Bomber ship
Sailing 2-, 3-masted ship late XVII - early XIX v. with increased hull strength, armed with smooth-bore guns. They first appeared in France in 1681, in Russia - during the construction of the Azov fleet. Bombardier ships were armed with 2-18 large-caliber guns (mortars or unicorns) to fight against coastal fortifications and 8-12 small-caliber guns. They were part of the military fleets of all countries. In the Russian fleet existed until 1828
Brig
Military 2-masted ship with straight sailing rig designed for cruising, reconnaissance and messenger services. Displacement 200-400 tons, armament 10-24 guns, crew up to 120 people. Possessed good seaworthiness and maneuverability. In the XVIII - XIX centuries. brigs were part of all fleets of the world
Brigantine
2-masted sailing vessel of the 17th - 19th centuries with a straight sail on the front mast (foremast) and oblique sail on the rear (mainsail). Used in the navies of Europe for intelligence and messenger services. On the upper deck, 6- 8 small caliber cannons
Galion
Sailing ship of the 15th - 17th centuries, the predecessor of the sailing ship of the line. It had fore and main masts with straight sails and mizzen with oblique sails. Displacement of about 1550 tons. Military galleons had up to 100 guns and up to 500 soldiers on board
Caravel
A high-sided single-deck 3-, 4-masted vessel with high superstructures at the bow and stern, with a displacement of 200-400 tons. It had good seaworthiness and was widely used by Italian, Spanish and Portuguese navigators in the 13th - 17th centuries. Christopher Columbus and Vasco da Gama made their famous voyages on caravels
Karakka
Sailing 3-masted vessel XIV - XVII centuries. with a displacement of up to 2 thousand tons. Armament of 30-40 guns. Could accommodate up to 1200 people. For the first time on the Karakka cannon ports were used and the placement of guns in closed batteries was carried out
Clipper
3-masted sailing (or sail-steam with a propeller) ship of the 19th century, used for reconnaissance, patrol and messenger services. Displacement up to 1500 tons, speed up to 15 knots (28 km / h), armament up to 24 guns, crew up to 200 people
Corvette
A ship of the sailing fleet of the 18th - mid-19th centuries, intended for reconnaissance, messenger service, and sometimes for cruising operations. In the first half of the 18th century. 2-masted and then 3-masted vessel with direct sail rigging, displacement 400-600 tons, with open (20-32 guns) or closed (14-24 guns) batteries
Battleship
Large, usually 3-deck (3 artillery decks), 3-masted ship with direct sailing, intended for artillery combat with the same ships in the formation of the wake (battle line). Displacement up to 5 thousand tons. Armament: 80-130 smooth-bore guns along the sides. Battleships were widely used in the wars of the second half of the XVII - the first half of the XIX v. The introduction of steam engines and propellers, rifled artillery and armoring led in the 60s. XIX century. to the complete replacement of sailing battleships with battleships
Flutes
Sailing 3-masted vessel of the Netherlands of the XVI - XVIII centuries, used in the navy as a transport. Armed with 4-6 cannons. It had sides that were piled inward above the waterline. The steering wheel was first used on the flute. In Russia, flutes have been part of the Baltic Fleet since the 17th century.
Sailing frigate
3-masted ship, the second in the power of weapons (up to 60 guns) and displacement after the ship of the line, but surpassing it in speed. Mainly intended for operations on sea lanes
Sloop
Three-masted ship of the second half of the 18th - early 19th centuries. with straight sails on the front masts and an oblique sail on the stern mast. Displacement 300-900 tons, artillery armament 16-32 guns. It was used for reconnaissance, patrol and messenger services, as well as a transport and expeditionary vessel. In Russia, the sloop was often used for round the world voyages (O.E. Kotsebue, F.F. Bellingshausen, M.P. Lazarev, etc.)
Shnyava
A small sailing ship common in the 17th - 18th centuries. in the Scandinavian countries and in Russia. Shnyavs had 2 masts with straight sails and a bowsprit. They were armed with 12-18 small-caliber cannons and were used for reconnaissance and messenger service as part of the skerry fleet of Peter the Great. The length of the shnyava is 25-30 m, the width is 6-8 m, the displacement is about 150 tons, the crew is up to 80 people.
Schooner
Marine sailing vessel with a displacement of 100-800 tons, with 2 or more masts, is armed mainly with oblique sails. Schooners were used in sailing fleets as messenger ships. The schooners of the Russian fleet were armed with up to 16 guns.
In this thread, I suggest you do short excursion in the history of early navigation, in the days of sailing ships. You will learn about how navigation and shipbuilding developed in different parts of the world
Historical sketch of the development of navigation
- Egypt
The first sailing ships appeared in Egypt around 3000 BC. NS. This is evidenced by the murals decorating ancient Egyptian vases. However, the home of the boats depicted on the vases is apparently not the Nile Valley, but the nearby Persian Gulf. Confirmation of this is a model of a similar boat found in the Obeid tomb, in the city of Eridu, which stood on the shores of the Persian Gulf.
In 1969, the Norwegian scientist Thor Heyerdahl made an interesting attempt to test the hypothesis that a sailing vessel made of papyrus reeds could sail not only on the Nile, but also on the high seas. This vessel, essentially a raft, 15 m long, 5 m wide and 1.5 m high, with a 10 m high mast and a single straight sail, was steered by a steering oar.
Before the wind began to be used, floating equipment was either paddled or pulled by people or animals walking along the banks of rivers and canals. Ships made it possible to transport heavy and bulky goods, which was much more productive than transporting animals in teams on land. Bulk goods were also transported mainly by water.
Historically, a large naval expedition of the ruler of Egypt Hatshepsut, undertaken in the first half of the 15th century, is attested. BC NS. This expedition, which historians consider also a trading expedition, proceeded through the Red Sea to the ancient country of Punt on the east coast of Africa (this is approximately modern Somalia). The ships were returning heavily loaded with various goods and slaves.
Hatshepsut
- Phoenicia
On short voyages, the Phoenicians used mainly light merchant ships with oars and a straight rack sail. Vessels intended for long voyages and warships looked much more impressive. Phenicia, unlike Egypt, had very favorable natural conditions for the construction of the fleet: near the coast, on the slopes of the Lebanese mountains, forests grew, dominated by the famous Lebanese cedar and oak, as well as other valuable tree species.
In addition to the improvement of sea vessels, the Phoenicians left another remarkable legacy - the word "galley", which probably entered all European languages. Phoenician ships set sail from the large port cities of Sidon, Ugarit, Arvada, Gebal, etc., where large shipyards.
Historical materials also speak of the sailing of the Phoenicians in a southerly direction through the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean. The Phoenicians are credited with the honor of the first voyage around Africa at the end of the 7th century. BC e., that is, almost 2000 years before Vasco da Gama.
- Greece
The Greeks already in the IX century. BC NS. learned from the Phoenicians to build ships remarkable for that time and began to colonize the surrounding territories early. In the VIII-VI centuries. BC NS. the area of their penetration covered western shores Mediterranean Sea, the whole Pontus Euxine ( Black Sea) and the Aegean coast of Asia Minor.
Not a single wooden antique ship or part of it has survived, and this does not allow us to clarify the idea of the main types of galleys, which has developed on the basis of written and other historical materials. Divers and scuba divers continue to survey the seabed at the sites of ancient naval battles, in which hundreds of ships were killed. About their form and internal structure can be judged by indirect signs - for example, by precise sketches of the location of earthen vessels and metal objects preserved where the ship lay, and yet, in the absence of wooden hull parts, one cannot do without the help of painstaking analysis and imagination.
The ship was kept on course by means of a steering oar, which, compared to the later rudder, had at least two advantages: it made it possible to turn a stationary ship and easily replace a damaged or broken steering oar. The merchant ships were wide and had ample hold space for stowing cargo.
The ship is a Greek battle galley of about the 5th century. BC e., the so-called bireme. With rows of oars arranged along the sides in two tiers, she naturally had a higher speed than a ship of the same size with half the oars. In the same century, triremes also became widespread - warships with three "floors" of rowers. A similar arrangement of galleys is the contribution of ancient Greek craftsmen to the design of sea vessels. Military kinkerems were not "long ships", they had a deck, internal quarters for warriors and a particularly powerful ram, bound in copper sheets, located in front of the water, which during sea battles broke through the sides of enemy ships. The Greeks adopted a similar combat device from the Phoenicians, who used it in the 8th century. BC NS.
Although the Greeks were capable, well-trained navigators, sea voyages were dangerous at that time. Not every ship reached its destination as a result of either a shipwreck or a pirate attack.
Galleys of ancient Greece plied almost all the Mediterranean and Black Sea, there is evidence of their penetration through Gibraltar to the north. Here they reached Britain, and possibly Scandinavia. Their voyages are shown on the map.
At the first big clash with Carthage (in the First Punic War), the Romans realized that they could not hope for victory without a strong navy. With the help of Greek specialists, in a short time they built 120 large galleys and transferred to the sea their method of warfare, which they used on land - an individual warrior against a warrior with personal weapons. The Romans used the so-called "ravens" - boarding bridges. Along these bridges, which with a sharp hook stuck into the deck of the enemy ship, depriving him of the ability to maneuver, the Roman legionnaires rushed onto the enemy deck and engaged in battle in their usual manner.
Commercial sailboat.
The Roman fleet, like its contemporary Greek, consisted of two main types of ships: "rounded" merchant galleys and slender battle galleys.
Certain improvements can be noted in the sailing armament. The main mast (mainmast) retains a large quadrangular straight sail, which is sometimes complemented by two small triangular upper sails. A smaller quadrangular sail appears on the forward inclined mast - the bowsprit. The increase in the total sail area increased the force used to propel the ship. However, the sails continue to be an additional propulsion device; the oars, not shown in the figure, remain the main one.
The importance of the sail, nevertheless, undoubtedly increased, especially during long voyages, which were made up to India. At the same time, the discovery of the Greek navigator Hippalus helped: the August southwestern and January northeastern monsoons contributed to the maximum use of the sails and at the same time reliably indicated the direction, like a compass much later. The road from Italy to India and Return trip, with an intermediate crossing by caravans and ships along the Nile from Alexandria to the Red Sea, lasted for about a year. Previously, the rowing journey along the shores of the Arabian Sea was much longer.
During their trade voyages, the Romans used numerous Mediterranean ports. Some of them have already been mentioned, but one of the first places should be put in Alexandria, located in the Nile Delta, the importance of which as a transit point increased as the trade turnover of Rome with India and The Far East.
- Famous sailing and rowing ships
Ship of William the Conqueror
For more than half a millennium, the knights of the high seas, the vikings, kept Europe at bay. They owe their mobility and ubiquity to the Drakars - true masterpieces of shipbuilding art.
On these ships, the Vikings made distant sea voyages. They discovered Iceland, the southern coast of Greenland, long before Columbus they visited North America... The snake heads of the stems of their ships were seen by the inhabitants of the Baltic, Mediterranean and Byzantium. Together with the squads of the Slavs, they settled in the great trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks.
The main mover of the drakar was a rack sail, with an area of 70 m2 or more, sewn from separate vertical panels, richly decorated with gold braid, drawings of the emblems of the leaders or various signs and symbols. Ray went up with the sail. The high mast was supported by the cables extending from it to the sides and to the ends of the ship - the stays. The sides were defended by richly painted shields of warriors. The silhouette of the Scandinavian ship is one of a kind. It has many aesthetic benefits. The basis for the reconstruction of this vessel was a drawing of the famous carpet from Baye, which tells about the landing of William the Conqueror in England in 1066.
"Vasa" Swedish warship
At the beginning of the 17th century. Sweden has significantly strengthened its position in Europe. The founder of the new royal dynasty, Gustav Vasa, did a lot to bring the country out of medieval backwardness. He delivered Sweden from Danish rule, carried out a reformation, subjugating the previously omnipotent church to the state.
There was a Thirty Years' War of 1618-1648. Sweden, which aspired to the role of one of the dominant countries of Europe, sought to finally consolidate its dominant position in the Baltic.
The main rival of Sweden in the western part of the Baltic Sea was Denmark, which owned both shores of the Sound and the most important islands of the Baltic Sea. But this was a very strong contender. Then the Swedes focused all their attention on the eastern shores of the sea and after long wars seized the cities of Yam, Koporye, Karela, Oreshek and Ivan-gorod, which had long belonged to Russia, thus depriving the Russian state of access to Baltic Sea.
However, Gustav II Adolf, the new king of the Vasa dynasty (1611-1632), wanted to achieve complete domination of Sweden in the eastern part of the Baltic Sea and began to create a strong navy.
In 1625, the Stockholm Royal Shipyard received a large order for the simultaneous construction of four big ships... The king showed the greatest interest in the construction of a new flagship. This ship was named "Vasa" - in honor of the Swedish royal dynasty Vasa, to which Gustav II Adolf belonged.
The best ship craftsmen, painters, sculptors, wood carvers were involved in the construction of Vasa. The Dutchman Hendrik Hibertson, a well-known shipbuilder in Europe, was invited as the main builder.
Two years later, the ship was safely launched and towed to the outfitting pier located just under the windows. royal palace.
Galion "Golden Hind" ("Golden Hind")
The ship was built in the 60s of the XVI century in England and was originally called "Pelican". On it, the English navigator Francis Drake in 1577-1580, as part of a squadron of five ships, undertook a pirate expedition to the West Indies and made the second after Magellan circumnavigation... In honor of the excellent seaworthiness of his ship, Drake renamed it "Golden Hind" and installed a figurine of a doe in solid gold in the bow of the ship.
The galleon is 18.3 m long, 5.8 m wide, and has a draft of 2.45 m. This is one of the smallest galleons.
Ship of King Henry VIII "Henry Grace e" Dew "
Warship built in June 1514 in Wolwich (England) by order of King Henry VIII. The ship had a very rich decoration. The front two masts carried three straight sails, the other two carried Latin sails, and the bowsprit carried a blind and a bowen-blind.
The length of the main deck is about 50 m, the length of the keel is 38 m, the width is 12.5 m, the displacement is 1500 tons. Armament: 184 cannons, 43 of them are of large caliber. The crew is 351 people, including 50 gunners. In addition, there were 349 soldiers on board.
In 1535 - 1536 the ship was rebuilt. 122 guns were installed on it and transferred to the karakka class.
In August 1553, the ship entered the parking lot in Wolwicz and burned down from a sudden fire.
J. Cook's ship "Endeavor"
Built in England in 1762 to transport coal. It was originally called the Earl of Pembroke. In preparation for J. Cook's expedition, it was re-equipped and named "Endeavor". The sailing equipment corresponded to a typical 18th century barque. Sail area: 700 sq.m. Length 36 m, width 9.2 m. Armament: 10 cannons and 12 mortars.
In 1768 - 1711, J. Cook made his first circumnavigation of the world on the Endeavor.
English barque "Mayflower"
Three-masted barque, built in 1615 September 6, 1615 left Plymouth with 102 passengers on board and after 67 days landed on the American coast in Massachusetts Bay, where the English colony of the first settlers was founded. Length 19.5 m, displacement 180 tons.
In 1947 the Migrant Society began rebuilding the ship as a museum. In 1957, the restored barque Mayflower crossed the Atlantic Ocean and did an eternal anchorage at the port of Provincetown.
English karakka "Mary Rose"
The ship was built in 1536 and is one of the largest and most powerful warships of King Henry VIII. Displacement - 700 tons. The vessel is distinguished by the presence of three continuous decks. Armament - 39 large and 53 small guns.
On July 11, 1545, a ship in the English squadron was preparing to leave Portsmouth. After lifting the brahmsels, the ship began to heel, then lay on the starboard side and sank two minutes later. Of the 700 sailors and marines on board, only 40 survived. The cause of the disaster, obviously, was the poor stability of the vessel due to artillery overload.
In 1982, the ship was raised to the surface in parts. After restoration, it was decided to create a maritime museum on it.
The fully sailing vessel was built in 1783 at River Hull and was originally named "Bethia".
1783 Keel-laying at Dock No.2 in River Hull. May 26, 1787 Purchased by the Royal Navy through the Meyers, Sharpe and Brian Banks for £ 2,600. Transferred to the shipyard in Derford for retrofitting. June 8, 1787 Renamed HMS "Bounty".
On August 16, 1787 Lieutenant William Bligh is appointed Captain of HMS "Bounty" by the Admiralty. December 23, 1787 The beginning of the voyage to Tahiti.
March 23 - April 21, 1788 An attempt to round Cape Horn was unsuccessful, a course was taken for the Cape Good Hope.
May 24 - June 28, 1788 Repairs and restocking at False Bay harbor. August 20 - September 3, 1788 Resupply at Adventure Bay. October 26, 1788 The ship reached Matavai Bay, Tahiti. April 4, 1789 The ship leaves Tahiti and heads for the West Indies. April 29, 1789 A mutiny breaks out on the ship, led by Fletcher Christian. On January 23, 1790, Bounty was burned on Pitcairn Island.
American frigate "Constitution"
The ship was built in Boston at the Edmond Hartt shipyard in 1797 and was intended to protect against pirates of American shipping routes in the Caribbean and Mediterranean seas... The hull of the frigate is made of very hard white oak that can withstand large cannonballs. The length between the pins is 62.2 m, the width is 13.6 m, the depth is 6.85 m. Designed for 44 guns, the vessel often had up to 55 barrels on its two decks, of which twenty-eight were 24-pounders and ten were 12-pounders. Crew: 22 officers, 378 sailors. Displacement 2000 tons. In 1844 - 1846, the frigate circumnavigated the world in 495 days. The frigate was afloat for 150 years. Since 1947, it has been permanently moored at one of the docks in Boston.
Ship "Eagle"
The ship was laid down in November 1667 in the village of Dedinovo on the Oka River, not far from Kolomna, to guard merchant shipping with Persia on the Caspian Sea. The construction was completed in 1669. This is the first Russian warship. It was a type of marine two-deck three-masted ship 25 meters long, 6.5 meters wide and 1.5 meters draft, armed with 22 cannons and hand grenades. In the summer of 1669, the Orel, as part of a small flotilla, moved first to Nizhny Novgorod, and from there down the Volga to Astrakhan. In 1670 it was captured by insurgent peasants led by Stepan Razin. After the suppression of the uprising by the tsarist troops, the ship did not manage to play any useful role. According to the surviving documents of those years, there is reason to believe that for many years, he stood inactive in the Kutum channel, near one of the Astrakhan settlements, and fell into complete disrepair.
"GRANDFATHER OF THE RUSSIAN FLEET"
In 1688, the attention of the young Peter 1 was attracted by a small boat belonging to his great-uncle. The future founder of the Russian regular military fleet on this boat, first on the Yauza, and then on the Izmailovsky pond and Pereyaslavskoye Lake, took his first steps to study the basics of maritime affairs. On Lake Pereyaslavskoe, he soon created a whole "flotilla" of such ships. Since then, the thought of sea and sea voyages has never left Peter. What is this bot? In the XVII century. the length of ships, even the smallest ones, was assigned in whole feet, so the length of the bot is 20 feet (of course, with the same accuracy with which the shipbuilders of that time were able to withstand the dimensions), or rather -6 m 5 cm.The weight of the bot is about 1500 kg.
Sailing-rowing frigate "Apostle Peter"
The Azov campaign of 1695 finally convinced Peter I that without the presence of a fleet, he would not be able to capture even a relatively weak seaside fortress. The city of Voronezh became the center of shipbuilding. Here, at the shipyard, 15 versts from the confluence of the Voronezh River with the Don, in April 1696, the 36-gun sailing-rowing frigate Apostol Peter was launched.
The ship was built according to the drawings and with the participation of the "skillful master of galley structures" Dane August (Gustav) Meyer, who later became the commander of the second 36-gun ship "Apostle Paul".
The frigate was 34.4 m long and 7.6 m wide. The ship was flat-bottomed. The sides in the upper part of the hull fell inward, which made boarding difficult. The quarterdecks were open, on the cut-off tank there were areas for the boarding team. The ship had three masts with mastheads and a bowsprit with a vertical rail. The fore and main sails were the lower sails and topsails. There was only mizzen on the mizzen mast. In addition, there were 15 pairs of oars in case of calm and for maneuver. "Apostle Peter" served quite successfully in the Azov fleet for 14 years.
In 1712, after the unsuccessful Prut campaign, the Azov fleet ceased to exist. The fate of the ship "Apostle Peter" is unknown, although Peter I gave instructions "to keep it forever as an example for primacy."
Frigate "Peter and Paul"
In order to create a coalition to fight against Turkey for access to the Black Sea, Peter 1 in the spring of 1697 sent a "great embassy" to Holland, England and Venice - the maritime powers of that time. Together with the embassy, more than 100 people were sent to study shipbuilding and maritime affairs. The Tsar himself was part of the group of volunteers under the name of Peter Mikhailov. Peter worked hard for about five months, he learned everything he could, learned all the tricks of a complex specialty. The tsar participated in the construction of the frigate "Peter and Paul" from its foundation and almost until the end of the work.
The construction was supervised by the shipmaster of the East India Company Garrit Claes Paul. The main dimensions of the ship: maximum length 32.85 m, waterline length 27.3 m, width 7.2 m, draft 2.75 m. Up to 40 cannons could be placed on one closed and open deck. At the end of the work at the shipyard, the master issued a certificate to Peter I, which noted that he "... was a diligent and reasonable carpenter ... and not only studied ship architecture and drawing plans ... he studied thoroughly, but also enlightened these subjects to the same extent as we ourselves did them. we understand. "
Knowledge of naval science at the shipyards of Holland, and then at the shipyards of England, allowed Peter I to personally design many ships and had a positive effect on the construction of the Russian fleet.
Ship "Fortress"
"Fortress" is the first Russian warship to sail into the Black Sea and visit Constantinople.
Built in Panshin, near the mouth of the Don. Length - 37.8, width - 7.3 meters, crew - 106 people, armament - 46 guns.
In the summer of 1699, the "Fortress", under the command of Captain Pamburgh, delivered an embassy mission to Constantinople, headed by the Duma adviser Em. Ukraintsev. The appearance of a Russian warship at the walls of the Turkish capital, and the appearance of the entire Russian squadron at Kerch, forced the Turkish Sultan to reconsider his attitude towards Russia. A peace treaty was signed between Turkey and Russia. This campaign "Fortress" is also notable for the fact that Russian sailors for the first time made hydrographic measurements Kerch Strait and Balaklava Bay, and also drew up the first plans of the Crimean coast. While staying in Constantinople, many Turkish and foreign specialists visited the "Fortress" and highly appreciated the Russian shipbuilding industry. In June of the following year, 1700, the "Fortress" ship with 170 Russian prisoners returned from Turkey to Azov.
Frigate "Standart"
The Great Northern War already at the initial period convinced Peter I that it was impossible to conquer the Baltic Sea with the help of one, even a well-trained army. It was decided to start building the fleet. On March 24 (April 4), 1703, at the Olonets shipyard on the Svir River, the Amsterdam shipmaster Vybe Gerens laid the foundation for the first Russian warship of the Baltic Fleet - a frigate.
Its length is 27.5 m, width is 7.3 m, average draft 2.7 m.The crew is 120 people. On a closed deck, tank and quarterdeck, the ship carried 28 cannons: 8-, 6- and 3-pounders.
On May 1 (12), 1703, Russian troops stormed the Swedish fortress Nyenskans, located near the mouth of the Neva. The path to the Baltic Sea was clear. In connection with this event, changes were made to the royal standard: the two-headed eagle now held in its paws and beaks not three, but four cards - with the outlines of the White, Caspian, Azov and Baltic seas.
Launched on August 22, 1703, the frigate received the name Shtandart, and on September 8 (19) of the same year a new standard was raised on its main-bram-topmast. The ship under the command of Captain Peter Mikhailov (Peter I) passed Ladoga lake at the head of seven newly built ships and anchored in the roadstead of the Shlisselburg fortress.
Subsequently, he took an active part in the Northern War. On June 6 and 10, 1705, as part of the squadron of Vice Admiral K. Kruis under the command of Captain J. de Lang, he fought with the Swedish fleet off the island of Kotlin. In 1711 he was timberovan in St. Petersburg. The frigate "Standart" was in the Russian fleet for over 25 years and was dismantled in 1729.
Training frigate "Nadezhda"
Soon after accession to the Russian throne, Catherine II said: "We have an excess of ships and people, but there is no fleet or sailors." At the initiative of the Empress, urgent measures were taken to revive the fleet in the spirit of Peter the Great. One of them was the reorganization of the training of cadets of the naval corps.
On June 21 (July 2), 1764, the Admiralty Board decided: "To train midshipmen and ... cadets, keep a three-masted yacht at the hull, which you can build and supply with all your needs." There is no doubt that the construction of the ship took place, as on the resolution the categorical resolution of Catherine II: "Be this way!"
The three-masted ten-gun frigate "Nadezhda" was laid down at the shipyard of the Main Admiralty in St. Petersburg on December 23, 1765 (January 3, 1766), launched on June 4 (15), 1766. The builder of the frigate was the famous ship master Lambe James. The main dimensions of the vessel: length between perpendiculars 23.77 m, width without planks 6.71 m, depth 3.1 m, hold depth 2.82 m, average draft 2.34 m, displacement 270 t, main sails area 445 m. The crew consisted of 28 people, including 17 sailors. The frigate could take on board 25 cadets. He swam in the area Gulf of Finland... However, due to insufficient aging of the scaffolding, the vessel's life was short-lived - in 1774 the ship was "dismantled due to dilapidation."
In the history of the Russian fleet, the frigate "Nadezhda" will forever remain as the first Russian training ship of special construction.
Battleship "Slava Ekaterina"
Zeichmeister General (Commander of Artillery) of the Black Sea Fleet I.A. On May 26 (June 6), 1779, Hannibal laid the foundation for the first two 66-gun ships of the line at the Kherson shipyard. The lead of them was "The Glory of Catherine". Presumably the project of a new battleship was developed by the ship master A.S. Katasonov. It was built by engineer I.A. Afanasyev. The length of the vessel on the lower deck is 48.77 m, the width without plating is 13.5 m, the depth of the hold is 5.8 m. that they can be used with the same benefit in action. " The construction of the ship proceeded slowly, only on September 16 (27), 1783, in a solemn atmosphere, the ship was launched.
The combat service of "Glory of Catherine" fell on the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791. Renamed in 1788 by Field Marshal G.A. Potemkin to the "Transfiguration of the Lord", the ship participated in all major operations of the Russian squadron, including victorious sea battles under the leadership of Admiral F.F.Ushakov.
The well-deserved fame gained in fierce sea battles puts this ship on a par with other hero ships of the Russian fleet.
Sloop "Vostok"
The vessel was launched from the slipway of the Okhtinskaya shipyard in St. Petersburg in 1818. Its length is 40 m, width is about 10 m, draft is 4.8 m, displacement is 900 tons, speed is up to 10 knots. Armament consisted of 28 guns. The crew is 117 people. On July 3 (14), 1819, the sloop "Vostok" under the command of Captain II rank F.F.Bellingshausen, the head of the Antarctic round-the-world expedition, and the sloop "Mirny" under the command of Lieutenant M.P. Lazarev left Kronstadt and on January 16 (28) next years reached the shores of Antarctica. After repairs in Sydney (Australia), the ships explored the tropical part The Pacific, and then on October 31 (November 12), 1820, they again headed for Antarctica. On January 10 (22), 1821, the sloops reached the most south point: 69 ° 53 "South and 92 ° 19" West. July 24 (August 5) 1821, having finished the most difficult voyage, the ships arrived in Kronstadt.
In 751 days they covered 49,723 miles (about 92,300 km). The most important result of the expedition was the discovery of the huge sixth continent - Antarctica. In addition, 29 islands were mapped and complex oceanographic work was carried out. In memory of this significant voyage in Russia, a medal was struck.
In 1828 the sloop "Vostok" was excluded from the lists of the fleet and dismantled. In our time, the names of the sloops "Vostok" and "Mirny" are borne by two Soviet scientific Antarctic stations. According to the established tradition, the name "Vostok" passed to the largest research vessel.
Clipper Cutty Sark
Cutty Sark was created in the golden age of the sailing fleet - the era of clippers. Thousands of years of experience in construction and operation sailing ships, many scientific and technical achievements accumulated by the middle of the XIX century. - all this was synthesized during the construction of clippers - the highest and last stage sailing shipbuilding... Everything in the clipper's design was subordinated to speed: a sharp, very elongated nose, streamlined contours, huge sails, a solid hull.
On transatlantic lines, steamboats have already begun to win convincing victories over sailboats, but on the Australian and Far Eastern ocean routes half the globe the clippers still reigned supreme — grace incarnate, light, swift, and the best of them was Cutty Sark.
Ships rest at the berths,
look into the water with sleepy haws,
gravity of mother earth
feeling tired sides.
They, as people, sometimes want
after storms and difficult voyages
feel bliss and peace
at the berths of our Good, Quiet Harbor ...
January 6, 2011 | Categories: History, Topper
Rating: +6 Article author: Enia_Toy Views: 1,050 56031The sailing ship appeared in ancient times. It is believed that the primacy belongs to the Egyptian civilization, which arose more than 6 thousand years ago.
The installation of the sail on the boat was due to the need to overcome large spaces with minimal physical costs.
Centuries and millennia have passed. The primitive courts were replaced by different types ships with one or more masts and a system of sails of excellent shape.
A modern liner does not depend on the direction and speed of the wind, because it is powered by the power of the engines, but the sailboat is still considered the most graceful ship.
Sailing ship structure
A sailing ship is a structure consisting of a hull (or several hulls), where equipment, supplies, and a crew are placed.
The horizontal platform is called the deck. The front part of the hull is the bow, the rear is the stern, the side restrictions are the left and right sides, the lower underwater part is the keel.
Also, the main elements are:
- spar(masts with yards, gaffs, topmills, boom, bowsprit);
- rigging- standing, running (various rope, steel ropes, chains);
- sail(oblique, straight).
Gaff- it is a yard inclined at an angle to the mast, an oblique sail in the form of a trapezoid is attached to it; a geek- horizontal bottom yard. Topmast is attached to the mast, being its continuation.
Bowsprit sailors call a wooden bar, which is a continuation of the bow and is located at a slight angle to the sea surface; oblique sails are attached to it.
Standing rigging, as can be inferred from its name, motionless. Such rigging tackles firmly fasten the masts and topmails, they are divided into:
- guys and forduns located on the sides (similar to rope ladders);
- stays that secure the masts in front;
- backstays securing the bowsprit.
Running rigging in a fixed state it is stationary, but when it is necessary to perform work on steering the vessel, it can move the gear in space.
There are the following types of rigging:
- tack(attaches the corner of the sail to the deck, bowsprit, boom);
- sheet(controls sailing equipment);
- halyard(sets sail);
- breast(designed to rotate the yard in a plane parallel to the deck).
Sail classification is based on several criteria. In shape, there are rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal.
By location - across the hull or along - straight (mainsail, topsail, brahmsel) and oblique (staysail, jib - one and the other additional), lower sail and upper (lower fore-topsail, upper fore-topsail).
The main types of sailing equipment are shown in the photo.
Latin sails are also distinguished - triangular in shape, which are attached with the long side to the yarn, inclined relative to the mast at an angle of approximately 45-55 degrees.
Each tackle, in addition to the general, group name, has an additional one, which indicates to which element of the mast or sail it belongs. Thus, the topmast of the first mast is the foremast; a sheet on a sail a staysail is a sheet.
Types of sailing ships
Sailboats are very diverse. They are distinguished by the number of masts, the characteristics of the sails, and the purpose. The table will help to determine the type of ship.
| Name of the vessel | Purpose of the ship | Number of masts | Sails on masts | Additional vessel characteristics |
| Aak | Freight, transport | 1 | 2-3 straight sails | River Dutch vessel; known since the 16th century; has a flat bottom. |
| Barque | Transport | 3, 4, 5 | Straight; on the mizzen mast - oblique | Initially a small, then a large sea ship (displacement 5-10 tons); built until the first quarter of the 20th century. It looks very impressive. |
| Barquentine | Cargo | 3, 4, 5, less often 6 | Straight only on the foremast; the rest are oblique; no gaff on foremast. | Appearance - 50s of the 19th century. |
| Bombard or bomber ship | Military (shelling of fortresses, other fortifications on the coast) | 2, 3 | Straight and oblique on all masts. | 17th century - 19th century; equipment - from 6-12 large-caliber guns; mortars. Shallow-draft to get as close to the shore as possible. |
| Brig | Convoy | 2 | Straight lines on the front mast, straight and oblique - on the second (mainmast). | Had 10-20 guns; could paddle. |
| Brigantine | Used for pirate raids; 18th century - messengers, reconnaissance warships. | 2-3 | Originally - Latin oblique sails; from the 19th century - straight lines on the foremast, oblique - on the mainmast. | Light ship - small brig; could go on oars (sails were removed). |
| Buer | Freight for coastal navigation; in Russia - as an imperial pleasure boat. | 01.02.18 | Oblique | They appeared in the 18-19th century. Russian fishermen from the north used ice skates mounted on skates. Later they began to be used as a sail on wheels for movement on dense sand. |
| Galleon | Combat, merchant ship, typical of the 16-18 century. | 2-4 | Straight; on the mizzen mast - oblique. | A large seagoing vessel with a four- to seven-deck superstructure at the stern. Up to 80 cannons on two decks. It had the most perfect design for its time. |
| Junk | Military, then a cargo ship. | 2-4 | They are made of mats in the form of rectangles, yards - of bamboo. | Distributed in the southeast of Asia. Used on rivers and for coastal navigation. Cargo weight - up to 600 tons. |
| Iol (or yol) | Military, fishing | 2 | Oblique | They appeared in Sweden at the very end of the 18th century, then in Russia. They were equipped with a cannon and falconets. The steering axle is in front of the rear mast. |
| Caravel | Fishing, merchant ship of the 13-17 centuries. | 3-4 | Straight (first two masts), oblique. | They entered the Spanish and Portuguese fleets, sailed on them. Features: high carrying capacity, seaworthiness, superstructure stern and bow; could go against the wind. |
| Karakka | Military, commercial (16-17 century). | 3 | Straight (foremast, main mast), oblique (mizzen mast). | Large ship with three decks, displacement of 1-2 thousand tons. Equipped with guns (30-40), could take on board more than a thousand people. Karakka was part of Magellan's expedition. Invented in Genoa. |
| Karbas | Commercial, cargo, transport. | 1-2 | 2 straight sails on the mast. | Place of use — Russian North (Pomors Of the White Sea other). |
| Ketch (ketch) | Fishing, sports. | 2 - (only mainsail and mizzen mast) | Oblique | It differs in that the aft mast is located in front of the steering axle. |
| Clipper | Military (patrol, reconnaissance). | 3-4 | Direct | Fast ship of the 19th century. He developed high speed due to the narrow hull, high masts and the presence of sharp contours on the hull. Displacement - up to 1.5 tons. |
| Lugger | Military (intelligence, messenger). | 2-3 | Direct | Created in France in the late 18th - mid-19th century. They were prized for their speed. Equipment - up to 16 guns. |
| Tender | Military auxiliary | 1 mast | Oblique | Used in the 19th - early 20th century. There was a retractable bowsprit, up to 12 guns. |
| Flutes | Military (transportation) | 3 | Maximum popularity - 16-18 centuries. High masts, short yards, up to 20 guns. | |
| Frigate | Combat | 3 | Straight lines, on a mizzen mast - oblique. | They were popular in the 17th and 18th centuries. The size is average. Classic ships were created in France. The battle frigate was in demand. |
| Sloop | Military, expeditionary | 3 | Direct | Used in the 18-19th century. An open battery with 25 guns is installed. |
| Schooner | Trade and cargo | 2-3 | Oblique | Homeland - England and Holland (17th century), but more widely used by the United States. |
| Yacht | Sports, tourist, maybe personal | 1 to multiple masts | Straight, oblique | Fast, light ship. |
The table with the types of sailing ships showed how the appearance of the ships changed, the relation to the length and number of masts, and the sailing structure.
Sailboats of Russia
Russia for a long time had no way out to south seas and the Baltic. The first ancient Russian ships sailed along the rivers. These were sailing-rowing single-masted boats.
In the north, the Pomors sailed into the cold seas on hummocks with one sail.
Up to the 18th century. in our country there was no navy, and only by order of Peter the Great, who sailed first on a boat and then on a yacht, a shipyard was laid down.
From there the first sailing ship of the line (battleship) set out to sea. Later, many sailing ships were built at foreign shipyards.
There are ships that have gone down in the history of our country.
Sloops "Vostok" and "Mirny" off the coast of Antarctica
On the sloop "Vostok" Russian explorers discovered Antarctica.
The legendary frigate "Pallada", recognized as a model of perfection, is widely known thanks to the writer IA Goncharov who sailed on it.
The corvette "Vityaz" delivered N. N. Miklukho-Maclay - the first European - to the coast of New Guinea, inhabited by primitive Papuans.
Modern sailing ships
Modern sailing ships are widely known:
Conclusion
The age of iron ships powered by nuclear reactors could not remove majestic sailing ships from sea routes. The latter not only help cadets in practice to master maritime affairs.
With their appearance, they awaken in children, adolescents an interest in travel, help to touch history geographical discoveries, as well as the military glory of our country.
Barque- (head bark), sea sailing transport vessel (3-5 masts) with straight sails on all masts, except for the mizzen mast carrying oblique sails. Originally, the barque was a small merchant ship intended for coastal voyages. But then the size of this type gradually increased. The barges were serially built until the 30s. XX century, their displacement reached 10 thousand tons. The two largest modern sailing ships "Kruzenshtern" and "Sedov" are a 5-masted barge.
Barge- (Italian, Spanish barca, French barquc), originally it was a sailing rowing deckless fishing boat, sometimes a coaster, which appeared in the first in Italy in the 7th century. Subsequently, the barque turned into a light high-speed vessel, widespread in the countries of Western Europe in the era late middle ages, built like a galley. Even later, the oars disappeared on the barges and they became completely sailing ships, with two masts that carried the fore, fore-topsail (foremast) and mainsail, topsail (mainmast). An interesting feature was that the mizzen was installed directly on the mainmast. The barges were predominantly coastal merchant ships.
Warship- (English warship - warship). Judging by the image and characteristics in the game, this is the same frigate. In general, from the middle of the 16th century, warships were called ships of medium and large displacement, built specifically for military purposes.
Galleon- (Spanish galeon), sailing warship of the 16th - 17th centuries. It had an average length of about 40 m., Width 10-14 m., Transom shape, vertical sides, 3-4 masts. Straight sails were set on the fore and main masts, oblique sails on the mizzen mast, and blinds on the bowsprit. The high aft superstructure had up to 7 decks, where living quarters were located. Artillery. armament consisted of 50-80 cannons, usually located on 2 decks. Galleons had low seaworthiness due to high sides and bulky superstructures.
Caravel- (Italian caravella), a single-deck naval sailing ship with high sides and superstructures in the bow and stern. Distributed in the XIII - XVII centuries. in the Mediterranean countries. Caravels went down in history as the first ships that crossed the Atlantic, sailed around the Cape of Good Hope and on which New World... The characteristic features of the caravels are high sides, deep sheer deck in the middle of the vessel and mixed sailing equipment. The ship had 3-4 masts, which either all carried oblique sails or set straight sails on the fore and main masts. Latin sails on oblique yards of the main and mizzen masts allowed ships to sail steeply to the wind.
Karakka- (fr. Caraque), a large sailing ship, widespread in the XIII-XVI centuries. and used for military and commercial purposes. It had a length of up to 36m. and a width of 9.4m. and up to 4 decks. Developed superstructures on the bow and stern, and 3-5 masts. The sides were rounded and slightly bent inward, such sides made boarding difficult. In addition, boarding nets were used on the ships, which prevented the enemy soldiers from getting on the ship. The fore and main masts carried direct armament (main and fore), the mizzen masts were oblique. On the foremast and main masts, topsails were often added. Artillery. armament consisted of 30-40 guns. By the first half of the 15th century. time karakka became the largest, most advanced and armed ship.
Corvette- (fr. Corvette), high-speed sailing warship of the XVIII - XIX centuries. The ship had the same sailing armament as the frigate with the only exception: a jib and bomb jib were immediately added to the blind. Intended for reconnaissance, patrol and messenger service. Artillery armament up to 40 guns located on one deck.
Battleship- in the sailing fleet of the 17th - 19th centuries. the largest warship, had 3 masts with full sailing armament. Possessed strong artillery armament from 60 to 130 guns. Depending on the number of guns, ships were divided into ranks: 60-80 guns - third rank, 80-90 guns - second rank, 100 and higher - first rank. These were huge, heavy, low-maneuverable ships with great firepower.
Pinass- (fr. Pinasse, eng. Pinnace), a small sailing vessel of the flute type, but different from it less concave frames and flat stern. The forward part of the ship ended in an almost rectangular transverse bulkhead extending in height from deck to forecastle. This form of the front of the ship existed until early XVIII century. Pinass was up to 44 m long, had three masts and a powerful bowsprit. On the main and foremast, straight sails were raised, on the mizzen mast - a mizzen and a cruisel above it, and on the bowsprit - a blind and a bomb-blind. The displacement of the pinasses is 150 - 800 tons. They were intended mainly for commercial purposes. distributed in the countries of North. Europe in the 16th - 17th centuries. It had a flat stern, 2-3 masts, served mainly for commercial purposes.
Pink- (head pink), a fishing and merchant vessel of the 16th - 18th centuries. In the North Sea, it had 2, and in the Mediterranean, 3 masts with oblique sails (sprint sailing equipment) and a narrow stern. He had on board up to 20 small-caliber cannons. As a pirate ship, it was used mainly in the North Sea.
Flutes- (head fluit), a sea sailing transport vessel of the Netherlands of the 16th - 18th centuries. It had sides with a collapse above the waterline, which were piled inward at the top, a rounded stern with a superstructure, and a slight draft. The deck was sheer and rather narrow, which was explained by the fact that the width of the deck was a decisive factor in determining the amount of the duty by the Sunda customs. On the fore and main masts there were straight sails (foresail, mainsail and topsails), and on the mizzen mast there were mizzen and topsail. On the bowsprit they put a blind, sometimes a bomb-blind. By the 18th century. over the topsails the brahmssels appeared, over the topsails the cruiselles. The first flute was built in 1595 in Horn, the center of Dutch shipbuilding. The length of these ships was 4 - 6 or more times their width, which allowed them to sail quite steeply to the wind. For the first time in the mast, the topmast invented in 1570 was introduced. The height of the masts now exceeded the length of the vessel, and the yards, on the contrary, began to be made shorter. This is how small, narrow and easy-to-maintain sails were created, which reduced the total number of the top crew. On a mizzen mast, a straight sail was raised above the usual oblique sail. For the first time, a steering wheel appeared on flutes, which made it easier to shift the steering wheel. The flutes of the early 17th century had a length of about 40 m, a width of about 6.5 m, a draft of 3 - 3.5 m, a carrying capacity of 350 - 400 tons. For self-defense, 10 - 20 guns were installed on them. The crew consisted of 60 - 65 people. These ships were distinguished by good seaworthiness, high speed and large capacity, and therefore were used mainly as military transport. During the XVI-XVIII centuries, flutes occupied a dominant position among merchant ships in all seas.
Frigate- (head fregat), a three-masted sailing ship of the 18th - 20th centuries. with full ship sailing equipment. Initially, there was a blind on the brushprite, later a jib and a bomb jib were added, even later the blind was removed, and a midship jib was installed instead. The frigate's crew was 250 - 300 people. A multipurpose ship, used to escort merchant caravans or single ships, intercept enemy merchant ships, long-range reconnaissance and cruising service. Artillery armament of frigates up to 62 guns, located on 2 decks. Frigates differed from sailing battleships in smaller size and artillery. weapons. Sometimes frigates were included in the battle line and were called line.
Sloop- (head sloep), ships were of several types. Sailing 3-masted warship of the 17th - 19th centuries. with direct sail rig. In size, it occupied an intermediate position between the corvette and the brig. Intended for reconnaissance, patrol and messenger service. There were also single-masted sloops. Used for trade and fishing. Widespread in Europe and America in the XVIII - XX centuries. The sailing rig consists of a gaff or bermuda mainsail, a gaff topsail and a jib. Sometimes they additionally supplied one more jib and staysail.
Shnyava- (head snauw), a small sailing merchant or military ship, widespread in the 17th - 18th centuries. Shnyavs had 2 masts with square sails and a bowsprit. The main feature of the shnava was the shnav or trisel mast. It was a slender mast on deck in a block of wood just behind the mainmast. Its top was fastened with an iron yoke or a transverse wooden beam on (or under) the back side of the mainsail. Shnavs who were in military service were usually called corvettes or military sloops. Often they did not carry a shnyav-mast, and in its place from the back of the top of the mainmast a cable was drawn, which on the deck was stuffed with lashing on the sufers. The mizzen was attached to this headquarters, and the gaff was too heavy. The length of the shnava was 20 - 30 m, the width was 5 - 7.5 m, the displacement was about 150 tons, the crew was up to 80 people. Military shnavs were armed with 12-18 small-caliber cannons and were used for reconnaissance and messenger service.
Schooner- (English schooner), a sailing vessel with oblique sails. They first appeared in North America in the 18th century. and had 2-3 masts initially only with oblique sails (gaff schooners). They possessed such advantages as a large carrying capacity, the ability to go very steeply to the wind, had a smaller crew on board than required by ships with direct sailing, and therefore were widely used in various modifications. Schooners were not used as military sailing ships, but they were popular with pirates.
