African countries

Africa... Welcome to African countries... Get acquainted with the list of countries that are part of African... Their detailed description, geographic location, capitals, flags, currency and more. Here you can find out what the climate is in these countries, a list of attractions that should be visited. You will find out what rules of customs control should be followed when entering the country. Get to know the peculiarities of the rules of local behavior and find out what dangers should be feared in a particular country.

4. Anthem

listen to national National Anthem of Cape Verde:

5. Currency

National currency of Cape Verde — escudo Cape Verde ( Cabo verde escudo) , letter CVE ... One escudo is formally equal to 100 centavo however coins denominated in centavos are not currently being issued and those previously issued are not legal tender. July 1, 1977 escudos Cape Verde replaced Cape Verde colonial escudo, which remained the national currency since the country gained independence on July 5, 1975, the exchange was carried out in a 1: 1 ratio. Currently in circulation there are coins in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 escudo, as well as banknotes in denominations of 200, 500, 1000, 2000 and 5000 escudo... All inscriptions on coins and banknotes (with the exception of the names of species) are in Portuguese.

Use the currency converter below to convert easily and quickly escudos Cape Verde in rubles, dollars, euros or any other currency of the world at the current exchange rate.

coins of Cape Verde

Cape Verde banknotes

6. Cape Verde on the world map

Republic of Cape Verde- a state located on the Cape Verde Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean, about 600 km from the west coast of Africa. Cape Verde Islands are a cluster of 10 large and 8 small islands in the northern part Atlantic Ocean, divided into Leeward and Windward groups. The Windward group includes the islands: Santo Antan, San Vicente, San Nicolau, Santa Luzia, Sal, Boavista. The Leeward group includes the islands: Santiago, Brava, Fogu, Mayu. Small islands: Branco, Grande, Dos Passaros, Luis Carneiro, Razu, Santa Maria, Zapadu, Sima. The total area of ​​Cape Verde is 4033 km2.

The relief is mountainous with a large number of extinct and active volcanoes. Rocky shores are difficult to access. There are very few natural harbors, the largest of which is Mindelo. Highest point of the country Republic- acting Fogu volcano (2840 m).

The vegetation of the islands is extremely sparse; For centuries, massive deforestation has affected the depletion of water resources: the river network is on the verge of extinction, short river beds dry up, filling with water only during the rainy season. The islands are seismically active, and earthquakes are frequent.

7. What to see in Cape Verde

Attractions Cape Verde- this is stunning nature, numerous architectural monuments and museums, high-class resorts and a unique underwater world. attractions Cape Verde:

• Guido do Cavaleiro peak (Santo Antan Island)
• Volcano Topu de Corot (Santo Antan Island)
• Pico da Cruz mountain range (Santu Antan Island)
• Mount Monte-Grande (Sal Island)
• wild beaches of Baia das gatas (San Vicente island)
• Mindela (MINDELO) - port city
• Fishing village Salinas (Fogu Island)
• Santa Maria market (Sal Island)
• CIDADE VELHA (Santiago Island) is the oldest settlement in Cape Verde
• Salt development Pedra de Lume (Sal Island)

8. Largest cities

Ten largest cities Cape Verde:

1. Praia (Praia) — capital and the largest city of the island state Cape Verde located in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Senegal, on the island of Santiago. The population of the capital is 151,435 people.
2. Mindelo (Mindelo) - the second largest city Cape Verde located in the northwest of the island of São Vicente in the bay of Porto Grande, a natural harbor formed in the crater of an underwater volcano Population of Mindelo 70 610 people.
3. Eshpargush (Espargos) is the main city of the municipality of the island of Sal, located in the central part of the island. Population of the city of Eshpargush- 17,080 people.
4. Asomada (Assomada) - a city on the island of Sotavento Santiago. Since 1912, it has been the seat of the municipality of Santa Catarina, which includes the central western part and most of the interior of the island. It is the largest city in the region. Population of Asomad 12,020 people.
5. Pedra Badejo (Pedra Badejo) - a small town, occupying the 5th place in terms of population in its country (9 490 people).
6. Porto Novo (Porto Novo) - a city on the island of Santo Antau in Cape Verde, with a population of 9 430 people
7. Sao Philip (Saint Philip) - city on west coast Fogo Islands. It is the capital of the island and seat of the municipality of São Filipe with a population of 8,190.
8. Tarrafal (Tarrafal) - a village on the northern coast of Santiago Island, 70 km from the capital of the state, the city of Praia, at the foot of Mount Graciosa6. Population settlement Tarrafal 6 650 people.
9. Santa maria (Santa Maria) Is a fishing and tourist town in the south of the island of Sal, with a population of 6,260 people.
10. Sal Rey (Sal Rei) - a city on the northwestern coast of Boa Vista island in the eastern part Cape Verde. Sal Rey is the main urban settlement of the island and seat of the municipality of Boa Vista, with a population of 5,400.

9. Climate

Climate in Cape Verde tropical fairly hot and dry. It is coolest in January - February, at this time the average air temperature is + 21 ° C ... + 23 ° C, but in the mountains it can be significantly lower. But in August, the archipelago is blown by southern and south-western winds that bring rain. The air becomes clean and cool, although it is drier in the mountains than on the coast. Daytime air temperature can rise to +36 ° C, and at night drop to + 18 ° C ... + 20 ° C.

The average annual precipitation is 100-300 mm, and their maximum falls on the period from August to October. On the flat islands, precipitation is rare, but in the mountains there are heavy showers, and can reach 500 mm per day. Such downpours destroy the fertile topsoil.

From the sahara, from October to June dry and hot winds blow for several hours a day "Harmattan" bringing with it the heat and the smallest Saharan dust. It hangs in the air for a long time, forming a "dusty fog". The best time for travel to Cape Verde the period from August to October is considered when warm pleasant weather guarantees a comfortable stay.

10. Population

Population of Cape Verde 549 195 people (data as of January 2020). About 70% of the country's inhabitants - creoles(descendants from mixed marriages of Portuguese and Spanish settlers with Africans), 28% are Africans and 1% are Europeans. Each of the 9 inhabited islands can be compared to a miniature racial melting pot with its own cultural characteristics and local dialects, which have arisen from the mixing of Portuguese and various African languages. Thanks to the government's efforts to fight illiteracy, by the mid-1990s, 72% of the population could read and write. Average life expectancy of the female half population of Cape Verde is 73 - 75 years old, and male - 67 - 69 years old.

11. Language

Official languages ​​in Cape Verde are Portuguese and Creole ... In addition to Portuguese, many dialects are used from a mixture of Portuguese and African languages, of which the most common are Creole Criulu (a mixture of Old Portuguese and African Swahili) and kabuverdyanu ... Immigrants from West Africa widely spread the French language on the islands.

12. Religion

Cape Verde is one of the most Catholic countries Africa. Christianity, which has spread here since the middle of the 17th century, is professed by approximately 93% of the population of the islands. Of these, 90% belong to the Roman Catholic Church, 3% are Protestants (mainly parishioners of the Church of Nazareth). 7% of residents Cape Verde adhere to traditional African beliefs, are members of religious sects, or practice Islam.

13. Holidays

National and public holidays in Cape Verde in 2020:

• 1st of January - New Year
• January 13 - Democracy Day
• January 20 - Day of Heroes
• May 1 - Labor Day
• May 10 - Mother's Day
• June 1 - Children's Day
• June 21 - Father's Day
• July 5 - Independence Day
• August 15 - Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary
• September 12 - National Day
• November 1 - All Saints Day
• December 25 - Christmas

14. Souvenirs and gifts

Small scroll souvenirs and giftsCape Verde:

• african masks
• african textiles
• clay figurines
• bovine horn and coconut products
• turtle shell products
• carnival costumes
• ceramic products painted in accordance with national traditions
• carpet runners
• a piece of a volcano in the form of an ordinary lava stone on a substrate
• wicker baskets
• coral and pearl jewelry
• animal figurines made of wood

Cape Verde customs regulations do not restrict the transit of foreign currency, and when entering / leaving, filling out a declaration on the import / export of foreign currency is not required. Import and export of local money is prohibited.

Allowed:

Duty-free import of up to 200 cigarettes or 250 grams of tobacco, 2 liters of wine, up to 1 liter of strong alcoholic drinks, 250 ml of perfumery or 50 grams of perfume is allowed. Permitted duty-free import and export of fresh fruits and vegetables weighing up to 5 kg, as well as other products and things in quantities intended for personal consumption.

Forbidden:

Prohibited to import weapons, psychotropic and toxic substances, drugs and medicines containing opiates (an exception for those who have a prescription and a doctor's prescription). To the territory Cape Verde it is prohibited to transport plants without additional control procedures and phytosanitary certificates.

16.

Voltage in the electrical network Cape Verde: 220 volt, at a frequency of 50 hertz... Socket type: Type C, Type F.

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Zimbabwe (Zimbabwe) or full official name Republic of Zimbabwe (Republic of Zimbabwe) - a state located in the southern part of the African continent. Until 1980, the country was a colony and bore the name Southern Rhodesia , and even earlier on these lands there was an empire Monomotapa , the capital of which was called Zimbabwe. The history of these lands is very interesting and eventful, with a constant struggle against intruders from Portugal, British rule and racial discrimination. However, it was during the era of colonization that the country's economy was on the rise: agriculture, processing and mining industries were actively developing, and today it is one of the poorest countries on the planet. Zimbabwe attracts tourists with its natural beauty, national parks, caves with cave paintings of ancient people and of course the famous Victoria Falls.

Zimbabwe - "stone houses"

1. Capital

Capital of Zimbabwe- the most modern and liveliest city in the country Harare (Harare) , located in the northeastern part of the republic, at an altitude of about 1500 m.The city was founded in 1890 by British settlers and until 1982 bore the name Salisbury (Salisbury) ... Since 1898 the city was under a protectorate, and in 1923 Salisbury announced administrative center self-governing colony of Southern Rhodesia, in which the power belonged to the white population. Today Harare is the largest city Zimbabwe, its cultural and industrial center, with wide branched avenues, green parks, glass skyscrapers, perfectly combined with old buildings in the Dutch style. The main attractions of the capital are unique reserves of exotic African nature, the National Archives and the National Gallery Zimbabwe containing paintings by European artists and artworks made by local craftsmen. Near Harare is one of the wonders of nature - Victoria Falls.

2. Flag

Zimbabwe flag is a rectangular panel with seven equal horizontal stripes, with an aspect ratio of 2: 1. The stripes are located on flag in the following order: green, yellow, red, black, red, yellow, green. On the left side of the canvas there is a white equilateral triangle, inside which, against the background of a five-pointed red star, a golden " bird of Zimbabwe " .

Symbolism:

• green color symbolizes agriculture in Zimbabwe
• yellow - a symbol of wealth in minerals
• Red color - blood shed during the war of independence.
• black color - ethnicity of indigenous African peoples of Zimbabwe
• White color - a symbol of peace
• bird - historical heritage of Zimbabwe

The stylized image of the bird refers to the valuable archaeological rarities found on the territory of the country - statuettes made of steatite stone, which have become the national symbol of the country. Today the image of the bird of Zimbabwe is minted on coins and placed on the coat of arms of the state.

Coat of arms of Zimbabwe It is a composition in the center of which is a green shield with 14 blue-white waves in the upper part, which is held by two forest kudu antelopes, standing on the top of an earthen mound, consisting of stalks of wheat, cotton, and corn sprouts. Ancient ruins are depicted in the center of the shield Greater Zimbabwe... Behind the shield, on the left side, there is an agricultural hoe and on the right side, a Kalashnikov assault rifle, which are tied together with a twisted golden-green rope. The coat of arms is crowned with a red star and the Bird of Zimbabwe, and at its base is a silver ribbon with the motto in English: « Unity, Freedom, Work » , which in translation means: "Unity, Freedom, Labor" .

Symbolism:

• antelope-kudu - a symbol of the unity of various ethnic groups in Zimbabwe
• earthen mound - the need for the constant provision of the inhabitants of the country
• green shield - the fertile lands of the country and the waters of the republic
• Greater Zimbabwe symbolizes the historical heritage of the nation
• hoe and machine gun - the fight for peace and democracy, as well as the transition from war to peace
• gold and green stripes - national financial companies and protection of the economy
• bird - historical heritage Zimbabwe
• red five-pointed star - a symbol of revolution, struggle for freedom, hope for a better future

4. Anthem

listen to national anthem of zimbabwe

5. Currency

National currency of Zimbabwe until 2009 was Zimbabwe dollar (zimbabwean dollar) (international designation: ZWL, letter designation $, Z $) equal to 100 cents. However, on April 12, 2009 it became known about the ban on the turnover Zimbabwe dollar... Instead, residents of the country began to use US dollars, British pounds sterling, as well as the currencies of neighboring countries with more stable economies.

In 2016 due to lack of cash US dollars IOUs were issued in the country - quasi-currency tied to US dollar in a 1: 1 ratio. In 2019 Zimbabwe decided to start issuing its own national currency again - RTGS ( Real time gross settlement- Gross settlements in real time) and abandon the dollar as a means of payment. Well RTGS not yet announced. According to the head of the Central Bank of Zimbabwe, John Mangudi, it will be established naturally during trading in the new interbank foreign exchange market. All surrogate currency and electronic dollars will be renamed to dollars RTGS.

6. Zimbabwe on the world map

Republic of Zimbabwe- landlocked state, located in the south African, bordering in the south with South Africa, in the south-west and west - with, in the west and north-west - with, in the east - with Mozambique. It has no outlet to the sea. General Zimbabwe square is 390,757 km², most of which is covered by a plateau Mashona and Matabele occupying the central part of the country. The average elevation of these plateaus is 1,371 meters. There are hills to the north and south of these plateaus Matobo and Chizaraira... From the east, the plateau is bordered by Mountain chain — Eastern highlands with the highest point in the country - a mountain Inyangani (2592 meters)... The rest of the country is occupied by plains. The most low point Zimbabwe- river crossing Rund and Save(height - 162 meters above sea level). The main rivers are Zambezi, Limpopo, Sabi, Shangani, Sanyati and Lundi... A large reservoir was created on the Zambezi River - Kariba, also on Zambezi is the famous Victoria Falls ... The width of the water stream in it is 1,700 meters, and the height is 120 meters.

7. What to see in Zimbabwe

Below is a list of the most popular attractions, to which you should pay attention when drawing up a plan of excursions in Zimbabwe:

• Devil's pool
• Victoria Falls
• Masuwe Nature Reserve
• Matetsi Nature Reserve
• National Gallery of Zimbabwe
• National Monument Great Zimbabwe
• Matobo National Park
• Huenj National Park
• Tully Park
• Zambezi river
• Ruins "Acropolis"

8. Largest cities

1. Harare (Harare) — capital of Zimbabwe- population 1 725 976 people
2. Bulawayo - population 748,674
3. Chitungwiza - Population 357,145
4. Mutare - population 185,273
5. Epworth - population 152,116
6. Gweru - population 141,816
7. Kwekwe - population 99,578
8. Kadoma - population 77,498
9. Masvingo - population 72,115
10. Norton - population 67,138

9. Climate

Climate in the northern part Zimbabwe subequatorial , and in the south - tropical, with three distinct seasons. The first season, the so-called warm humid summer, which lasts here from November to March, with an average air temperature of + 22 ° С ... + 26 ° С, the second season is cool dry winter(from April to June, with an average air temperature of + 15 ° С ... + 18 ° С, there are even frosts in the mountains), the third season - hot dry spring a (from August to October, with an average air temperature of + 30 ° C to + 35 ° C). Average annual quantity precipitation in the valley of the Limpopo River is 350 - 400 mm, on the plateau - 900 - 1000 mm on the plateau and about 2000 mm - on the Eastern Highlands. Their maximum number falls on the period from December to January.

10. Population

Population of Zimbabwe 16 943 178 people (data as of April 2019), of which 98% - africans , mainly peoples shona (about 80%) and ndebele (about 15%). In addition to Africans, the country is home to a small percentage of mulattoes and Asians (Indians and Chinese), as well as Europeans (British, Portuguese). Average life expectancy of the female half population of Zimbabwe is 52 - 54 years old, and male - 51 - 53 years old.

11. Language

In Zimbabwe, there are 16 official languages — English , shona , ndebele , Venda, sign languages, Kalanga, Khoisan languages, Kosa, Nambya, Ndau, Nyanja, Sesotho, Tswana, Tonga, Chibarwe and Shangani. However, the most common language is Shona, which is considered to be their own. "First" language about 70% population of Zimbabwe and the Ndebele language, which is To "relatives" for 20% of the country's inhabitants. English is used in business and is the main language for the majority of the population of the Republic. In secondary school, instruction is conducted entirely in English.

12. Religion

One of the most common religions in Zimbabwe is an Christianity , it is practiced by about 80% of the country's population. Of these, 10% are Catholics, and the rest are Protestants, members of sects, marginal organizations and adherents of Afro-Christian syncretic cults. 17% of the population of Zimbabwe adhere to local traditional beliefs, 1% are followers of Islam, 0.3% profess Judaism, Hinduism and Buddhism. Adherents of new religious movements are about 0.3%.

13. Holidays

National and public holidays of Zimbabwe:

• January 1 - New Year
• April 18 - Zimbabwe Independence Day
• movable date in March-April - Easter and Easter holidays
• May 1 - Workers' Day
• May 25 - Africa Day
• August 12 - Heroes Day
• August 13 - Defense Forces Day
• December 22 - National Unity Day
• December 25 - Christmas
• December 26 - Boxing Day

14. Souvenirs and gifts

Below is a small scroll the most common and popular souvenirs and gifts which tourists usually bring from Zimbabwe:

• drum of the Batonka tribe
• wooden giraffe on six legs
• wooden ritual masks
• wooden statues
• wooden animal figurines
• stone sculpture of the Shona tribe
• 100 trillion Zimbabwean dollar bill
• copper dishes, decorations, vases and cutlery
• soapstone figurines
• medicinal herbs
• jewelry

15. "Not a nail, not a wand" or customs regulations

Zimbabwe customs regulations do not limit the amount of imported foreign currency, however, the sum is over $50 000 are subject to mandatory declaration. Export of foreign currency is allowed no more than $10 000 for one person.

Allowed:

Allowed duty-free import of up to 200 cigarettes, or 50 cigars, or 100 cigarillos, or 500 g of tobacco, 1 liter of alcoholic beverages (over 25% of the volume of alcohol), or 2 liters of light alcoholic beverages (up to 25% of the volume of alcohol. Non-commercial amount of gifts and others goods for personal use.

Forbidden:

The import of hunting weapons and ammunition, automatic and military weapons, explosives, drugs and narcotic drugs in any form, medical preparations containing narcotic substances, raw precious stones is prohibited. The export of agricultural products, hunting trophies and unprocessed dredges is prohibited. stones, cultural artifacts and other objects of cultural significance, palms and any products made from them.

Pets:

For the importation of pets, a veterinary certificate and a vaccination certificate are required. Essential health information for travelers in Zimbabwe.

Malaria is present in Zimbabwe. Routine vaccinations are recommended for all travelers planning to visit this country. All travelers should see a doctor before traveling to the country to ensure that you have all the necessary vaccinations.

Voltage in the electrical network Zimbabwe: 220 volt , at a frequency of 50 hertz ... Socket type: Type D , Type G .

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West Sahara (Western Sahara) - a disputed territory located in the northwest African, which today has only been recognized by 84 states. Until 1976, the region was a Spanish possession and was called Spanish Sahara ... In 1979 West Sahara was occupied Morocco, only 20% of the territory remained unoccupied. On April 23, 2005, the Polisario Front, waging a guerrilla war against Moroccan troops with the support of Algeria, proclaimed Western Sahara an independent state called Sahara Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) .

West Sahara is located on the territory of the Sahara Desert, and in the west it is washed by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean. All along the coast were all concentrated best resorts country. It is here that travelers can find the finest hotels, restaurants, bars, sports grounds, and entertainment complexes, soak up the warm sand in a quiet and secluded place, swim in the clear waters of the ocean, get acquainted with the history and culture of the nomadic people of the Sahara.

1. Capital

Capital of Western Sahara town El Aaiun (El Aaiún) located in the northwest African, 20 km from the Atlantic coast. The city occupies the territory of an oasis on the southern bank of the Hamra river valley. Due to the fact that the city is under the control of Morocco, the actual provisional capital is the city Tifarity. El Aaiun divided into two parts: the lower one, which includes the old center, and the upper one, where the city administration is located. A dam has been erected a little higher than the urban area on Hamra, along which a highway of national importance passes.

The city was founded by the Spaniards and until 1958 was part of the Spanish protectorate. In 1975, after the Spaniards left this area, by decree of the ruler of Morocco, King Hassan, the territory of Western Sahara was occupied, including the city El Aaiun... From that period to the present time, the control of the Moroccan administration has been exercised here. The city is unusual in that many of its streets still do not have their own names. Only numbers are used to denote them. From the historical buildings, the remains of a Spanish fort, the Great Mosque and the Spanish Cathedral have been preserved.

2. Flag

Flag of Western Sahara is a four-color rectangular panel with an aspect ratio of 1: 2. The flag consists of three equal horizontal stripes: black, white and green (top to bottom). On the right side, near the flagpole, there is a red isosceles triangle, the base of which coincides with the right side of the flag. The white stripe depicts a red crescent and a star.

Symbolism:

• black color symbolizes death
• White color- a symbol of peace
• green color symbolizes eternal life
• Red crescent and star - symbols of Islam

Coat of arms of Western Sahara is a composition in the center of which are two crossed rifles with the flag of the country. Above the rifles are a red crescent and a star. Coat of arms framed on both sides with olive branches, and at its base, on a red ribbon in black letters in Arabic, the motto is written «حرية ديمقراطية وحدة» , which in translation means - "Freedom, Democracy, Unity" .

Symbolism:

• black color symbolizes death
• White color- a symbol of peace
• green color symbolizes eternal life
• olive branches symbolizes peace
• Red Crescent and the star - symbols of Islam
• rifles- a weapon with which residents defend the independence of the country

4. Anthem

listen to the national anthem of Western Sahara

5. Currency

The official currency of Western Sahara is an sahara peseta(unofficially, the letter designation is EHP), but in fact, in this territory, moroccan dirham , algerian dinar , Mauritanian ouguiya and Euro ... It is noteworthy that Saharan pesetas made only in the form of coins, no banknotes. The first Saharan pesetas were issued in 1990 in denominations of 1, 2 and 5 pesetas ... Currently available standard coins in denominations of 1, 2, 5 and 50 pesetas , as well as commemorative coins in denominations of 100, 200, 500, 1000, 5000, 40,000 pesetas from various metals: copper, copper and nickel alloys, steel, silver and gold.

6. Western Sahara on the world map

West Sahara- disputed territory in North Africa bordering in the north with Morocco, in the northeast with Algeria, in the east and south with Mauritania, and in the west by the Atlantic Ocean. General Western Sahara area is 266 800 km² Most of which is low and flat desert with extensive areas of rocky or sandy surfaces. The country's territory is conditionally divided into 2 regions - South (Rio de Oro) and North (Segiet el-Hamra). The lowest point is the Sebzhet-Takh depression (-55 m.), The highest is an unnamed mountain in the north (463 m.).

There are no permanent rivers, the soils are stony and sandy desert. The flora is quite poor - mainly shrubs and grasses, and only near rare oases and in the lower reaches of dry rivers do they grow different types acacia, thuja, palm and ficus. The main representatives of the animal world are wild boars, antelopes, snakes, cheetahs, jackals and hyenas.

7. What is worth seeing in Western Sahara

Below is a list of the most popular attractions, to which you should pay attention when drawing up a plan of excursions in Western Sahara :

8. Largest cities

1. El Aaiun (Laayoune) — capital of Western Sahara- population 183 691 people
2. Dakhla - population 58 104 people
3. Smara - population 40,347
4. Bujdur - population 36 843 people
5. El Marsa - 10,229 people
6. House - population 8,769
7. Mahbes - population 7331 people
8. Guelta Zemmour - population 6740
9. Bir Enzaran - Population 6,597
10. Tishla - population 6,036

Population data for cities in Western Sahara are presented for 2015.

9. Climate

Western Sahara climate — dry tropical , with rather high temperatures and frequent drops in daily indicators. The average daytime air temperature in the interior regions of the country is + 32 ° С ... + 36 ° С, sometimes it rises to + 50 ° С, and at night the air cools down to almost zero. On the coast, the indicators are more comfortable daytime air temperature: + 18 ° С ... + 22 ° С. There is very little precipitation and, as a rule, their average annual amount does not exceed 100 mm, and in most of the country even 50 mm.

10. Population

Western Sahara population — 622 823 people (data as of April 2018), the majority are Arab Moors. The country is also home to nomadic captivity regheibat, other Bedouin groups and settlers from Morocco. Average life expectancy of the female half population of Western Sahara 61 - 63 years old and male 57 - 59 years old.

Discover population of Western Sahara at this moment you can

11. Language

Official languages ​​of Western Sahara are literary Arab and Spanish (formerly colonial language). However, the most common and native language for Western Sahara residents is an hassania(a colloquial variety of the Arabic language), which has the official status of the state language. In the northern parts of Western Sahara, prevails Berber language .

12. Religion

home religion in Western Sahara — Islam ... Sunni Muslims make up almost 100% of the entire believing population of the country.

13. Holidays

National and public holidays in Western Sahara:

• January 1 - European New Year
• movable date in September - February - Ramadan
• movable date in October-February - Eid al-Sagir (Eid al-Fitr), end of Ramadan
• movable date - first day of Muharram (Muslim New Year)
• movable date - Mawlid, the birthday of the Prophet Muhammad
• moving date in April - Eid al-Kabir (Eid al-Adha), the feast of the sacrifice
• May 1 - Labor Day
• July 9 - Youth Day.
• February 27 - Day of the Proclamation of the Sahara Arab Democratic Republic

14. Souvenirs and gifts

Below is a small scroll the most common and popular souvenirs and gifts which tourists usually bring from Western Sahara:

• wooden boxes and chess sets
• curved toe grandmothers slippers
• forged lamps
• cosmetics based on natural oils
• local wooden decorations
• local leather goods
• original openwork decorations
• spices
• cotton shawls
• wool carpets
• exotic tableware made of clay and copper

15. "Not a nail, not a wand" or customs regulations

Western Sahara Customs Regulations do not limit the amount of imported foreign currency, however, amounts over $ 1,500 are subject to mandatory declaration. you need an amount equivalent to 15,000 Moroccan dirhams or more. The local currency is prohibited for export, and you can exchange money back only on the receipt of the primary exchange. An amount in currency that does not exceed the declared amount is allowed for export, otherwise the purchase must be confirmed with a certificate from the bank.

Allowed:

You can import duty-free: 1 liter of strong alcohol and 1 liter of wine, one block of cigarettes, 250 grams of raw tobacco, 50 cigars, perfumery up to 5 grams and items for personal use. Professional video and photographic equipment can be imported with a special permit and entry into the declaration. A permit will also be required in case of transporting purchased antiques.

Forbidden:

The complete ban includes materials containing elements of violence, pornography and erotica, drugs, products that violate the laws of Islam and offend believers, drugs and weapons. Sports weapons and ammunition may only be imported with a special permit. It is forbidden to export objects of history and art for which you do not have an export permit.

Pets

Importation of pets (dogs or cats) can be imported into Western Sahara only with an international veterinary certificate.

Voltage in the electrical network Western Sahara: 230 volts , at a frequency of 50 hertz ... Socket types: Type C , Type F .

Dear reader! If you have been to this country or you have an interesting story to tell about Western Sahara, WRITE! After all, your lines can be useful and informative for visitors to our site. "Around the planet step by step" and for all travel lovers.

Zambia (Zambia) or the full official form - Republic of Zambia (Republic of Zambia) - a state located in South Africa... Independence Zambia acquired in 1964, and before that it was subject to Great Britain and was called Northern Rhodesia ... This is a country with an interesting culture, distinctive traditions, unique places that will be remembered for a lifetime. The most beautiful nature reserves are located on this land, with rare animals, various birds and unusual plants. Huge expanses of still unexplored national parks, tiny villages densely populated by local natives, world famous Victoria Falls and a life that has not changed over the centuries. This small African country has almost no cities, and the population is one of the lowest in African continent.

Egypt (Egypt) or the official name: Arab Republic of Egypt (Arab Republic of Egypt) - a state located in North Africa and the Sinai Peninsula of Asia. Egypt- the cradle of one of ancient civilizations, the largest country in the Middle East, located on two continents. The visiting card of the Egyptian people are the tombs of the pharaohs, pyramids, mysterious sands and endless deserts. In Egypt You will find not only an interesting excursion program, but also a comfortable rest at amazing beach resorts on the shore The Mediterranean and Red seas... There are all conditions for scuba diving, and the marine life is one of the most beautiful in the world. Egypt- these are upscale hotels and restaurants for every taste, bright and varied nightlife, exciting and informative cruises along the Nile on comfortable motor ships, evening performances in Cairo Opera House. Egypt- one of the most mysterious states, the history of which attracts tourists from all over the world, one of the most popular tourist destinations.

Djibouti ( Djibouti) , officially Republic of Djibouti (Republic of Djibout) Is a small African state in East Africa, located next to the restless Somalia. From the end of the 19th to the middle of the 20th century Djibouti was a colony of France, and only in 1977 the country gained independence. Djibouti- one of the driest countries in the world, the typical landscape of which are mountain ranges, extinct volcanoes and lava plateaus, there are hot springs and unique salt lakes, because of the white coating of salt it sometimes seems to resemble the North Pole. Here you will not see the bright, colorful jungle and rich fauna, on the contrary - the desert Martian landscapes, the unusualness of which will take the spirit of even the most sophisticated travelers. Coast Djibouti has wonderful long beaches, a huge number of coral coastal reefs and magnificent laurel fields.

Djibouti is a country of "space" landscapes

1. Capital

Capital of the Republic of Djibouti- port city Djibouti located on the southern shores of the Tajura Gulf of the Indian Ocean. The city was founded in 1888 by the French as an outpost of their colonial expansion in eastern Africa. Since 1892 it was the administrative center of the colony French Coast Somalia, and only in 1981 Djibouti became a free port. More than half of the country's population lives in the capital, and its entire economy is built around an international port and a free economic zone. Djibouti... From colonial times to Djibouti the largest French military base in Africa, where a significant part of the French Foreign Legion is stationed, as well as a large American military base.

The urban space of the capital is divided into European and African regions. The European quarters near the port and the central Menelik Square are lined with Ottoman and Neo-Moorish buildings and are in stark contrast to the poor "folk" district of Balbal. The symbol of the capital and its main attraction is Presidential palace, in which the President of the Republic and the Council of Ministers sit. Magnificent beaches Djibouti attracts diving enthusiasts and allows them to dive into the enchanting world of the Indian Ocean.

2. Flag

Djibouti flag is a three-color rectangular panel, the aspect ratio of which is 2: 3. The flag consists of two equal horizontal stripes: blue at the top and green at the bottom. At the flagpole there is a white isosceles triangle with a red five-pointed red star.

Symbolism:

• the blue color symbolizes the sky and water, namely the Indian Ocean, which washes the shores Djibouti and also the people of Issa
• green symbolizes the nature of Africa and the Afar tribes
• white is a symbol of peace and harmony

Coat of arms of Djibouti- a symbol of the confrontation between two clans: Afarov (Danakil) and Issa (Somalis)... These clans have fought against each other for a long time. When Djibouti was colonized France, the entire political life of the country was ruled by the clan danakil... But when the republic gained its independence and was no longer a colony, the rule passed into the hands of Somalis... These events in the early eighties led to clashes and discontent between the clans. Ten years later, they developed into a civil war, which ended only in this millennium. On the coat of arms of Djibouti depicts two laurel branches woven together, glorifying their state. The top coat of arms decorated with a bright red five-pointed star, and under it is a spear, covered with a shield. On either side of the spear are hands holding two drawn swords

Symbolism:

• laurel branches symbolize the glory of the young state
• spear and shield - traditional weapons of the local population
• hands symbolize the two main clans of the republic - Afarov (Danakil) and Issa (Somalis)
• red star - a symbol of the unity of the people

4. Anthem

listen to the national anthem of Djibouti

5. Currency

National currency of the Republic of Djibouti — djibouti franc (international designation - Djf ) equal to 100 centimes... Currently, coins are in circulation in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 500 francs , as well as banknotes in denominations of 1000, 2000, 5000 and 10,000 francs ... According to the data of the local Central Bank, there are also centimes - small Djibouti coins (100 centime equal to 1 franc ). But because of the rapid inflation, practically no one uses them. Well Djibouti franc To ruble or any other currency in the world can be viewed on the currency converter below :

Djibouti coins

banknotes (bills) Djibouti

6. Djibouti on the world map

Djibouti- a small state in the northeast African, bordering in the southeast with Somalia, in the south and west with Ethiopia, in the north with Eritrea, and in the east by the waters of the Strait of Bab al-Mandeb and the Gulf of Aden of the Indian Ocean. Republic of Djibouti Square is 23,200 km² .

The relief of the country is mountainous and is an alternation of mountain ranges and lava plateaus, with cones of extinct volcanoes. Highest point in Djibouti — Mount Musa Ali (height 2028 m), the Central part of the country is occupied by rocky, sandy or clayey plains, the lowest areas, which are occupied by salt lakes. The most big lake – Assal ... All rivers are drying up. The vegetation cover of the Republic is desert or semi-desert, the grass cover is very thin. On individual mountain peaks and the slopes are sparse forests of junipers, olive trees and acacias, and in the oases - palm trees.

7. What to see in Djibouti

Here is a small list of attractions, which you should pay attention to when drawing up a plan of excursions around Djibouti:

• Ardoukoba volcano
• Mount Garbi
• Mountain Hemed
• Mabla Mountains
• Goda Mountains
• Arrei Mountains
• Arta Mountains
• Boura Mountains
• Day Forest National Park
• djibouti mangrove swamp
• Hamoudi Mosque
• lake abbe
• Lake Assal
• Dumeira Islands
• Moucha island
• Khor Ambado beach
• Djibouti port
• Djibouti Presidential Palace
• Strait of Bab el-Mandeb
• Djibouti Tropical Aquarium
• Boin's fumarole field
• fumarole field Garbes
• Djibouti central market

8. Largest cities

10 largest cities in the Republic of Djibouti:

1. Djibouti - the capital of the Republic of Djibouti
2. Ali-Sabier
3. Dikhil
4. Tajura
5. Ali-Adda
6. Holhol
7. Yoboki

9. Climate

Djibouti climate tropical , extremely hot and dry. Average temperature air throughout the year fluctuates from +26 ° C to +30 ° C, and in the hot season (from June to September) - +36 ° C to +40 ° C. There is very little precipitation - from 50 to 130 mm per year, 95% of the days a year pass without precipitation. The water temperature in most bodies of water is 30 ° C ... 35 ° C and does not contribute to cooling at all.

10. Population

Djibouti population is 931 115 people (data as of February 2019). The majority (62%) are Somali peoples of Issa, Abgal and Dalol. 34% are Afars (or Danakil) and 4% are other peoples: French, Italians, Greeks and Arabs (mostly from Yemen). Living standards in Djibouti quite low, and more than 45% of the country's inhabitants are below the poverty line. One tenth of the Djiboutians are nomadic or semi-nomadic. The average life expectancy of the female half of the population is 44 - 46 years, and the male half is 42 - 44 years.

Discover Djibouti population at this moment you can

11. Language

Official languages ​​of the Republic of Djibouti French and Arab ... On the French speak in educational and administrative institutions, in Arabic say Yemenis and other immigrants from Arab countries. The majority of the population speaks Somali and afar languages ​​belonging to the Kushite language group.

12. Religion

The dominant religion in Djibouti is an Sunni Islam , 94% of the country's population professes it, and there are also a small number of Shiites. 5% of the inhabitants of the Republic are adherents of Christianity, 1% of Djiboutians profess Buddhism and Hinduism. Some nationalities in parallel remain committed to traditional beliefs.

13. Holidays

Djibouti National Holidays:

• January 1 - New Year
• movable date in December - February - Eid el-kebir (Muslim holiday Eid al-adha - Eid al-Adha)
• movable date in December-February - 1st day of Muharram (New Year according to the Muslim calendar)
• May 1 - Labor Day
• movable date in spring-summer - Mulud (Mawlid-an-Nabi, birthday of the Prophet Muhammad)
• June 27 - Independence Day
• movable date in October - Al-Isra al-Miraj (Rajab Bayram is a Muslim holiday in memory of the Prophet's night travel from Mecca to Jerusalem and back)
• movable date in October - November - Ramadan (Eid al-fitr, Eid al-Adha), the Muslim holiday of the end of fasting

14. Souvenirs and gifts

Below is a small scroll the most common and popular souvenirs and gifts which tourists usually bring from Djibouti:

• arafats
• pearl products
• coral products
• shell products
• embossed leather products (knife covers, bags, flasks, paintings)
• silverware
• leather jewelry (bracelets, necklaces, beads)
• beads
• silver jewelry

15. "Not a nail, not a wand" or customs regulations

Djibouti customs regulations do not limit the amount of imported / exported national and foreign currency.

Allowed:

Duty free import allowed up to 200 pcs. cigarettes, spirits (with an alcohol content of more than 22%) - up to 1 liter, liqueurs and fortified wines (alcohol less than 22%) - 2 liters, dry wines - up to 2 liters, up to 50 g of perfume, 1kg of meat, 2kg fishes. Food products must be labeled with expiration dates.

Forbidden:

Prohibited import drugs in any form, weapons and ammunition, printed and video materials of a pornographic nature. The export of historical values, corals, shells is prohibited sea ​​turtles, other species of marine flora and fauna, as well as the skins of wild animals.

16. Voltage in the electrical network

Voltage in the electrical network Republic of Djibouti: 1971-1997 that was named Republic of Zaire and in 1960-1964 years — Republic of the Congo... Before 1960 year was a colony of Belgium. There are two states in Africa with the same name: Congo with capital Brazzaville and Democratic Republic of the Congo with the capital of Kinshasa... Both are located in the pool Congo river and on its banks. DR Congo- the second largest country in Africa and the eleventh in the world, which contains many national parks, reserves and other natural attractions that have remained in their original form. Despite its natural wealth, DR Congo is one of the poorest countries in the world. There are quite often cases of armed robberies in the country, including against foreigners. Visits to the eastern and northeastern regions of the country, along the borders with Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda and Sudan, where there have been years of fighting between government forces and illegal armed groups, is an increased security risk.

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Africa is the largest region in terms of area (30 million sq. Km.), Including 54 independent states. Some of them are rich and developing, others are poor, some have access to the sea, while others are not. So how many countries are there in Africa, and which countries are the most developed?

Countries of North Africa

The entire mainland can be divided into five zones: North Africa, West Africa, East Africa, Central Africa, South Africa .

Rice. 1. Countries in Africa.

Almost the entire region of North Africa (10 million sq. Km.) Lies on the territory of the Sahara Desert. This natural zone is characterized by high temperatures; it is here that the world's highest temperature in the shade is recorded - +58 degrees. The largest African states are located in this region. These are Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Sudan. All these countries are landlocked territories.

Egypt – tourist centre Africa. People from all over the world come here to enjoy warm sea, sandy beaches and infrastructure, completely suitable for a good holiday.

State of Algeria with the capital of the same name, it is the largest country in terms of area in North Africa. Its area is 2382 thousand square meters. km. The largest river in this area is the Sheliff River, which flows into the Mediterranean Sea. Its length is 700 km. The rest of the rivers are much smaller and are lost among the deserts of the Sahara. Algeria produces large volumes of oil and gas.

TOP-4 articleswho read along with this

Sudan - a country in the North African region, which has access to the Red Sea.

Sudan is sometimes called the "country of the three Niles" - White, Blue, and the main one, which is formed as a result of the merger of the first two.

In Sudan, there is a dense and rich vegetation of tall grass savannas: in the wet season, the grass here reaches 2.5 - 3 m. In the very south there is a forest savanna with iron, red and black ebony trees.

Rice. 2. Ebony.

Libya - a country in the central part of North Africa, with an area of ​​1760 thousand square meters. km. Most of the territory is flat plain with heights from 200 to 500 meters. Like other countries in North America, Libya has access to the Mediterranean Sea.

West African countries

West Africa is washed by the Atlantic Ocean from the south and from the west. The Guinean forests of the tropical region are located here. These areas are characterized by alternating rainy and drought seasons. West Africa includes many states, including Nigeria, Ghana, Senegal, Mali, Cameroon, Liberia. The population of this region is 210 million people. It is in this region that Nigeria is located (195 million people) - the largest country in terms of population in Africa, and Cape Verde is a very small island state with a population of about 430 thousand people.

Agriculture plays the main role in the economy. West African countries are leaders in the collection of cocoa beans (Ghana, Nigeria), peanuts (Senegal, Niger), palm oil (Nigeria).

Central African countries

Central Africa is located in the western part of the continent and lies in the equatorial and subequatorial zones. This area is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Guinea. There are a lot of rivers in Central Africa: Congo, Ogove, Kwanza, Kvilu. The climate is humid and hot. This region includes 9 countries, including Congo, Chad, Cameroon, Gabon, Angola.

In terms of natural resources, the Democratic Republic of the Congo is one of the richest countries on the continent. There are unique wet forests - the Selvas of Africa, which make up 6% of the humid forests of the whole world.

Angola is a major export supplier. Coffee, fruit and sugar cane are exported abroad. And in Gabon, copper, oil, manganese, uranium are mined.

Countries of East Africa

The shores of eastern Africa are washed by the Red Sea, as well as by the course of the Nile. The climate in this area is different in every country. For example, the Seychelles is characterized as a humid marine tropics dominated by monsoons. At the same time, Somalia, also part of East Africa, is a desert where there are practically no rainy days. This region includes Madagascar, Rwanda, Seychelles, Uganda, Tanzania.

Some East African countries are characterized by the export of specific products that are not found in other African states. Kenya exports tea and coffee, while Tanzania and Uganda exports cotton.

Many people are wondering where is the capital of Africa? Naturally, each of the countries has its own capital, but the heart of Africa is considered the capital of Ethiopia - the city of Addis Ababa. It has no outlet to the sea, but it is here that the representations of all countries of the mainland are located.

Rice. 3. Addis Ababa.

Countries of South Africa

South Africa includes South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland.

South Africa is the most developed in its region, while Swaziland is the smallest. Swaziland shares borders with South Africa and Mozambique. The population of the country is only 1.3 million people. This region is located in the tropical and subtropical climatic zone.

List of African countries with capitals

• Algeria (capital - Algeria)
• Angola (capital - Luanda)
• Benin (capital - Porto-Novo)
• Botswana (capital - Gaborone)
• Burkina Faso (capital - Ouagadougou)
• Burundi (capital - Bujumbura)
• Gabon (capital - Libreville)
• Gambia (capital - Banjul)
• Ghana (capital - Accra)
• Guinea (capital - Conakry)
• Guinea-Bissau (capital - Bissau)
• Democratic Republic of the Congo (capital - Kinshasa)
• Djibouti (capital - Djibouti)
• Egypt (capital - Cairo)
• Zambia (capital - Lusaka)
• Western Sahara (capital - El Aaiun)
• Zimbabwe (capital - Harare)
• Cape Verde (capital - Praia)
• Cameroon (capital - Yaounde)
• Kenya (capital - Nairobi)
• Comoros (capital - Moroni)
• Congo (capital - Brazzaville)
• Cote d'Ivoire (table - Yamoussoukro)
• Lesotho (capital - Maseru)
• Liberia (capital - Monrovia)
• Libya (capital - Tripoli)
• Mauritius (capital - Port Louis)
• Mauritania (capital - Nouakchott)
• Madagascar (capital - Antananarivo)
• Malawi (capital - Lilongwe)
• Mali (capital - Bamako)
• Morocco (capital - Rabat)
• Mozambique (capital - Maputo)
• Namibia (capital - Windhoek)
• Niger (capital - Niamey)
• Nigeria (capital - Abuja)
• Saint Helena (capital - Jamestown) (UK)
• Reunion (capital - Saint-Denis) (France)
• Rwanda (capital - Kigali)
• Sao Tome and Principe (capital - Sao Tome)
• Swaziland (capital - Mbabane)
• Seychelles (capital - Victoria)
• Senegal (capital - Dakar)
• Somalia (capital - Mogadishu)
• Sudan (capital - Khartoum)
• Sierra Leone (capital - Freetown)
• Tanzania (capital - Dodoma)
• Togo (capital - Lome)
• Tunisia (capital - Tunisia)
• Uganda (capital - Kampala)
• Central African Republic (capital - Bangui)
• Chad (capital - N'Djamena)
• Equatorial Guinea (capital - Malabo)
• Eritrea (capital - Asmara)
• Ethiopia (capital - Addis Ababa)
• South Africa (capital - Pretoria)

What have we learned?

Africa is the hottest continent on Earth. There are 54 independent states on the mainland, which belong to one of five regions: North Africa, East Africa, West Africa, Central Africa, South Africa. The countries of Africa and their capitals are unique. Each country has its own characteristics and characteristics.

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Details Category: West African Countries Published on 03/17/2015 10:48 AM Hits: 1994

The name "Liberia" means "Land of Freedom". After all, Liberia was founded as an independent state by free-born and released American blacks.

The official name of the state is Republic of Liberia... It borders Sierra Leone, Guinea, Cote d "Ivoire. In the west it is washed by the Atlantic Ocean.

State symbols

Flag- is a rectangular panel with an aspect ratio of 10:19. The flag of this country resembles the flag of the United States: it consists of 11 stripes (6 red and 5 white) and a blue field with a white star. Eleven stripes represent eleven signatures on the declaration of independence. Red symbolizes courage, and white symbolizes moral principles. The white star symbolizes the liberation of the slaves, and the blue square represents the African continent. The flag was approved on July 16, 1847.
The flag of Liberia is the most widely used flag in the world merchant marine(about 1600 ships from other countries fly this flag). This fact is explained by the low cost of duties for the use of the flag in comparison with other countries.

Coat of arms- is a shield that depicts a 19th century ship arriving in Liberia. The ship symbolizes the ships that brought freed slaves from the United States to Liberia. Above the shield is an unrolled scroll with the national motto of Liberia: "The love of freedom brought us here." Under the shield is a scroll with an indication in English of the official name of the country: "Republic of Liberia".
The plow and shovel are symbols of the dignity of work and hard work through which the nation will prosper. Rising Sun in the background symbolizes the birth of a nation. The palm tree is the most versatile food source for Liberians. The white dove with a scroll symbolizes the breath of the world.

State structure

Form of government- presidential republic.
Head of State and Government- a president who is elected by direct general elections (by secret ballot) for a 6-year term. There is a vice president post.

President in office since 2006 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf... She is the first female president of an African country. Graduated from Harvard University.
Capital and largest city- Monrovia.
Official language- English, which is spoken by about 20% of the population. The rest speak aboriginal languages, mostly without writing.
Territory- 111 369 km².
Administrative division- 15 counties (counties), which are divided into 53 counties (districts).
Population- 4,294,000 people Ethnic composition: Negro aborigines 95%, the descendants of Negroes from the United States 2.5%, the descendants of Negroes from the Caribbean 2.5%. The urban population is 60%.

Religion- Christians 85%, Muslims 12%, aboriginal cults 1.5%, Bahais, Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists.
Currency- Liberian dollar.
Economy- the country is one of the poorest countries in the world. About 80% of the population lives below the poverty line.
One of the largest income items is the duties for the use of the Liberian flag by merchant ships of other states.

Sugar cane grinding
Large mineral resources: large reserves of iron ore, there are placers of gold, diamonds, rare earth elements. Agricultural, forestry and hydropower resources are also quite good. But the main export goods of Liberia are still raw timber and rubber, iron ore. Export: coffee, cocoa, diamonds, timber, iron ore. Import: fuel, chemicals, machinery, transport equipment, food. Transport: automobile, railway, water, air.
Education- 9-year primary education is officially compulsory, which children receive at the age of 7-16. Primary and secondary education is free of charge (except for an annual entry fee of Liberian $ 10,000). During the civil war, many schools were destroyed. There is one university in the country - the University of Liberia (opened in Monrovia in 1951 on the basis of the Liberian College). The university is under state control, teaching in English.
Sport- football is popular. The country has participated in the 11 Summer Olympics since 1956. It did not participate in the Winter Olympics. Liberian athletes have never won an Olympic medal.
Military establishment- ground forces, navy, air force. Internal security is provided by the police.

Nature

The coastline of Liberia is partially indented by lagoons, mangrove swamps, estuaries (river mouth widening towards the sea). The country has a fairly extensive network of rivers. The largest rivers are: Mano, Saint Paul, Loffa, Saint John, Sess and Cavalli. Only the downstream Saint Paul River is navigable.
Forests cover 18% of the territory. These are mainly gwea palms, valuable tropical species. Liberia has significant reserves of valuable timber.

The savannas are home to acacias, baobabs and other types of trees. Mangrove forests grow on the coast.
There are beautiful sandy beaches on the coast, but many of them are in disrepair.

Sapo National Park created in 1983. This is an island of pristine nature with an area of ​​1800 km², occupied wet forests the tropics. Animals of the park: pygmy hippos and antelopes, forest elephants, a large forest pig, pangolins. In total, more than 100 species of mammals and about 600 species of birds live here.

Pygmy hippo
There are over 140 mammal species in Liberia. The forests are home to many different insects (from termites to tsetse flies), birds, amphibians and reptiles. Wild animals survived mainly in the east and northwest of Liberia: elephants, leopards, antelopes, bristle-eared pigs, African (black) buffalo.

Bristle pig
Climate tropical: high temperature and high humidity.

The culture

The most common type of folk dwelling is a hut, set on a frame made of poles. The walls are made of stakes or bamboo knots fastened with lianas; outside they are plastered with white clay. Walls and sometimes doors are covered with carvings or colored geometric painting. The conical roof is made of raffia palm leaves or grass. Often a spire is installed on the roof, decorated with a faience plate.

V modern cities, of course, modern houses are being erected - made of brick, reinforced concrete and glass.
Wooden masks are used in rituals, especially in the secret societies of Poro, Bundu, and Sandé.

Mende masks are narrow faces framed by a high hairstyle, the head is carved along with the neck, which is decorated with several rings. Among the Loma people, masks are called "landa" - these are images of long, flat faces with a convex forehead and small horns.

Professional visual arts began to develop after the Second World War. One of the most famous painters and sculptors of Liberia - Laron Brown.
Crafts and arts and crafts are well developed: woodcarving, ivory carving, pottery, metalworking, weaving baskets and bags made of straw and plant fibers.
Contemporary literature is developing in English and local languages.

Professional musicians and singers appeared in the middle of the 20th century. Popular musician Otto Braun, ensemble of traditional music "Loffa-30". Popular music in the styles of high-life, al-jad has spread.

Liberia landmarks

Monrovia

Capital of Liberia. Located in an artificial bay at the mouth of the St. Paul River. Population 1 010 970 people.
Tourists in Monrovia may be interested in National Museum Liberia, Monrovia's Masonic Palace, a coastal market and several beaches, Antoinette Tubman Stadium with 10,000 seats, Samuel Doe Canyon Sports Complex with 40,000 seats and one of the largest in Africa.

Masonic Palace

Samuel Doe Canyon Sports Complex

National Multipurpose Complex, built in 1986. Was destroyed during the First and Second Civil Wars in 1980-2003. Reconstructed in 2007
It is mainly used for football matches, has an athletics track.
The stadium is covered with grass. Plasma video screens demonstrate the progress of the competition.

Lake Piso

Salt lake with an area of ​​about 100 km², one of the largest in Liberia.
There are several islands on it; the lake is connected to the Atlantic Ocean by narrow channels. In 1999, the lake was declared a protected area, work is underway to study and preserve the unique flora and fauna of the region.
In the past, the lake was quite large resort which fell into disrepair during the First and Second Civil Wars. Lake Piso attracts fishing enthusiasts, water sports and ethnotourism.

Centenary Pavilion

A symbol of Liberian statehood, significant ceremonies and holidays for the country are held here. It was built in 1947 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the proclamation of the Republic of Liberia.
In the pavilion of the Centenary, inaugurations and farewells to deceased statesmen are held.

Story

Archaeological research shows that the territory of Liberia has been inhabited since about the 12th century.
From the middle of the 15th century. and until the end of the 17th century. on the territory of modern Liberia, Portuguese, Dutch and British merchants had trading posts. The Portuguese called this region Costa da Pimenta (Pepper Coast) because of the abundance of melegeta pepper grains.
In 1822, the Americans founded a colony of "free people of color" on the coast of modern Liberia. It operated under the auspices of the American Colonization Society. By agreement with the leaders of local tribes, the settlers acquired territories of more than 13 thousand km² for goods worth 50 US dollars.
In 1824, this colony was named Liberia, and its constitution was adopted. By 1828, settlers captured the entire coast of modern Liberia, as well as parts of the coast of modern Sierra Leone and Cote d "Ivoire.
The independence of the Republic of Liberia was proclaimed on July 26, 1847. The settlers perceived the African continent, from where their ancestors were taken into slavery, as "the promised land." But they behaved in a peculiar way: when they arrived in Africa, they called themselves Americans. This is how they were perceived by the residents of neighboring Sierra Leone. The symbols of their state (flag, motto and seal), the chosen form of government reflected the American past of the American-Liberians.
Mutual mistrust and hostility between coastal Americans and indigenous people from the hinterland gave rise to continuing attempts throughout the country's history (rather successful) of the American-Liberian minority to dominate local blacks, whom they considered barbarians and people of the lowest class.
Three serious problems arose before the Liberian authorities: territorial conflicts with neighboring colonial powers (Britain and France), military actions between settlers and local residents and the threat of financial insolvency.

XX century

At the outbreak of World War I, Liberia declared its neutrality. She hoped to maintain trade relations with Germany, which accounted for more than half of Liberia's foreign trade. But the Entente countries established a blockade of sea trade routes, which deprived Liberia of its most important trading partner.
At the beginning of World War II, Liberia again declared neutrality, but its territory was used to transport American troops to North Africa. In 1944, Liberia officially declared war on Germany.
After World War II, Liberia, thanks to US loans, became a major exporter of rubber and iron ore.

Samuel Doe coup in 1980

On April 12, 1980, a coup d'etat took place in Liberia. President of the Republic William Tolbert was killed, his associates were executed, the power in the country was seized by Sergeant Samuel Doe, a representative of the Crane tribe, who assumed the rank of general.
Samuel Canyon Doe, President of Liberia from 1980 to 1990

At first, the change of power was perceived positively by the citizens, but then the ongoing economic downturn led to a decline in its popularity and a whole series of unsuccessful military coups. Doe was killed by Field Commander Prince Johnson, and brutally killed, which was recorded on video.
And after all this, Johnson received the post of senator in the government of Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf in 2007, and in 2011 even ran for the presidency of the country.

Civil wars 1989-2003

The large-scale conflict involved several ethnic factions. At the first stage of the war, Charles Taylor's group was supported by neighboring states that were involved in the conflict: Sierra Leone, Burkina Faso and Cote d'Ivoire. The military operations were carried out with great brutality, torture was used. The war entailed the transfer of more than half a million refugees to neighboring countries... The result was the signing of a peace agreement and the election of the President of the Republic in 1997, they were won Charles Taylor.

Charles Taylor
Charles Taylor's opponents organized an insurrectionary war, invading Liberia from neighboring countries several times. In 2002, with the active help and support of Guinean President Lansana Conte, a large opposition movement LURD was created, which managed to depose Taylor and expel him from the country.
In 2003, Interpol issued an arrest warrant for Charles Taylor on charges of crimes against humanity and violation of the 1949 Geneva Convention. Nigeria agreed to hand him over to Liberia, but Taylor disappeared from the sea villa Calabar (Nigeria), where he was being held in exile. He was soon caught and turned over to the Hague Tribunal, which in 2012 found Charles Taylor guilty on 11 counts, including crimes against humanity, violations of the Geneva Convention and other international laws. He was sentenced to 50 years in prison.
23 November 2005 Former Minister of Finance of Liberia Ellen Johnson Sirleaf won the presidential elections in the country.

West Africa is a region with magnificent nature and rich resource potential. However, all the countries included in it are characterized by weak and unstable economies. Tribal conflicts, frequent change of government, high mortality from tropical diseases, total poverty are the main problems here.

Geography of Western Africa

Africa is the second largest continent on the planet. It hosts 55 states and five self-proclaimed unrecognized entities. Conventionally, the continent is divided into five sub-regions, each of which unites states that are similar not only geographically, but also historically and culturally.

Starts in the central part of the Sahara. In the south and west, it is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean, and in the southeast, by the mountains of Cameroon. The territory of the region covers all the main natural zones of the mainland, from deserts and tropical savannas, to equatorial forests... Most of it falls on the Sahel and Sudan ecoregions (not to be confused with the country), which are grassy steppes and woodlands. Closer to the coast, there are mangroves and gallery forests.

The nature and resources of the region are full of diversity. A dense river system stretches closer to the coast. Its valleys are inhabited by monkeys, leopards, hippos, forest duikers, buffaloes, and giraffes. Local savannas are inhabited by lions, cheetahs, hyena dogs, gazelles and antelopes. Due to the active development of the region in the past, many species are today considered vulnerable or close to extinction, so they can be found only in nature reserves and national parks.

West African countries

The western region of the mainland is considered the largest both in terms of population and the number of its member states - a total of 16. The largest in terms of population is Nigeria, which is home to 196 million people. It is followed by Niger (22 million) and Mauritania (4.3 million). The largest in terms of area are Niger (1,267,000 km 2) and Mali (1,240,000 km 2).

The westernmost country in Africa is Cape Verde. It is also the smallest in the region in terms of area and population in the region. Cape Verde is located on the Cape Verde Islands in the Atlantic Ocean. They are separated from the coast of the mainland by about 600 kilometers.

The countries of West Africa do not receive much attention from travelers. The infrastructure and transport system are practically undeveloped here, and the conditions for recreation do not rise above the basic level.

Story

Almost all West African states are former colonies of Great Britain and France. It was they who retained their influence the longest. Before the appearance of Europeans, large state formations existed in the region. The Ghana Empire, the Mali and Songhai empires were located here.

During the period of the Great Geographical Discoveries, European discoverers appeared on the African coast of the Atlantic Ocean. At first, the development of the region was slow due to numerous tropical diseases - yellow fever, malaria, sleeping sickness, etc.

At the end of the 19th century, colonization accelerated with the invention of cures for local ailments. West Africa has become a major supplier of ivory, precious stones and metals, as well as free work force... At that time, a huge number of mammals, including elephants, leopards, chimpanzees, were exterminated in the region, and the slave trade reached enormous proportions.

The first country to gain independence from Europeans is Ghana (1957), followed by Nigeria and Mauritania in 1960. Despite their free status, West African countries were in no hurry to abandon slavery, and cases of forced labor or human trafficking were recorded even in the 2000s. In Mauritania, slavery has been prohibited since 1981, but even now it remains a country where slavery is not prosecuted by the authorities.

Economies of countries

The region has significant resource potential. There are deposits of oil, tantalum, niobium, diamonds, gold, manganese, iron, tin, bauxite, uranium, tungsten, and coal. Despite this, the industry in West Africa works mainly for the extraction of minerals, and their processing is carried out only at the initial level.

Some resources are still mined by hand. In some countries, such as Nigeria, spontaneous seizures of deposits often occur, and resource wars are waged. All this is hardly regulated by the authorities, due to the developed corruption and frequent change of managers.

The basis of the economy of states is agriculture, as a rule, highly specialized. For example, Cote d'Ivoire and Ghana grow cocoa beans, Senegal and Gambia - peanuts, Nigeria produces palm oil, Guinea specializes in coffee, Togo - coffee and cocoa. Countries located on the shores of the ocean are engaged in fishing and supply of seafood ...

Education

Mali (country). State in West Africa

August 30, 2015

Each country has many interesting features and details. A lot can be said about any of them. Especially if it is a distant and exotic land. For example, the African Republic of Mali. What is the first thing to know about her?

Geographical position

You can find Mali on the map in the west of the African continent. The country's territory covers almost one and a half million square kilometers, or more precisely, 1.24. Twenty-two thousand of them are occupied by water, and the rest are land. The size of the country can be better understood if you know that it is comparable to South Africa or twice the size of Texas. The length of the border is seven thousand two hundred and forty-three kilometers. To the west of the country is Senegal, to the north are Algeria and Mauritania, to the east are Niger and Burkina Faso, south of Mali is the country of Cote d'Ivoire, formerly known as the Ivory Coast, and Guinea.

Capital and regions

As in any state, Mali has a complex system administrative division... According to it, eight regions are distinguished on the territory. A separate unit is the capital of Mali - Bamako. The regions are divided into districts, of which there are two hundred and eighty-eight in the country. In addition to the administrative division, there is also a geographic division. Mali's nature is divided into five large areas. These are deserts in the north of the state, a transitional region - the Sahel, two types of savannas and the territory of the Niger Delta.

Water pool

The largest river is the Niger, which flows from Guinea, crosses the territory of Mali and heads northeast. In the channel there are many branches, channels and lakes, as well as swamps. In the delta, there are structures that allow the distribution of water for irrigation. Since the Republic of Mali is located in a fairly dry region, the availability of hydraulic engineering is of great importance for it. Some of the artificial irrigation canals follow the historical course of the Niger. In the west of the country there is also the Senegal River, which appears as a result of the confluence of Bakoi and Bafing. Mali's lowest point is located in its delta. The country is also distinguished by several hills. In the southwest, the sandstone of the mountains becomes the framing of the upper basin of the Niger and the Bani, which is a tributary.

Mountain ranges

In addition to sandstone plateaus, there are other lifting zones on the territory. crust... The mountains between the cities of Gao and Mopti are especially pronounced. To the east of the latter, there is a remnant massif called Hombori. The highest point is a mountain of one thousand one hundred and fifty-five meters. This is a record not only for the massif, but for the whole country. Another major elevation is the Adrar-Ifhoras plateau.

Vegetation

Despite the harsh hot climate that distinguishes Africa, Mali can boast of a variety of flora. Most of the territories are covered with a variety of shrubs and grasses. On the territory of the Sahel, there are acacias, doom palms, baobabs, nere, kapok trees, karite, seibas, wild plums and other exotic varieties. In the south, there are ronye palms, Senegalese cayis, terminalia, and a variety of herbaceous plants.

Animal world

The fauna of Mali is impressive with its incredible diversity. On the territories of desert regions, large antelopes are most often found - oryx, addax, as well as gazelles, cheetahs, giraffes and striped hyenas. The savannas are inhabited by warthogs - African wild pigs, and a variety of predators - jackals, lions and leopards. Antelopes are widespread. Unfortunately, the number of elephants is constantly decreasing. The rivers and lakes of Mali are of great importance. The country is engaged in fishing, the most valuable is the Nile perch, also known as the "captain". Insects are widely represented - bees, mosquitoes, termites, midges. Many species are hazardous to animal and human health. The state's flora and fauna are protected by a national park called Boucle du Baule.

Natural resources

All kinds of resources necessary for the active development of the state are well represented on the territory of Mali. The country boasts deposits of precious metals and stones - gold and diamonds are mined here. In addition, in the mines of Mali, you can find copper, bauxite, manganese, uranium, granite, lithium, table salt. There is also kaolin clay in the country.

Climatic conditions

The country is located in the tropical continental strip. To the south, where the capital of Mali is located, the climate is subequatorial. There dry and rainy seasons alternate. The first lasts from November to June, and the second - from July to October. During the dry season, the country is dominated by northeasterly winds that lead to sandstorms. In the center of Mali, Bamako, there are impressive fluctuations in temperature within one day - in the evenings, nights and early morning it is cool here, and by noon the thermometer shows more than thirty degrees of heat. In the region on the territory of the Sahara, there are harmatan winds, characterized by hurricane force. The temperature here reaches forty-five degrees of heat. The southern territories differ in the maximum amount of precipitation - up to one and a half thousand millimeters per year fall here. There are regular droughts throughout the country. In the Sahara region, one hundred and fifty millimeters fall annually, in the city of Timbuktu - two hundred and thirty.

The peoples of Mali

Almost one hundred percent of the country's population is represented by Negroids. Representatives of the Mediterranean type of Caucasians - Arabs and Tuaregs - are found only in some northern territories. The ethnic diversity of Mali is impressive - the peoples of the state are numbered in dozens. Most of them belong to the Niger-Cordo-Fan language family, there are also representatives of the West Atlantic, Afrasian and Voltaic. The most numerous people are the Bambara, the speakers of the most common language. Such an ethnic group can be found in the central part of the country. The next is Malinka with representatives in the west. Like the previous one, this people is mainly engaged in agriculture and cattle breeding.

Both Senufo and Mande live in agriculture. Songhai, who are engaged in nomadic herding, live on the shores of the Niger. In the most rocky regions, the Dogon live, surprisingly succeeding in farming in the most disadvantaged areas. Tuaregs are worthy of special mention. This is a nomadic people from the east. Arabs are engaged in cattle breeding and trade in the area of ​​Lake Fagibin and on the territory of the Sahara. Despite the fact that this people is not the most widespread, it strongly influences the development of the state. Thus, the Muslim religion spread under their influence and became the choice of the majority.

Fulbe is an interesting ethnic group. Their appearance combines the signs of the Negroid and Caucasian races. They have light brown skin. Fulbe live on the Atlantic coast and in the Sahel, as well as in the Niger Delta. The population that does not adhere to Muslim customs retains traditional beliefs. People worship plants, animals, stones, and also honor the spirits of their ancestors. It is interesting that some peoples accept Islam, but retain separate pagan beliefs. The country is characterized by a high rate of population growth - for the last fifteen years, the number of inhabitants has increased by more than two percent annually. Almost half of citizens are under fifteen years old, and representatives of retirement age - no more than six percent.

State symbols of Mali

The country gained independence not so long ago. Symbols appeared in 1961, after the country ceased to be part of the French community. As a flag, a canvas in the form of a quadrangle is used, the length of which refers to the width in the proportion of three to two. It is used on land for government, civil and military purposes. The flag is divided into three vertical stripes of the same size. There is a light green stripe at the pole, a bright yellow stripe in the center, and a red stripe on the edge. The first is a symbol of hope, fields and pastures, agriculture, on which the economy is based. Moreover, it is a sign of constant innovation and modernization. The wealth of the subsoil that belongs to every inhabitant of the country is indicated in yellow. Finally, red is a sign of the struggle for freedom and independence. Previously, the flag of the colony was a French cloth, complemented by a black kanagi figurine. This is an image of a person that was invented by supporters of the idea of ​​the exclusivity of the Negroid race. The racist figurine was removed from symbolism in 1961. Unusually, the coat of arms does not have the colors of the flag. It is a blue disc with a white falcon with a bow and arrow, complemented by a crown.