. Sea excursions from Naples to the islands of Capri and Ischia are very popular.

The ferry crossing is the best way to admire the maritime and coastal beauty of Italy. The cost of the ticket depends on the class of the vessel and the category of the seat. There are also a variety of discounts and benefits. The most famous cruise line in Italy is Costa Cruises. Costa Cruises is one of the largest cruise lines in Europe. Has been operating in the cruise market for over 50 years. Based in Genoa. Costa Cruises offers Italian style cruises, presenting Italian style in everything from design to food: elegant liner interiors, Italian language lessons, culinary demonstrations with recipes for the finest authentic Italian cuisine. In Italy, the role of road transport is extremely important. Most of the roads are in the north of Italy; in the south, the density of the road network is noticeably less.

The length of Italian roads is 490,700 km, which makes it 6th in Europe for this indicator.

The bus transportation system in Italy is quite developed, but not very popular, as train travel is much cheaper. The schedule does not always correspond to the real state of affairs. In the provinces, the bus can be faster than the train, and sometimes the only way to get to your destination. In Rome, public transport is represented by buses, trams, metro and trains that run within the city.

Venice's only public transport means are river trams, which run from 6: 30-8: 00 to 20: 00-22: 00, depending on the route. A single ticket, valid for an hour after the first pass, will cost 7 euros. In terms of importance, railways in Italy are inferior to automobile ones. Still, traveling in Italy by train is very convenient and cheap. In recent years, the construction of railways has been carried out more intensively, the technical equipment is being actively modernized, and the volume of capital investments in this industry is rapidly increasing. That is why it became possible to carry out high-speed passenger transportation. At the moment, the length of the Italian railways is 21,600 kilometers.

There are several types of long-distance trains. Eurostar Italy, Italians call these trains Pendolino. These are the fastest trains connecting the main cities of the country; cover the distance between Milan and Rome in 4 hours, Intercity (IC), high-speed trains running on all major routes both within the country and abroad. Each such train has its own name, for example, Milan - Turin - Paris, Milan - Brussels. In Italy, there are also special Servizio Notte night trains, which have both seating and sleeping carriages of various classes.

The cost of tickets depends on the length of the route, while as the latter increases, the price per kilometer is proportionally reduced. In addition, there are various discount cards that provide discounts on tickets and a number of other services. The train stations of large cities have almost everything a traveler needs. There are tourist information centers where you can get a map of the city for free, cafes work from early morning until late at night, as a rule, there are lockers, there is a toilet, sometimes showers. Railway station and train station shopping centers work even on days and hours when all other shops in the city are closed. Big train stations sell souvenirs, photographic goods, travel guides and city maps, magazines and much more. Smaller stations have a more modest range of services, but there is always a small waiting room, buffet, toilet and newsstand.

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Land and air transport.

In a country like Italy, elongated in its configuration, jutting deeply into the Mediterranean Sea at its very center, located at the intersection of many international transport routes, and being the southern outpost of the European Economic Community on trade routes across the Mediterranean, transport, both domestic and external, plays a very important role. Italy has a well-developed transport network. The network of railways and roads in Italy developed mainly in the meridian direction. Latitudinal communications are not enough, with the exception of the Padan plain. Many roads and railways run on steep slopes, pass through tunnels or over numerous bridges and viaducts, so their construction and maintenance are very expensive. In international road and rail transport, the roads laid in the Alps play an important role, especially through the passes of Simplon, Mont Cenis, Tarvisio, Saint Gotthard, Brenner and others, under which tunnels are made.

In Italy, more than 90% of passengers and more than 80% of cargo are transported by road. Out of 293 thousand km. about half of the roads are in Northern Italy. In Italy, 1/4 of all European motorways are concentrated (about 6 thousand km), including the world's oldest motorway Milan-Varese, built in 1924. The main transport artery of the country is the Highway of the Sun, which runs through the whole of Italy, from Turin through Milan, Florence, Rome, Naples to Reggio di Calabria. Five international motorways pass through the territory of Italy: London-Paris-Rome-Palermo, London-Lausanne-Milan-Brin-disi, Rome-Berlin-Oslo-Stjordan, Rome-Vienna-Warsaw, Amsterdam-Basel-Genoa. The Italian car park has over 20 million vehicles, including about 18 million cars.

Railway transport could not stand the fight with such a powerful competitor and for a long time was in a state of crisis. Only in recent years, the state, which owns 82% of the railways, has begun to invest in their enhanced development. Some lines were modernized, the Rome-Florence high-speed railway (“Direttissima”) was built, on which trains can reach speeds of up to 200-260 km per hour, this route is part of the future high-speed highway connecting Milan with Florence, Rome, Naples. The total length of railways is 19.8 thousand km (including sidings), of which 10.2 thousand km are electrified.

With the development of the oil refining and petrochemical industries, the pipeline transport network has grown. The total length of main oil and gas pipelines exceeds 8 thousand km. Some of them are of international importance, such as the pipeline supplying Russian gas to northern Italy, the Trieste-Ingolstadt oil pipeline. An oil pipeline has been laid from Genoa to Milan, Munich, Switzerland.

Civil aviation is developing quite rapidly. It features prominently in Western Europe. Major airports (Fiumicino near Rome, Linate near Milan) serve as important hubs for the international airline network connecting Europe with other continents. The airports of Naples, Palermo, Venice, Genoa are important in domestic traffic. The country's air transport is 75% controlled by the state through the Alitalia company.

River and sea transport.

Different values ​​of the share of sea transport in import and export traffic in physical and value terms are due to large differences in the nature of the transported goods. Import transportation is mainly associated with the import of such bulk cargo as oil, coal, ore, grain, timber and certain types of food, which, with a large physical volume, have a relatively lower cost. In contrast to this, export transportation is mainly associated with the export to foreign markets of a wide variety of industrial products, which, with a smaller physical volume, have a much higher cost. For these reasons, the physical volume of imported goods is 5-6 times higher than the volume of exported goods. For the implementation of maritime transport, Italy has a wide network of large and small ports, ship traffic and cargo turnover of which is increasing from year to year. In terms of cargo turnover in ports, Italy occupies the 1st place among the Mediterranean countries.

River transport in Italy is poorly developed due to the lack of large rivers. On the canals of Venice, its lagoon and on the alpine lakes, small passenger ships of the “river tram” type run, and goods are transported in small quantities.

Italy has a fairly large merchant fleet in terms of the number of ships. It ranks eighth among the capitalist countries of the world (after Liberia, Japan, Great Britain, Norway, Greece, USA and Germany). Among the EEC countries, Italy occupies the 3rd place in terms of the total gross tonnage of merchant ships, second only to Great Britain and the Federal Republic of Germany. Along with the ships that fly the Italian flag, Italian shipowners have a significant number of ships registered in other countries and used in foreign markets under FOCs. The total number of such vessels reaches 20-25% of the total tonnage of the Italian merchant marine. These ships are not included in the official statistics on the Italian merchant marine.

The urban transport system in Italy is extremely well developed. There are buses, taxis, there is a subway in Italy, as well as water transport typical for Italy, which is represented by gondolas and river taxis. The latter are very popular among tourists who enjoy taking a ride in a river taxi and, of course, in a gondola. The first one accommodates four people and, like a regular taxi, measures the area. Parking lots are everywhere in the city. The price for a gondola is about 80 thousand liras for a 50-minute ride during the day and 110 thousand at night.

In Italy, the borders of which are washed by more than 90% of the seas and in which most of the territory is coastal regions, in the internal transport of passengers and especially cargo, the sea coastal fleet is also important. Among the branches of Italian transport, the maritime fleet is of great interest, which is the largest international carrier and is important for the development of Italian foreign trade. 90% of goods arriving in Italy for imports and 55-60% for exports pass through seaports. The Italian merchant marine carries out the most important national economic functions. This is the main reason that it is overwhelmingly under state control.

Cars are also extremely popular in Italy. Out of 293 thousand km. about half of the roads are in Northern Italy. In Italy, 1/4 of all European motorways are concentrated (about 6 thousand km), including the world's oldest motorway Milan-Varese, built in 1924. The main transport artery of the country is the Highway of the Sun, which runs through the whole of Italy, from Turin through Milan, Florence, Rome, Naples to Reggio di Calabria. Five international motorways pass through the territory of Italy: London-Paris-Rome-Palermo, London-Lausanne-Milan-Brin-disi, Rome-Berlin-Oslo-Stjordan, Rome-Vienna-Warsaw, Amsterdam-Basel-Genoa. The Italian car park has over 20 million vehicles, including about 18 million cars.

Railway transport could not stand the fight with such a powerful competitor and for a long time was in a state of crisis. Only in recent years, the state, which owns 82% of the railways, has begun to invest in their enhanced development. Some lines were modernized, the Rome-Florence high-speed railway (“Direttissima”) was built, on which trains can reach speeds of up to 200-260 km per hour, this route is part of the future high-speed highway connecting Milan with Florence, Rome, Naples. The total length of railways is 19.8 thousand km (including sidings), of which 10.2 thousand km are electrified.

There are two metro lines in Rome. Line A, 18 km long, connects the city center from Ottaviano near the Vatican to the eastern outskirts of the city, passing through Cinecitta (Anagnia). Line B runs north to the outskirts of the city (Rebbibia) and to EUR, a modern industrial complex in the south. The lines cross at Termini.

The Milan Metro is considered the best in Italy. MM consists of two lines (1 and 2) and serves the city and the outskirts. Tourists usually use the 1 heading south near Stazione Centrale via Piazza del Maria della Grazie.

In the internal transportation of goods and passengers, the main role is played by road transport, followed by rail. In terms of the level of electrification of railways, the country occupies one of the first places in the world. A dense network of modern highways and railways links the cities of Northern Italy.

Due to the elongation of the country from north to south, its network of railways and highways developed mainly in the meridional direction. Latitudinal communications, with the exception of the Padan plain, are not enough. Many roads and railways in Italy are laid on steep mountain slopes and therefore have many bridges and tunnels, which makes them more expensive to operate.

In Italy, the role of road transport is exceptionally great: it accounts for 3/4 of all land transportation of goods. About half of the roads are in northern Italy; in the south of the country, the density of the road network is much less.

Railways are inferior in importance to automobile roads, but now more capital is invested in railway construction than in road transport. Some of the main lines stand out sharply in terms of technical equipment. As a result of such modernization, for example, on the Rome-Florence line, the train can reach speeds of up to 200 km / h.

Sea transport plays a very important role in both internal and external transport of the country. This is due to the position of Italy on the Mediterranean waterway, the large length of the coastline, and the presence of islands in the country. There are 144 ports on the shores of Italy.

Oil and other mineral raw materials prevail in the turnover of the ports. The largest Italian port of Genoa is one of the most important in the entire Mediterranean. Genoa serves as a gateway to the outside world for the entire Northwest of Italy, as well as for Switzerland. The main rival and competitor of Genoa on the Adriatic is Trieste, the second largest in Italy in terms of cargo turnover and one of the most important oil ports in Europe. Through Trieste, northeastern Italy connects with other countries of the Mediterranean, the Near and Middle East, East Africa and East Asia.

The cargo turnover of the ports of southern Italy (Augusta and Taranto) has significantly increased, which is explained by the development of the oil refining and petrochemical industries.

One of the country's largest passenger ports, Naples is the center of the Apennine peninsula's connections with Sicily, Sardinia and other islands.

River transport in Italy is poorly developed due to the lack of large rivers. The civil aviation of Italy is developing quite rapidly. Air lines connect the largest cities in Italy with many cities in Europe and other continents. The country's largest airports - Leonardo da Vinci near Rome, Malpensa and Linate near Milan, serve as important hubs for the international airline network.

Foreign economic relations are vital for the economic development of Italy. Almost 15% of all imports are oil. Italy also imports raw materials for the metallurgical and other industries, machine tools, industrial equipment, timber, paper, various types of food. The main export items are engineering products, mainly vehicles, various equipment, typewriters and calculating machines, agricultural and food products, especially fruits and vegetables, canned tomatoes, cheeses, ready-made clothes, footwear, chemical and petrochemical products. Trade with France and Germany is especially active.

Italy is annually visited by 50 million foreign tourists, mainly from Germany, France, and the United States. In Italy, the material base for receiving a large number of tourists has long been formed. In terms of the number of hotel rooms, it ranks first in Europe Abroad.

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Transport

The most important branch of the sphere of circulation. The transportation of goods and labor is that part of the sphere of circulation, which is a continuation of the production process in the sphere of circulation.

In Italy, transport is developing in accordance with the same trends that are observed in other European countries - in particular, the share of road transport is increasing, mainly due to a decrease in the share of rail transport. This is due to the fact that road transport is more mobile, requires less costs for auxiliary services and minimizes transshipment work, since it delivers the cargo directly to its destination (these are opportunities that sea and rail transport are deprived of).

The difference between Italy is that here and in domestic transport of goods, road transport has acquired an exceptionally high share, while the share of all other modes of transport has dropped to an extremely low level.

This deeply specific situation in the transport sector in Italy is due to the special impact of the industry on this sector. The fact is that such branches of the Italian industry as the automobile, rubber, oil refining and building materials industry develop the most rapidly, develop the most rapidly. The branches producing railway rolling stock are slowly developing their production. Therefore, the first group of industries and the monopolies operating in it managed to give a road direction to the development of Italian transport without much difficulty.

Development of Italian maritime transport

In Italy, the borders of which are washed by more than 90% of the seas and in which most of the territory is coastal regions, in the internal transport of passengers and especially cargo, the sea coastal fleet is also important. Among the branches of Italian transport, the maritime fleet is of great interest, which is the largest international carrier and is important for the development of Italian foreign trade. 90% of goods arriving in Italy for imports and 55-60% for exports pass through seaports. The Italian merchant marine carries out the most important national economic functions. This is the main reason that it is overwhelmingly under state control.

In the 70s, the importance of maritime transport and shipping for the Italian economy, and primarily for its foreign trade, increased in connection with the shifts in the country's energy balance (more than 86% of total energy needs are met through the import of oil and gas). The shifts that have taken place in recent years in the structure of industry and foreign trade have caused changes in the Italian navy in the relationship between the different types of ships. The rapid development of the oil refining industry has led to the rapid growth of the tanker fleet. The fall in the importance of coal in the energy sector caused a drop in the share of the dry cargo fleet. In addition, the American coal used in Italy is usually delivered by American ships.

Italian merchant fleet

The merchant fleet of Italy in the post-war years has undergone significant quantitative and general structural changes. On the one hand, they were caused by the decommissioning of outdated and heavily worn-out ships, and on the other hand, by the replenishment of the fleet with new, larger and more modern ships. Changes in the composition and structure of the Italian merchant fleet for the period 1874 to 1983 are characterized by the following data.