MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
FEDERAL EDUCATION AGENCY
GOU VPO Ural State Economic University
DISTANCE EDUCATION CENTER
TEST
On the World Economy on topic number 1:
"General characteristics of the Australian economy."
Teacher: G.V. Kinzhebaeva
These types of studies, the arguments that are promoted in this article, can be useful in studies of adaptation to extreme events and changes. environment and climate, as they determine the requirements and choices of local communities to adapt to these phenomena and how these options can reduce local vulnerability. In addition, a research perspective based on interactions between researchers and stakeholders, focusing on collective learning and knowledge production, can leverage the knowledge gained by stakeholders as stakeholders and researchers work together to identify the problem before analyzing the proposed recommendations and strategies based on collected information.
Student: Ponomareva L.A.
Specialty "Finance and Credit"
Group FC - 09 EK
Yekaterinburg
Introduction 3
Chapter I. general characteristics Australian economy 5
Chapter II. Assessment of the role and place of the Australian economy in the world economy 13
Chapter III. Cooperation Russian Federation and Australia 17
In this sense, in the Brazilian case, the study on the North Coast of São Paulo prioritized the implementation of focus groups - a quality research tool based on group interviews, the main purpose of which is to provide an idea of how perceptions, opinions and attitudes about a fact are formed and differ. , product or service. Given that perceptions, opinions, and attitudes are socially constructed, focus group techniques make it easier to extract the expression of the participants, since in the process of interaction, the comments made by the participants can stimulate and generate the opinions of other participants on the issue under discussion.
References 25
Introduction
Australia is a highly developed industrial and agricultural country with a modern diversified economy and high scientific and technical potential. In terms of basic statistical indicators, it ranks 12th among the member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).
Morgan, making a broad overview of the focus group, argues that from a social science perspective, this method is useful for identifying the interpretations of the participants on the topic under discussion and links to the topic in a wider context, generating hypotheses based on the information provided by the participants, subsequently developing questionnaires, in addition to the perception of the participants' perception of the issue under discussion and the perception of their experience and prospects.
The number of participants in a focus group varies, on average from six to ten. Are small groups interesting when the researcher wants strong participation? a clear sense of reaction? each participant on the topic under discussion. These participants usually have a high level of participation in the matter, are experts or know a lot about the subject of discussion, which is almost always controversial or complex. Already larger groups with more than 10 participants are performed when people have a low level of participation in the topic under discussion, and the goal is to simply listen to countless sentences on the subject.
It is included in the group of countries with high level life and social security. It holds the 14th place in the world in terms of GDP per capita. “According to the Economist magazine, in 2009, Australia ranks 6th in the world in terms of quality of life (after Ireland, Switzerland, Norway, Luxembourg and Sweden)” 1. Australia is a special country on the world map. Despite the fact that in terms of its geographic location, this country is remote from the developed countries of America and Europe, it continues to hold strong positions in the world economic arena. The bowels of Australia are rich in minerals - bauxite, coal, gold, lead, zinc, iron ore, copper, nickel, manganese, uranium, diamonds. The reserves of oil and natural gas are very large. All these natural resources are being successfully developed and exported to a large extent, bringing in very large foreign exchange earnings. The extractive industry in Australia is one of the thriving export industries. The country is the world's largest coal exporter and a very important supplier of uranium. A significant amount of oil and natural gas is sent abroad. The country is the world's main exporter of gold and diamonds. “Australia is the world's largest producer and supplier of agricultural products to the world market: cereals, fruits, cheeses, meat and meat products, wool, and hides.
In all focus groups, should participants say something about the topic in question and should they feel comfortable in their comments with others? therefore, serious social or lifestyle differences should be avoided. According to Morgan, the goal is homogeneity of participants and heterogeneity of attitudes.
Krueger, discussing this method, offers important tips for achieving focus groups to achieve the expected results. It is essential that the venue for the meeting is easily accessible, neutral and provides visual contact between the participants who are to be seated in a circle. To facilitate the coordination group, there is indeed a team of at least three people: a moderator who leads the discussion among the participants, explores and mediates issues of interest to the research developed, clarifies the purpose and format of the discussion, and encourages everyone to participate; a presenter who should take note of the main points of the debate, including comments on non-verbal attitudes of the participants and highlight the keywords of the discussion as visible frames to help close the discussion; and a video camera operator who will be filming the meeting.
The service sector is a vital part of the Australian economy, representing 71% of its GDP in 2009 ”2.
Foreign investment in the Australian economy, supported by the government, contributes to its rapid economic development, increases the efficiency and competitiveness of national production. They are an important source of increasing employment of the population, disseminating technological knowledge, and access to the international trade network. Due to the globalization of the world economy and the formation of its new features, Australia did not miss a single opportunity to establish and develop its economy, to maintain and strengthen its position in the world market.
It should be remembered that in a focus group, the moderator does not seek to persuade, teach, organize, or censor participants; your goal is to create an opportunity for others to speak and listen. Thus, he should ask a variety of questions to encourage and warm the discussion and give participants the opportunity to divulge their comments and support their arguments. In this sense, the moderator can use: initial questions to identify common characteristics among the participants; present a general topic of discussion and provide an opportunity for participants to reflect on past experiences and links to the subject under discussion; transition issues to help participants put the subject in a broader context; key questions that actually affect the objectives of the study; which should close the discussion, helping the participants to critically analyze what is being discussed.
Business success stems from good economic management and ongoing structural reforms.
Objective: study the resource availability of Australia and find out the role of this country in the world economy.
Work tasks:
Figure out the impact geographic location and the climatic conditions of Australia at the level of its economic development;
However, as with other methods adopted in qualitative research, there are some limitations. Gonditis, analyzing them, focuses, for example, the sample size, emphasizing that the representativeness of the focal group can make generalization unviable for the studied population; lack of control over the performance of the moderator; the level of response to be considered for focus group analysis, since opinion formation is the result of social interactions; and the limitations of comparing focus group results with other research methods.
Analyze the role resource potential in the development of the Australian economy;
Understand sectoral structure the Australian economy and determine its place in the development of world economic relations;
Study the role of foreign trade, investment ties of the country in foreign economic activity;
Identify Australia's place in the Asia-Pacific collaboration.
Scenario planning allows the creation of believable futures to inform the decision-making process in the present. In the case of a futuristic tool, scenario planning requires a systemic framework through which a range of plausible futures can be explored.
The potential of scenario planning is associated with the ability to create context so that a decision can now be made on a specific problem or problem, even if its consequences can only be felt in the future, which is still uncertain. This was made possible by describing and systematically exploring how uncertainties might manifest in the future, in addition to the impacts they might have on the decision in question.
Chapter I. General characteristics of the Australian economy
1.1 Geographical conditions
Australia is the only state in the world that occupies an entire continent, therefore it has only maritime borders. Australia is located in Southern hemisphere between the Indian and Pacific Ocean. The Australian continent, which also includes the island of Tasmania and many small islands, has a land area of 7.7 million square kilometers. Countries - Australia's neighbors are New Zealand, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and other island states of Oceania. Australia is remote from the developed countries of America and Europe, large markets for raw materials and sales of products, but many sea routes connect Australia with them, and this state also plays an important role in the Asia-Pacific region.
Planning a scenario can show differences in its qualitative or quantitative approach. However, it is important to note that this method, based on generating descriptions of plausible futures, involves a high degree of uncertainty and does not lead to predictions of any future in particular.
In field? North coast of Sao Paulo. All participants signed an informed consent form to participate in the volunteer project. Prior to organizing the focus groups, it was necessary to hold meetings with the chiefs of civil defense of the three municipalities in the view that the ongoing research would be conducted with the participation of participants. Although he does not initially intend to follow the steps suggested in the interventional research, parallels can be drawn with the proposed objectives of this type of research, based on the idea of continuous interaction between stakeholders and researchers.
Australia is the driest continent on Earth, and one of the most characteristic features of its nature is the widespread deserts that occupy vast spaces and stretch for almost 2.5 thousand km from the shores of the Indian Ocean to the foothills of the Great Dividing Range, which divides the continent in the east. To the west of the watershed ridge lies a mostly flat area with several low mountain ranges like the Flinders in South Australia and McDonell near Alice Springs. The Australian seasons are the opposite of the European and North American seasons: summer begins in December, autumn in March, winter in June, and spring in September. The Australian continent is located within three main warm climatic zones of the southern hemisphere: subequatorial (in the north), tropical (in the central part), subtropical (in the south). Only a small part about. Tasmania lies within the temperate zone.
In this case, the process of interaction at the negotiation stage included meetings with the heads of civil defense, in which the study was developed. In addition, technicians, in addition to providing information on areas of risk in these settlements adopted strategies for action, communication and prevention, expressed their demands in terms of research and the need for a closer dialogue between those who produce scientific knowledge and who uses this knowledge to make decisions.
It was agreed, albeit informally, that civil defense chiefs would help researchers identify possible focus group members and the most appropriate meeting places, and participate in focus groups to be conducted with local managers and technical specialists. Researchers, in turn, will strive to act in terms of what needs to be improved dialogue and articulation by technicians and local managers.
The hot climate, insignificant and uneven precipitation on most of the continent lead to the fact that almost 60% of its territory is deprived of drainage to the ocean and has only a rare network of temporary streams. “Perhaps no other mainland has such a poorly developed network of inland waters as Australia. Annual runoff of all rivers of the continent is equal to only 350 cubic meters. km. " 3. An extensive system of rivers feeds, carries its waters hundreds of kilometers away, to fill the salt lakes located in the north of South Australia. These lakes often dry up for a long time. Water from these lakes, in addition to that which evaporates, feeds the Central Australian Artesian Basin, a vast natural underground aquifer system. This water gives life to many sources in the most remote areas of the desert.
Already in the phase of mutual enrichment between projects and requirements, has it been established? also in an informal way? that these specialists will identify possible focus group participants and exchange information on risk areas. It was also indicated that during the research process, stakeholders and the community will participate in meetings and workshops.
Local knowledge, especially through the implementation of focus groups, which somehow make the participants think about the problems of the places where they live and work, about the risks associated with environmental changes, about the possibilities of cooperation. For meta-knowledge, as it was possible to gain knowledge about the stakeholders and the groups they represent, including identifying opportunities to improve dialogue between social groups; in addition to being able to test and verify that implementing focus groups as a participatory method for investigating risk situations is appropriate.
1.2 The main factors in the formation and development of the Australian economy
Australia possesses very significant reserves of energy and mineral raw materials (oil, natural gas, bituminous and brown coal, iron, manganese and uranium ores, bauxite, etc.). By reserves iron ore top quality Australia ranks second in the world, has large reserves of oil and natural gas, is one of the largest producers and exporters of coal, aluminum, copper, titanium ore, uranium, diamonds, and is one of the five largest producers of gold, zinc and lead in the world.
Knowledge as evidenced by the results and analyzes presented here. In particular, with focus groups, it was convenient for participants to deconstruct and reconstruct concepts, leading to discussion personal experience, access to information, opportunities for relationships and communication of issues discussed with other issues that naturally arose at meetings, in search of answers to their problems and to their desires.
In general, while discussing environmental change with a particular focus on climate change, participants presented the potential threats associated with this phenomenon such as floods, landslides, landscape changes and sea level rise. They also pointed to the potential difficulties in addressing risks and threats at the local level, such as contradictions and contradictions in weather forecasting and scientific research, lack of dialogue between those who produce scientific knowledge and those who need to have access to this knowledge in order to use it. , and the social, economic and affective conditions for displacement when they live in threatened areas.
Major deposits coal located in the eastern part of the mainland. “In 2001 - 2009. in Australia 194 million tons of coal were mined (about half in Queensland and the same in New South Wales), 140 million tons of coal were exported (43% to Japan, 13% to Korea and 7% to Taiwan) ”4. Geological surveys have established that large deposits of oil and natural gas are located in the bowels of the Australian continent and on the shelf off its coast. Oil production reaches 30 million tons. Oil and gas deposits have also been found on the shelf off the northwestern coast of the continent. In the northwest region, within mountain range Hamersley discovered the largest iron ore basin with reserves of both high-quality hematites and ferruginous quartzites. Japanese investments helped to master it.
Participants' perception of the risks associated with environmental change reflects the processing of what they observe through their feelings and the information they receive and how they form their judgments. In forming these judgments, past experience, contextual variables, values, trust in the organizations and institutions involved, uncertainties, and other elements are strongly influenced.
Research on risk perception and environmental change has shown that people's perceptions are built through a process of association and emotionality based on the information they have, the attention they give to the subject, and trust in the disclosed data.
New discoveries of mineral ores made on the continent over the past 10-15 years have propelled the country to one of the first places in the world in terms of reserves and production of such minerals as bauxite and lead-zinc ores. Australia is one of the first places in the world for the extraction and export of lead, zinc and nickel. Australia is the third largest producer of nickel in the world. Almost all production goes abroad. Nickel-laterite ore is mined in Queensland, but the deposits are almost depleted.
After surveying for several years, geologists found a deposit of diamonds on the Kimberley Plateau that had never been known in Australia before. Local diamonds are considered unique due to the rare pinkish tinge of some of the specimens. In terms of diamond mining, Australia has already overtaken Zaire, Botswana, Russia, South Africa, Namibia and came out on top in the world.
Gold is Australia's third-largest export revenue. The main reserves of gold are concentrated in the southwest of the mainland. Uranium deposits are found in various parts of the mainland. Australia has large deposits chrome. Of non-metallic minerals, there are clays, sands, limestones, asbestos, and mica of various quality and industrial use.
Thus, it can be concluded that the significant reserves of mineral raw materials in Australia contribute to the development of the Australian industry, which, in turn, provides more than a third of the country's industrial production and determines its main specialization in MRI.
Australia is a country of expatriates. The bulk of its population (77%) are descendants of immigrants from the British Isles and other European countries. Today, among the inhabitants of Austria there are representatives of almost all the peoples of Europe.
The population density in the country is different, this is due to the fact that most of Australia's territory is occupied by deserts and semi-deserts not suitable for habitation. The population density in desert areas is less than one person per square kilometer, on the east coast - from 1 to 10 people per square kilometer. km., on west coast- up to 10 people per 1 sq. Km. “More than 70% of Australians live in 12 large cities, including Melbourne and Sydney, home to about 40% of the country's population. Australia is characterized by an ever-increasing urbanization process. Today the rural population is only 8% of the country's population ”5.
Animal world Australia is exceptionally distinctive. Among the animals, marsupials dominate here; there are about 125 species of them. More highly organized mammals appeared on the continent much later than marsupials. They are represented by bats, a few mouse-like rodents, apparently carried on the trunks of trees, which are washed ashore by the waves, and (by a dingo dog brought here from Southeast Asia). In Australia, there are no representatives of the order of carnivores (except for dingoes), monkeys, ungulates and other animals that are widespread in other parts of the world.
Since the Australian mainland for a long time, starting from the middle of the Cretaceous period, was in isolation from other parts the globe, its flora is very peculiar. Out of 12 thousand species of higher plants, more than 9 thousand are endemic, i.e. grow only on the Australian continent. Among the endemics are many species of eucalyptus and acacias, the most typical plant families in Australia. At the same time, there are also such plants that are inherent in South America (for example, southern beech), South Africa (representatives of the Proteaceae family) and the islands of the Malay Archipelago (ficus, pandanus, etc.). This indicates that many millions of years ago, land connections existed between the continents.
Australia is its remoteness from other continents of our planet. Australia is completely located in the South and East. The Southern Tropic crosses it almost in the middle.
The bowels of Australia are rich in coal, iron, aluminum, nickel, polymetallic, titanium, gold, diamonds, and noble opal.
Due to the fact that Australia is located in the Southern Hemisphere, the warmest month in Australia is January and the coldest month is July. In northern Australia, there is a belt characterized by hot and wet summer(December - February) and hot and dry winters (June - August). Most of the mainland is tropical. Moreover, in the central and western regions of Australia, hot (+ 24 ° С) dry (less than 250 mm of precipitation) prevails.
Australia is the only mainland on whose territory there is no, even in mountainous areas snow is only for a short time.
Australia is poor inland waters... The largest is the largest tributary of which is the Darling. Almost 60% of Australia's land area belongs to the provinces. Drying rivers are characteristic of Australia, which are called screams here (for example, Coopers Creek). Largest lake Australia is a salty, drainless, drying up Lake Eyre, which in dry periods often breaks up into separate parts. At the same time Australia is rich (Great Artesian Basin).
Most of Australia is occupied by savannas and semi-deserts.
The isolation of Australia predetermined the uniqueness, endemicity of its animal and flora... In the savannas, where brown, red ferralite, red-brown, brown soils and alumina prevail, the bottle tree, various types of eucalyptus and acacias grow. It is home to various types of marsupials (kangaroos, koalas, wombats, opossums) and oviparous (echidna and platypus), long extinct on other continents. Among the birds, it is worth highlighting budgerigars, cockatoo, emu, lyrebird. The only predator is the wild dingo dog, which came to the mainland together with the aborigines about 10 thousand years ago.
Typical plants of semi-deserts are thickets of thorny bushes - scrub. many lizards and poisonous snakes.
On the north and east coasts the mainland are humid and variable. Yellow soils and red soils are typical here. Palm trees, tree ferns, ficuses grow here, on the coast - mangroves. Among the animals in the forests are birds of paradise, cassowaries, arboreal marsupials, possums, echidnas, crocodiles.
In the southwest and southeast of Australia there are hard-leaved and humid evergreen subtropical forests, represented by beech and huge (up to 70 m) eucalyptus trees.
