A system of geographic addresses based on numbers: why is it needed and to whom it is useful. Geographical objects and processes. The main educational program of the educational institution Primary

Geography is a necessary science that studies the Earth. Most people associate it only with a school subject, while others value it for knowing the places they choose to travel. It is a science that ensures the full existence of people on Earth with the available nature, products and even treatment options.

Geography at school

Geography is the only subject in the school that forms a comprehensive understanding of our planet and people in students. She introduces them to the territorial approach as a way of cognition and a significant tool for influencing socio-economic and natural processes.

The following meanings of geography exist:

• understanding modern world as a single, but diverse and at the same time indivisible, comprehension of certain places in the world and awareness of the involvement of each person in life on the planet;
• the formation of geographical thinking, which makes it possible to look at phenomena and objects in close interconnection in space and time, and allows you to be aware of the situation at the present moment in time;
• implementation of humane ideas, which are manifested in the conservation of nature and animals, in-depth study natural places and the population.

Why study geography?

It is necessary to study this science in order to know how and why typhoons and tsunamis occur, how mountains are formed, where people cannot study nature, how various insects, animals and birds live, and much more.

In addition, there are several areas of this science. There is even a medical one that studies how the geographic environment affects human health. It is not physicians who are engaged in this science, but professors and academicians of geographical sciences.

How it comes in handy in life

Knowledge of geography helps in various areas of life. Everyone knows its benefits when traveling. Thanks to her, you can navigate the world map. In addition, time and time zones are taken into account. This science explains everything about time zones, and in which of them a particular city is located.

It is also needed in the field of satellite and cellular communications, navigation. All modern GPS satellites, navigators and cellular operators use local knowledge. All operators have their own coverage area and outside of it it is no longer possible to call, or roaming may turn on. This is where modern knowledge of geography comes in handy. If you know the area where the action of your operator ends and expensive calls begin, you can connect to another cellular connection.

Modern technology is inextricably linked with this science. Navigators are devices that help you get to your destination. And this is possible thanks to the built-in compass. GPS satellites also require mapping. They send coordinates to Earth, which are indicated in seconds, minutes and degrees. They are then deciphered and help you navigate.

Tourists especially need knowledge in this kind of science. After all, before you go to specific place, you need to learn everything about the climate there. Otherwise, inappropriate weather conditions can simply ruin your holiday. In addition, knowledge warns tourists against danger. After all, there are places on Earth where it periodically becomes very dangerous, hurricanes and earthquakes occur.

A dream to visit Australia or Lake Baikal are different goals, because they are completely different places... Something is further away, something closer. Knowledge gives an idea of ​​what parts of the world they are located in and what kind of climate there is. This helps you plan your travels wisely.

In addition to the above, geography allows you to navigate in weather conditions. For example, mushroom pickers and fishermen always need to know when there will be a successful harvest and catch. And in these cases, as you know, they are possible when there are rains and warm nights are observed.

Thus, geography is widely used in our lives. It helps you navigate life, learn a lot and draw conclusions in all sorts of areas - nutrition, weather forecast, travel, traditions, entertainment, and so on.

Geography presentations

Such presentations contribute to the students' awareness and perception of the comprehended materials, broaden their horizons, instill love in this science and their native land. Download presentations on geography at this site.

This material is one of the important and interesting stages in consolidating the studied material or in checking homework after passing a certain topic. Thanks to presentations, students begin to develop the ability to work with all kinds of information geographical sources, analyze data and argue your opinion. Anyone can download and use the presentations. They can analyze various maps, draw up diagrams, present slides with text accompaniment, music video files. It all depends on the topic.

Dyakonov K.N., Kasimov N.S., Tikunov V.S.Modern methods geographic research... Moscow: Education, 1996.207 p.

CHAPTER I. DESCRIPTION - BASIC METHOD OF GEOGRAPHY

BRIEF HISTORY OF GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTIONS

The very name of our ancient science, proposed by the ancient Greek scientist Eratosthenes, - geography (from the Greek ge - Earth and grapho - I write, I describe) - testifies to the extreme importance of the descriptive method. The description consistently reveals the entire history of the formation of geography as a science. The characteristic and ordering of the material about the territory is associated with the geographical description, as well as theoretical generalizations, that is, after the collection comes the systematization, explanation, and finally the construction of the theory.

The geographical description, firstly, is one of the results of the initial stage of the geographical analysis of the territory, the stage of collecting factual material and its primary or empirical generalization. Secondly, geographical description territories - the result of a generalization of previous studies, and scientists of more than one generation. Summarizing, we can say that the description is designed to answer three questions: "Where is it located?", "What does it look like?", "What is the meaning of a geographical phenomenon?"

The first form of description was an empirical description, which gave an idea of ​​the world around a person. First of all, these were land descriptions created based on the results of travels.

A characteristic of the civilization of the ancient period was the complexity of empirical descriptions that covered nature, economy, population, including mores and traditions. different nations, sometimes with a grain of fiction. The pronounced practical need for empirical descriptions with the development of especially sea travel, as well as trade, has led to the emergence of even specialized descriptions of shores, shoals, stones, etc. (periplas) or inland territories (periegeses), i.e. sea or land detours (periods).

The work of Strabo "Geography" (in 17 books) became very significant, summarizing the works of predecessors. This is one of the best regional studies. Strabo gives information known to him about the territory of modern Spain, France, Britain, Italy, Greece, Asia Minor, Africa, that is, moving from west to east and then to the south. A characteristic feature of this work is its practical orientation. In "Geography" one can easily trace the idea of ​​the need to move from simple empirical descriptions to the comprehension of relationships and patterns.

No less significant is Strabo's conclusion about the need to divide the inhabited part of the Earth (Oycumene) into integral parts, prototypes of regions in their modern understanding.

The Middle Ages became an era of stagnation, only the activity of Arab scientists is noted. Only by the end of the 15th century, merchants in search of profitable trade created conditions for the Great geographical discoveries carried out as if "along the way". The accumulation of empirical material has led to a rethinking of descriptions of known lands and characteristics of newly discovered lands.

The accumulation of a large amount of factual material about natural conditions, population, economy, etc. required their systematization and comprehension, which was the impetus for the isolation of certain geographical sciences, which strengthened their practical application and social significance. Summarizing the achievements of the era of the great geographical discoveries, the German scientist Varenius (Varenius) (1622-1650) presented geography as an "amphibian circle", where he outlined a number of private geographical sciences, structuring the descriptions and raising them to new level generalizations. He believed that one should not only describe countries, but first of all refer to general laws - the "amphibian circle" - the subject of general geography.

The differentiation of sciences and, accordingly, descriptions later developed and took shape in a system thanks to the works of V.N. Tatishchev (1686-1750), M.V. Lomonosov (1711-1765), and others.

The increasing differentiation of geographical sciences led to the appearance of thematic descriptions: P. I. Rychkova (1712-1777) "On the conservation and reproduction of forests" (1767), K. Fraas (1810-1875) "Climate and vegetable world in time, their history "(1847), and later classical works - A. I. Voeikov (1842-1916)" Climates the globe"(1884), D. N. Anuchina (1843-1923)" The relief of the surface of European Russia in the consistent development of ideas about it "(1895), V. V. Dokuchaev (1846-1903)" Russian chernozem "(1883) and others ...

A significant innovation in geography was the use of the comparative method. Here, first of all, the merits of A. Humboldt (1769-1859) and K. Ritter (1779-1859) should be noted. A. Humboldt, comparing the areas that he visited during his travels, came to the conclusion that there are patterns in the change natural conditions due to the interconnection of their components. With his labors, he laid the foundations of the doctrine of landscapes and landscape zones. K. Ritter, along with A. Humboldt, is also considered the creator of the comparative direction in geographical description. Especially known are his works "Geography in relation to nature and human history, or General Comparative Geography", "Ideas on Comparative Geography."

Regionalization became another important direction in geography. Here, mention should be made of the works of K.I. Arseniev (1789-1865), who laid the foundations of the zoning methodology and applied his research for the economic zoning of Russia and substantiating a specific range of indicators characterizing the regions.

An essential point was the substantiation of the objective reality of the existence of districts, and not the idea of ​​“them as mental constructions, the number of which will be the same as the number of people who undertook to identify them. The point of view, according to which the regions are real integrity, amenable to objective isolation and description, was adhered to by the majority of scientists, starting with N.P. Ogarev (1813-1876), who considered the regions not as something frozen in time, but as dynamically developing systems. Particularly noteworthy are the merits of P.P.Semenov-Tyan-Shansky (1827-1914), who created two variants of regionalization of European Russia (1871 and 1880), as well as the outstanding scientist D.I.Mendeleev (1834-1907), better known his labors in chemistry rather than geography.

MODERN TYPES OF GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTIONS

Geographic descriptions can be complex: their typical representative is landscape descriptions. Another type of descriptions is problematic, or target ones, in which the principles of selection of initial information, methods of its presentation, presentation of facts, etc. are subordinated to a certain scientific or practical goal. A distinction should be made between a comprehensive description of an elementary natural-territorial complex (geographic facies) and a physical-geographical description of a territory of different sizes (country, province, landscape). From a methodological point of view and for the subsequent synthesis of physical geographic knowledge The completeness of the description of the physical-geographical point seems to be important about the territory. A description of a physical-geographical point is a description of a facies. A facies occupies one element of the microform of the relief or an element of the form of the mesorelief, composed of homogeneous rocks, characterized by a homogeneous moisture regime, depth of groundwater or soil waters, and a homogeneous microclimate. Within the facies, one plant association is formed on one soil difference. The facies is genetically homogeneous. The description of the landscape differs significantly from the description of an individual facies. First of all, the fact that the landscape is a relatively homogeneous complex in the genetic relation, which is a natural combination of smaller natural-territorial complexes. In other words, the mosaic nature of the territory should be reflected in the characteristics of the landscape. Another difference is related to the "resolution" of the description. It is impossible to describe the landscape in all its details and details as in detail as the facies. Therefore, when characterizing a landscape, in addition to its general properties, its main localities and natural boundaries are usually described. Along with landscape descriptions, there are complex economic and geographical characteristics of the territory, and in last years ecological and geographical descriptions of territories (for example, natural and economic regions) have become especially widespread. Here the description is built on a holistic perception. geographic systems, but more qualitatively high level than descriptions of the ancient, or "classical", period of civilization. Special mention should be made of regional geography, also evolved from the element-wise characteristics of nature, population and economy to their understanding as some kind of unity. Typical example regional description characterization of the countries of the world appears in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia. In regional studies, it is widely used comparative descriptive method. Comparative geographic analysis is widely used to identify and describe analogous areas. However, of particular importance in geography is zoning. Currently, there are several views of the districts. In Russian geography, the view on the need to distinguish regions as integral heterogeneous systems, often possessing the property of territorial indivisibility, and sometimes the presence of a core of regional formation and regional-forming ties, began to dominate. V foreign geography the emphasis is often placed on the establishment of the homogeneity of the territory. In physical and geographical zoning, it is customary to distinguish between complex and private (sectoral). Examples of private zoning can be geomorphological, climatic, botanical, zoogeographic, etc. Zoning acts as a synthesis of knowledge in certain fields. geographical science, is based on the achievements of these sciences and even reflects the state of science on this moment time. In conclusion, we note one more type of geographical description - literary and artistic, the best examples of which we find in the prose and poetry of I. A. Bunin, S. A. Yesenin, K. G. Paustovsky, M. M. Prishvin, I. S. Sokolov-Mikitov, I. S. Turgenev and many others Russian writers and geographers.

Examples of geographic descriptions

The form of the form and the completeness of the field physical-geographical description should be "sustained" in the studies of different teams and be individual in the special part, depending on the nature of the objects under study and the tasks of scientific work. The unification of the descriptions is necessary for the subsequent correct mathematical processing of the material and the comparability of the data of various researchers. Let us turn to the standard form for complex facies description, widely used by university geographers. Filling in the form is carried out with a simple pencil or ballpoint pen. The description begins by fixing the address of the point. It should be tied to permanent, reliable landmarks (geodetic marks, wells, freestanding trees, churches, etc.). The azimuth of the object and the distance to it are determined. It is desirable to fix the location of the point by two landmarks. When conducting research in a forested area, an indication of the position in the forest quarter is mandatory. If the researcher has an aerial photograph of a given territory, then it is necessary to indicate the number of the photograph, and fix the point on it. Since the geographer, as a rule, describes more than one point, then the distance and direction of two or three previous points of the complex description can be specified as an additional address, and the position of the points is drawn on the diagram, which is provided by the form of the form. Relief characterization usually begins with a description of its mesoform. There is no reference to the macro form in each specific description. Usually, the genesis of the NTC, and its tectonic and geological structure... These characteristics are necessary when describing a landscape or physical-geographical area as a whole. In the form, the position of the point in relation to the forms of the mesorelief is necessarily fixed and the microrelief and its morphometry are described in detail (the length of the slope, the steepness of the surface, the depth of incision of the erosion furrows, etc.). The terrain around us can be thought of as a combination of leveled surfaces, slopes and depressions. In this regard, the characteristic of the steepness of the slopes becomes of great importance, since the redistribution of the outliers depends on this characteristic. atmospheric precipitation, differences in the total solar radiation, the intensity of migration of substances. Eight gradations of slope steepness are distinguished (Table 1). Table 1. Characteristics of slopes by their steepness

Slopes	Tilt angle, degrees
Very gentle (gently sloping plains)	Less than 3
Gentle (sloping plains)	3-5
Weak rolling	5-10
Sloping	10-15
Strong sloping	15-20
Steep	20-45
Steep	More than 45
Sheer wall	80-90

In addition to exposure and steepness, the nature of the slope is recorded (convex, concave, straight, wavy, terraced, etc.). When describing the relief, an indication of absolute height point (it is removed from topographic map) and relative over the drainage basis. The second block of description can be called hydrothermal. It characterizes the depth of groundwater and soil waters, the presence of a water layer, the type of water regime, and the distribution of soil temperature at a depth of 20 and 50 cm (informative daily and ten-day soil temperature levels for the forest zone). The third block of description is soil. There are several systems for identifying soil horizons and their letter designations. However, following the classics of Russian and world landscape and soil science V.V.Dokuchaev, in our country the following symbolism is used to describe the genetic horizons of the soil: A 0 - the uppermost part of the soil profile, forest litter or steppe felt, representing plant litter at various stages of decomposition. A 1 - a mineral humus-accumulative horizon containing the largest amount of organic matter within the entire profile; the most dark-colored. The color of this horizon in the soils of our country varies from black, brown, brown to light gray, which is due to the composition and amount of humus: from 12-16% in meadow chernozem soils to 1-5% in light chestnut soils of the southeastern part of the Caspian Sea. lowlands. A 2 - podzolic or solodized, eluvial horizon formed under the influence of acidic or alkaline destruction of the mineral part. This is a lightened, loose horizon. A NS or A groin - arable horizon, changed by man within the depth of plowing. For many regions of the European part of the country, old arable horizons are characteristic of soils. V- illuvial, or wash-in horizon: brown, ocher-brown, reddish-brown, compacted and weighted horizon. It is characterized by the accumulation of clay, iron oxides, aluminum and other colloidal substances due to their washing out of the overlying horizons. Sun- the transitional horizon from the illuvial to the parent (parent) rock, from which this soil was formed. The horizon of the parent rock not affected by the processes of soil formation is designated as WITH. D- underlying rock, which lies below the parent and differs from it in its properties (mainly in lithology). When characterizing the soil profile and its horizons, the geographer fixes the vertical thickness of the horizons, color, moisture, texture, structure, density, inclusions, neoplasms, transition between horizons, clarity (fuzziness) of the boundary. The field description of the soil section is supplemented by the subsequent results of laboratory analysis of the most important soil properties, of which we note moisture (moisture reserves), mechanical composition according to N. A. Kachinsky (Table 2), Table 2. Classification of mechanical elements of soils(on N.A.Kachinsky)

Mechanical elements	Size, mm
Stones	More than 3
Gravel	3-1
Coarse sand	1-0,5
Medium sand	0,5-0,25
Fine sand	0,25-0,05
The dust is large	0,05-0,01
Dust medium	0,01-0,005
Fine dust	0,005-0,001
Silt rough	0,001-0,0005
Silt thin	0,0005-0,0001
Colloids	Less than 0.0001
Physical clay	Less than 0.01
Physical sand	More than 0.01

the percentage of humus, the amount of mobile (available for plant nutrition) compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, the degree of acidity. The latter characteristic is determined in suspensions obtained by shaking soils with distilled water (actual acidity) or KCl solution (exchangeable acidity), and is expressed in pH units. By the magnitude of the degree of acidity, acidic (pH less than 6), neutral (6.0-7.5) and alkaline soils (pH more than 7.5) are distinguished. This indicator is of great agronomic importance, as it allows one to judge the need for liming and gypsum of the soil. For greater clarity, a place for sketches is provided on the left side of the description of the soil section. The vegetation is described at the botanical site. For meadow or bog vegetation, the accepted size of the area is 100 m 2 or 10x10 m. The description of the forest is made on an area of ​​at least 400 m 2 (20x20 m). For the selected meadow area, a list of plants growing on it is compiled, in which cereals are usually first listed, then sedges, legumes, and forbs. Each plant is recorded with a double name (genus and species) in Russian and Latin. If the researcher has doubts about the definition of a plant, he is taken to the herbarium to establish its genus and species according to the identifier. The description of meadow and bog vegetation includes the following information: height, abundance, projective cover, phenological phase, vitality. The species composition of the forest is described by tiers. For each tree species, the abundance is indicated on a 10-point scale, on the basis of which the tree stand formula is derived. For example, if in the first tier there are 7 spruces, 2 pines, 1 birch and a single aspen, then the stand formula looks like this: 7E + 2C + 1B, units. Os. For all tree layers, the average height, the average trunk diameter at a height of 1.3 m from the soil surface, the height of crown attachment, and the prevailing age are recorded. To determine the age, you can use the existing individual stumps, an incremental drill, with the help of which a cylinder of wood with annual rings is removed from the tree perpendicular to the center. For the entire tree canopy, the total crown density is given in shares of 1. In a number of cases, the tree stand quality class is given - an integral characteristic that takes into account the age and height of the tree layer. According to the bonitet class, with an accuracy of 10-15%, it is possible to estimate the timber reserves per hectare, which is important for practical purposes. After describing the layers of the stand, information about the undergrowth, shrub and grass-dwarf shrub layers (name of species, abundance, height, phenological phase, vitality, nature of distribution), about moss and lichen cover (thickness, name of species, vitality, distribution) are entered into the form. When describing cultivated crops in the form, they give the name of the crop, phenological phase, vitality and a list of weeds with an indication of the degree of weediness of crops. The degree of weediness is determined on plots of 10x10 m. The final conclusion of the characteristics of natural vegetation is the name of the association by the prevailing species and groups of plants. This name can be two- or three-term. In this case, the predominant plant or group of plants is put in last place. For example, a herb-bluegrass meadow or a linden-oak forest with a herb hazelnut. As a result, based on the description of all the components of the natural-territorial complex, the name of the facies is written in the corresponding column with the obligatory indication of the shape of the mesorelief or its element, the constituent rocks, moisture content, phytocenosis and soil difference.

1. Main school Zagalno-natural component

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   the mind to see and describe the manifestations of nature, to tell about the nature behind a few signs; explain the repetition of manifestations of nature; zastosovuvati nabutі knowledge of practical activity and everyday life;

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   Modern society requires to maximize the individual abilities, talents of a person and to form on this basis a professionally and socially competent, mobile personality, who is able to do a professional and social

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   The specificity of geography is its natural social essence. Geography integrates natural, social and technical elements scientific knowledge... Modern geography studies spatio-temporal relationships and interactions

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   The main educational program determines the content and organization of the educational process at the stage of primary general education and is aimed at forming the general culture of students, at their spiritual, moral, social,

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   The main educational program of primary general education of a municipal educational institution, secondary school No. 37 of the city of Tomsk was developed in accordance with the requirements of the Federal State Educational

- (with this, see the previous word). Geography student. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov AN, 1910. GEOGRAPH, Greek; for etymology, see Geography. Engaged in land surveying. An explanation of the 25,000 foreign words included in ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

geographer- a, m. géographe m., lat. geographus, c. Geography specialist. Ancient geographers did their job in describing countries. Geogr. gene. 6. Meanwhile, as astronomers and geographers practice in their business, I will correct the meridian and orizont ... ... Historical Dictionary of Russian Gallicisms

Geography specialist. Geographers are exploring the surface of the earth. They work at the intersection of natural and social sciences. Contrary to popular belief, geographers were engaged in ... Wikipedia

GEOGRAPH, geographer, husband. Scientist specialist in geography. || Geography teacher (colloquial schools.). Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

Existing, number of synonyms: 3 land surveyor (1) land writer (1) economic geographer (2) ... Synonym dictionary

geography- ї, f. 1) A number of links between sciences, such as vivchayut the surface of the earth, natural mind, population, economic resources. Economy / chna geography / fiya part of geography, how vivchaє development of virobnistva, think about the special features of this development in the lands, or ...

geographer- (geographer, geographer) geographer Geografie gesenyge ziIe cIyf Ar geographer degu ... Adygabzem izehef thickIal

geographer- a, h. Fakhivets from geography ... Ukrainian Tlumachny vocabulary

I m. 1. Specialist in the field of geography [geography I 1.]. 2.dep. Geography teacher [geography I 1.]. 3.dep. Student of the Faculty of Geography of a higher educational institution. II m. Specialist in the field of geography [geography II]. Explanatory dictionary… … Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language by Efremova

Geographer, geographers, geographer, geographers, geographer, geographers, geographer, geographers, geographer, geographers, geographer, geographers (Source: "A complete accentuated paradigm according to A. A. Zaliznyak") ... Word forms

Books

• The geographer drank away the globe (film cover without inserts), AV Ivanov. Alexey Ivanov is a writer, screenwriter and culturologist. He works in a wide variety of literary formats. "Geographer drank the globe on drink", "Bluda and MUDO", "Dormitory-on-Blood" and "Bad weather" - modern ...
• The geographer drank the globe, Alexey Ivanov. "The novel" The Geographer Drank His Globe on Drink "is not a novel at all about the fact that a cheerful guy Vitka cannot find support in his life, and not about the fact that a young geography teacher Sluzhkin falls in love with ...

What are we for geographic Maps and plans, you will learn from this article.

What are geographic maps for?

For some, geographical maps have remained in the distant past, because many use modern navigators, and some believe that maps are still necessary for travelers.
If you look into the distant past, the map is a significant invention of mankind, it was invented even before writing appeared. The significance of geographical maps in the life of a person at that time was that it was used in geographical research - new, open objects and territories were applied to their canvas. The map was used as a valuable source of information about any area.

What is the practical use of a geographic map for a person?

Using geographical maps, you can determine almost the exact location of geographical objects, as well as determine their properties. For example, they can show the location of mountains, rivers, determine the height of the mountains, the size of the desired lake, and so on. They also show how objects are located relative to each other.

Geographic maps are several times a reduced image of the Earth's surface. It is scaled down to fit a specific scale. Therefore, it helps to determine the distance between geographic objects and evaluate the type of area of ​​the surface under study. Using the map, you can draw a conclusion about the patterns of the planet's surface. Such their functionality determines the value of a geographical map for a person.

Who needs geographic maps?

Site plans will do a great job travelers and tourists, who, for example, found themselves in an unfamiliar area or locality... Geographically maps are used schoolchildren to gain knowledge at school. They are used teachers, meteorologists when making weather forecasts and logisticians to build routes.

We hope that from this article you have learned why modern people need a geographic map.

Man has always been interested in everything that surrounded him: minerals, rocks, water, fire, air, plants, animals.

Ancient scientists collected facts, and then systematized them and established patterns. In their work, they used various methods and techniques, that is, methods (from the Greek word "methodos" - a way of research, theory, teaching).

Like all sciences, geography has special research methods. Let's take a look at some of them.

Geographical description

This method was usually used by pathfinders, navigators, travelers, who recorded the first information about open lands and the peoples inhabiting them. They tried to answer the questions: where is it located? What does it look like? What features does it have?

Now this method is widely used by participants in field research and expeditions studying the relief, the World Ocean, the Earth's atmosphere, as well as the Arctic and Antarctica.

Cartographic method

The map is a special source of geographic knowledge. It reflects and organizes information obtained through observations and descriptions.

The first geographical maps appeared in Ancient Greece in the VIII-VI centuries. BC er .. Time passed. Maps were refined and improved. Nowadays, computer maps are widely used.

Cartographers create various maps - geographical, climatic, minerals, etc. Thus, the cartographic method of research is the use of maps for the scientific and practical knowledge of the objects and phenomena depicted on them. It is an integral part of most geographic exploration.

Comparative geographical method

The comparative geographical method is one of the oldest in geography. It allows, by means of comparison, to identify the general and the special in geographical objects, phenomena, processes.

Aerospace method

Currently, this method has become one of the most important in geography. Observations and images from airplanes, satellites, space stations allow not only to draw up very accurate maps, but also to find new deposits of minerals, to monitor human activities, pollution the earth's surface get information about other planets Solar system, about the Galaxy, the Universe.

Statistical method

The statistical method is used to analyze statistical - quantitative and qualitative - data. Statistical accounting was carried out in ancient times. For example, in ancient China, population censuses were conducted. Currently, the statistical method is used in almost all industries. In geography, statistical material is presented in the text of textbooks, in maps, as well as in the form of diagrams, graphs, tables.

1. How did ancient people study the Earth?
2. What is the method of geographic description?
3. What role does the cartographic method play in our time?
4. What gives modern geography aerospace method?
5. Are the methods of geographical research used by ancient scientists in the age of computer technology?

The Earth is a unique planet: only on it there is life. are closely interrelated, they change and complement each other. The processes occurring in nature and changing it - are divided into physical and biological. Man has a huge impact on changing the face of the Earth.

They are called natural sciences. These include astronomy, physics, chemistry, geography, biology, geology, ecology.

It forms a group of interrelated sciences, the number of which is constantly increasing. There are two main sections: physical and socio-economic geography.

Special methods of geographical research are geographical description, cartographic, comparative geographical, aerospace and statistical methods.

Basic concepts and terms of the section:

• Live nature
• inanimate nature
• natural phenomena: physical, biological
• natural Sciences
• physical geography
• socio-economic geography
• methods of geographic research

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