Aircraft accident- an event related to the operation of an aircraft that occurred while passengers or crew members were on board, resulting in damage or destruction of the aircraft and causing injury to people or not causing bodily harm.
Aviation accidents are subdivided into flight and ground.
Under flight accident understand an event related to the performance of the flight mission by the crew and entailing consequences of varying severity for the people on board the aircraft (injury or death) or the aircraft itself (damage or destruction).
Ground incident an accident that occurs before or after the flight is considered.
Depending on the consequences for passengers, crew and aircraft flight and ground aviation accidents subdivided into breakdowns, accidents and disasters.
Breaking - an aviation accident, which was not followed by the death of crew members and passengers, resulting in damage to the aircraft, the repair of which is possible and economically feasible.
Crash - an aviation accident that did not entail the death of the crew members and passengers, but that led to the complete destruction or severe damage to the aircraft, as a result of which its restoration is technically and economically unfeasible,
Catastrophe - an aviation accident that resulted in the death of crew members or passengers in the destruction or damage of the aircraft, as well as the death of people from injuries that occurred within 30 days from the moment of the accident.
World statistics show that almost 50% of plane crashes occur on the airfield. For example, an IL-62M plane crashed at the Havana airport in 1989, 125 people died, at the Sverdlovsk airport in 1990, a Yak-42 plane crashed, 122 people died.
In other cases, accidents occur in the air at different altitudes, and an aircraft in distress is the cause of death not only of passengers and crew, but also of people on the ground. So, in 1994 near Irkutsk, when a Tu-154 plane crashed, 125 people died, including 1 local resident who happened to be at the scene; in 1988, a Boeing 747 with 258 passengers on board fell from a height of 10 thousand meters to the residential quarters of the Scottish city of Lockerbie, 15 meters were killed with themcity residents.
Disasters in civil aviation, which seem very frequent and dramatic compared to other traffic accidents, are characterized by more modest average sanitary losses. At the same time, almost 100% death of the crew and passengers in aviation accidents often occurs, exceptions are rare here. Usually the size of sanitary losses in these cases can reach 80-90% of the total number of people on aircraft.
Every year, on average, there are up to 60 plane crashes, of which 35 kill all passengers and crew. 40-90% of survivors may have mechanical injuries; combined and concomitant lesions occur in 10 and 20%, respectively, head injuries are possible in 40-60%, shock develops in 10% of victims. Almost half of the passengers and members of the aircraft crew can suffer severe damage.
According to the Russian Emergencies Ministry, in 1996, 40 aircraft accidents occurred in air transport, including 14 plane crashes, in which 232 people died and 334 injured.
Based on the information presented, it can be assumed that the task of providing medical assistance to the mass number of victims of aviation accidents will not be typical. Most often it will occur in cases of ground accidents or after a forced landing of an aircraft.
According to available data, the maximum number of victims, depending on the type of aircraft, can be: AN-2 - 12 people, AN-24 - 47, Yak-42 - 113, TU-154 - 168, IL-86 - 324 people.
Statistics for 1981-1989 shows that per 100 thousand flight hours in passenger traffic, the accident rate in the USSR was 0.11 cases in 1981 and, gradually decreasing, 0.03 in 1989. These indicators in the United States were 0.06 and 0.04, respectively. ; according to The International Organization civil aviation of ICAO (without the USSR), during these years the accident rate was 0.14. The number of victims (crew + passengers) per 1 million transported over the same years, respectively, was: USSR - 2.34 and 0.30; USA - 0.01 and 0.60; ICAO data (without the USSR) - 0.56 and 1.00 people.
Aviation accidents and disasters are possible for many reasons and lead to serious consequences. Takeoff and landing accidents are among those where there is hope of rescue, as they usually occur when the aircraft is still on or low above the ground and its speed is relatively slow. Moreover, they tend to occur in the airport area where there are rescue teams and the necessary equipment.
Passenger actions in case of an accident during takeoff and landing:
Bring the back of the chair to an upright position;
Take off your glasses, high-heeled shoes, loosen your tie, unbutton your collar, remove sharp objects from your pockets;
Put soft things on your knees, adjust the seat belt and fasten it;
Lean forward, lower your head down, rest your hands on the back of the chair in front (in its absence, grab your knees with your hands and put your head on them).
Leaving the plane through an exit with a released and inflated gangway, you need to jump on it without stopping, and not sit on the edge and then slide down. Only by jumping is an increase in the speed of evacuation achieved. Before jumping, take off your glasses, high-heeled shoes.
At decompression, i.e. air discharge in the aircraft cabin as a result of depressurization, the latter is filled with dust and fog. Visibility is sharply reduced, air is quickly released from the lungs of a person, and it cannot be delayed. At the same time, ringing in the ears and pain in the intestines may occur.
Rapid decompression usually begins with a deafening roar (air escapes). In this case, without waiting for a command, immediately put on an oxygen mask. Do not try to help anyone before you put on the mask yourself, even if it is your child: if you do not have time to help yourself and pass out, then both will be without oxygen. Fasten your seat belts immediately after donning your mask and prepare for a sudden drop.
Actions of air passengers in case of fire:
Listen and follow the commands of the crew members;
Protect exposed areas of the body from direct fire by using the available clothing, blankets, etc .;
Bend down and crawl to the exit on all fours;
If the passage is blocked, move over the lowered backs of the aircraft seats;
Once outside the plane, move away from it as far as possible.
When evacuating, get rid of hand luggage and avoid exiting through hatches in the vicinity of which there is an open fire or strong smoke.
For emergency escape by passengers and crew, all main and emergency doors, as well as emergency exits, located, as a rule, on the left and right sides of the fuselage, are used. Passenger exits, entrances and opening means are prominently marked to make them easier to find. All decals are illuminated from the inside regardless of the main lighting system. The device of escape hatches and their locks with handles is made simple, noticeable and does not require much effort to open. Instructions for opening them are printed on the doors (hatches).
Forced landing of an airplane on the water rarely happens. Before sinking, the plane can be afloat for 10 to 40 minutes. However, if the fuselage is damaged, this time is much shorter. Airplanes with engines located on the wings will float in a horizontal position, and those with two or more engines on the tail will float with the tail down.
In one case, the plane can touch the water surface very smoothly, in the other it can fall apart and quickly sink. Therefore, when landing, it is necessary to act clearly at the command of the crew commander or flight attendant.
Actions of air passengers during a forced (emergency) landing on water:
Put on your life jacket and inflate slightly;
Take with you or wear warm clothes;
Take a seat on the liferaft.
After a forced landing, life rafts are launched. The time for bringing the raft into working condition is approximately 1 minute. in summer and 3 min. in winter.
Using paddles and improvised items, you need to move away from the dive site of the aircraft. After that, straighten and throw overboard the floating anchor, which will reduce the speed of the raft's drift downwind and will keep those fleeing in the accident area.
Aviation emergencies are defined as cases of partial or complete destruction of an aircraft.
Over the past 10 years, aircraft in Russia began to fall twice as often. Emergency situations with helicopters and light aircraft are a pressing problem at the present time.
They began to fall more often 3-4 times (excluding the accidents of military helicopters).
The safest wide-body aircraft in the world is the domestic Il-86. For 20 years of service with these aircraft in the sky, not a single disaster has occurred.
More than 80% of air crashes are caused by the "human factor", 15% are the result of equipment breakdowns. Sometimes it is difficult to prove what caused the disaster - a piloting error or a technical malfunction of the aircraft, since the crew, as a rule, dies along with the passengers. The surviving passengers receive injuries of various nature and severity. Among them there will be persons who require emergency care due to acute somatic conditions that have developed in them (fainting, psychogenic shock, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris or bronchial asthma attack, stroke, etc.).
Any aircraft accident is accompanied by the infliction of large material damage, which is determined in monetary terms and in the number of damaged, destroyed or disappeared aircraft.
Emergencies in air transport are subdivided into disasters, accidents and breakdowns.
An aircraft accident is an aircraft accident that resulted in the death of one or more people, the complete or partial destruction of an aircraft, or its disappearance without a trace.
An aircraft accident is an aircraft accident without fatalities that causes significant damage to an aircraft.
An aircraft breakdown is a situation that reduces flight safety.
Fire and explosion are currently the most dangerous and frequent tragedies on board.
Flight safety is ensured by:
Strict regulation of design, construction, testing and certification of aircraft, aircraft engines and equipment;
A complete list of technical requirements and standards for the characteristics of aircraft, their elements, systems, units and equipment;
Aircraft technical operation system with a list of mandatory rules for their preparation and maintenance;
Technical requirements and regulations for airports, airfields, airways;
Air Traffic Control Organization Rules;
The procedure for the operation of meteorological services providing air traffic;
Aircraft accident investigation system.
Rules of Conduct for Passengers in Case of an Aircraft Accident. It is necessary to follow the instructions of the crew exactly and maintain a sober calmness. It is very important to overcome panic and numbness in yourself and in other flight participants.
Air passenger behavior during decompression. Decompression is the rarefaction of air in the aircraft cabin when its tightness is violated. There is a deafening roar - air leaves the passenger compartment very quickly, and then the interior begins to fill with dust and fog, which reduces visibility; the air temperature drops sharply in the plane. In a person, air is rapidly drawn out of the lungs, no matter how you strain the chest, it is impossible to keep it. At the same time, the eardrums are overloaded, pain and tinnitus, headache occur. Gas expands in the intestines and sharp pains appear. After a few seconds, loss of consciousness occurs from suffocation.
At the sound of air leaving the passenger compartment, you must immediately put on an oxygen mask, which is located in the back of the seat in front. First of all, you should protect yourself: a person cannot control the symptoms of decompression, he quickly loses consciousness and does not have time to help others, including his own child. Then, buckle up your seat belts as the plane will descend rapidly and you could be thrown out of your seat. Prepare for a sharp decline: remove hard, sharp, cutting objects, lighter, tie, glasses from your pockets.
Behavior of an air passenger in the event of a fire on board. In case of smoke in the interior, protect the respiratory system with a damp cloth, a piece of clothing; do not take off outerwear, as it will protect the body from the direct effects of high temperatures. It is better to take off synthetic clothes, tights, and underwear adjacent to the body: when melted, synthetics will cause severe skin burns.
If the plane is on the ground, make your way to the nearest exit, crouching or on all fours, and if the passage is blocked - through the seats, lowering their backs. Do not take carry-on luggage - it can cost your life. Do not stand in the crowd at the exit - there are other exits.
Do not open hatches near which there is fire or strong smoke.
After getting out of the plane, run away from it as far as possible, this will save you from a possible explosion.
Passenger behavior during a "hard" landing and after it. Free yourself from sharp, cutting and heavy objects, glasses and tie and adopt one of the fixed positions.
Pose I (Optimal): Bend and grasp your hands tightly under your knees or grasp your ankles. Put your head on your knees, and if this does not work, tilt it as low as possible. Put your feet on the floor, pushing them further, but not under the front seat.
Pose 2: Place soft things under your chest and abdomen. Place your crossed arms on the back of the front seat and press your head against them. Extend your legs further, but not under the front seat, and rest them on the floor.
If a child is flying with you, put him on your lap and cover with your body.
At the moment of impact, tense as much as possible to alleviate the effects of significant overloading of the aircraft as it moves forward and, possibly, downward. Do not, under any circumstances, leave your seat until the aircraft has come to a complete stop.
For a forced landing, enhanced security measures are applied. The evacuation of passengers by inflatable ramps is organized. In this case, it is necessary to remove shoes with heels so as not to break the tightness of the ladder and not to let the air out of it.
Emergency rescue operations in the event of an emergency in air transport.
ASDNR can be divided into 2 types: conducted by crew members and organized by ground services. The crew usually does not have enough time to take action, as everything happens very quickly. Usually the crew sends a distress signal and lands at the nearest airport. In a number of cases, ground services take over the leadership for rescuing an aircraft in distress in the air.
The main part of emergency situations in air transport (about 80%) occurs in the airport area (parking, takeoff, approach, landing). Emergency rescue operations are carried out here by emergency rescue teams (ASK), which include calculations from each service: dispatch, launch, fire and rescue, firefighting, medical, engineering, special transport, transportation, police. After receiving information about an accident on an aircraft, ASK are obliged to immediately start work.
The priority measures are related to the evacuation. The evacuation capabilities of aircraft of various classes differ from each other. They depend on the layout of the cabins, the number of passengers, the availability of emergency and emergency exits, and the time of their preparation for work. According to the requirements of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), all passengers must leave the aircraft in the event of an emergency on board through exits located on one side in 90 seconds. In an emergency, all main, service, emergency doors must be used to evacuate people. It can be carried out through cracks in the fuselage, special hatches made by rescuers, cargo hatches, vents in the cockpit. Emergency exit locks are designed to open them both from inside the passenger compartment and from outside. Crew members or passengers open the exits from the inside. Outside, this work is done by rescuers. They bring a mobile ladder, a special vehicle to the emergency exit, and hang rope systems. The handles of the locks on the emergency exits are simple, noticeable and do not require much effort to open.
Sometimes the deformation of the fuselage and heat resulting from a fire lead to jamming of doors and hatches. In these cases, rescuers proceed to open the fuselage. The opening points cannot be arbitrary, since electric wires and high-pressure hydraulic system pipelines are laid along the entire length of the fuselage. Damage to them can lead to additional complications. The optimal opening points are marked on the fuselage with yellow corners on a white background. Opening should be done using circular saws, electric grinders, special cutters and axes. This work must be done quickly and in compliance with all safety precautions.
The evacuation of passengers and crew members from an aircraft in an emergency can be carried out using mobile ladders, access and fire ladders, bodies of large vehicles, rope systems.
In the aircraft itself, near the exit, there are also special means for evacuation: inflatable ladders, fabric gutters, life ropes. Inflatable ladders TN-2 are located under the floor hatch in front of the entrance door (Il-62) or on a folding platform (Tu-154), ladder TN-3 is located on a folding platform at the front entrance door. To bring the inflatable ladder TN-2 (TN-3) to the working position, it is necessary to open the emergency door, the hatch in the floor (IL-62), remove the ladder and fix the hatch. At the same time, pull the pins out of the cover pins with a cable. In this case, the cover will open and the ladder will fall out of it. If at strong wind the ladder, after being pushed out, will wrap under the fuselage, then it must be pulled away from the aircraft by the lower end. After straightening the ladder, turn the handle of the carbon dioxide cylinder valve strongly. The ladder is filled with gas in 10-12 s and takes a working position at an angle of 45-50 ° from the aircraft to the ground.
It is allowed to simultaneously lower no more than 2 people down the ladders ТН-2 and ТН-3. The carrying capacity of one inflatable gangway is 100 people in 2.5-3.0 minutes.
Cloth gutters are usually located near the exits on the right side of the fuselage. The fabric chute is designed for lowering people to the ground during emergency evacuation through service and emergency exits. It is made of material "cape-cover tent" with combined impregnation. After opening the door (hatch), it is necessary to remove the gutter from the cover and insert the gutter hooks into the upper and lower parts of the door. Having thrown the gutter to the ground, the panel is stretched 4-5 m from the aircraft. Holding the loops, they lower the passengers down. It is allowed to simultaneously lower no more than 1 person along the fabric chute with his compulsory insurance.
Above each emergency exit, as well as above the cockpit window or hatches, there are rescue ropes attached to the fuselage bracket.
Opening a window or hatch, the rope is thrown out.
For the emergency evacuation of passengers and crew members, the Il-86 and Yak-42 have emergency doors with built-in inflatable ramps. In the process of emergency door opening, the inflatable ladder is automatically ejected from the container and filled with air from the cylinder.
On the IL-86 there is a two-track ladder, at the same time 4 people can leave the aircraft and be on the ladder. On the Yak-42 there is a single-track ladder, at the same time 2 people can be on the ladder.
In an emergency evacuation, rescuers, together with the crew, provide assistance and insurance to passengers. First of all, children, women, the elderly are evacuated, and only then - everyone else. Passengers who are unconscious or seriously injured are carefully carried out on stretchers, tarpaulins, shields and lowered to the ground using ropes.
After the end of the evacuation, rescuers check hidden places in the passenger cabins and the cockpit, as well as kitchens, wardrobes, sanitary and hygienic and luggage rooms, to make sure that there are no people on board. If there is information about the number of passengers and the composition of the crew, then they are compared with the data on the rescued and, in case of discrepancies, the search continues until the victims are found. Aviation accidents accompanied by fire are especially dangerous.
Fires inside passenger compartments are classified as confined spaces. They are characterized by high smoke density, small size of the combustion zone, high temperature gradient and low (compared to external fires) fire temperature, as well as the presence of significant concentrations of highly toxic substances in combustion products. A fire in passenger cabins can occur as a result of accidents, careless handling of fire, short circuiting of electrical wiring, transportation of flammable substances by passengers, etc.
One of the main reasons for the injury of people inside the cabins in case of fires is poisoning by combustion products. Within 2-3 minutes after the spread of the fire, carbon dioxide in the cabins reaches a lethal concentration. The air temperature rises sharply along the height of the cabin: if at floor level it is 50 ° C, then at a height of 1.3-1.5 m from the floor it is already 250 ° C.
Extinguishing a fire inside the cabins, rescuing passengers and crew begins with the penetration of rescuers into the damaged vessel. When the fuselage is opened, the combustion intensity increases, the volume of the space covered by the flame and the temperature of the fire increase sharply.
Rescuers must be equipped with personal thermal and gas-smoke protection equipment, a working hose line filled with a foaming agent solution, and an overhead barrel.
The presence of a large amount of dense smoke and toxic substances in the salons significantly complicates the situation of both the victims and the rescuers themselves.
Since during a fire inside the aircraft the temperature rises sharply along the height of the passenger compartments, the rescuers must, at the initial stage of extinguishing, until the average volumetric temperature is reduced, bend down, cooling the upper high-temperature layer of the air volume of the passenger compartment.
When operating in a smoky atmosphere, one rescuer must be outside the fuselage and have the same protective equipment as the rescuers working inside the ship. His duties include maintaining constant communication with the rescuers who are in the smoky salons, providing immediate assistance to both the injured and, if necessary, other rescuers.
In case of fires inside the passenger cabins, a situation is so complex and dangerous for the life of people that their salvation becomes possible only with immediate evacuation. It should be carried out simultaneously with extinguishing the fire, and through all doors, openings and hatches, preferably from the windward side. It is most advisable to start opening the fuselage with the doors, since their throughput is higher than that of the holes made in the skin. These openings should be used when evacuation through doors is not possible.
Some air crashes do not occur in the airport area, which makes it necessary to organize and promptly search for an aircraft. Search and rescue operations are organized in the following cases:
Receiving a distress signal from an aircraft;
If, within 10 minutes after the estimated time, the aircraft has not arrived at the destination and there is no radio communication with it;
If the crew of the aircraft received permission to land and did not make it at the specified time, and radio communication with him was terminated;
If during flight on the route communication with the crew of the vessel was lost and its location could not be established within 20 minutes, as well as in all other cases when the crew of the aircraft requires assistance.
Search and rescue operations are carried out with the involvement of aircraft and helicopters equipped with search equipment and sets of rescue equipment, as well as off-road vehicles and rescue boats. If necessary, the means of the international space search system for aircraft and ships in distress "COSPAS-SARSAT" can be used.
When an aircraft is detected, its coordinates are determined, communication is established with it, the state of health of people and the amount of necessary assistance are specified. The possibility of landing and routes of advancement to the location of the aircraft by ground Vehicle... If it is impossible to land search aircraft, then the search and rescue squad (SAR) and the equipment necessary for the operation are dropped off at the location of the SAR.
Upon disembarkation, the USAR team will immediately proceed to evacuate and move the passengers of the distressed aircraft to a safe distance. Rescuers are required not only to save people, but also to create the necessary living conditions for them to protect them from bad weather, to provide them with first aid. It is also necessary to calm people down and prevent panic.
If the disaster area is inaccessible, rescuers set up a temporary camp with the necessary life support system.
If passengers and crew need immediate and serious health care, and there is no opportunity to deliver them to a medical institution, then a temporary field hospital is deployed in the disaster area.
A feature of rescue operations in the field is the absence of powerful special equipment at the initial stages, then the opening of the fuselage is performed with a hand tool (ax, crowbar, sledgehammer, shovel, etc.).
Rescue operations stop only after the evacuation of all people on board the aircraft. Then, if possible, they begin to rescue the aircraft itself and the cargo it carries, looking for "black boxes".
The exceptions are cases when goods are of great material and artistic value, as well as dangerous goods(explosive and radioactive substances, hazardous chemicals, etc.). In such cases, the rescue of people and goods is carried out simultaneously.
Forced landing on the water. While intact, the aircraft has sufficient buoyancy to be able to save people in time. Before boarding the water, each passenger must get and put on a life jacket, and all passengers must be instructed in advance about the rules for using it.
If there is a danger of water entering through the front doors when they are opened, the evacuation of passengers and crew members is carried out through emergency exits (if they are above the water level) or upper hatches (astrolic doors) and a window in the cockpit. When evacuating from an aircraft, group life-saving floating devices (rafts) are used, on which, first of all, children, wounded, sick and elderly passengers are transported.
After transferring to watercraft, it is necessary to: check the number of passengers, sail to a safe distance from the aircraft (not less than 100 m) until it begins to submerge in the water; prepare emergency radio and signaling equipment for operation and send a distress signal.
While on a raft, it is necessary to organize round-the-clock control over the observance of the course of movement, the appearance of the coast, ships and aircraft, and if they are detected, try to get in touch with the help of an emergency radio station.
When the emergency landing site is far from the coast, aviation equipment (helicopters, seaplanes, ekranoplanes) is used to rescue people.
An aircraft during an emergency landing on water may sink in its entirety or, if it collapses, in parts. In the sunken aircraft, there is a supply of air, which should be enough for passengers and crew members for some time. Then, special diving teams are involved in the rescue of people, having the appropriate training for conducting the ASR. When conducting ACP on a sunken aircraft, its fuselage should be opened in such a place that the air retained in the cabins does not escape.
Maintenance air transport; an airport; aircraft accidents; basic safety rules on the ground and on board the airliner; depressurization of the cabin; oxygen mask; sharp braking; emergency landing; plane fire; questions on the topic; bibliography.
Airport At airports, many situations arise that are similar to incidents in railway stations... These are delays, and the loss of things, and poisoning with poor-quality food, and unpleasant contacts.
Aircraft accidents most often occur during takeoff or landing. Therefore, all buildings, stadiums, dachas built near airports are at risk. Residents of such areas from childhood get used to the noise of airplanes and pay almost no attention to them. However, unusual sound or aircraft roll, smoke, fire should not go unnoticed by them.
Basic safety rules on the ground and on board the aircraft do not take with you prohibited items, packages for transfer from strangers; do not keep sharp objects with you, which can be injured by jolts; listen carefully to the instructions on the location of emergency exits from the passenger compartment; Fasten your seat belt during takeoff and landing, as well as, if necessary, at the request of flight attendants. Make sure it is tightly fastened.
Depressurization of the cabin One of the most dangerous situations in the air is depressurization of the cabin. The reason may be a mine explosion, a terrorist's shot, someone's attempt to open a door during a flight.
Oxygen mask In order not to die, in such a situation, you should quickly hold your breath and put on an oxygen mask. In large planes, it is always directly in front of you in the back of the front seat. The oxygen mask storage area opens automatically when the pressure in the cabin drops. At this point, you need to quickly put on a mask.
Abrupt braking In case of abrupt braking or impact, the following posture is safest: the body is bent, the legs rest on the floor, the knees are on the back of the front seat, the head is tilted as low as possible (it is better to burrow into the knees or a bag with soft things), hands cover the head.
Forced landing follow all the instructions of the crew commander and do not get up from the seat until the aircraft comes to a complete stop; immediately leave the plane (without carry-on baggage), in order, using escape hatches and inflatable ladders; do not jump on the ground, especially on concrete, from a height; you can use available means for descent: ropes, belts, luggage net, help from other passengers.
Airplane fire In an airplane fire, it is necessary to: protect yourself from heat and smoke by putting on your outerwear, a hat, and lie on the floor; if the plane is on the ground, then bend over or crawl to the exit; do not take carry-on luggage with you; use not only the passage, but also wade through the chairs; after exiting a burning plane, move away from it as quickly as possible and, covering your head with your hands, fall to the ground so as not to be injured in a possible explosion.
Aircraft accident- an event related to the operation of an aircraft that occurred while passengers or crew members were on board, resulting in damage or destruction of the aircraft and causing injury to people or not causing bodily harm.
Aviation accidents are subdivided into flight and ground.
Under flight accident understand an event related to the performance of the flight mission by the crew and entailing consequences of varying severity for the people on board the aircraft (injury or death) or the aircraft itself (damage or destruction).
Ground incident an accident that occurs before or after the flight is considered.
Depending on the consequences for passengers, crew and aircraft flight and ground aviation accidents are subdivided into breakdowns, accidents and disasters.
Breaking - an aviation accident, which was not followed by the death of crew members and passengers, resulting in damage to the aircraft, the repair of which is possible and economically feasible.
Crash - an aviation accident that did not entail the death of the crew members and passengers, but that led to the complete destruction or severe damage to the aircraft, as a result of which its restoration is technically and economically unfeasible,
Catastrophe - an aviation accident that resulted in the death of crew members or passengers in the destruction or damage of the aircraft, as well as the death of people from injuries that occurred within 30 days from the moment of the accident.
World statistics show that almost 50% of plane crashes occur on the airfield. For example, an IL-62M plane crashed at the Havana airport in 1989, 125 people died, at the Sverdlovsk airport in 1990, a Yak-42 plane crashed, 122 people died.
In other cases, accidents occur in the air at different altitudes, and an aircraft in distress is the cause of death not only of passengers and crew, but also of people on the ground. So, in 1994 near Irkutsk, when a Tu-154 plane crashed, 125 people died, including 1 local resident who happened to be at the scene; in 1988, a Boeing 747 with 258 passengers on board fell from a height of 10 thousand meters to the residential quarters of the Scottish city of Lockerbie, 15 meters were killed with themcity residents.
Civil aviation crashes, which seem very frequent and dramatic compared to other traffic accidents, have more modest average sanitary losses. At the same time, almost 100% death of the crew and passengers in aviation accidents often occurs, exceptions are rare here. Typically, the size of sanitary losses in these cases can reach 80-90% of the total number of people on the aircraft.
Every year, on average, there are up to 60 plane crashes, of which 35 kill all passengers and crew. 40-90% of survivors may have mechanical injuries; combined and concomitant lesions occur in 10 and 20%, respectively, head injuries are possible in 40-60%, shock develops in 10% of victims. Almost half of the passengers and members of the aircraft crew can suffer severe damage.
According to the Russian Emergencies Ministry, in 1996, 40 aircraft accidents occurred in air transport, including 14 plane crashes, in which 232 people died and 334 injured.
Based on the information presented, it can be assumed that the task of providing medical assistance to the mass number of victims of aviation accidents will not be typical. Most often it will occur in cases of ground accidents or after a forced landing of an aircraft.
According to available data, the maximum number of victims, depending on the type of aircraft, can be: AN-2 - 12 people, AN-24 - 47, Yak-42 - 113, TU-154 - 168, IL-86 - 324 people.
Statistics for 1981-1989 shows that per 100 thousand flight hours in passenger traffic, the accident rate in the USSR was 0.11 cases in 1981 and, gradually decreasing, 0.03 in 1989. These indicators in the United States were 0.06 and 0.04, respectively. ; according to the International Civil Aviation Organization ICAO (without the USSR), the accident rate during these years was 0.14. The number of victims (crew + passengers) per 1 million transported over the same years, respectively, was: USSR - 2.34 and 0.30; USA - 0.01 and 0.60; ICAO data (without the USSR) - 0.56 and 1.00 people.
Aviation accidents and disasters are possible for many reasons and lead to serious consequences. Takeoff and landing accidents are among those where there is hope of rescue, as they usually occur when the aircraft is still on or low above the ground and its speed is relatively slow. Moreover, they tend to occur in the airport area where there are rescue teams and the necessary equipment.
Passenger actions in case of an accident during takeoff and landing:
Bring the back of the chair to an upright position;
Take off your glasses, high-heeled shoes, loosen your tie, unbutton your collar, remove sharp objects from your pockets;
Put soft things on your knees, adjust the seat belt and fasten it;
Lean forward, lower your head down, rest your hands on the back of the chair in front (in its absence, grab your knees with your hands and put your head on them).
Leaving the plane through an exit with a released and inflated gangway, you need to jump on it without stopping, and not sit on the edge and then slide down. Only by jumping is an increase in the speed of evacuation achieved. Before jumping, take off your glasses, high-heeled shoes.
At decompression, i.e. air discharge in the aircraft cabin as a result of depressurization, the latter is filled with dust and fog. Visibility is sharply reduced, air is quickly released from the lungs of a person, and it cannot be delayed. At the same time, ringing in the ears and pain in the intestines may occur.
Rapid decompression usually begins with a deafening roar (air escapes). In this case, without waiting for a command, immediately put on an oxygen mask. Do not try to help anyone before you put on the mask yourself, even if it is your child: if you do not have time to help yourself and pass out, then both will be without oxygen. Fasten your seat belts immediately after donning your mask and prepare for a sudden drop.
Actions of air passengers in case of fire:
Listen and follow the commands of the crew members;
Protect exposed areas of the body from direct fire by using the available clothing, blankets, etc .;
Bend down and crawl to the exit on all fours;
If the passage is blocked, move over the lowered backs of the aircraft seats;
Once outside the plane, move away from it as far as possible.
When evacuating, dispose of carry-on baggage and avoid exiting through hatches near which there is an open fire or strong smoke.
For emergency escape by passengers and crew, all main and emergency doors, as well as emergency exits, located, as a rule, on the left and right sides of the fuselage, are used. Passenger exits, entrances and opening means are prominently marked to make them easier to find. All decals are illuminated from the inside regardless of the main lighting system. The device of escape hatches and their locks with handles is made simple, noticeable and does not require much effort to open. Instructions for opening them are printed on the doors (hatches).
Forced landing of an airplane on the water rarely happens. Before sinking, the plane can be afloat for 10 to 40 minutes. However, if the fuselage is damaged, this time is much shorter. Airplanes with engines located on the wings will float in a horizontal position, and those with two or more engines on the tail will float with the tail down.
In one case, the plane can touch the water surface very smoothly, in the other it can fall apart and quickly sink. Therefore, when landing, it is necessary to act clearly at the command of the crew commander or flight attendant.
Actions of air passengers during a forced (emergency) landing on water:
Put on your life jacket and inflate slightly;
Take with you or wear warm clothes;
Take a seat on the liferaft.
After a forced landing, life rafts are launched. The time for bringing the raft into working condition is approximately 1 minute. in summer and 3 min. in winter.
Using paddles and improvised items, you need to move away from the dive site of the aircraft. After that, straighten and throw overboard the floating anchor, which will reduce the speed of the raft's drift downwind and will keep those fleeing in the accident area.
TRANSPORTATION ACCIDENTS
RAILWAY ACCIDENTS
The main causes of accidents and disasters in railway transport are malfunctions of the track, rolling stock, signaling devices, centralization and blocking, dispatcher errors, inattention and negligence of drivers.
Most often, rolling stock derails, collisions, collisions with obstacles at level crossings, fires and explosions directly in the cars occur. However, traveling by train is about three times safer than flying an airplane, and 10 times safer than traveling in a car.
BASIC PREVENTIVE RULES
Know that in terms of safety, the most best places on the train - central carriages, a compartment with an emergency exit-window or located closer to the exit from the carriage, lower shelves.
Once you are in the car, find out where the emergency exits and fire extinguishers are located. Observe the following rules: - when the train is moving, do not open the outer doors, do not stand on the steps and do not lean out of the windows; - Stow your luggage carefully on the overhead bins; - do not disrupt the stop valve unless absolutely necessary; - remember that even in the event of a fire, you cannot stop the train on a bridge, in a tunnel and in other places where evacuation is difficult; - smoke only in designated areas; - do not carry flammable, chemical and explosive substances with you; - do not connect household appliances to the wagon power supply; - if you smell burnt rubber or smoke, contact the conductor immediately.
HOW TO PROCEED IN A RAILWAY ACCIDENT
In a crash or emergency braking, secure yourself so you don't fall. To do this, grab the handrails and push your feet against the wall or seat. The safest way is to lower yourself onto the floor of the carriage. After the first blow, do not relax and keep all muscles tense until it is completely clear that there will be no more movement.
HOW TO PROCEED AFTER A RAIL ACCIDENT
Immediately after an accident, quickly get out of the carriage through the door or windows - emergency exits (depending on the situation), as there is a high probability of fire. If necessary, break the compartment window only with heavy improvised objects. When leaving the carriage through emergency exit get out only on the field side of the train track, taking documents, money, clothes or blankets with you. In the event of a fire in the carriage, close the windows so that the wind does not fan the flames, and escape the fire into the front carriages. If not possible - go to the end of the train, tightly closing all the doors behind you. Before going out into the corridor, prepare breathing protection: hats, scarves, pieces of cloth soaked in water. Remember that in the event of a fire, the material with which the walls of the cars are lined - malminite - releases a toxic gas that is life-threatening.
Once outside, immediately engage in rescue work: if necessary, help the passengers of other compartments break windows, take out the injured, etc.
If fuel spills during an accident, move away from the train at a safe distance. possible fire and explosion.
If the current-carrying wire is cut off and touches the ground, move away from it by jumping or taking short steps to protect yourself from step voltage. The distance over which the electric current spreads along the ground can be from two (dry ground) to 30 m (wet).
Currently, any type of transport poses a potential threat to human health and life. Technological progress, along with comfort and speed of movement, has brought a significant degree of threat. Depending on the type of transport accident, multiple injuries and burns, including those dangerous to human life, are possible.
CAR ACCIDENTS
About 75% of all accidents road transport occurs due to violation of traffic rules by drivers. The most dangerous types of violations are still speeding, ignoring road signs, entering oncoming traffic and driving while intoxicated. Very often bad roads (mainly slippery), malfunctioning of cars (in the first place - brakes, in the second - steering, in the third - wheels and tires) lead to accidents.
The peculiarity of car accidents is that 80% of the wounded die in the first three hours due to profuse blood loss.
HOW TO ACCEPT COLLISION IN AVOIDANCE
Keep your composure - this will allow you to drive the machine to the last possible extent. Tighten all the muscles to the limit, do not relax until a complete stop. Do everything to avoid the oncoming impact: a ditch, a fence, a bush, even a tree is better than a car going towards you. Remember that in a collision with a stationary object, the impact of the left or right wing is worse than the entire bumper. Protect your head if a blow is imminent. If the car is going at low speed, press your back into the seat, and, straining all your muscles, put your hands on the steering wheel. If the speed exceeds 60 km / h and you are not wearing a seat belt, press your chest against the steering column.
If you are riding in the front passenger seat, cover your head with your hands and lie on your side, stretched out on the seat. Sitting in the back seat, try to fall to the floor. If there is a child next to you, cover him with yourself.
HOW TO ACTION AFTER AN ACCIDENT
Decide where in the car and in what position you are, whether the car is on fire and whether gasoline is leaking (especially when overturning). If the doors are jammed, leave the car through the windows, opening them or breaking them with heavy improvised objects. After getting out of the car, move away from it as far as possible - an explosion is possible.
HOW TO PROCESS WHEN A CAR FALLS INTO WATER
If it falls into the water, the machine can be floated for a short time, long enough to leave it. Get out through the open window, because when the door is opened, the car will suddenly start to sink.
When diving to the bottom with the windows and doors closed, the air in the car is kept for several minutes. Turn on the headlights (to make it easier to look for the car), actively ventilate your lungs (deep breaths and exhalations allow you to fill the blood with oxygen "for future use"), get rid of excess clothes, grab documents and money. Get out of the car through the door or window when the car is half full with water, otherwise you will be hindered by the flow of water into the passenger compartment. If necessary, break the windshield with heavy tools at hand. Squeeze out, grasping the roof of the car with your hands, and then quickly swim upward.
HOW TO ENSURE PERSONAL SAFETY WHEN MOVING IN PUBLIC TRANSPORT
Being in public transport, in the absence of free seats, try to stand in the center of the passenger compartment, holding on to the handrail for greater stability. Pay attention to the location of emergency and escape routes.
The electric power supply of trams and trolleybuses creates an additional threat of electric shock to a person (especially in rainy weather), therefore, seating places are the safest. If it is found that the passenger compartment is energized, leave it. In the event of an accident at the exits, panic and crush is possible. In this case, use the emergency exit by pulling out the special cord and squeezing out the glass.
In the event of a fire in the passenger compartment, inform the driver of this, open the doors (using the emergency opener), emergency exits or break the window. If there is a fire extinguisher in the cabin, take measures to eliminate the fire source. Protect the respiratory system from smoke with a handkerchief, scarf, or other items of clothing. Get out of the passenger compartment, bending down and not touching metal parts, as electric shock is possible in trams and trolley buses.
If the bus falls into the water, wait until the passenger compartment is half full, hold your breath and emerge through a door, emergency exit or broken window.
AIR TRANSPORT ACCIDENTS
Aircraft accidents and disasters are possible for many reasons. The destruction of individual aircraft structures, engine failure, malfunction of control systems, power supply, communication, piloting, lack of fuel, interruptions in the life support of the crew and passengers lead to serious consequences.
HOW TO ACTION WITH DECOMPRESSION
DECOMPRESSION- this is the vacuum in the aircraft cabin when its tightness is violated. Rapid decompression usually begins with a deafening roar (air escapes). The interior fills with dust and fog. Visibility drops sharply. Air comes out quickly from the lungs of a person, and it cannot be delayed. At the same time, ringing in the ears and pain in the intestines may occur. In this case, without waiting for a command, immediately put on an oxygen mask. Do not try to help anyone before you put on the mask yourself, even if it is your child: if you do not have time to help yourself and pass out, both of you will be without oxygen. Fasten your seat belts immediately after donning your mask and prepare for a sharp drop.
HOW TO PROCESS IN A PLANE FIRE
Remember that in the event of a fire on board an aircraft, the greatest danger is smoke, not fire. Breathe only through cotton or woolen clothing, moistened with water if possible. Making your way to the exit, move bent over or on all fours, as there is less smoke at the bottom of the cabin. Protect open areas body from direct exposure to fire, using existing clothing, blankets, etc. After landing and stopping the aircraft, immediately head to the nearest exit, as there is a high probability of an explosion. If the passage is blocked, make your way through the chairs, lowering their backs. When evacuating, dispose of carry-on baggage and avoid exiting through hatches near which there is an open fire or strong smoke.
After exiting the plane, move away from it as far as possible and lie on the ground, pressing your head with your hands - an explosion is possible.
In any situation, act without panic and decisively, this contributes to your salvation.
HOW TO PROCEED WITH A “HARD” LANDING AND AFTER IT
Adjust your seat belt carefully before every takeoff and landing. It should be tightly fastened as low as possible at your thighs. Check for heavy suitcases over your head.
Takeoff and landing accidents are sudden, so watch out for smoke, sudden descent, engine stalling, etc. Free your pockets from sharp objects, bend and clasp your hands tightly under your knees (or grab your ankles). Put your head on your knees or tilt it as low as possible. Put your feet on the floor, pushing them as far as possible, but not under the front seat. At the moment of impact, strain as much as possible and prepare for a significant overload. Do not, under any circumstances, leave your seat until the plane has come to a complete stop, do not raise a panic.
WATER TRANSPORT ACCIDENTS
Most major accidents and catastrophes on ships occur under the influence of hurricanes, storms, fogs, ice, as well as the fault of people - captains, pilots and crew members. Often accidents occur due to missteps and errors in the design and construction of ships.
Among the preliminary measures of protection, the passenger can be advised to remember the way from his cabin to lifeboats to the upper deck, since it is very difficult to navigate during a disaster, especially when there is smoke and the ship heels.
HOW TO DEPARTURE FROM A VESSEL
Remember that the decision to abandon the vessel is made only by the captain. When disembarking from a vessel, follow the instructions of the crew and observe the following rules:
First of all, the boats provide places for women, children, the wounded and the elderly;
Before boarding the boat or liferaft, put on plenty of clothing and a life jacket on top. If possible, load blankets, extra clothing, emergency radio, drinking water and food into the boat;
If you are forced to jump from the side of the ship into the water, then preferably from a height of no more than five meters, covering your mouth and nose with one hand, holding the vest tightly with the other;
Since heat loss in the water increases with each movement, swim only to the life-saving craft;
After loading onto a rescue vehicle, you must sail to a safe distance from the sinking ship (at least 100 m).
HOW TO PROCEED WITH NO LIFE-SAVING APPLIANCES
Whistle or raise your hand while in the water.
Move as little as possible to keep warm. The loss of heat in water occurs several times faster than in air, so movement, even in warm water, should be limited to just keeping afloat. In a lifejacket to keep warm, group together, wrap your arms around your ribcage and lift your hips higher so that the water is less washing over your groin area. This method will increase the estimated survival time in cold water by almost 50%. If you are not on life jacket, look for a floating object and grab onto it to make it easier to stay afloat until rescuers arrive. Rest on your back.
HOW TO OPERATE WHILE YOU ARE ON A RESCUE FUEL
Take seasickness pills. Stay close to other casualties on the boat and exercise to keep warm. Only let the sick and wounded drink. On the high seas, if there is no reasonable hope of reaching the shore or entering the shipping lanes, try to stay with other boats near the site of the sinking.
Keep your feet as dry as possible. Raise and move your legs regularly to relieve puffiness. Never drink sea water... Retain fluid in the body by cutting back on useless movements. To reduce sweating during the day, moisturize your clothes, and to reduce the temperature inside the raft, moisten the outer shell with water. Consume no more than 500-600 ml of water per day, dividing them into numerous small doses with the largest dose in the evening. Eat only an emergency food supply. Save the smoke bombs until there is a real possibility that they will be noticed. Do not use checkers all together in the hope of discovering yourself, entrust their use to one person.
Do not panic! Remember, the average adult can survive for 3 to 10 days without drinking. With a diet of 500-600 ml of water per day, a reasonably acting adult is able to hold out even in the tropics for at least 10 days without serious changes in the body. You can live a month or more without food.
