Exploration of oil fields. There are numerous oil sources in Dagestan, Chechnya, on the Apsheron and Taman peninsulas, as well as in many other parts of the world. Such surface oil shows are typical for mountainous regions with strong

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These approaches have already been explored. Which technology or which combinations will ultimately be accomplished is highly demand-driven. The global energy starter continues to grow. As demand increases, expensive shipping methods can become profitable.

Since ancient times, people have used oil and gas where their natural outcrops to the earth's surface have been observed. Such exits are still encountered today. In our country - in the Caucasus, in the Volga region, the Urals, on the island of Sakhalin. Abroad - North and South America, Indonesia and the Middle East

The United Nations is struggling to ensure that global warming is no more than two degrees. Some scholars regard this value as a long-term disaster. However, the fossil energy that we will be using so far is five times higher.

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

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INTRODUCTION

Oil and natural gas are one of the main minerals that were used by man in ancient times. Oil production began to grow at an especially rapid pace after drilling wells were used to extract it from the bowels of the earth. Usually the date of birth in the country of oil and gas industry the receipt of a gusher of oil from a well is considered (Table 1).

Podcast Science: Jealousy and Envy

A man, many women and no jealousy. In Germany, polygamy threatens with imprisonment. Also, are chimpanzees envious? We also bring you ice that won't melt. For several months, oil prices fell. On the one hand, more oil on the other hand, demand has decreased. This is not the first time the oil price has collapsed.

Active search for oil and gas fields

Low oil price is a challenge and an opportunity for oil industry... Companies that now have good positions will be able to further strengthen their position in the market as soon as prices recover. While the availability of production facilities in the oil and gas industry has always been a top priority, production costs are the main focus during difficult times. They can be reduced through the use of new technologies and process improvements.

Table 1. The first commercial inflows of oil from wells in the main oil-producing countries of the world






			Indonesia Challenging tasks for process engineers The oil industry needs to cut production costs because of the pressing need, but this cannot be avoided in the long run. Economical, easy-to-use oil is depleted in many places: oil from fields onshore, close to the surface, the pressure of which is high enough for it to initially bubble from the well. In the future, oil must move deeper under the seabed. It's much more difficult for manufacturing engineers. The purpose of prospecting and exploration work is to identify, assess reserves and prepare for the development of industrial oil and gas deposits. In the course of prospecting and exploration work, geological, geophysical, hydrogeochemical methods are used, as well as drilling and researching wells. Oil and gas production is becoming more and more complex. The good news is that oil and gas shouldn't go up as long as production methods are constantly improving. In the past, technical innovations and more efficient processes have made it increasingly difficult economic development... Some trends can already be seen today.

			Yugoslavia

From table. 1 it follows that the oil industry in different countries The world has existed for only 110 - 140 years, but during this period of time, oil and gas production has increased more than 40 thousand times. In 1860 world production of oil was only 70 thousand tons, in 1970 2280 million tons were extracted, and in 1996 already 3168 million tons. The rapid growth in production is associated with the conditions of occurrence and extraction of this mineral. Oil and gas are confined to sedimentary rocks and are distributed regionally. Moreover, in each sedimentary basin, there is a concentration of their main reserves in a relatively limited number of deposits. All this, taking into account the increasing consumption of oil and gas in industry and the possibility of their quick and economical extraction from the depths, make these minerals the object of priority searches.

Vision automatic oil fields can become a reality: on the seabed several thousand meters below the surface of the water, they can operate for decades without maintenance. This means that in the future gas will be used and sold in the future. ... However, alternatives to oil and gas are also maturing. Electrical vehicles could penetrate the market in the future. And renewable energy sources like wind power are becoming more economical and could partially replace fossil fuels.

The problem is that we do not yet have reliable methods for finding non-anticlinal traps.

On the one hand, the availability of easy-to-move oil is decreasing - on the other hand, there are interesting alternatives to oil and gas. For manufacturers, this means you need to cut costs. The pioneers among them show how automation and data analysis works. Simply put, in the future, more valves are opened and closed by machines than by humans. And the decision of when the valve should be closed or open will most often fall on machines. The fact that human workers fly to rigs will one day be the exception, not the rule.

This course describes methods of prospecting and exploration for oil and gas fields. Methods for exploration of oil fields and methods for accelerated exploration and commissioning of gas fields are also presented in separate chapters.

For writing the term paper, materials from study guide"Oil and gas field geology and geological foundations of the development of oil and gas fields", authors MM Ivanova and Dementyev L.F., as well as articles taken from the site www.nature.ru.

The volume of the course work is 45 pages. In the main part of the work, 2 tables are used. At the end of the work, a graphical application in A3 format "Schemes for contouring oil deposits" is given.

CHAPTER 1. SEARCH AND EXPLORATION OF OIL AND GAS DEPOSITS

1. Methods of prospecting and exploration of oil and gas fields

The purpose of prospecting and exploration work is to identify, assess reserves and prepare for the development of industrial oil and gas deposits. In the course of prospecting and exploration work, geological, geophysical, hydrogeochemical methods are used, as well as drilling and researching wells.

A) Geological methods

Automated equipment continuously produces data that can be collected and combined. In intensive training, specialists can prepare for their use. For example, the crew of an African oil refinery was able to perform virtual operations on the high seas while their future workplace was still under construction.

Oil gas well field

Onboard training was reduced and the plant began operations two months earlier than planned. Savings potential can also be exploited if mechanical and electrical drives become smaller and lighter, given the limited space available on platforms or pipelines.

Geological surveys precede all other types of prospecting works. For this, geologists travel to the study area and carry out the so-called field work. In the course of them, they study the layers of rocks that come out to the day's surface, their composition and angles of inclination. To analyze bedrocks covered with modern sediments, pits up to 3 cm deep are dug.And in order to get an idea of deeper rocks, mapping wells up to 600 m deep are drilled.

5 percent bandwidth must change every year

Whether the price of oil will remain low, perhaps for many years no one knows. But the industry has shown one thing: while the price is showing wild rashes, consumption is growing steadily. However, global consumption has increased significantly at an average of one to two percent per year. In addition, about five percent of existing production capacity needs to be replaced every year to compensate for declining yields in old oil fields. For this purpose, new fields are being opened, and the yield of old fields is increasing due to the introduction of gas.

Upon returning home, cameral work is carried out, i.e. processing of materials collected during the previous stage. The result of the desk work is a geological map and geological sections of the area.

A geological map is a projection of rock outcrops onto the surface of the earth. The anticline on the geological map looks like an oval spot, in the center of which there are more ancient rocks, and on the periphery - younger ones.

Automation and digitization will help oil and gas remain competitive for decades to come. For better or worse, humanity will continue to consume slightly more oil and gas every year than in the previous year. In absolute terms, demand is growing. However, the share of oil and gas in total energy consumption may decline.

Until one day, it would be more economical to leave leftover oil in the earth's crust rather than push it forward. The necessary adjustments on a long journey are good business opportunities for all those with the courage to innovate; who dare to try new methods of extraction and use of oil and gas.

However, no matter how carefully the geological survey is carried out, it makes it possible to judge the structure of only the upper part of the rocks. Geophysical methods are used to “probe” deep bowels.

B) Geophysical methods

Geophysical methods include seismic exploration, electrical exploration and magnetic exploration.

“If you see an increase in consumption, it quickly becomes clear that oil and gas will remain very important for at least several decades,” says Lisa Davis. Of course, we also need renewable energy sources. At least today we need everything we have, including oil and gas.

The Israeli military invasion of the Gaza Strip has a direct connection with the control and possession of strategic gas reserves off the coast. Vast gas reserves were discovered every year off the coast. Coastal rights gas fields divided: British gas; Consolidated contractors; and the Palestinian Authority Investment Fund.

Seismic exploration is based on the use of the laws of propagation of artificially created elastic waves in the earth's crust. Waves are created in one of the following ways:

1) the explosion of special charges in wells up to 30 m deep;

2) vibrators;

3) converters of explosive energy into mechanical.

The speed of propagation of seismic waves in rocks of different densities is not the same: the denser the rock, the faster the waves penetrate through it. At the interface between two media with different densities, elastic vibrations are partially reflected, returning to the surface of the earth, and partially refracted, continue their movement deep into the interior to a new interface. Reflected seismic waves are captured by geophones. Deciphering then the obtained graphs of fluctuations the earth's surface, experts determine the depth of the rocks that reflected the waves, and the angle of their inclination.

It should be noted that 60% of the gas reserves along the Gaza-Israel coast are owned by Palestine. These figures were published by British Gas. The scale of gas reserves in Palestine could be much higher. Who do these gas fields belong to? The problem of managing the gas fields in Gaza is very important. From a legal point of view, these mineral resources belong to Palestine.

The death of Yasser Arafat, the election of the Hamas government, and the end of the Palestinian Authority have allowed Israel to assume de facto control of Gaza's natural gas reserves. The Hamas government has been bypassed in terms of research and development rights for gas fields. The Supreme Court challenged Palestinian authority over coastal gas fields. Sharon made it clear that "Israel will never buy gas from Palestine," and agreed to understand that the Gaza gas fields close to the gas would belong to Israel.

Electrical exploration is based on the varying electrical conductivity of rocks. So, granites, limestones, sandstones saturated with saline mineralized water conduct electric current well, and clays, sandstones saturated with oil have very low electrical conductivity.

Gravity exploration is based on the dependence of the force of gravity on the surface of the Earth on the density of rocks. Rocks saturated with oil or gas are less dense than the same rocks that contain water. The task of gravity exploration is to determine revenge with an abnormally low gravity.

British Prime Minister Tony Blair intervened in Israel's name to delay the deal. Tel Aviv, however, did not intend to share the proceeds with Palestine. Israeli defense agencies want Palestinians to be paid for goods and services. They insist that the government controlled by Hamas does not receive money.

The negotiations were suspended. Israel's goal was to eliminate the possibility of paying royalties to the Palestinians. Drawing board invasion plan. The decision to expedite negotiations with the British gas group coincided with the military planning process.

Magnetic prospecting is based on different magnetic permeability of rocks. Our planet is a huge magnet around which a magnetic field is located. Depending on the composition of the rocks, the presence of oil and gas, this magnetic field is distorted to varying degrees. Magnetometers are often installed on airplanes that fly around the surveyed area at a certain height. Aeromagnetic survey makes it possible to reveal anticlines at a depth of up to 7 km, even if their height is no more than 200 ... 300 m.

The military occupation of the Gaza Strip decided to transfer power over the gas fields to Israel. What do we expect after the invasion? What is Israel's intention with regard to Palestinian natural gas reserves? The militarization of all coastline Is Gaza strategically important to Israel?

Complete confiscation of Palestinian gas fields and unilateral declaration of Israeli rule over the coastal zone of Gaza? If this happens, will Gaza's gas fields be integrated into Israel's near-natural facilities, which will connect directly to the Gaza Strip?

Geological and geophysical methods mainly reveal the structure of the sedimentary strata and possible traps for oil and gas. However, the presence of a trap does not mean the presence of an oil or gas reservoir. Hydrogeochemical methods of subsoil exploration help to identify from the total number of discovered structures those that are most promising for oil and gas, without drilling wells.

These various marine facilities then linked to the Israeli energy transport corridor, which stretches from Eilat with its Red Sea oil pipeline terminal to seaport in Ashkalon and travels north to Haifa, Turkish pipeline from the Turkish port of Ceyhan.

Michel Chosudovsky, The War in Lebanon and the Battle for Oil, Global Research. Michelle Chosudovsky is Professor of Economics at the University of Ottawa and is a member of various United Nations organizations. He heads the Center for Research on Globalization, author of several books and contributors to the Encyclopedia Britannica. His texts have been translated into over 20 languages.

C) Hydrogeochemical methods

Hydrochemical ones include gas, luminescent-bit-monologue, radioactive surveys and hydrochemical methods.

Gas survey consists in determining the presence of hydrocarbon gases in rock samples and groundwater sampled from a depth of 2 to 50 m. Around any oil and gas deposits a halo of dispersion of hydrocarbon gases is formed due to their filtration and diffusion through the pores and cracks of the rocks. With the help of gas analyzers with a sensitivity of 15 ... 16%, an increased content of hydrocarbon gases in samples taken directly above the reservoir is recorded. The disadvantage of this method is that the anomaly can be displaced relative to the reservoir (due to the oblique occurrence of the overburden, for example) or be associated with non-commercial deposits.

The age at which oil and gas was easy to find is coming to an end. We are developing new technologies to discover reserves that were once invisible, for example, at depths of more than 1000 meters or under thick salt layers hidden deep under the seabed.

After deciding to invest in an oil field, our challenge is to drill holes and generate energy as safely as possible, with minimal impact on the environment. To achieve these goals, we are constantly developing new technologies and improving our security procedures. We apply the same global standards to all of our drilling and operating procedures.

The use of luminescent-bituminological surveying is based on the fact that the content of bitumen in the rock is increased above oil deposits, on the one hand, and on the phenomenon of bitumen glow in ultraviolet light, on the other. By the nature of the glow of the selected rock sample, a conclusion is made about the presence of oil in the proposed reservoir.

It is known that in any place of our planet there is a so-called background radiation caused by the presence of radioactive transuranium elements in its interior, as well as by the effect of cosmic radiation. Experts managed to establish that the radiation background is lowered above the oil and gas deposits. Radioactive survey is carried out in order to detect the specified anomalies of the radiation background. The disadvantage of this method is that radioactive anomalies in the near-surface layers can be caused by a number of other natural causes. Therefore, this method is still used to a limited extent.

The hydrochemical method is based on the study of the chemical composition of groundwater and the content of dissolved gases in them, as well as organic substances, in particular arenes. As the reservoir approaches, the concentration of these components in the waters increases, which allows us to conclude that there is oil or gas in the traps.

D) Drilling and survey of wells

Well drilling is used to delineate deposits, as well as to determine the depth and thickness of oil and gas reservoirs.

While drilling, core-cylindrical samples of rocks occurring at different depths are taken. Core analysis allows you to determine its oil and gas content. However, cores are taken along the entire length of the well only in exceptional cases. Therefore, after the completion of drilling, a mandatory procedure is to study the well with geophysical methods.

The most common well survey method is electrical logging. In this case, after removing the drill pipes, a device is lowered into the borehole on a wireline, which makes it possible to determine the electrical properties of the rocks penetrated by the borehole. The measurement results are presented in the form of electric logging diagrams. Deciphering them, the depth of occurrence of permeable formations with high electrical resistivity is determined, which indicates the presence of oil in them.

The practice of electric logging has shown that it reliably fixes oil-bearing strata in sandy-argillaceous rocks, however, in carbonate deposits, the possibilities of electric logging are limited. Therefore, other methods of well survey are also used: measuring the temperature along the section of the well (thermometric method), measuring the speed of sound in rocks (acoustic method), measuring the natural radioactivity of rocks (radiometric method), etc.

2. Stages of prospecting and exploration work

Prospecting and exploration work is carried out in two stages: prospecting and exploration. The search stage includes three stages:

1) regional geological and geophysical works:

2) preparation of areas for deep exploration drilling;

3) prospecting for deposits.

At the first stage, geological and geophysical methods identify possible oil and gas zones, assess their reserves and establish priority areas for further prospecting work. At the second stage, a more detailed study of oil and gas zones is carried out by geological and geophysical methods. In this case, the advantage is given to seismic exploration, which makes it possible to study the structure of the subsoil to a great depth. At the third stage of exploration, prospecting wells are drilled with the aim of discovering deposits. The first prospecting wells to study the entire stratum of sedimentary rocks are drilled, as a rule, to the maximum depth. After that, each of the "floors" of the deposits will be explored in turn, starting from the upper one. As a result of these works, a preliminary assessment of the reserves of the newly discovered deposits is made and recommendations are given for their further exploration. Exploration stage carried out in one stage. The main goal of this stage is to prepare deposits for development. In the process of exploration, deposits, reservoir properties of productive horizons should be delineated. Upon completion of the exploration work, commercial reserves are calculated and recommendations are given on putting the deposits into development. Currently, within the framework of the search stage, surveys from space are widely used. Even the first aviators noticed that from a bird's eye view, small relief details are not visible, but large formations, which seemed scattered on the ground, turn out to be elements of something unified. Archaeologists were among the first to take advantage of this effect. It turned out that in the deserts, the ruins of ancient cities affect the shape of the sandy ridges above them, and in the middle lane - a different color of vegetation above the ruins. Geologists have also adopted aerial photography. In relation to the search for mineral deposits, it began to be called aerogeological survey. New method search has proved to be excellent (especially in desert and steppe regions Central Asia, Western Kazakhstan and Ciscaucasia). However, it turned out that an aerial photograph covering an area of up to 500 ... 700 km2 does not allow revealing especially large geological objects. Therefore, for search purposes, they began to use surveys from space. The advantage of satellite images is that they capture areas of the earth's surface that are tens and even hundreds of times larger than the area on an aerial photograph. At the same time, the masking effect of the soil and vegetation cover is eliminated, relief details are hidden, and individual fragments of structures crust unite into something whole. Aerogeological surveys provide for visual observations, as well as various types of surveys - photographic, television, spectrometric, infrared, radar. During visual observations, astronauts have the opportunity to judge the structure of the shelves, as well as to select objects for further study from space. With the help of photographic and television filming, one can see very large geological elements of the Earth - megastructures or morphostructures. In the course of spectrometric survey, the spectrum of natural electromagnetic radiation of natural objects is investigated in various frequency ranges. Infrared imaging makes it possible to establish regional and global thermal anomalies of the Earth, while radar imaging provides the ability to study its surface regardless of the presence of cloud cover. Space exploration does not reveal mineral deposits. With their help, geological structures are found where oil and gas fields can be located. Subsequently, geological expeditions conduct field research in these places and give a final conclusion about the presence or absence of these minerals. At the same time, despite the fact that the modern geologist-prospect is sufficiently well "armed", the effectiveness of prospecting for oil and gas remains an urgent problem ... This is evidenced by a significant number of "dry" (which did not lead to the discovery of industrial hydrocarbon deposits) wells. First in Saudi Arabia large deposit Damam was discovered after unsuccessful drilling of 8 prospecting wells in the same structure, and the unique Hassi-Mesaud field (Algeria) - after 20 “dry” wells. The first large deposits of oil in the North Sea were discovered after the world's largest companies had drilled 200 wells (either “dry” or only with gas shows). Largest in North America the Prudhoe Bay oil field measuring 70 by 16 km with recoverable oil reserves of about 2 billion tons was discovered after drilling 46 exploratory wells on the northern slope of Alaska. There are similar examples in domestic practice. Before the discovery of the giant Astrakhonskoye gas condensate field, 16 unproductive exploration wells were drilled. Another 14 "dry" wells had to be drilled before they found the second in the Astrakhan region in terms of reserves, Yelenovskoye gas condensate field... On average, the worldwide search success rate for oil and gas fields is about 0.3. Thus, only every third drilled object turns out to be a deposit. But this is only on average. Smaller values of the success rate are also not uncommon. Geologists deal with nature, in which not all connections between objects and phenomena have been sufficiently studied. In addition, the equipment used in prospecting for deposits is still far from perfect, and its readings cannot always be interpreted unambiguously.

3. Classification of oil and gas deposits

By an oil and gas reservoir, we mean any natural accumulation of them confined to a natural trap. Deposits are subdivided into industrial and non-industrial. A field is understood as a single deposit or a group of deposits that fully or partially coincide in plan and are controlled by a structure or part of it. Of great practical and theoretical importance is the creation of a unified classification of deposits and fields, including the size of reserves, among other parameters. - When classifying oil and gas reservoirs, parameters such as hydrocarbon composition, trap topography, trap type, screen type, operating flow rates and reservoir type are taken into account. According to their hydrocarbon composition, the deposits are divided into 10 classes: oil, gas, gas condensate, emulsion, oil with a gas cap, oil with a gas condensate cap, gas with an oil rim, gas condensate with an oil rim, emulsion with a kaz cap, emulsion with a gas condensate cap. The described classes belong to the category of deposits of homogeneous composition, within which the physicochemical properties of hydrocarbons are approximately the same at any point in the oil and gas bearing formation. In deposits of the remaining six classes, hydrocarbons in reservoir conditions are simultaneously in liquid and gaseous states. These reservoir classes have a dual name. In this case, the first place is given to the name of a complex of hydrocarbon compounds, the geological reserves of which account for more than 50% of the total hydrocarbon reserves in the reservoir. The shape of the trap relief is the second parameter that must be taken into account in the complex classification of deposits. It practically coincides with the surface of the bottom of the rocks screening the deposit. Traps can be anticlinal, monoclinal, synclinal, and complex in shape. By the type of trap, the deposits are divided into five classes: biogenic ledge, massive, stratal, stratal-vaulted, massive-stratal. To bedded deposits can be attributed only those that are confined to monoclines, synclines and slopes of local uplifts. Layered-vaulted deposits are called deposits confined to positive local uplifts, within which the height of the deposit is greater than the thickness of the zone. Massive-bedded deposits include deposits confined to local uplifts, monoclines or synclines, within which the height of the deposit is less than the thickness of the bed. The classification of deposits by type of screen is given in table. 2. In this classification, in addition to the type of screen, it is proposed to take into account the position of this screen relative to the hydrocarbon accumulation. For this, four main zones and their combinations are distinguished in the trap, and where the normal gravitational position of oil-water or gas-water contacts is disturbed by pinch-out zones and other factors, the position of the screen relative to these zones is defined by a special term. This classification does not take into account the factors that determine the inclined or convex-concave position of the surface of the oil-water or gas-water contacts. Such cases are grouped under the heading "difficult screen position".

Table 2. Classification of deposits by screen type

Screen type	Position of deposits by screen type
	Along strike	By fall	By uprising	From all sides	By strike and fall	By strike and rebellion	By fall and rebellion
Lithological
Lithologic-stratigraphic
Tectonic (faults)
Lithological-denudation
Salt stock
Clay stock
Water shielded deposits
Mixed

According to the values of working flow rates, four classes of deposits are distinguished: high-flow, medium-flow, low-flow, non-industrial. In this classification, the limits of the flow rates of oil and gas deposits differ by one order of magnitude. This is due to the fact that gas deposits are usually explored and exploited with a sparser grid of wells.

Seven classes of reservoirs are distinguished by the type of reservoir: fractured, cavernous, porous, fractured-porous, fractured-cavernous, cavernous-porous and fractured-cavernous-porous. For some gas and gas condensate caps, oil deposits, gas and gas condensate deposits, the presence of unrecoverable oil in pores, caverns and fractures should be taken into account, which reduces the volume of voids in the deposit and should be taken into account when calculating oil and gas reserves.

This classification is incomplete, but it takes into account the most important parameters required for the choice of exploration methodology and the optimal technological scheme of exploitation.

4. Problems in prospecting and exploration of oil and gas, well drilling

Since ancient times, people have used oil and gas where their natural outcrops to the earth's surface have been observed. Such exits are still encountered today. In our country - in the Caucasus, in the Volga region, the Urals, on the island of Sakhalin. Abroad - in North and South America, Indonesia and the Middle East.

All surfaces of oil and gas occurrence are confined to mountainous regions and intermontane depressions. This is due to the fact that, as a result of complex mountain-building processes, oil and gas bearing strata, which had previously been at great depths, turned out to be close to the surface or even on the surface of the earth. In addition, numerous fractures and cracks occur in rocks, extending to great depths. They also bring oil and natural gas to the surface.

The most common outlets of natural gas - from subtle bubbles to powerful fountains. On wet soil and on the surface of the water, small gas outlets are fixed by bubbles appearing on them. In case of fountain emissions, when water and rock are erupting together with gas, mud cones with a height of several to hundreds of meters remain on the surface. The representatives of such cones on the Absheron Peninsula are the mud "volcanoes" Touragay (height 300 m) and Kyanizadag (490 m). Mud cones formed during periodic gas emissions are also found in northern Iran, Mexico, Romania, the United States and other countries.

Natural outflows of oil to the day surface occur from the bottom of various water bodies, through cracks in the rocks, through oil-impregnated cones (like mud cones) and in the form of oil-impregnated rocks.

On the Ukhta River, small drops of oil float up from the bottom at short intervals. Oil is constantly released from the bottom of the Caspian Sea near Zhiloy Island.

There are numerous oil sources in Dagestan, Chechnya, on the Apsheron and Taman peninsulas, as well as in many other parts of the world. Such surface oil shows are characteristic of mountainous regions with a highly indented relief, where gullies and ravines cut into oil-bearing strata located near the earth's surface.

Occasionally, oil seeps occur through conical, crater bumps. The body of the cone is composed of thickened oxidized oil and rock. Similar cones are found in Nebit-Dag (Turkmenistan), Mexico and other places. On about. Trinidate the height of the oil cones reaches 20 m, and the area of "oil lakes" consists of thickened and oxidized oil. Therefore, even in hot weather, a person not only does not fall through, but does not even leave traces on their surface.

Rocks impregnated with oxidized and hardened oil are called "kerami". They are widespread in the Caucasus, Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan. They are found on the plains: on the Volga, for example, there are outcrops of limestone soaked in oil.

For a long time, natural outflows of oil and gas have fully satisfied the needs of mankind. However, the development of human economic activity required more and more energy sources.

In an effort to increase the amount of oil consumed, people began to dig wells in places of surface oil shows, and then drill wells.

At first, they were laid where the oil escaped to the surface of the earth. The number of such places is limited. At the end of the last century, a new promising search method was developed. Drilling began to be carried out on a straight line connecting two wells already producing oil.

In new areas, the search for oil and gas fields was carried out almost blindly, shying from side to side. It is clear that this could not last long, because drilling each well costs thousands of dollars. Therefore, the question arose of where to drill wells in order to accurately find oil and gas.

This required an explanation of the origin of oil and gas, gave a powerful impetus to the development of geology - the science of the composition, structure and history of the Earth, as well as methods of prospecting and exploration for oil and gas fields.

Prospecting work for oil and gas is carried out sequentially from the regional stage to prospecting and then exploration. Each stage is subdivided into two stages, at which a large complex of works is carried out by specialists of different profiles: geologists, drillers, geophysicists, hydrodynamics, etc.

Drilling of wells, their testing, core sampling and its study, sampling of oil, gas and water and their study, etc., occupies an important place among geological research and work.

The purpose of boreholes in prospecting and exploration for oil and gas is different. At the regional stage, pilot and parametric wells are drilled.

Reference wells are drilled in poorly explored areas for exploration geological structure and oil and gas potential. According to the data of reference wells, large structural elements and a section of the earth's crust are revealed, the geological history and conditions of possible oil and gas formation and oil and gas accumulation are studied. Support wells are usually laid down to the foundation or to the technically possible depth and in favorable structural conditions (on arches and other uplifts). In the reference wells, core and cuttings are taken along the entire section of the sediments, full complex production logging of wells (GIS), testing of promising horizons, etc.

Parametric wells are drilled in order to study the geological structure, oil and gas potential and determine the parameters of the physical properties of layers for more effective interpretation of geophysical studies. They are laid on local uplifts along profiles for regional study of large structural elements... The depth of the wells, as for the reference ones, is chosen to the foundation or, if it is impossible to reach it (as, for example, in the Caspian region), to the technically possible depth.

Exploratory wells are drilled with the aim of discovering accumulations of oil and gas in the area prepared by geological and geophysical methods. All wells drilled in the prospecting area prior to receiving commercial oil or gas inflow are considered exploratory. The sections of prospecting wells are studied in detail (coring, logging, sampling, fluid sampling, etc.)

The depth of prospecting wells corresponds to the depth of the lowest prospective horizon and, depending on the geological structure of different regions and taking into account the technical conditions of drilling, ranges from 1.5-2 to 4.5-5.5 km or more.

Exploration wells are drilled to assess the reserves of discovered deposits and locations. According to the data of exploration wells, the configuration of oil and gas deposits is determined, and the parameters of productive formations and deposits are calculated, the position of the OWC, GOC, GWC is determined. On the basis of exploration wells, oil and gas reserves are calculated in open locations. In exploration wells, a large range of studies is carried out, including core sampling and study, fluid sampling and study in laboratories, formation testing during drilling and testing them after completion of drilling, well logging, etc.

Drilling of wells for oil and gas, carried out at the stages of regional work, prospecting; exploration, as well as development, is the most time consuming and costly process. Large costs when drilling oil and gas wells are due to: the complexity of drilling to great depths, the huge volume of drilling equipment and tools, as well as various materials that are required to carry out this process, including mud, cement, chemicals, etc. in addition, costs increase due to the provision of environmental protection measures.

The main problems arising in modern conditions when drilling wells, prospecting and prospecting for oil and gas are as follows.

1. The need to drill in many regions to a great depth exceeding 4-4.5 km is associated with the search for hydrocarbons in unexplored low parts of the sediment section. In this regard, the use of more complex but reliable well designs is required to ensure the efficiency and safety of operations. At the same time, drilling to a depth of more than 4.8 km is associated with significantly higher costs than drilling to a shallower depth.

2.In last years more difficult conditions arose for drilling and prospecting for oil and gas. Geological exploration at the present stage is increasingly moving into regions and areas characterized by difficult geographic and geological conditions. First of all, these are hard-to-reach areas, undeveloped and undeveloped, including Western Siberia, the European north, tundra, taiga, permafrost, etc. In addition, drilling and prospecting for oil and gas are carried out in difficult geological conditions, including thick strata of rock salt (for example, in the Caspian region), the presence of hydrogen sulfide and other aggressive components in the deposits is abnormal high reservoir pressure, etc. These factors create big problems in drilling, prospecting and prospecting for oil and gas.

3. Exit with drilling and prospecting for hydrocarbons in the water area of the northern and eastern seas washing Russia, creates huge problems that are associated with both the complex technology of drilling, prospecting and exploration of oil and gas, and with the protection environment... Access to sea areas is dictated by the need to increase hydrocarbon reserves, especially since there are prospects there. However, it is significantly more difficult and more expensive than drilling, prospecting and exploration, as well as developing oil and gas accumulations on land.

When drilling wells offshore, compared with onshore, at the same drilling depths, according to foreign data, costs increase by 9-10 times. In addition, when working at sea, the costs increase due to the increased safety of the work, because the most dire consequences and accidents occur at sea, where the scale of pollution of water areas and the coast can be enormous.

4. Drilling to great depths (over 4.5 km) and trouble-free drilling are impossible in many regions. This is due to the backwardness of the drilling base, deterioration of equipment and the lack of effective technologies for drilling wells to great depths. Therefore, there is a problem - in the coming years to modernize the drilling base and master the technology of ultra-deep drilling (i.e. drilling over 4.5 km - up to 5.6 km and more).

5. Problems arise when drilling horizontal wells and the behavior of geophysical surveys (GIS) in them. As a rule, the imperfection of drilling equipment leads to failures in the construction of horizontal wells.

Drilling errors are often caused by the lack of accurate information about the current coordinates of the well in connection with geological benchmarks. This information is needed especially when approaching a pay zone.

6. An urgent problem is the search for traps and the discovery of non-anticlinal oil and gas accumulations. Many examples from foreign objects indicate that lithological and stratigraphic, as well as lithological-stratigraphic traps can contain a huge amount of oil and gas.

In our country, structural traps are more involved, in which large accumulations of oil and gas have been found. A large number of new regional and local uplifts have been identified in almost every oil and gas province (OGP), which constitute a potential reserve for the discovery of oil and gas accumulation sites. Oilmen were less interested in non-structural traps than the absence of major discoveries in these conditions, although insignificant in terms of oil and gas reserves have been identified in many oil and gas fields.

But there are reserves for a significant increase in oil and gas reserves, especially in the platform areas of the Ural-Volga region, the Caspian region, Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia, and others. First of all, the reserves can be associated with the slopes of large uplifts (vaults, mega-shafts) and the sides of adjacent depressions and troughs, which are widely developed in the above-mentioned regions.

The problem is that we do not yet have reliable methods for searching for non-anticlinal traps.

7. In the field of prospecting and exploration of oil and gas, there are problems associated with increasing the economic efficiency of geological exploration for oil and gas, the solution of which depends on: improving geophysical research methods in connection with the gradual complication of geological and geographic conditions finding new objects; improving the search method for various types of hydrocarbon accumulations, including non-anticlinal genesis; enhancing the role of scientific forecast for the most reliable substantiation of prospecting work for the future.

In addition to the above main problems facing oil workers in the field of drilling, prospecting and prospecting for oil and gas accumulations, each specific region and region has its own problems. The solution of these problems determines the further increase in the proven reserves of oil and gas, as well as the economic development of regions and districts and, consequently, the well-being of people.

CHAPTER 2. EXPLORATION OF OIL FIELDS

Exploration work by deep drilling in the developed areas allows us to solve two main tasks:

1) exploration of an oil field as a whole, covering all oil horizons involved in its structure;

2) delineation of already developed horizons. The exploration wells laid for the first task, basically, must answer the question of whether there are new horizons that lie below the already known ones. The tasks of the second category of wells are to determine the contour of the oil-bearing capacity of the already developed horizons.

oil gas well field

1. Exploration of new oil-bearing horizons overlying below the exploited

Exploration work by deep drilling in order to find out the presence of supposed oil-bearing horizons lying below the exploited ones depends mainly on the general geological conditions of the oil-bearing area, the study of its geological section and an assessment of its prospects. The degree of geological knowledge of the explored area is of primary importance. It is one thing when exploration work is carried out in areas such as the Apsheron Peninsula, where the section is sufficiently studied, and another thing when work is carried out in areas where the presence of oil-bearing horizons lying below the developed ones can be judged only on the basis of general geological considerations and assumptions. ... If exploration work is carried out in different conditions (both in developed and new areas), then the degree of probability of finding horizons is also different. Therefore, the number of exploration wells and, at the same time, the amount of capital investments required to solve this problem depends on the level of exploration of the explored areas.If exploration wells are drilled in the developed areas, it is recommended to carry them to the deepest and richest, according to the estimated, horizon. In other words, exploration should be built according to the “bottom-up” system. The industrial assessment of all exposed horizons located above the design one should be established, if possible, by means of return. It was known that oil objects encountered in these fields had been developed for a long time in the Balakhano-Sabunchino-Ramaninskaya area. the overlying horizons of the lower section were tested either by return or by drilling a limited number of wells. To determine the presence of oil and gas reservoirs, it is necessary to conduct a limited number of purely exploratory wells. In such wells, for a complete study of the section, it is necessary, along with a set of indirect research methods, to carry out a continuous selection of rock samples. When determining the number and placement of exploration wells, the issue is resolved individually, in relation to this particular field. The decisive factors in this are: the size of the field area, the types and forms of deposits, the availability of prepared well-points for production drilling. The size of the explored area significantly affects the number of prospecting or exploration wells. If the explored area is large, then more wells will be required. The types and forms of deposits determine the system and procedure for placing exploration wells on the surface. So, for narrow deposits (for example, confined to monoclines) fewer wells are required than for deposits on large anticlinal folds. And finally, as mentioned above, the number of exploration wells is significantly influenced by the availability of wells prepared for production drilling. In particular, if the field is provided with production points for 2-3 years, then the number of exploration wells is assumed to be minimal. With a lack of prepared funds, prospecting exploration for new deep horizons, conducted under normal conditions by a small number of wells, at the same time is forced to turn into delineating, allowing not only to discover new oil-bearing horizons below the known ones, but also to quickly determine the area where it is possible to immediately deploy production drilling ...

2. Exploration and delineation of the developed oil-bearing horizons and formations

As mentioned above, the contouring wells are faced with the task of determining the location of the oil-bearing contours of the already developed horizons. It should be noted that often these wells can reveal the oil-bearing capacity of individual tectonic or lithological fields, separated from the main reservoir as a result of tectonic disturbances or lithological changes in rocks. It follows from the above that the exploration of oil-bearing horizons, partially under development, is divided into two parts:

1) contouring exploration to determine the location of points for new production wells;

2) prospecting exploration to determine the oil content of individual tectonic fields or areas isolated as a result of lithological variability of rocks or tectonic disturbances. As a rule, oil deposits confined to fault and similar structures, as well as some deposits of stratigraphic and lithological types, elongated in relatively narrow bands, are delineated along the profile system by successive drilling along the lines of transverse profiles, going from wells that have already produced oil from the delineated formation. Oil deposits, confined to wide anticlinal structures, can be delineated by placing exploration wells down the dip from the developed reservoir area and descending to the wings, that is, to build exploration along a ring system with a sequential build-up of more and more exploratory well rings on one or another distance from the developed section of the formation.

A special case is formed by fields where oil is found in stratigraphic or lithological traps and its deposits have the form of bays (for example, in the Maikop region), where oil-bearing strata pinch out both upward and along strike. In these cases, a system for laying profiles is used, first along the strike, and then, after the discovery of industrial oil, across the strike to determine the oil-bearing area of each bay and find the water-bearing contour downstream. B those fields where oil is found in strata characterized by high variability of lithological composition and thickness, delineating exploration wells with large areas of occurrence of the deposit should be laid at a short distance from the wells in production. In this case, the number of wells, as a rule, is large. Experience shows that if the area of the oil-bearing horizon is large, then exploration work is divided into 2 stages. In the first stage, the total size of the oil-bearing horizon is determined and, as a first approximation, the oil reserves are determined. At this stage, the drilling of exploration wells is set at a great distance from each other. After finding out the area of oil deposits in a given horizon, they begin to design its development and device for future oil fields. At the same time, the second stage of delineation continues, in which exploration wells, called appraisal ones, are drilled in the intervals between the previously drilled ones, in order to clarify the location of the oil-bearing contours and determine the reservoir properties and oil saturation. It should be noted that the delineating exploration wells must establish both the oil-bearing contour and the gas saturation contour of the formation from the side of the gas cap (if the latter is present). Exploratory intelligence separate tectonically isolated fields or areas, separated from the developed as a result of lithological variability of the layers, can be successfully carried out only if the explored area is sufficiently studied in geological terms and after the regularities in the distribution and nature of tectonic disturbances, in the change in thickness and reservoir lithology, etc.

3. Justification for the placement of contouring exploration wells

To substantiate the placement of contouring exploration wells, it is necessary to submit the following data to the higher geological institutions:

1) general characteristics (in the form brief description) of the initial contours of oil-bearing capacity in this part of the structure. It should also indicate whether the oil-bearing contours follow the isohypsum of the structural map, what is the impact of disturbances on the location of the contours, whether there is a sharp or gradual transition of the oil part to the water, etc. oil content. At the same time, the boundaries of the area that can be expanded as a result of further exploration should be indicated. It is also necessary to present several logs drawn across the contour in different parts of it. Under each logging log, basic data on well testing is plotted;

2) a copy from the site plan, where it is planned to lay exploratory wells with a structural map, on which the known contours of the oil-bearing capacity of the given horizon and all overlying ones should be indicated. All field structures and road structures, etc., must be marked on the copy from the plan;

3) the profile passing through the wells located in the developed area, and exploration;

4) a design technical section of an exploration well with an indication of its structure, the height of the cement lifting, etc. contouring;

5) a description of the logging characteristics and lithology of the rocks of the explored horizon according to the data of production wells located close to the projected exploration well. In addition, according to well operation data, considerations should be given - far or near the water-bearing contour;

6) the date of commencement and completion of the exploration well, the proposed method of operation, as well as the necessary equipment for drilling and commencement of operation;

7) linking the placement of a new well with the previous exploration of a given horizon and with its further exploration plan.

It should be noted that all of the above materials should indicate that the selected location of this well is the most favorable for identifying the oil-bearing contour.

4. Justification of the placement of an exploration well for testing the developed horizons in new areas

This group of exploration wells differs from the first in that, according to the available data, the areas they are exploring do not represent a direct continuation of the oil reservoir, which is being exploited in this horizon.

The rationale for the placement of such wells is the following:

1) general characteristics of the initial oil-bearing contours with a structural map, logging profiles and sampling information;

2) an additional profile (logging), proving that the area explored by this well does not represent a direct continuation of the already explored oil-bearing area. Thus, this profile should pass through the wells located in the oil-bearing area of the explored horizon, then through the wells that prove that between the areas where the new well is being laid and the oil-bearing area there is an aquifer or zone devoid of oil content, and, finally, through the planned well. This profile should contain all the data on the logs, testing and operation of the wells depicted on it;

3) a profile through the projected exploration point, indicating the design depth. If the direction of this profile, showing at what depth the projected well will meet this horizon, coincides with the direction of the profile specified in the previous paragraph, then these two profiles can be combined;

4) a copy from the plan of the site where the exploration well is being designed with all the data specified above;

5) substantiation of the position that, despite the presence of indications of the position of the oil-bearing contour of the explored deposit of a given horizon, in another part of the field structure it is possible to add a new oil-bearing area not directly related to the already explored one, and that the projected location of the new exploration well is the most favorable in terms of compared with any other in relation to the opening and admission of such a new area;

6) projected technical section and other data specified in clause 4 of the previous section;

7) the date of commencement of drilling and other data specified in clause 6 of the previous section;

8) linking the project for laying a new well with the previously conducted exploration of this horizon and with a further plan for its exploration.

5. Justification of laying an exploration well for the purpose of opening and testing a new oil-bearing horizon

Given the exploration of the site, it is necessary to submit the following materials:

1) if the explored horizon in a given field has not yet been penetrated by any well, then to justify the placement of the first exploration (exploratory) well, it is necessary to provide a section of the nearest well or a normal section of a neighboring field in which this horizon has been penetrated. Alongside, a section of the deepest well of this field is shown with parallelization of horizons that have already been opened with the same name in both sections. If the explored new horizon has already been penetrated by one or several wells of this field, then the drawing shows sections of all these wells, as well as the nearest of them from the neighboring field, indicating the main circumstances of opening and testing the explored horizon;

2) if the explored horizon is not discovered either in this field or in the vicinity, then considerations are given proving that such a horizon will be encountered;

3) a structural map (on a large scale) should be given for the deepest of the already explored horizons, with oil-bearing contours drawn on it along the overlying horizons;

4) the ratio of the oil-bearing contours of the explored horizon and those overlying in the neighboring geologically similar field, where this horizon has already been explored and being developed, should be given, as well as the issue of the possibility of the presence of a gas cap (judging by the neighboring field) in the explored horizon should be given;

5) geological profiles are given through the "projected" point, which determine the location and design depth of the exploration well to be laid;

6) Attached is a copy from the site plan, where the placement of the exploration well is planned with all the data specified in clause 2 for the delineating wells;

7) a design technical section of the projected well is drawn up (see clause 4 for the category of delineating wells). It should also indicate what specific difficulties may be encountered when drilling a well being laid below the known horizons (the possibility of gas outbursts, rock falls, etc.);

8) the date of the beginning and end of drilling is determined and the data specified in clause 6 for the category of delineating wells is provided;

9) it is necessary to link the project of laying a new exploration well with the previously carried out exploration of this horizon and the further plan of its exploration.

Based on the above materials, it is necessary to substantiate the possibility of opening a new oil-bearing horizon in this field and prove that the part of the structure on which the exploration well is planned is the most favorable in terms of prospecting and opening the explored horizon in its oil-bearing part. Having all the listed data confirming the feasibility of laying the design well, we draw up a special act, which is approved by the heads of oil field departments and associations.

CHAPTER 3. TECHNIQUE FOR ACCELERATED EXPLORATION OF GAS FIELDS

1. The main provisions of accelerated exploration and commissioning of gas fields

A) General principles

The developed methods of prospecting for gas fields make it possible to drastically reduce the cost and accelerate the exploration and preparation of these fields for development, therefore they are called rational or accelerated.

Accelerated exploration of gas fields should ensure, in a short time, the maximum economic effect from the use of gas from a newly discovered field. This problem is complex and must be solved taking into account the economic aspects and the time factor.

The exploration stage in the accelerated preparation of gas fields for development is divided into two stages: appraisal exploration and detailed exploration (additional exploration). The stage of appraisal exploration for small and medium-sized fields is completed after obtaining gas inflows in two or three wells, for large and unique fields - after drilling a sparse well network (one well per 50-100 km2 of the deposit area). Subsequent additional exploration of small and medium-sized deposits is carried out by the method of pilot production. Exploration wells should not be drilled in this case. In the course of additional exploration of large and unique fields (deposits), the structure of the inner contour parts of the deposits is clarified by compaction of the grid of exploration wells by drilling OES and observation wells, as well as single exploration wells outside the production drilling zone.

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Search and exploration of oil and gas fields

Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation

Russian State University of Oil and Gas named after I.M. Gubkina

Introduction 3

Chapter 1. Search and exploration of oil and gas fields 4

1.1. Methods for prospecting and exploration of oil and gas fields 4

Geological methods 4

Geophysical methods 5

Hydrogeochemical methods 6

Drilling and well survey 6

1.2. Prospecting and exploration stages 7

1.3. Classification of oil and gas deposits 8

1.4. Problems in prospecting and prospecting for oil and gas, drilling wells 10

Chapter 2. Methodology for accelerated exploration of gas fields 14

2.1. Key Provisions for Accelerated Exploration and Commissioning of Gas Fields 14

General principles 14

Exploration Acceleration Techniques Applicable to All Groups of Gas Fields 15

Methodology for the exploration of gas fields in new areas 16

2.2. Improving the methodology for accelerated exploration of gas fields 17

2.3. Methods for exploration of small complex gas deposits (on the example of fields in the Western Ciscaucasia) 18

List of used literature: 21

Introduction

Oil and natural gas are one of the main minerals that were used by man in ancient times. Oil production began to grow at an especially rapid pace after drilling wells were used to extract it from the bowels of the earth. Usually the date of birth in the country of the oil and gas industry is the receipt of a gusher of oil from a well (Table 1).

			Table 1
The first commercial inflows of oil from wells in the main oil-producing countries of the world

Country	Year	Country	Year
Canada	1857	Algeria	1880
FRG	1859	Cuba	1880
USA	1859	France	1881
Italy	1860	Mexico	1882
Romania	1861	Indonesia	1885
the USSR	1864	India	1888
Japan	1872	Yugoslavia	1890
Poland	1874	Peru	1896

From table. 1 it follows that the oil industry in different countries of the world has existed for only 110 - 140 years, but during this period of time, oil and gas production increased more than 40 thousand times. In 1860, world oil production was only 70 thousand tons, in 1970 2280 million tons were extracted, and in 1996 already 3168 million tons. The rapid growth in production is associated with the conditions of occurrence and extraction of this mineral. Oil and gas are associated with sedimentary rocks and are distributed regionally. Moreover, in each sedimentary basin, there is a concentration of their main reserves in a relatively limited number of deposits. All this, taking into account the increasing consumption of oil and gas in industry and the possibility of their quick and economical extraction from the depths, make these minerals the object of priority searches.

Chapter 1. Search and exploration of oil and gas fields

1.1. Methods of prospecting and exploration of oil and gas fields

The purpose of prospecting and exploration work is to identify, assess reserves and prepare for the development of industrial oil and gas deposits.

In the course of prospecting and exploration work, geological, geophysical, hydrogeochemical methods are used, as well as drilling and researching wells.

Geological methods

Upon returning home, cameral work is carried out, i.e. processing of materials collected during the previous stage. The result of the office work is a geological map and geological sections of the area (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Anticline on the geological map

and a geological section through it along the line AB.

Breeds: 1-youngest; 2 or less young;

3rd most ancient

Geophysical methods

Geophysical methods include seismic exploration, electrical exploration and magnetic exploration.

Seismic exploration (Fig. 2) is based on the use of the laws of propagation of artificially created elastic waves in the earth's crust. Waves are created in one of the following ways:

explosion of special charges in wells up to 30 m deep;

vibrators;

converters of explosive energy into mechanical.

Rice. 2. Schematic diagram of seismic prospecting:

1-source of elastic waves; 2 seismic receivers;

3-seismic station

The speed of propagation of seismic waves in rocks of different densities is not the same: the denser the rock, the faster the waves penetrate through it. At the interface between two media with different densities, elastic vibrations are partially reflected, returning to the surface of the earth, and partially refracted, continue their movement deep into the interior to a new interface. Reflected seismic waves are captured by geophones. Deciphering then the obtained graphs of vibrations of the earth's surface, experts determine the depth of the rocks that reflected the waves, and the angle of their inclination.

Electrical exploration based on different electrical conductivity of rocks. So, granites, limestones, sandstones saturated with saline mineralized water conduct electric current well, and clays, sandstones saturated with oil have very low electrical conductivity.

Gravity exploration is based on the dependence of the force of gravity on the surface of the Earth on the density of rocks. Rocks saturated with oil or gas are less dense than the same rocks that contain water. The task of gravity exploration is to determine revenge with an abnormally low gravity.

Magnetic prospecting based on the different magnetic permeability of rocks. Our planet is a huge magnet around which a magnetic field is located. Depending on the composition of the rocks, the presence of oil and gas, this magnetic field is distorted to varying degrees. Magnetometers are often installed on airplanes that fly around the surveyed area at a certain height. Aeromagnetic survey makes it possible to reveal anticlines at a depth of up to 7 km, even if their height is no more than 200 ... 300 m.

Hydrogeochemical methods

Hydrochemical ones include gas, luminescent-bit-monologue, radioactive surveys and hydrochemical methods.

Gas survey consists in determining the presence of hydrocarbon gases in rock samples and groundwater sampled from a depth of 2 to 50 m. Around any oil and gas reservoir, a halo of hydrocarbon gases scattering is formed due to their filtration and diffusion through the pores and cracks of the rocks. With the help of gas analyzers with a sensitivity of 10 -5 ... 10 -6%, an increased content of hydrocarbon gases in samples taken directly above the deposit is recorded. The disadvantage of this method is that the anomaly can be displaced relative to the reservoir (due to the oblique occurrence of the overburden, for example) or be associated with non-commercial deposits.

Application luminescent bituminological shooting based on the fact that the content of bitumen in the rock is increased above oil deposits, on the one hand, and on the phenomenon of bitumen glow in ultraviolet light, on the other. By the nature of the glow of the selected rock sample, a conclusion is made about the presence of oil in the proposed reservoir.

It is known that in any place of our planet there is a so-called background radiation caused by the presence of radioactive transuranium elements in its interior, as well as by the effect of cosmic radiation. Experts managed to establish that the radiation background is lowered above the oil and gas deposits. Radioactive survey is performed with the aim of detecting the specified anomalies of the radiation background. The disadvantage of this method is that radioactive anomalies in the near-surface layers can be caused by a number of other natural causes. Therefore, this method is still used to a limited extent.

Hydrochemical method based on the study of the chemical composition of groundwater and the content of dissolved gases in them, as well as organic substances, in particular arenes. As the reservoir approaches, the concentration of these components in the waters increases, which allows us to conclude that there is oil or gas in the traps.

Drilling and well survey

Well drilling is used to delineate deposits, as well as to determine the depth and thickness of oil and gas reservoirs.

The most common way to survey wells is electric logging. In this case, after removing the drill pipes, a device is lowered into the borehole on a wireline, which makes it possible to determine the electrical properties of the rocks penetrated by the borehole. The measurement results are presented in the form of electric logging diagrams. Deciphering them, the depth of occurrence of permeable formations with high electrical resistivity is determined, which indicates the presence of oil in them.

1.2. Stages of prospecting and exploration work

Prospecting and exploration work is carried out in two stages: prospecting and exploration.

Search stage includes three stages:

regional geological and geophysical works:

preparation of areas for deep exploration drilling;

prospecting for deposits.

Exploration stage carried out in one stage. The main goal of this stage is to prepare deposits for development. In the process of exploration, deposits, reservoir properties of productive horizons should be delineated. Upon completion of the exploration work, commercial reserves are calculated and recommendations are given on putting the deposits into development.

Currently, within the framework of the search stage, surveys from space are widely used.

Even the first aviators noticed that from a bird's eye view, small relief details are not visible, but large formations, which seemed scattered on the ground, turn out to be elements of something unified. Archaeologists were among the first to take advantage of this effect. It turned out that in the deserts, the ruins of ancient cities affect the shape of the sandy ridges above them, and in the middle lane above the ruins, a different color of vegetation.

Geologists have also adopted aerial photography. With regard to the search for mineral deposits, it began to be called aerogeological survey. The new search method has proven itself well (especially in the desert and steppe regions of Central Asia, Western Kazakhstan and the Ciscaucasia). However, it turned out that an aerial photograph covering an area of up to 500 ... 700 km 2 does not allow revealing especially large geological objects.

Therefore, for search purposes, they began to use surveys from space. The advantage of satellite images is that they capture areas of the earth's surface that are tens and even hundreds of times larger than the area on an aerial photograph. At the same time, the masking effect of the soil and vegetation cover is eliminated, relief details are hidden, and individual fragments of the structures of the earth's crust are combined into something integral.

Aerogeological surveys provide for visual observations, as well as various types of surveys - photographic, television, spectrometric, infrared, radar. At visual observations cosmonauts have the opportunity to judge the structure of the shelves, as well as select objects for further study from space. By using photographic and television Surveys can see very large geological elements of the Earth - megastructures or morphostructures.

During spectrometric Surveys investigate the spectrum of natural electromagnetic radiation of natural objects in different frequency ranges. Infrared survey allows to establish regional and global thermal anomalies of the Earth, and radar surveying provides an opportunity to study its surface regardless of the presence of cloud cover.

Space exploration does not reveal mineral deposits. With their help, geological structures are found where oil and gas fields can be located. Subsequently, geological expeditions conduct field research in these places and give a final conclusion about the presence or absence of these minerals. At the same time, despite the fact that the modern geologist-prospect is sufficiently well "armed", the effectiveness of prospecting for oil and gas remains an urgent problem ... This is evidenced by a significant number of "dry" (which did not lead to the discovery of industrial hydrocarbon deposits) wells.

The first large Saudi Arabia Damam field was discovered after unsuccessful drilling of 8 prospecting wells on the same structure, and the unique Hassi-Mesaud field (Algeria) - after 20 dry wells. The first large deposits of oil in the North Sea were discovered after the world's largest companies had drilled 200 wells (either “dry” or only with gas shows). Prudhoe Bay, the largest oil field in North America, measuring 70 by 16 km, with recoverable oil reserves of about 2 billion tons, was discovered after drilling 46 exploratory wells on the northern slope of Alaska.

There are similar examples in domestic practice. Before the discovery of the giant Astrakhonskoye gas condensate field, 16 unproductive exploration wells were drilled. Another 14 "dry" wells had to be drilled before they found the second in terms of reserves in the Astrakhan region, the Yelenovskoye gas condensate field.

On average, the worldwide search success rate for oil and gas fields is about 0.3. Thus, only every third drilled object turns out to be a deposit. But this is only on average. Smaller values of the success rate are also not uncommon.

Geologists deal with nature, in which not all connections between objects and phenomena have been sufficiently studied. In addition, the equipment used in prospecting for deposits is still far from perfect, and its readings cannot always be interpreted unambiguously.

1.3. Classification of oil and gas deposits

By an oil and gas reservoir, we mean any natural accumulation of them confined to a natural trap. Deposits are subdivided into industrial and non-industrial.

A field is understood as a single deposit or a group of deposits that fully or partially coincide in plan and are controlled by a structure or part of it.

Of great practical and theoretical importance is the creation of a unified classification of deposits and fields, including the size of reserves, among other parameters. -

When classifying oil and gas reservoirs, parameters such as hydrocarbon composition, trap topography, trap type, screen type, operating flow rates and reservoir type are taken into account.

By hydrocarbon composition deposits are subdivided into 10 classes: oil, gas, gas condensate, emulsion, oil with a gas cap, oil with a gas condensate cap, gas with an oil rim, gas condensate with an oil rim, emulsion with a gas cap, emulsion with a gas condensate cap. The described classes belong to the category of deposits of homogeneous composition, within which the physicochemical properties of hydrocarbons are approximately the same at any point in the oil and gas bearing formation. In deposits of the remaining six classes, hydrocarbons in reservoir conditions are simultaneously in liquid and gaseous states. These reservoir classes have a dual name. In this case, the first place is given to the name of a complex of hydrocarbon compounds, the geological reserves of which account for more than 50% of the total hydrocarbon reserves in the reservoir.

Trap relief shape is the second parameter that must be taken into account in the complex classification of deposits. It practically coincides with the surface of the bottom of the rocks screening the deposit. Traps can be anticlinal, monoclinal, synclinal, and complex in shape.

By trap type deposits are subdivided into five classes: biogenic ledge, massive, stratal, stratal-vaulted, massive-stratal. To bedded deposits can be attributed only those that are confined to monoclines, synclines and slopes of local uplifts. Layered-vaulted deposits are called deposits confined to positive local uplifts, within which the height of the deposit is greater than the thickness of the zone. Massive-bedded deposits include deposits confined to local uplifts, monoclines or synclines, within which the height of the deposit is less than the thickness of the bed.

Deposit classification by screen type is given in table. 2. In this classification, in addition to the type of screen, it is proposed to take into account the position of this screen relative to the hydrocarbon accumulation. For this, four main zones and their combinations are distinguished in the trap, and where the normal gravitational position of oil-water or gas-water contacts is disturbed by pinch-out zones and other factors, the position of the screen relative to these zones is defined by a special term.

This classification does not take into account the factors that determine the inclined or convex-concave position of the surface of the oil-water or gas-water contacts. Such cases are grouped under the heading "difficult screen position".

							Table 2
Reservoir classification by screen type
Screen type	Position of deposits by screen type
Screen type	along strike	by fall	on the uprising	from all sides	by strike and fall	by strike and rebellion	by fall and rebellion	complicated
Lithological	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
Lithologic-stratigraphic	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
Tectonic (faults.)	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
Lithological-denudation	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
Salt stock	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	+
Clay stock	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	+
Water shielded deposits	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
Mixed	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+

By the values of working flow rates four classes of deposits are distinguished: high-rate, medium-rate, marginal, non-industrial. In this classification, the limits of the flow rates of oil and gas deposits differ by one order of magnitude. This is due to the fact that gas deposits are usually explored and exploited with a sparser grid of wells.

By collector type seven classes of deposits are distinguished: fractured, cavernous, porous, fractured-porous, fractured-cavernous, cavernous-porous and fractured-cavernous-porous. For some gas and gas condensate caps, oil deposits, gas and gas condensate deposits, the presence of unrecoverable oil in pores, caverns and fractures should be taken into account, which reduces the volume of voids in the deposit and should be taken into account when calculating oil and gas reserves.

This classification is incomplete, but it takes into account the most important parameters required for the choice of exploration methodology and the optimal technological scheme of exploitation.

1.4 Problems in prospecting and prospecting for oil and gas, drilling wells

Since ancient times, people have used oil and gas where their natural outcrops to the earth's surface have been observed. Such exits are still encountered today. In our country - in the Caucasus, in the Volga region, the Urals, on the island of Sakhalin. Abroad - in Northern and South America, in Indonesia and the Middle East.

Natural outflows of oil to the day surface occur from the bottom of various water bodies, through cracks in the rocks, through oil-impregnated cones (like mud cones) and in the form of oil-impregnated rocks.

On the Ukhta River, small drops of oil float up from the bottom at short intervals. Oil is constantly released from the bottom of the Caspian Sea near Zhiloy Island.

In Dagestan, Chechnya, on the Apsheron and Taman peninsulas, as well as in many other places the globe there are numerous oil sources. Such surface oil shows are characteristic of mountainous regions with a highly indented relief, where gullies and ravines cut into oil-bearing strata located near the earth's surface.

Rocks impregnated with oxidized and hardened oil are called "kerami". They are widespread in the Caucasus, Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan. They are found on the plains: on the Volga, for example, there are outcrops of limestone soaked in oil.

For a long time, natural outflows of oil and gas have fully satisfied the needs of mankind. However, the development of human economic activity required more and more energy sources.

In an effort to increase the amount of oil consumed, people began to dig wells in places of surface oil shows, and then drill wells.

At first, they were laid where the oil escaped to the surface of the earth. The number of such places is limited. At the end of the last century, a new promising search method was developed. Drilling began to be carried out on a straight line connecting two wells already producing oil.

In new areas, the search for oil and gas fields was carried out almost blindly, shying from side to side. It is clear that this could not last long, because drilling each well costs thousands of dollars. Therefore, the question arose of where to drill wells in order to accurately find oil and gas.

This required an explanation of the origin of oil and gas, gave a powerful impetus to the development of geology - the science of the composition, structure and history of the Earth, as well as methods of prospecting and exploration for oil and gas fields.

Prospecting work for oil and gas is carried out sequentially from the regional stage to prospecting and then exploration. Each stage is subdivided into two stages, at which a large complex of works is carried out by specialists of different profiles: geologists, drillers, geophysicists, hydrodynamics, etc.

Drilling of wells, their testing, core sampling and its study, sampling of oil, gas and water and their study, etc., occupies an important place among geological research and work.

The purpose of boreholes in prospecting and exploration for oil and gas is different. At the regional stage, pilot and parametric wells are drilled.

Reference wells are drilled in poorly explored areas to study the geological structure and oil and gas potential. According to the data of reference wells, large structural elements and a section of the earth's crust are revealed, the geological history and conditions of possible oil and gas formation and oil and gas accumulation are studied. Support wells are usually laid down to the foundation or to the technically possible depth and in favorable structural conditions (on arches and other uplifts). In the reference wells, core and cuttings are taken throughout the entire section of the sediments, a full range of field geophysical studies of wells (GIS) is carried out, prospective horizons are tested, etc.

Parametric wells are drilled in order to study the geological structure, oil and gas potential and determine the parameters of the physical properties of layers for more effective interpretation of geophysical studies. They are laid on local uplifts along the profiles for the regional study of large structural elements. The depth of the wells, as for the reference ones, is chosen to the foundation or, if it is impossible to reach it (as, for example, in the Caspian region), to the technically possible depth.

The depth of prospecting wells corresponds to the depth of the lowest prospective horizon and, depending on the geological structure of different regions and taking into account the technical conditions of drilling, ranges from 1.5-2 to 4.5-5.5 km or more.

The main problems arising in modern conditions when drilling wells, prospecting and prospecting for oil and gas are as follows.

The need to drill in many regions to a great depth exceeding 4-4.5 km is associated with the search for hydrocarbons in the unexplored low parts of the sediment section. In this regard, the use of more complex but reliable well designs is required to ensure the efficiency and safety of operations. At the same time, drilling to a depth of more than 4.8 km is associated with significantly higher costs than drilling to a shallower depth.

In recent years, more challenging conditions have arisen for drilling and prospecting for oil and gas. Geological exploration at the present stage is increasingly moving into regions and areas characterized by difficult geographic and geological conditions. First of all, these are hard-to-reach areas, undeveloped and undeveloped, including Western Siberia, the European north, tundra, taiga, permafrost, etc. in the Caspian region), the presence of hydrogen sulfide and other aggressive components in the deposits, abnormally high reservoir pressure, etc.

These factors create great problems in drilling, prospecting and prospecting for oil and gas.

Exit with drilling and prospecting for hydrocarbons in the waters of the northern and eastern seas washing Russia creates huge problems associated with both the complex technology of drilling, prospecting and prospecting for oil and gas, and environmental protection. Access to sea areas is dictated by the need to increase hydrocarbon reserves, especially since there are prospects there. However, it is much more difficult and more expensive than drilling, prospecting and exploration, as well as developing oil and gas accumulations on land.

When drilling wells offshore, compared with onshore, at the same drilling depths, according to foreign data, costs increase by 9-10 times.

In addition, when working at sea, the costs increase due to the increased safety of the work, because the most dire consequences and accidents occur at sea, where the scale of pollution of water areas and the coast can be enormous.

Drilling to great depths (over 4.5 km) and trouble-free drilling are impossible in many regions. This is due to the backwardness of the drilling base, deterioration of equipment and the lack of effective technologies for drilling wells to great depths. Therefore, there is a problem - in the coming years, to modernize the drilling base and master the technology of ultra-deep drilling (that is, drilling over 4.5 km - up to 5.6 km and more).

Problems arise when drilling horizontal wells and the behavior of geophysical surveys (GIS) in them. As a rule, imperfect drilling equipment leads to failures in the construction of horizontal wells.

Drilling errors are often caused by the lack of accurate information about the current coordinates of the well in connection with geological benchmarks. This information is needed especially when approaching a pay zone.

6. An urgent problem is the search for traps and the discovery of non-anticlinal oil and gas accumulations. Many examples from foreign objects indicate that lithological and stratigraphic, as well as lithological-stratigraphic traps can contain a huge amount of oil and gas.

In our country, structural traps are more involved, in which large accumulations of oil and gas have been found. A large number of new regional and local uplifts have been identified in almost every oil and gas province (OGP), which constitute a potential reserve for the discovery of oil and gas accumulation sites. Oilmen were less interested in non-structural traps than the absence of major discoveries in these conditions can be explained, although insignificant oil and gas reserves have been identified in many oil and gas fields.

But there are reserves for a significant increase in oil and gas reserves, especially in the platform areas of the Ural-Volga region, the Caspian region, Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia, and others. First of all, the reserves can be associated with the slopes of large uplifts (vaults, mega-shafts) and the sides of adjacent depressions and troughs, which are widely developed in the above-mentioned regions.

Characterization of nuclear-physical and density properties of rocks and fluids saturating them. Radiometric methods in identifying and assessing the nature of reservoir saturation and their application in the allocation of gas-saturated rocks and the study of the structure of deposits.

Analysis of computer technologies for geological and technological research of oil and gas wells being drilled. The role of geophysical information in the construction of information and control systems. Prospects for the Russian geophysical well survey service.

The method of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) is based on the absorption of microwave energy of an alternating field by a paramagnetic substance in a strong constant magnetic field.

At the dawn of the development of the oil industry, the search for oil and gas fields was essentially blind. In the USA, for example, in those years there was even a special term - "the method of the wild cat": they searched by instinct, sometimes shying aside.

At present, fields with small hydrocarbon reserves are being increasingly involved in development. Often, such deposits are poorly studied, characterized by a complex structure of deposits and low reservoir properties.

In connection with the depletion of hydrocarbon reserves in the explored large oil fields, it became necessary to search and develop all potentially productive oil and gas reservoirs, both in new promising and in old ones.

Ministry of General and Vocational Education of the Russian Federation Samara State Technical University Department "GiENiGM" Abstract "Structural types and zoning of oil and gas fields"

The use of floating drilling rigs in the drilling of oil and gas wells in the deep-water regions of the seas and oceans, capable of independently or with the help of tugs to change the drilling areas. Self-climbing, semi-submersible and gravity platform.

The main tasks of gas logging in the study of prospecting and exploratory wells are: identification of promising oil-saturated reservoirs in the section of the well being drilled.

Exploration of oil fields. There are numerous oil sources in Dagestan, Chechnya, on the Apsheron and Taman peninsulas, as well as in many other parts of the world. Such surface oil shows are typical for mountainous regions with strong

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INTRODUCTION

Podcast Science: Jealousy and Envy

Active search for oil and gas fields

Table 1. The first commercial inflows of oil from wells in the main oil-producing countries of the world

Challenging tasks for process engineers

The problem is that we do not yet have reliable methods for finding non-anticlinal traps.

This course describes methods of prospecting and exploration for oil and gas fields. Methods for exploration of oil fields and methods for accelerated exploration and commissioning of gas fields are also presented in separate chapters.

For writing the term paper, materials from study guide"Oil and gas field geology and geological foundations of the development of oil and gas fields", authors MM Ivanova and Dementyev L.F., as well as articles taken from the site www.nature.ru.

The volume of the course work is 45 pages. In the main part of the work, 2 tables are used. At the end of the work, a graphical application in A3 format "Schemes for contouring oil deposits" is given.

CHAPTER 1. SEARCH AND EXPLORATION OF OIL AND GAS DEPOSITS

1. Methods of prospecting and exploration of oil and gas fields

Oil gas well field

5 percent bandwidth must change every year

2. Stages of prospecting and exploration work

Prospecting and exploration work is carried out in two stages: prospecting and exploration. The search stage includes three stages:

1) regional geological and geophysical works:

2) preparation of areas for deep exploration drilling;

3) prospecting for deposits.

3. Classification of oil and gas deposits

Table 2. Classification of deposits by screen type

This classification is incomplete, but it takes into account the most important parameters required for the choice of exploration methodology and the optimal technological scheme of exploitation.

4. Problems in prospecting and exploration of oil and gas, well drilling

Natural outflows of oil to the day surface occur from the bottom of various water bodies, through cracks in the rocks, through oil-impregnated cones (like mud cones) and in the form of oil-impregnated rocks.

On the Ukhta River, small drops of oil float up from the bottom at short intervals. Oil is constantly released from the bottom of the Caspian Sea near Zhiloy Island.

Rocks impregnated with oxidized and hardened oil are called "kerami". They are widespread in the Caucasus, Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan. They are found on the plains: on the Volga, for example, there are outcrops of limestone soaked in oil.

For a long time, natural outflows of oil and gas have fully satisfied the needs of mankind. However, the development of human economic activity required more and more energy sources.

In an effort to increase the amount of oil consumed, people began to dig wells in places of surface oil shows, and then drill wells.

At first, they were laid where the oil escaped to the surface of the earth. The number of such places is limited. At the end of the last century, a new promising search method was developed. Drilling began to be carried out on a straight line connecting two wells already producing oil.

In new areas, the search for oil and gas fields was carried out almost blindly, shying from side to side. It is clear that this could not last long, because drilling each well costs thousands of dollars. Therefore, the question arose of where to drill wells in order to accurately find oil and gas.

This required an explanation of the origin of oil and gas, gave a powerful impetus to the development of geology - the science of the composition, structure and history of the Earth, as well as methods of prospecting and exploration for oil and gas fields.

Drilling of wells, their testing, core sampling and its study, sampling of oil, gas and water and their study, etc., occupies an important place among geological research and work.

The purpose of boreholes in prospecting and exploration for oil and gas is different. At the regional stage, pilot and parametric wells are drilled.

The depth of prospecting wells corresponds to the depth of the lowest prospective horizon and, depending on the geological structure of different regions and taking into account the technical conditions of drilling, ranges from 1.5-2 to 4.5-5.5 km or more.

The main problems arising in modern conditions when drilling wells, prospecting and prospecting for oil and gas are as follows.

5. Problems arise when drilling horizontal wells and the behavior of geophysical surveys (GIS) in them. As a rule, the imperfection of drilling equipment leads to failures in the construction of horizontal wells.

Drilling errors are often caused by the lack of accurate information about the current coordinates of the well in connection with geological benchmarks. This information is needed especially when approaching a pay zone.

6. An urgent problem is the search for traps and the discovery of non-anticlinal oil and gas accumulations. Many examples from foreign objects indicate that lithological and stratigraphic, as well as lithological-stratigraphic traps can contain a huge amount of oil and gas.

The problem is that we do not yet have reliable methods for searching for non-anticlinal traps.

CHAPTER 2. EXPLORATION OF OIL FIELDS

Exploration work by deep drilling in the developed areas allows us to solve two main tasks:

1) exploration of an oil field as a whole, covering all oil horizons involved in its structure;

oil gas well field

1. Exploration of new oil-bearing horizons overlying below the exploited

2. Exploration and delineation of the developed oil-bearing horizons and formations

1) contouring exploration to determine the location of points for new production wells;

3. Justification for the placement of contouring exploration wells

To substantiate the placement of contouring exploration wells, it is necessary to submit the following data to the higher geological institutions:

3) the profile passing through the wells located in the developed area, and exploration;

6) the date of commencement and completion of the exploration well, the proposed method of operation, as well as the necessary equipment for drilling and commencement of operation;

7) linking the placement of a new well with the previous exploration of a given horizon and with its further exploration plan.

It should be noted that all of the above materials should indicate that the selected location of this well is the most favorable for identifying the oil-bearing contour.

4. Justification of the placement of an exploration well for testing the developed horizons in new areas

This group of exploration wells differs from the first in that, according to the available data, the areas they are exploring do not represent a direct continuation of the oil reservoir, which is being exploited in this horizon.

The rationale for the placement of such wells is the following:

1) general characteristics of the initial oil-bearing contours with a structural map, logging profiles and sampling information;

4) a copy from the plan of the site where the exploration well is being designed with all the data specified above;

6) projected technical section and other data specified in clause 4 of the previous section;

7) the date of commencement of drilling and other data specified in clause 6 of the previous section;

8) linking the project for laying a new well with the previously conducted exploration of this horizon and with a further plan for its exploration.

5. Justification of laying an exploration well for the purpose of opening and testing a new oil-bearing horizon

Given the exploration of the site, it is necessary to submit the following materials:

2) if the explored horizon is not discovered either in this field or in the vicinity, then considerations are given proving that such a horizon will be encountered;

3) a structural map (on a large scale) should be given for the deepest of the already explored horizons, with oil-bearing contours drawn on it along the overlying horizons;

5) geological profiles are given through the "projected" point, which determine the location and design depth of the exploration well to be laid;

6) Attached is a copy from the site plan, where the placement of the exploration well is planned with all the data specified in clause 2 for the delineating wells;

7) a design technical section of the projected well is drawn up (see clause 4 for the category of delineating wells). It should also indicate what specific difficulties may be encountered when drilling a well being laid below the known horizons (the possibility of gas outbursts, rock falls, etc.);

8) the date of the beginning and end of drilling is determined and the data specified in clause 6 for the category of delineating wells is provided;

9) it is necessary to link the project of laying a new exploration well with the previously carried out exploration of this horizon and the further plan of its exploration.

CHAPTER 3. TECHNIQUE FOR ACCELERATED EXPLORATION OF GAS FIELDS

1. The main provisions of accelerated exploration and commissioning of gas fields

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Search and exploration of oil and gas fields

Introduction

Chapter 1. Search and exploration of oil and gas fields

1.1. Methods of prospecting and exploration of oil and gas fields

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