Petrochemical industry, a branch of heavy industry, covering the production of synthetic materials and products mainly based on refined petroleum products and natural combustible gases. Petrochemical enterprises produce synthetic rubber, products of basic organic synthesis (ethylene, propylene, polyethylene, surfactants, detergents, and certain types of mineral fertilizers), soot, rubber products (car tires, rubber products, and consumer goods). asbestos products.
Goods made in Alberta are mainly sent to central and western part USA. Global chemical companies are making the majority of their large new investments in the Middle East and Asia Pacific. The new capacity has been attracted to the Middle East with cheap raw materials and these products are targeted for export markets in Asia and Europe. Attraction in the Asia-Pacific region - proximity to fast-growing markets. Despite a significant increase in petrochemical capacity, the Asia-Pacific region will remain a major net importer for the foreseeable future.
Oil, as the most important source of chemical raw materials, was one of the first to be pointed out by D.I. Mendeleev. Fundamental work in the field of petrochemistry was carried out in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. V.V. Markovnikov, L. G. Gurvich, N. D. Zelinsky, A. A. Summer, S. S. Nametkin, as well as by foreign scientists M. Berthelot (France), J. Houdry (USA), M. Peer (Germany), etc. However industrial production organic products until the 1st World War 1914-18 was based only on the processing of coking coal and food raw materials. The use of petroleum hydrocarbons has significantly expanded the raw material base of the industry and made it possible to carry out the most economical production processes (see. Petrochemical synthesis, Basic organic synthesis ).
Chemical and petrochemical industry
Much of the recent growth in Canadian industry has occurred in Alberta, which is based almost exclusively on natural gas. There are two main petrochemical complexes in the province. In Alberta today, there are not enough raw materials to support any major new investment.
New developments are needed to change this scenario. Possible options are importing raw materials from neighboring provinces or states, using raw materials from oil sands, and developing northern gas. If successful, this could lead to the revitalization of the petrochemical cluster in the Sarnia region. In Quebec petrochemical industry is concentrated around Montreal and uses exclusively oil-containing raw materials. Crude oil enters Montreal by tanker or pipeline from Portland, Maine.
The conditions for the emergence of oil production were created as a result of the introduction of new methods of oil refining - cracking and pyrolysis. In the USA, the production of isopropyl alcohol (1918), aliphatic chemical products (1920), vinyl chloride and others was mastered from cracking gases.
In the USSR, the formation of the petroleum industry took place during the years of the first five-year plans, 1929–40. During this period, industrial production of synthetic rubber was established at a number of enterprises (in Yaroslavl, Voronezh, Efremov). The tire plant of the Yaroslavl rubber-asbestos plant was commissioned (1932). The commissioning of new capacities and the reconstruction of production made it possible in 1940 to produce 35 times more tires than in 1927-28. By the end of the first five-year plan (1932), the production of industrial rubber goods had increased fivefold and amounted to 35 percent of the total volume of the rubber industry. Carbon black production grew as follows: 1916-300 T, in 1930 - about 2 thousand. T, in 1940 - about 60 thousand T.
Although on a smaller scale than Sarnia, Montreal is also an integrated petrochemical complex that offers refineries, a shipping tanker terminal, and access to markets in eastern and central Canada and the United States.
The main association representing petrochemical companies in Canada is. It is headquartered in Ottawa with regional offices in Vancouver, Edmonton, Toronto and Montreal. Association chemical industry Canada. Imagine a life without gasoline, cosmetics, fertilizers, detergents, synthetic fabrics, asphalt and plastics. All of these products - and many more - are made from petrochemicals - chemical substances derived from petroleum or natural gas.
After the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945, many enterprises of the petroleum industry were restored and reconstructed. In 1949, the world's first joint production of phenol and acetone was organized using the most progressive (cumene) method developed by Soviet scientists. The promising economic regions of the country were identified, in which the construction of oil refining and petrochemical enterprises was launched.
Crude oil, or oil fresh from the ground, has been used sporadically throughout history. Many hundreds of years ago, Native Americans used crude oil for fuel and medicine. But the beginning oil industry, which is known today, can be traced back to that time. Drake drilled a well near Titusville, Pennsylvania. Well equipped with an old steam engine, soon produced oil and launched an oil boom.
From there, rail cars transported oil to refineries on the coast. Atlantic Ocean... Oil drilling quickly spread outside Pennsylvania. Other countries also fell into the oil business. Russia created a little more than the United States in the early twentieth century. Smaller producers included Italy, Canada, Poland, Peru, Venezuela, Mexico, and Argentina.
The development of oil refining is directly related to an increase in the scale and improvement of oil refining processes (see Ref. ). High rates of growth are characteristic of the N. p. Of the USSR (Table 1).
Tab. 1.- Growth rates of the total volume of products of the petrochemical industry,%
| Petrochemical industry (overall) The petrochemical industry takes offRockefeller and other refinery owners considered gasoline to be useless as a product of the distillation process. New fuel oils are also needed to power ships and aircraft used in World War I. After the war, an increasing number of farmers began operating tractors and other oil-fueled equipment. Plastics: Petrochemical Gold MineThe states supplied more than 80 percent of the aviation gasoline used by the Allies during the war. American refineries also produced synthetic rubber, toluene, medicinal oils, and other key military supplies. And plastic was the main reason. | |||||
| Including: | |||||
| production of products of basic organic synthesis Initially, most plastics were made from plant-based resins. But long before plastics were developed out of the petrochemical industry, the construction industry ranks second to use plastic for insulation, molding, pipes, roofing, siding, and door and window frames. Other industries, including automobiles and trucks, also rely heavily on plastics. Slowdown in the petrochemical industryThe United States has hardly been alone in its growing use of petroleum products. Around the world, increasing industrialization and rapid population growth have created new and higher demand for oil. Industry response contributed to the slowdown. These developments have led many chemical companies to abandon the petrochemical industry altogether. | |||||
| rubber-asbestos industry |
In 1970, in comparison with 1965, the production of plastics and nitrogen fertilizers increased twofold, synthetic detergents - 1.7 times, synthetic fatty acids - 1.6 times; the production of synthetic rubber increased by more than 1.5 times. This increase was achieved mainly as a result of the construction of large-scale facilities for the production of qualitatively new stereoregular rubbers.
Geography of petrochemistry
By the last decade of the twentieth century, there were nearly a million oil wells in over a hundred countries. Producing over 20 billion barrels per year. Most experts give Saudi Arabia credit for having the largest seed oil fund in any country, and the Middle East as a whole is believed to account for about 41 percent of the world's oil reserve. North America is the second second. large deposits in Russia, Eastern Europe also well supplied with oil.
Most of the oil Western Europe is located below the North Sea. Many believe that an estimated 77 percent of the world's recoverable oil has already been found. If so, the remaining 23 percent, mostly located in small fields or in more difficult conditions, may be more expensive to find and recover.
In 1966-70 in the USSR, for the first time in the world, mass production of high-quality pneumatic tires without the use of natural rubber was organized; enterprises for the production of radial tires were created. In 1973, the production of car tires in the USSR increased 1.6 times as compared with 1965 and reached 42.3 million units.
The total volume of production of the rubber-asbestos industry in 1972 increased by 272% over 1960. The production of rubber footwear and other goods increased significantly popular consumption... The Novoufimsky, Omsk, Novokuibyshevsky, Novoyaroslavsky, Novogorkovsky, Kirishsky, Ryazan plants and combines were commissioned; Polotsk oil refinery in the BSSR, large factories for the production of synthetic rubber, car tires and rubber products in the central and eastern part of the USSR. Centers for the integrated processing of oil and petrochemicals have been created and are being created in Azerbaijan, Bashkiria, Tataria, Checheno-Ingushetia, as well as in Ukraine, Belarus, the Far East, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. A number of factories and installations were built for the production of high-quality polyethylene, polypropylene, polyisobutylene and other polymer products based on hydrocarbon raw materials, the production of polyethylene and ethylene copolymers increased in 1972 compared to 1965 by 5.4 times and reached 307 thousand tons. T.
Leffler. Petrochemistry in non-technical language. Hubbert's: The Looming Global Oil Shortage. Princeton, NY: Princeton University. Plastic: making a synthetic eyelid. Henderson, Wayne and Scott Benjamin. Standard oil: first 125 years. American Plastic: A Cultural History. Petrochemicals: the rise of the industry. Also the Ecological Movement; Defense Agency Environment; Kerosene oil; Region of the Near Continent; Offshore oil; Oil crises; Oil fields; Standard Oil Company.
Therefore, be sure to refer to these guidelines when editing your bibliography or list of cited works. However, the date of the search is often important. ... Petrochemicals are produced from various chemical compounds mainly from hydrocarbons. These hydrocarbons are derived from crude oil and natural gas. Among the various fractions resulting from the distillation of crude oil, petroleum gases, naphtha, kerosene and gas oil are the main raw materials for the petrochemical industry. Ethane, propane and natural gas liquids derived from natural gas are other important feedstocks used in the petrochemical industry.
The development of petroleum production is characterized by high rates and a continuous increase in production efficiency. High-performance plants are being introduced, highly specialized multi-tonnage productions are being created, catalytic systems are being improved, flow-automatic lines for elastomers and products made from them are being created, and automated control systems are being introduced.
The petrochemical industry plays a vital role in economic growth and manufacturing development. The value added in the petrochemical industry is higher than in most other industries. Today, petrochemicals penetrate the entire spectrum of everyday goods and cover almost every area of life such as clothing, housing, construction, furniture, cars, household items, agriculture, gardening, irrigation, packaging, medical technology, electronics and electrical engineering, etc. .d.
In the production of synthetic rubber, installations for the production of isoprene are widely used, the unit capacity of which has increased by 2-3 times. This equipment allows to reduce specific capital investments by 20%, to reduce the cost of isoprene by 5% and to increase labor productivity by 2 times.
The USSR renders technical assistance to other socialist countries in the creation and development of natural resources. The CMEA member countries coordinate their plans in this area. The share of the CMEA member countries in the world production of chemical goods has increased significantly. Brotherly help played a huge role in this. Soviet Union in supplying the CMEA countries with oil and gas, as well as in the construction of important facilities, primarily the Druzhba oil pipeline.
Key performance indicators of the chemical and petrochemical industry in Russia
Currently, there are five gas-oil and gas cracking complexes with a combined ethylene capacity of about 6 million tons per year. In addition, there are four aromatic complexes that use a combined xylene capacity of about 1 ppm.
The current capacities of synthetic fibers, raw polymers, elastomers and surfactants are the same as in the following figures. 
The plastic processing industry is highly fragmented and consists of small, small, medium and large units located throughout the country. The industry also consumes recycled plastic, which accounts for about 30% of total consumption.
The growth in the production of such important petrochemical products as polyethylene and ethylene copolymers, as well as car tires, show the data in Table. 2 and 3.
Tab. 2.- Production of polyethylene and ethylene copolymers in the CMEA member countries, thous. T
| Bulgaria Manufacturing of building blocks. Polymers and Intermediates Synthetic Fibers Elastomer Intermediates Surfactants. Other petroleum products. ... Intermediate wire to synthetic fibers. Polymers for plastic products. List of items reserved for the public sector; List of items subject to compulsory licensing; List of items intended for the small batch sector. If the device is proposed to be placed in a limited space, it may be necessary to obtain an industrial license. | |||
Tab. 3.- Production of tires in the CMEA member countries, thousand pieces
| Bulgaria The following petrochemical products require an industrial license. This procedure is simplified to facilitate foreign direct investment. For other industries, government approval is provided through the Foreign Investment Promotion Council. This provision permits the following description of the articles. | |||
The widespread development of the production of non-profit products is observed in the capitalist (especially in the developed) countries (see Table 4).
The developing countries — India, Iraq, Algeria, and others — attach great importance to the creation of their own natural resources in the implementation of plans for industrialization, raising the standard of living of the population, and strengthening national independence. The USSR is expanding cooperation with these countries and is providing them with technical assistance in the development of natural resources.
Tab. 4.- Production of some petrochemical products in capitalist countries in 1970, mln. T
| Propylene | Butadiene |
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| All capitalist countries | ||||
| Western European countries | ||||
Lit. see at Art. Refining industry.
V.S.Fyodorov.
Great Soviet Encyclopedia M .: "Soviet Encyclopedia", 1969-1978
The chemical and petrochemical industry is a progressive, rapidly developing industry (the share of industrial production fixed assets in 1995 was about 8%). Chemicalization is increasingly penetrating all areas National economy... It allows solving technical, technological and economic problems, creating new materials with predetermined properties, replacing metal in construction, mechanical engineering, increasing productivity and saving the costs of social labor. Chemistry, along with mechanical engineering, metallurgy, and the electric power industry contributes to scientific and technological progress.
The chemical industry includes the production of several thousand different types of products, the number of which is second only to mechanical engineering.
Consumers of chemical products are found in all spheres of the national economy. Mechanical engineering needs plastics, varnishes, paints; agriculture - in mineral fertilizers, preparations for combating plant pests, in feed additives (animal husbandry); transport - in motor fuel, lubricants, synthetic rubber. The chemical and petrochemical industry is becoming a source of raw materials for the production of consumer goods, especially chemical fibers and plastics. Modern aircraft construction, jet technology, radar, space technology, rocketry are inconceivable without the use of synthetic materials and new types of synthesized fuel (see Tables 4.1 and 4.2).
Table 4.1
Key performance indicators of the chemical and petrochemical industry in Russia
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Number of enterprises |
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Production volume, RUB bln |
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Industrial production personnel, thousand people |
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including workers, thousand people |
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Profit, RUB bln |
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Profitability level,% |
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Increase in costs by 1 rub. products,% to the previous year |
Table 4.2
Production of critical species chemical products v Russian Federation
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Sulfuric acid in monohydrate, million tons |
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Soda ash, mln tons |
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Caustic soda, million tons |
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Mineral fertilizers in terms of |
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for 100% nutrients, mln tons |
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including |
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phosphate, million tons |
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nitrogen, million tons |
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potash, million tons |
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Chemical means of plant protection (in 100% terms), thousand tons |
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Synthetic resins and plastics, thousand tons |
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Fiberglass plastics and products from them, thousand tons |
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Synthetic detergents, thousand tons |
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Laundry soap, thousand tons |
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Toilet soap, thousand tons |
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Forage microbiological protein, thousand tons of marketable product |
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Chemical fibers, million tons |
1990-1991 the volume of production of chemical products in the Russian Federation accounted for about 70% of its production in the former USSR... The share of chemical products in Russia in 1995 in the industrial volume did not exceed 9%.
The sharp decline in the production of almost all types of chemical products in Russia that emerged after the collapse of the USSR continues to this day. The country's national economy's need for chemical products is not being met due to the lag and reduction in capital construction, incomplete use of existing production facilities, delays in the import and development of new industries, and often due to disruptions in the supply of fuel and energy, technological raw materials, materials, incomplete equipment, lack of transport, insufficient development of new technological processes, deterioration of production conditions and quality of raw materials, lack of personnel of the required qualifications, as well as due to technology disruption and frequent accidents. A number of production facilities are closed for environmental reasons. The issue of urgent withdrawal of about fifty enterprises from Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, St. Petersburg, Angarsk, Krasnoyarsk and other cities of the country is ripe.
Due to the deep general economic crisis in the country in the chemical industry, labor productivity, capital productivity are decreasing, the environmental situation is deteriorating, industry structure, proportions of the reproductive process; there is an increase in intra- and inter-sectoral imbalances in raw materials, fuel, electricity, equipment and spare parts; there is a significant shortage of chemical products everywhere.
Stabilization of production in the chemical industry is associated with the formation of new production conditions and forms of ownership.
V last years new joint-stock economic structures, both intra-industry and inter-industry type of holding, are spreading. Interindustry holdings are associated with the complex production of mineral and hydrocarbon raw materials and have a rather complex structure and composition of shareholders interested in one or another product of the holding, capable of investing large funds in their development. Intra-industry holdings can unite enterprises related to sequential processing technology different types raw materials, intermediates, inside the chemical complex itself. It is planned to attract foreign investors to newly created structures with an indispensable comprehensive solution to environmental issues.
The chemical industry unites many specialized industries that are dissimilar in raw materials and the purpose of their products, but similar in production technology.
There are three main groups of industries.
1. Mining and chemical industry, covering the extraction of the main chemical raw materials: apatites, phosphorites, potash and sodium chloride, native sulfur, pyrite.
2. Basic (inorganic) chemistry, including the production of mineral fertilizers, acids and alkalis, the production of soda ash and caustic soda.
3. Organic chemistry, combining the production of organic synthesis - the main hydrocarbon raw materials (ethylene, acetylene, propylene, butylene, divinyl, benzene, acids), the production of organic semi-finished products (ethyl alcohol, phenol, glycerin, acetone, acetic acid, ethylene oxide, styrene) and the polymer chemistry industry (production of synthetic resins and plastics, chemical fibers, synthetic rubber).
Over the past decades, additional independent industries have been formed, such as pharmaceutical, microbiological, household chemicals (varnishes, solvents, paints), and the production of reagents.
The location of the chemical industries is influenced by factors; among which the largest role is played by raw materials, energy, water, consumer, labor, environmental, infrastructural. The role of each of them is different depending on the technological features of various chemical industries. However, a comprehensive account of the influence of all interacting factors of the location of any chemical production is required.
The chemical industry as a whole is a highly raw material-intensive industry. Due to the high value of raw materials or their significant specific costs, the costs of raw materials range from 40 to 90%, based on the production of 1 ton of finished products. Such costs are especially high (90% or more) in the mining and chemical raw materials industry. The industry is characterized by the use of a huge number of types of raw materials of mineral, vegetable, animal origin, as well as air, water, all kinds of industrial gas emissions - waste of non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy. In the modern chemical industry of organic synthesis, hydrocarbon oil and gas raw materials play an important role. Highly raw materials production, as a rule, gravitates towards the sources of raw materials.
It is extremely important to comprehensively use raw materials, especially hydrocarbons, for the production of many types of chemicals and chemical materials. For chemical production characterized by multistage technological processes, the use of various types of raw materials and intermediate products. Intraindustry and interbranch combination and cooperation of industries has been extensively developed in chemistry. Chemical and petrochemical plants appeared, in conjunction with gas and oil refining. Great opportunities are opening up for energy-chemical combination (chemical processing of coal, oil, gas, shale).
A simplified scheme for the production of petrochemical products - the main raw material for organic and polymer chemistry - is shown in the figure.
The chemical industry is an energy-intensive industry with high specific consumption of electric, thermal energy and direct use fuel. For example, the production of 1 ton of chemical fiber requires up to 15-20 thousand kW / h of electricity and up to 10 tons of fuel to generate heat (steam, hot water). The total consumption of fuel and energy resources in the chemical complex is about 20-30% of the total consumption in industry. Therefore, energy-intensive industries are more likely to gravitate towards sources of cheap electrical and thermal energy. This also contributes to the effectiveness of intra-industry and inter-industry ties in the chemical and petrochemical industry, which, in turn, ensures the intra- and inter-industry combination of industries, the introduction of energy technology processes.
Water consumption in chemical industries is very high. Water is used for flushing, cooling of units, dilution of industrial waste water. In terms of total water consumption, the chemical industry ranks first among the manufacturing industries. For the production of 1 ton of fiber, for example, up to 5 thousand cubic meters are spent. m of water, and in the cost of producing a water-intensive unit of production, the water component ranges from 10 to 30%.
Consequently, it is advisable to locate water-intensive industries in areas with a favorable water balance, near water sources.
Chemical industries are subdivided into labor-intensive (chemical fibers, plastics), medium-labor-intensive, low-labor-intensive and non-labor-intensive. Labor-intensive production is advisable to create in areas with surplus labor resources, non-labor-intensive - in areas with a deficit labor resources.
Specialization in the chemical industry has intensified in recent years in connection with the branched, well-developed oil pipeline transport, which makes it possible to bridge the gap in the single technological cycle of obtaining a product at the penultimate stage (manufacturing of an intermediate product) and organize the final stages of obtaining the final product (chemicals and chemical materials) in other more preferable areas, and not only in those where the intermediate product is produced in accordance with the previous technological chain (see figure).
The ecological factor is the preservation of the purity of the surrounding atmosphere, land and water bodies. Taking this factor into account, the most rational structure for the production of chemical products using optimal technologies is being formed in each region.
Automation and electrification of chemical production contributes to a reduction in labor intensity, an increase in labor productivity and the introduction of new technological methods (plasma, laser), the implementation of new scientific, technical and technological solutions.
The infrastructural factor (preparation and arrangement of the territory for industrial development) is taken into account and plays an important role in the location of industrial production, especially in areas of new development.
The following groups of chemical industries are distinguished:
raw material orientation: mining and chemical production and production, utilizing non-transportable raw materials (coke oven gas, sulfur dioxide) or characterized by a high raw material index (soda ash production);
fuel and energy and raw materials orientation: high-energy production (polymers, synthetic rubber, chemical fibers, synthetic resins and plastics, caustic soda);
consumer orientation: production with high transport costs for the delivery of products to the consumer or production for the production of products that are difficult to transport (sulfuric acid).
Often the action of different factors manifests itself in opposite directions in the same area. As a result of the complex interaction of location factors, the modern geography of the chemical industry is characterized by:
high territorial concentration of enterprises mainly in the European part of the Russian Federation;
the separation of the production of chemical products from the centers of their consumption;
the already established location of the chemical industry in areas deficient in water and energy resources.
In the future, in the European part of Russia, in areas with a high concentration of labor resources, but deficient in fuel, energy and water resources, it is advisable to locate labor-intensive, capital-intensive, but non-water-intensive chemical industries with an average and low raw material index.
In regions of Siberia with exceptionally favorable natural conditions and large resources of raw materials, fuel, energy, water, energy-intensive, raw-material-intensive and water-intensive industries should be created, despite the rising costs of factors: more expensive construction, shortage work force, harsh climatic conditions and much more expensive infrastructure (the development of the territory in Siberia and the Far East is practically starting anew).
The mining and chemical industry covers the extraction of the main chemical raw materials: apatite, phosphorite, potash and sodium chloride, native sulfur.
The reserves of apatite raw materials are concentrated on the Kola Peninsula (Khibinskoye deposit) in the Northern economic region (about 2/3 of all reserves of phosphorus-containing raw materials). Phosphorite reserves are concentrated in the North-West (Kingisepp), Volgo-Vyatsky (Vyatsko-Kamskoe deposit), in the Central (Yegoryevskoe and Polpinskoe deposits) regions, in Western Siberia(Tashtagolskoye and Teletskoye), in Eastern Siberia (Chernogorskoye, Beloziminskoye, Oshchurkovskoye deposits).
The main reserves of potash salt are concentrated in the Urals (Solikamsk, Berezniki).
Deposits of sulfur and pyrite are located on the territory of the Ural economic region in a complex with deposits of copper, copper-pyrite ores, and deposits of native sulfur are concentrated in the Volga region (Vodinskoe - in the Samara region).
Table salt is mined in the Volga economic region (lakes Elton and Baskunchak), in the Urals (Solikamskoye, Sol-Iletskoye deposits), in Western Siberia (Burla), Eastern Siberia (Usolye-Sibirskoye), in the Far East (Kempendyayskoye).
The main deposits of proven reserves of most types of mining and chemical raw materials are concentrated in the European part of Russia: in the Ural, Central, Volga, Northern, Volgo-Vyatka regions. In the eastern regions, the number of explored deposits of the mining and chemical industry is much less. Due to the remoteness of most of them from the consumer, it is necessary to carry out expensive transportation of raw materials over long distances.
The basic chemistry industry includes the production of mineral fertilizers, sulfuric acid, soda ash and caustic soda. Raw material base products of the mining and chemical industry serve for them.
In 1991, the Russian Federation accounted for more than 50% of the all-Union production of mineral fertilizers. In 1995, their output amounted to 9.6 million tons (in 1991 - 15.9 million tons, of which about 30% was exported to the former union republics, the share of imports of mineral fertilizers was about 13%). Russia's need for fertilizers from its own production in the 90s. was practically not satisfied due to a sharp decrease in their production (by 1.65 times in 1991-1995) and an increase in prices, as well as due to the insolvency of agricultural producers both in state and private farms as a result of hyperinflation.
In the production of mineral fertilizers, the leading place is occupied by the nitrogen industry - about 50% of nitrogen fertilizers from the total production of fertilizers in Russia in 1995. The main feedstock for the production of nitrogen fertilizers is natural gas and coking coal. In our country, several technological methods are used to obtain nitrogen fertilizers. This is, firstly, the ammonia method (ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate), based on the use of coke oven gas generated during the coking of coal (when receiving coke at the coke-chemical production) in ferrous metallurgy. When using this technology for producing nitrogen fertilizers, the raw material factor has a decisive influence on the location of the nitrogen fertilizer industry. Therefore, nitrogen fertilizer enterprises operating on coke oven gas are located either in coal basins (Kuznetsk in Western Siberia - Kemerovo, Irkutsk in Eastern Siberia - Angarsk), or near metallurgical plants with a full metallurgical cycle (Uralsky region - Magnitogorsk, Nizhny Tagil; Western Siberia - Novokuznetsk; Central Chernozem region - Lipetsk, Northern region - Cherepovets).
Another technological method for the production of nitrogen fertilizers is the conversion of natural gas used in chemistry as a raw material. In this case, when placing the production of nitrogen fertilizers, the consumer or raw material becomes the determining factor. Enterprises are located either in areas of gas resources ( North Caucasus- Nevinnomyssk), or along the main gas pipelines in agricultural areas - the main consumers of nitrogen fertilizers: Povolzhsky District (Togliatti), Central (Dorogobuzh, Shchekino, Novomoskovsk), North-West (Novgorod), Uralsky (Nizhny Tagil).
In the production of nitrogen fertilizers by electrolysis of water, enterprises are located taking into account the electric power factor - at sources of cheap electricity or taking into account both the energy and raw material factors, if a solution of sodium chloride is subjected to electrolysis (Uralsky District - Berezniki, Solikamsk).
When used in nitrogen-fertilizer production of oil refining waste, the main factor in the location of nitrogen fertilizers production is the raw material (Ural region - Salavat near oil refineries).
The production of potash fertilizers in Russia (30% of the total) has developed under the influence of the raw material factor and gravitates towards the places where potash salts are mined. The production of potash fertilizers (100%) is located on the territory of the Ural region (Berezniki, Solikamsk) at the sources of raw materials.
The production of phosphate fertilizers (20% of the total production) tends to the regions of their consumption. The production of phosphate fertilizers requires a large amount of sulfuric acid.
Enterprises for the production of phosphate fertilizers are mainly located in agricultural areas on the basis of imported apatite concentrate from Kola Peninsula or on local phosphorus-containing raw materials ( central District- Voskresensk, Dorogobuzh, Bryansk on Polpinsk and Yegoryevsk phosphorites; Tsentralno-Chernozemny - Shchigry and Uvarove, Povolzhsky - Togliatti, Balakovo on imported apatites from the Kola Peninsula, North-West - Kingisepp). A number of phosphate fertilizer plants have emerged near sources of cheap sulfuric acid: the Ural region (Perm, Krasnouralsk).
All three complex, concentrated types of fertilizers are produced in almost all economic regions: in the Urals, in the Central, Central Black Earth, Northern, North-Western regions. The need for phosphorus and potash fertilizers Of the Far East and Siberia is provided by supplies from other regions of the country.
In the future, the main task is to involve Siberian deposits of phosphate raw materials (Tashtagolskoye, Chernogorskoye, Beloziminskoye, Oshurkovskoye) into economic circulation and, on their basis, create the production of phosphate fertilizers in accordance with the need for them in remote eastern regions.
The main producers of sulfuric acid are phosphate fertilizers. The production of sulfuric acid (in 1995 it amounted to 6.9 million tons) is based on the use of native sulfur (Vodinskoe deposit in the Samara region), pyrite (deposits of copper-pyrite ores in the Urals), as well as industrial waste gases of ferrous metallurgical (Nizhny Tagil , Perm, Pervomaisk, Chelyabinsk) and copper-smelting industries (Krasnouralsk, Revda, Karabash, Mednogorsk) in the Ural region. In addition, sulfur is used as a raw material obtained during the purification of sulfur-containing natural gas at gas processing complexes (in Orenburg in the Urals, Astrakhan in the Volga region) and during the processing of sulphurous oil at oil refineries (the Volga region and the Urals).
The main areas for the location of sulfuric acid production are the Ural, Povolzhsky, East Siberian, West Siberian, North Caucasian. The production of sulfuric acid, due to the difficulties associated with the danger of its transportation, tends mainly to places of its consumption - to phosphate fertilizer plants and other chemical industries, to raw materials - enterprises of ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy, gas and oil refining in the order of combining and cooperating with these industries (utilization in metallurgy, gas and oil refining of industrial waste).
The production of caustic soda (alkali) in 1995 amounted to 1.17 million tons. The raw material for the production of caustic soda is table salt. This high-raw material production is carried out simultaneously with chlorine production - the basis for the production of hydrochloric acid, bleaches, pesticides, polymer materials... Soda is used in glass, soap-making, textile, pulp and paper industries, for oil refining, in medicine, in everyday life. The production of caustic soda is associated with the use of not only sodium chloride, but also auxiliary materials - limestone, with significant consumption of fuel and energy resources. The determining factors for the location of caustic soda production are raw materials and energy. Production tends to be in areas with a favorable combination of raw materials and fuel and energy resources. Areas of location of caustic soda production: Ural, Povolzhsky, West Siberian, East Siberian.
Table salt is also a raw material for soda ash production. The main factor in the location of this production is raw materials. The enterprises are located near the deposits of table salt and limestone deposits: Uralsky district (Berezniki, Solikamsk), Povolzhsky district (Volgograd), Volgo-Vyatsky district(Cheboksary), East Siberian region (Usolye-Sibirskoe).
Soda ash is also produced at alumina refineries as a by-product: in Krasnoturyinsk, Kamensk-Uralsk (Uralsky District), Achinsk (East Siberian Region), Pikalevo, Boksitogorsk (North-West Region).
The production of synthetic dyes and photochemical products is concentrated in areas of developed chemical industry: Ural (Berezniki), Central (Pereyaslavl), Central Chernozem (Tambov), Volga (Kazan). The raw materials for these industries are acids, alkalis, salts, coke products and other organic compounds.
Currently, the raw material base of the chemical and petrochemical industry is characterized by the increasing role of hydrocarbon raw materials. Its main share is produced in the regions of the European part of Russia on the basis of gas, oil refining and petrochemical plants. The organic synthesis industry is developing on hydrocarbon raw materials, it is located in Central (Moscow, Yaroslavl, Novomoskovsk), Volgo-Vyatsky (Nizhny Novgorod, Dzerzhinsk), Central Chernozem (Voronezh), Povolzhsky (Samara, Saratov, Volgograd), Uralsky (Ufa, Salavat, Orsk), North Caucasian (Nevinnomyssk), North-West (Novgorod), West Siberian (Omsk, Tomsk, Tobolsk, Tyumen) regions.
The end product of organic chemistry, developing on the basis of the organic synthesis industry, is polymer chemistry: production of synthetic rubber, synthetic resins and plastics, chemical fibers.
The Russian synthetic rubber industry occupies a prominent place in the world. The production of synthetic rubber (SC) arose on the basis of food alcohol (in the Central, Povolzhsky, Central Chernozem regions) and hydrolytic alcohol (in Krasnoyarsk). With the transition to hydrocarbon feedstock from oil, associated petroleum gases and natural gas, the location of production facilities in the UK has undergone significant changes. The production facilities in Central (Yaroslavl, Moscow, Efremov), Povolzhsky (Kazan, Volzhsky, Togliatti, Novokuibyshevsk, Saratov, Nizhnekamsk), Uralsky (Ufa, Perm, Orsk, Sterlitamak), West Siberian (Omsk), East Siberian (Krasnoyarsk) areas with a highly developed oil refining industry. The main areas listed are Povolzhsky, Uralsky and West Siberian.
Raw materials and energy factors have the greatest influence on the placement of SC production. In the future, it will expand due to the eastern regions of the country based on West Siberian oil and associated gases as part of the Omsk, Tomsk, Tobolsk oil refining and petrochemical complexes, as well as oil refineries in Eastern Siberia (Achinsk, Angarsk) with favorable energy opportunities (Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Sayano -Shushenskaya HPP).
The industry of plastics and synthetic resins originated initially in the Central, Volgo-Vyatka, Ural regions on imported raw materials. Currently, there are significant shifts in the location of the industry due to the widespread use of hydrocarbon petrochemical raw materials. The production of synthetic resins and plastics was created in the areas of oil refining, oil production and along the routes of oil and gas pipelines: Povolzhsky (Novokuibyshevsk, Volgograd, Volzhsky, Kazan), Uralsky (Ufa, Salavat, Sverdlovsk, Nizhny Tagil), Central (Moscow, Ryazan, Yaroslavl), Caucasian (Budennovsk), North-West (St. Petersburg), West Siberian (Tyumen, Novosibirsk, Omsk), Volgo-Vyatka (Dzerzhinsk) regions.
In the future, the production of synthetic resins and plastics is more expedient to be located in the eastern regions (Western and Eastern Siberia) on the basis of factories for processing Western Siberian oil in Omsk, Tomsk, Tobolsk, Achinsk, Angarsk, where there is a favorable combination of raw materials, water resources and cheap electricity generated by hydroelectric power plants in Eastern Siberia (Bratsk, Ust-Ilimskoi, Krasnoyarsk, Sayano-Shushenskaya).
The industry of chemical fibers, including the production of artificial and synthetic types of fibers, uses cellulose (for artificial) and oil refined products (for synthetic types of fiber) as feedstock. Depending on the type, the production of chemical fiber is characterized by high consumption of raw materials, fuel and energy, water and labor resources, as well as significant capital costs. Therefore, the correct placement of this industry requires a comprehensive account of these factors.
Originally appearing in old industrial areas with developed chemistry, this industry has taken strong positions in the western regions of Russia (more than 2/3 of the total production): in the Volga region - about 1/3 (Engels, Balakovo, Saratov, Volzhsky), Central - about 1/3 (Tver, Klin , Ryazan), Central Black Earth - 9% (Kursk). The share of eastern regions is less than 1/3: Western Siberia (Barnaul, Kemerovo), Eastern Siberia(Krasnoyarsk).
In the future, significant territorial shifts in the production of chemical fibers will occur at the expense of the eastern regions of the country, provided with raw materials, fuel, energy and water resources. According to the results of carefully performed calculations, it is advisable to locate non-labor-intensive and non-capital-intensive, but high-energy-intensive, raw-materials and water-intensive types of production in Siberia and the Far East, taking into account the intra-industry ties of the chemical and forest, petrochemical and energy industries.
So, the largest complexes of the chemical industry have developed in the following economic regions of the country:
Central region - polymer chemistry (production of plastics and products from them, synthetic rubber, tires and rubber products, chemical fiber), production of dyes and varnishes, nitrogen, phosphoric fertilizers, sulfuric acid;
Ural region - production of nitrogen, phosphoric and potash fertilizers, soda, sulfur, sulfuric acid, polymer chemistry (production of synthetic alcohol, synthetic rubber, plastics from oil and associated gases);
North-West region - production of phosphoric fertilizers, sulfuric acid, polymer chemistry (production of synthetic resins, plastics, chemical fibers);
Volga region - petrochemical production (orgsynthesis), production of polymer products (synthetic rubber, chemical fiber);
North Caucasus - production of nitrogen fertilizers, organic synthesis, synthetic resins and plastics;
Siberia (Western and Eastern) - chemistry of organic synthesis, nitrogen industry using coke oven gas, production of polymer chemistry (plastics, chemical fiber, synthetic rubber), tire production (see Tables 4.3 and 4.4).
Table 4.3
Production of certain types of chemical products in the Russian Federation by economic regions by the mid-90s. (in% of the total)
|
Mineral fertilizers |
Caustic |
Soda ash |
Chemical |
Synthetic resins and plastics |
Synthetic rubber |
and car tires |
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|
Potash |
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|
Russia, total |
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|
Western zone |
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|
Northern |
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|
West |
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|
Central |
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|
Volgo-Vyatsky |
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|
Central Black earth |
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|
Povolzhsky |
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|
Caucasian |
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|
Ural |
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|
Eastern zone |
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|
West- Siberian |
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|
East- Siberian |
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|
Oriental |
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Table 4.4
Territorial structure of production of products of the chemical and petrochemical industry by regions of Russia in 1995 (in% of the total)
|
Russia, total |
|
|
Northern |
|
|
Northwestern |
|
|
Central |
|
|
Central Black Earth |
|
|
Volgo-Vyatsky |
|
|
Povolzhsky |
|
|
North Caucasian |
|
|
Ural |
|
|
Total: Western zone of Russia |
|
|
West Siberian |
|
|
East Siberian |
|
|
Far Eastern |
|
|
Total: Eastern zone of Russia |
From the point of view of the territorial organization of production in Russia, four large chemical and chemical-forestry bases can be distinguished in accordance with the raw material and processing capabilities of various regions.
The North European base includes huge reserves of Khibiny apatite, plant (forest), water and fuel and energy resources. The main chemistry is based on the apatite raw materials of the Kola Peninsula - the production of phosphorus fertilizers in the country. In the future, organic chemistry will develop due to the processing of local oil and gas resources of the Northern Economic Region.
The central base was formed due to consumer demand for the products of the processing industry, operating mainly on imported raw materials: oil refining, petrochemistry, organic synthesis, polymer chemistry (chemical fibers, synthetic resins and plastics, synthetic rubber), tire production, motor fuel, lubricating oils, etc. On the basis of local and imported raw materials, the production of basic chemicals is located: mineral fertilizers, sulfuric acid, soda, pharmaceutical products.
The Volga-Ural base is formed on the huge reserves of potash, table salts of the Urals and the Volga region, sulfur, oil, gas, non-ferrous metal ores, hydropower and forest resources. The share of chemical products of the Volga-Ural base is more than 40%, petrochemical - 50%, timber industrial products- about 20%. The constraining factor for the further development of this base is the ecological one.
The Siberian base has the most promising opportunities due to unique and diverse raw material resources: oil, gas from Western Siberia, coal from Eastern and Western Siberia, salt, hydropower and forest resources, as well as reserves of non-ferrous and ferrous metal ores. The petrochemical industry (Tobolsk, Tomsk, Omsk, Angarsk) and the coal chemical industry (Kemerovo, Cheremkhovo) gained accelerated development due to the favorable combination of raw materials and fuel and energy factors.
The urgent tasks in the chemical and petrochemical industry of Russia are: overcoming the protracted crisis, technical re-equipment of enterprises with the widespread use of new and the latest technologies capable of ensuring the integrated use of mineral and hydrocarbon raw materials, increasing production efficiency, reducing pollution emissions, utilizing industrial waste, financing priority areas of development.
The existing concentration of chemical industries in the regions of the European part of the country contradicts the scarce raw materials and fuel and energy resources of the western zone, therefore, the development of chemistry in the future should take place at the expense of the richest resources of Siberia and the Far East, the use of market opportunities, based on a combination of interconnected short-, medium- and long-term measures, taking into account the specifics of specific territories. The main goal of the regional structural policy is to prevent mass unemployment, to provide jobs at enterprises producing competitive products. The inflow of domestic and foreign capital should improve the investment climate. In addition, you need:
clear tax policy;
provision of government guarantees for loans;
reasonable expansion of the rights of local governments in the regulation of investment activities;
deepening the specialization of regions based on the integrated development of highly efficient resources;
curtailment of non-core labor-intensive industries.
The mechanism for regulating the regional structure of production should correspond to the conditions and tasks of economic development in specific regions of the country.
